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Baruah P, Srivastava A, Mishra Y, Chaurasia N. Modulation in growth, oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and morphology reveals higher toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin than chlorpyrifos towards a non-target green alga at high doses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104376. [PMID: 38278501 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Considering the frequent detection of pesticides in the aquatic environment, the ecotoxicological effects of Chlorpyrifos (CHP), an organophosphate, and alpha-cypermethrin (ACM), a pyrethroid, on freshwater microalgae were compared for the first time in this study. High concentrations of both CHP and ACM significantly suppressed the growth of test microalga Graesiella emersonii (p < 0.05). The 96-h EC50 of CHP and ACM were 54.42 mg L-1 and 29.40 mg L-1, respectively. Sub-inhibitory doses of both pesticides increased ROS formation in a concentration-dependent manner, which was accompanied by changes in antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation, and variations in photosynthetic pigment concentration. Furthermore, both pesticides influenced photosystem II performance, oxygen-evolving complex efficiency and, intracellular ATP levels. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that high concentrations of both CHP and ACM caused considerable morphological changes in the microalga. In comparison, CHP was more toxic than ACM at low concentrations, whereas ACM was more toxic at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithu Baruah
- Environmental Biotechnology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Mishra
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Neha Chaurasia
- Environmental Biotechnology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India.
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2
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Hyland C, McConnell K, DeYoung E, Curl CL. Evaluating the accuracy of satellite-based methods to estimate residential proximity to agricultural crops. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:294-307. [PMID: 36002734 PMCID: PMC9950293 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic investigations increasingly employ remote sensing data to estimate residential proximity to agriculture as a means of approximating individual-level pesticide exposure. Few studies have examined the accuracy of these methods and the implications for exposure misclassification. OBJECTIVES Compare metrics of residential proximity to agricultural land between a groundtruth approach and commonly-used satellite-based estimates. METHODS We inspected 349 fields and identified crops in current production within a 0.5 km radius of 40 residences in Idaho. We calculated the distance from each home to the nearest agricultural field and the total acreage of agricultural fields within a 0.5 km buffer. We compared these groundtruth estimates to satellite-derived estimates from three widely used datasets: CropScape, the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), and Landsat imagery (using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index thresholds). RESULTS We found poor to moderate agreement between the classification of individuals living within 0.5 km of an agricultural field between the groundtruth method and the comparison datasets (53.1-77.6%). All satellite-derived estimates overestimated the acreage of agricultural land within 0.5 km of each home (average = 82.8-148.9%). Using two satellite-derived datasets in conjunction resulted in substantial improvements; specifically, combining CropScape or NLCD with Landsat imagery had the highest percent agreement with the groundtruth data (92.8-93.8% agreement). SIGNIFICANCE Residential proximity to agriculture is frequently used as a proxy for pesticide exposure in epidemiologic investigations, and remote sensing-derived datasets are often the only practical means of identifying cultivated land. We found that estimates of agricultural proximity obtained from commonly-used satellite-based datasets are likely to result in exposure misclassification. We propose a novel approach that capitalizes on the complementary strengths of different sources of satellite imagery, and suggest the combined use of one dataset with high temporal resolution (e.g., Landsat imagery) in conjunction with a second dataset that delineates agricultural land use (e.g., CropScape or NLCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA.
| | | | - Edwin DeYoung
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Cynthia L Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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3
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Suwannarin N, Nishihama Y, Isobe T, Nakayama SF. Urinary concentrations of environmental phenol among pregnant women in the Japan Environment and Children's Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108373. [PMID: 38088018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to various bisphenols, alkylphenols and nitrophenols through dietary intake, food packaging and container materials, indoor and outdoor air/dust. This study aimed to evaluate exposure of Japanese pregnant women to environmental phenols by measuring target compounds in urine samples. From a cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study, 4577 pregnant women were selected. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), branched 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), linear 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) were analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The urinary metabolite data were combined with a questionnaire to examine the determinants of phenol exposure by machine learning. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) of BPA were calculated. PNP (68.2%) and BPA (71.5%) had the highest detection frequencies, with median concentrations of 0.76 and 0.46 μg/g creatinine, respectively. PNMC, BPS, BPF and 4-NP were determined in 24.9%, 11.9%, 1.3% and 0.4% of samples, respectively, whereas BPAF (0.02%) and 4-t-OP (0.02%) were only determined in a few samples. The PNP concentrations measured in this study were comparable with those reported in previous studies, whereas the BPA concentrations were lower than those reported previously worldwide. The EDI of BPA was 0.014 μg/kg body weight/day. Compared with the tolerable daily intake set by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, the median (95th percentile) HQ was 0.044 (0.2). This indicates that the observed levels of BPA exposure pose a negligible health risk to Japanese pregnant women. Determinants of bisphenol and nitrophenol exposure could not be identified by analysing the questionnaire solely, suggesting that biological measurement is necessary to assess exposure of pregnant women to bisphenols and nitrophenols. This is the first study to report environmental phenol exposure of Japanese pregnant women on a nationwide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0086, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Nishihama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0086, Japan; Paediatric Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0086, Japan.
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0086, Japan.
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4
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Hu Y, Wu S, Lyu W, Ning J, She D. Risk assessment of human exposure to airborne pesticides in rural greenhouses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5138. [PMID: 36991103 PMCID: PMC10060557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison to an open field, greenhouses utilize much more pesticides. The non-occupational exposure risk caused by pesticide drift is unknown. In this study, within 8 months (from March 2018 to October 2018), air samples were collected from indoor and outdoor houses and public areas near greenhouses in vegetable growing areas (eggplant, leek, garlic, etc.), and qualitative and quantitative analyses of pesticides were carried out. Using a 95% confidence interval, six pesticides (acetamiprid, difenoconazole, thiazophos, isoprocarb, malathion, and pyridaben) were detected. The results of the safety assessment showed that the non-cancer exposure risk of single pesticides for all residents in the agricultural areas was within the acceptable range, and the excess lifetime cancer risk of all residents inhaling difenoconazole exceeded 1E-6, and the agricultural region urgently needs increased cancer regulatory scrutiny. But combined toxicity of six pesticides not evaluated due to lack of suitable data. Comparison with open field scenes, the results show that pesticide levels to airborne are lower in greenhouse regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- Hebei Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongmei She
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Bravo N, Garí M, Grimalt JO. Occupational and residential exposures to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a rural setting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114186. [PMID: 36030920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) are extensively used in agriculture, resulting in higher exposures among farmworkers. The present study reports the occurrence of 8 urinary OP and PYR metabolites in a sample of farmworkers and residents from Sucs (n = 87), a rural township in North West Catalonia (Spain). The aim of the present study was to examine differences in urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations between occupationally-exposed (farmworkers; n = 45) and environmentally-exposed subjects (n = 42) and to assess the relationship between pesticide's exposures and occupational activities in a real-case scenario. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, urine samples were extracted using SPE extraction and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Three OP metabolites were commonly detectable in urine, namely TCPY (metabolite of chlorpyrifos), PNP (parathion) and DEAMPY (pirimiphos). Regarding pyrethroids, the two analyzed metabolites, 3-PBA and 4F-3-PBA, were detected in a high proportion of urine samples. Differences in concentrations between both groups were statistically significant for TCPY and 4F-3-PBA (Mann-Whitney U Test for independent groups, p < 0.05). In the case of TCPY, the concentrations were higher among the farmworkers, which is consistent with their occupational activity. The small differences found in DEAMPY, PNP, 3-PBA or even the significant higher concentrations of 4F-3-PBA among rural population suggest a general exposure to these compounds, even in those who do not carry an occupational activity. Specific personal protective equipment (PPE) among farmworkers, such as the use of gloves and mask during mixing, showed a decrease in the exposure levels, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, a positive association was found between the use of a cap during mixing (for PNP and 3-PBA) and during application (only for 3-PBA). However, this piece of cloth is mainly used for sun protection, and when not cleaned after the handling of pesticides, it might represent a continuous source of exposure through dermal contact. Farmworkers using tractors with cabin had statistically significant lower concentrations of DEAMPY than those using a tractor without cabin. The previous results suggest that occupational protections should be encouraged among farmworkers and other potential workers handling with pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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Zaller JG, Kruse-Plaß M, Schlechtriemen U, Gruber E, Peer M, Nadeem I, Formayer H, Hutter HP, Landler L. Pesticides in ambient air, influenced by surrounding land use and weather, pose a potential threat to biodiversity and humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156012. [PMID: 35597361 PMCID: PMC7614392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about (i) how numbers and concentrations of airborne pesticide residues are influenced by land use, interactions with meteorological parameters, or by substance-specific chemo-physical properties, and (ii) what potential toxicological hazards this could pose to non-target organisms including humans. We installed passive air samplers (polyurethane PUF and polyester PEF filter matrices) in 15 regions with different land uses in eastern Austria for up to 8 months. Samples were analyzed for 566 substances by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. We analyzed relationships between frequency and concentrations of pesticides, land use, meteorological parameters, substance properties, and season. We found totally 67 pesticide active ingredients (24 herbicides, 30 fungicides, 13 insecticides) with 10-53 pesticides per site. Herbicides metolachlor, pendimethalin, prosulfocarb, terbuthylazine, and the fungicide HCB were found in all PUF samplers, and glyphosate in all PEF samplers; chlorpyrifos-ethyl was the most abundant insecticide found in 93% of the samplers. Highest concentrations showed the herbicide prosulfocarb (725 ± 1218 ng sample-1), the fungicide folpet (412 ± 465 ng sample-1), and the insecticide chlorpyrifos-ethyl (110 ± 98 ng sample-1). Pesticide numbers and concentrations increased with increasing proportions of arable land in the surroundings. However, pesticides were also found in two National Parks (10 and 33 pesticides) or a city center (17 pesticides). Pesticide numbers and concentrations changed between seasons and correlated with land use, temperature, radiation, and wind, but were unaffected by substance volatility. Potential ecotoxicological exposure of mammals, birds, earthworms, fish, and honeybees increased with increasing pesticide numbers and concentrations. Human toxicity potential of detected pesticides was high, with averaged 54% being acutely toxic, 39% reproduction toxic, 24% cancerogenic, and 10% endocrine disrupting. This widespread pesticide air pollution indicates that current environmental risk assessments, field application techniques, protective measures, and regulations are inadequate to protect the environment and humans from potentially harmful exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann G Zaller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maren Kruse-Plaß
- TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring, 95615 Marktredwitz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schlechtriemen
- TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring, Hohenzollernstr. 20, 44135 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edith Gruber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Peer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Imran Nadeem
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Formayer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Hutter
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Landler
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Snails as Temporal Biomonitors of the Occurrence and Distribution of Pesticides in an Apple Orchard. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intensive use of pesticides in agricultural areas and the resulting effects have created a need to develop monitoring programs for their active assessment at low cost. This research entails a biomonitoring study of the pesticides in an apple orchard, using juvenile Cornu aspersum (O. F. Müller, 1774) snails exposed in field microcosms. The snails were deployed at three different locations in the orchard area and were used to assess the temporal biomonitoring of 100 different semi-volatile and non-volatile pesticides. The study was performed over an 18-week period and targeted the center, the border, and the outside of the orchard. Results showed that greater levels of pesticides were detected at the center of the orchard as compared to the other sites. The type and level of the applied pesticide influenced its environmental dissipation, as significantly greater levels of semi-volatile pesticides were accumulated by the caged snails in comparison to non-volatile pesticides. The presence of semi-volatile pesticides in the snails outside the orchard revealed the usefulness of these species in the biomonitoring of off-site pesticide emissions. The findings of this study showed that C. aspersum can serve as a reliable and effective model organism for the active biomonitoring of pesticide emissions in agricultural sites.
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Eng ME, Imperio GE, Bloise E, Matthews SG. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters in the developing blood-brain barrier: role in fetal brain protection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:415. [PMID: 35821142 PMCID: PMC11071850 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides essential neuroprotection from environmental toxins and xenobiotics, through high expression of drug efflux transporters in endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries. However, xenobiotic exposure, stress, and inflammatory stimuli have the potential to disrupt BBB permeability in fetal and post-natal life. Understanding the role and ability of the BBB in protecting the developing brain, particularly with respect to drug/toxin transport, is key to promoting long-term brain health. Drug transporters, particularly P-gp and BCRP are expressed in early gestation at the developing BBB and have a crucial role in developmental homeostasis and fetal brain protection. We have highlighted several factors that modulate drug transporters at the developing BBB, including synthetic glucocorticoid (sGC), cytokines, maternal infection, and growth factors. Some factors have the potential to increase expression and function of drug transporters and increase brain protection (e.g., sGC, transforming growth factor [TGF]-β). However, others inhibit drug transporters expression and function at the BBB, increasing brain exposure to xenobiotics (e.g., tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin [IL]-6), negatively impacting brain development. This has implications for pregnant women and neonates, who represent a vulnerable population and may be exposed to drugs and environmental toxins, many of which are P-gp and BCRP substrates. Thus, alterations in regulated transport across the developing BBB may induce long-term changes in brain health and compromise pregnancy outcome. Furthermore, a large portion of neonatal adverse drug reactions are attributed to agents that target or access the nervous system, such as stimulants (e.g., caffeine), anesthetics (e.g., midazolam), analgesics (e.g., morphine) and antiretrovirals (e.g., Zidovudine); thus, understanding brain protection is key for the development of strategies to protect the fetal and neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Eng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. Rm. 3207. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. Rm. 3207. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. Rm. 3207. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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9
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Figueiredo DM, Vermeulen RCH, Jacobs C, Holterman HJ, van de Zande JC, van den Berg F, Gooijer YM, Lageschaar L, Buijtenhuijs D, Krop E, Huss A, Duyzer J. OBOMod - Integrated modelling framework for residents' exposure to pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153798. [PMID: 35151737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides can be transported from the site of application to homes via different routes and lead to exposure of residents, raising concerns regarding health effects. We built a deterministic model framework (OBOmod) to assess exposure of residents living near fields where pesticides are applied. METHODS OBOmod connects five independent models operating on an hourly timescale and high spatial resolution (meters). Models include descriptions of spray drift, volatilization, atmospheric transport and dispersion, exchange between outdoor and indoor air and exchange between indoor air and dust. Fourteen bulb field applications under different weather conditions and comprising 12 pesticides were simulated. Each simulation included the first seven days after the application. The concentrations computed with OBOmod were compared with those measured in outdoor and indoor air and the amounts measured in indoor dust samples. RESULTS Model evaluation indicated suitability of the developed framework to estimate outdoor and indoor air concentrations. For most pesticides, model accuracy was good. The framework explained about 30% to 95% of the temporal and spatial variability of air concentrations. For 20% of the simulations, the framework explained more than 35% of spatial variability of concentrations in dust. In general, OBOmod estimates remained within one order of magnitude from measured levels. Calculations showed that in addition to spray drift during application, volatilization from the field after spraying and pesticides in house dust are important routes for residents' exposure to pesticides. CONCLUSIONS Our framework covers many processes needed to calculate exposure of residents to pesticides. The evaluation phase shows that, with the exception of the dust model, the framework can be used in support of health and epidemiological studies, and can serve as a tool to support development of regulations and policy making regarding pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Centre for Public Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cor Jacobs
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Jan Holterman
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C van de Zande
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik van den Berg
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Gooijer
- CLM Onderzoek en Advies BV, P.O. Box 62, 4100 AB Culemborg, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk Lageschaar
- CLM Onderzoek en Advies BV, P.O. Box 62, 4100 AB Culemborg, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Buijtenhuijs
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda Krop
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Duyzer
- TNO Circular Economy and the Environment, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Piracón JAB, Hernández-Bonilla D, Menezes-Filho JA, van Wendel de Joode B, Lozada YAV, Bahia TC, Cortes MAQ, Achury NJM, Muñoz IAM, Pardo MAH. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to pesticides and school-age children’s cognitive ability in rural Bogotá, Colombia. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Degrendele C, Klánová J, Prokeš R, Příbylová P, Šenk P, Šudoma M, Röösli M, Dalvie MA, Fuhrimann S. Current use pesticides in soil and air from two agricultural sites in South Africa: Implications for environmental fate and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150455. [PMID: 34634720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the possible negative impacts of current use pesticides (CUPs) for both the environment and human health have increased worldwide. However, the knowledge on the occurrence of CUPs in soil and air and the related human exposure in Africa is limited. This study investigated the presence of 30 CUPs in soil and air at two distinct agricultural sites in South Africa and estimated the human exposure and related risks to rural residents via soil ingestion and inhalation (using hazard quotients, hazard index and relative potency factors). We collected 12 soil and 14 air samples over seven days during the main pesticide application season in 2018. All samples were extracted, purified and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In soils, nine CUPs were found, with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and tebuconazole having the highest concentrations (up to 63.6, 1.10 and 0.212 ng g-1, respectively). In air, 16 CUPs were found, with carbaryl, tebuconazole and terbuthylazine having the highest levels (up to 25.0, 22.2 and 1.94 pg m-3, respectively). Spatial differences were observed between the two sites for seven CUPs in air and two in soils. A large dominance towards the particulate phase was found for almost all CUPs, which could be related to mass transport kinetics limitations (non-equilibrium) following pesticide application. The estimated daily intake via soil ingestion and inhalation of individual pesticides ranged from 0.126 fg kg-1 day-1 (isoproturon) to 14.7 ng kg-1 day-1 (chlorpyrifos). Except for chlorpyrifos, soil ingestion generally represented a minor exposure pathway compared to inhalation (i.e. <5%). The pesticide environmental exposure largely differed between the residents of the two distinct agricultural sites in terms of levels and composition. The estimated human health risks due to soil ingestion and inhalation of pesticides were negligible although future studies should explore other relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Vannier C, Chevrier C, Hubert-Moy L. Role of land use and land cover in residential exposures to agricultural pesticide models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:355-376. [PMID: 32393061 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1759029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of the general population to pesticides, especially in agricultural areas, is a major public health concern. This review analyses the role of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) in Residential Exposure to Agricultural Pesticides (REAP) and how it is measured and modelled. Some epidemiological studies have shown that basic LULC variables, such as distance to a crop and field size, are relevant for explaining REAP. However, the potential of LULC mitigation elements, such as vegetation barriers, grassy strips and buffer zones, to mitigate REAP has been poorly studied. The availability of recent low-cost and high-quality geospatial data enables REAP models to include alternative and more precise LULC variables. This review also highlights the need for (i) generic environmental sampling protocols, (ii) exposure and spraying datasets and (iii) assessment of the mitigation capacity of LULC to improve REAP modelling significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Vannier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, LETG - UMR 6554, Rennes, France
- Department of Geography, College of Science, University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wananga O Waitaha, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut De Recherche En Santé, Environnement Et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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13
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Fuentes ZC, Schwartz YL, Robuck AR, Walker DI. Operationalizing the Exposome Using Passive Silicone Samplers. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2022; 8:1-29. [PMID: 35004129 PMCID: PMC8724229 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-021-00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposome, which is defined as the cumulative effect of environmental exposures and corresponding biological responses, aims to provide a comprehensive measure for evaluating non-genetic causes of disease. Operationalization of the exposome for environmental health and precision medicine has been limited by the lack of a universal approach for characterizing complex exposures, particularly as they vary temporally and geographically. To overcome these challenges, passive sampling devices (PSDs) provide a key measurement strategy for deep exposome phenotyping, which aims to provide comprehensive chemical assessment using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry for exposome-wide association studies. To highlight the advantages of silicone PSDs, we review their use in population studies and evaluate the broad range of applications and chemical classes characterized using these samplers. We assess key aspects of incorporating PSDs within observational studies, including the need to preclean samplers prior to use to remove impurities that interfere with compound detection, analytical considerations, and cost. We close with strategies on how to incorporate measures of the external exposome using PSDs, and their advantages for reducing variability in exposure measures and providing a more thorough accounting of the exposome. Continued development and application of silicone PSDs will facilitate greater understanding of how environmental exposures drive disease risk, while providing a feasible strategy for incorporating untargeted, high-resolution characterization of the external exposome in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coates Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Yuri Levin Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Anna R. Robuck
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
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14
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Teysseire R, Manangama G, Baldi I, Carles C, Brochard P, Bedos C, Delva F. Determinants of non-dietary exposure to agricultural pesticides in populations living close to fields: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143294. [PMID: 33280875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence in the scientific literature that individuals living near fields are more exposed to agricultural pesticides than people living further away. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this systematic review was to identify the non-dietary determinants of pesticide exposure related to the drift pathway in residents living in agricultural areas, including spatial indictors related to agricultural activities, hygiene practices, behaviors and sociodemographic parameters. METHODS Three databases were consulted (PubMed, Web of sciences, Scopus). At least two experts selected the eligible studies. RESULTS A total of 27 original studies (2002-2020) fulfilled the eligibility criteria of this review. These publications explored pesticide exposure of individuals through measurements in biological samples (n = 13), environmental samples (n = 11) or both (n = 3). Spatial indicators, including residential proximity to fields, crop acreage around the residence and amounts of pesticides applied in the vicinity were identified as determinants of pesticide exposure in many studies (n = 17), including publications considered to be of very good or good quality (n = 12). Season of spraying tended to increase the levels of pesticides measured in five publications out of seven. Meteorological parameters and physical barriers showed an inconsistent and complex influence on the presence and levels of pesticides in urine samples and house dust. Frequent housekeeping reduced the presence of pesticides at home and consequently in biological matrices in three studies out of six. Finally, the effect of the occupants' sociodemographic characteristics, behaviors, and hygiene practices on the exposure measurement was less well documented and results were fairly inconsistent. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study consolidates our knowledge of the determinants influencing pesticide exposure levels in people living in agricultural areas. Nevertheless, the available scientific data is still too limited to serve as a basis for developing risk management measures. More research is needed to improve knowledge of the determinants of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Teysseire
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Public Health Pole, Bordeaux Hospital, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Environmental Health Platform Dedicated to Reproduction, ARTEMIS Center, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Regional Health Agency of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Guyguy Manangama
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Public Health Pole, Bordeaux Hospital, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Environmental Health Platform Dedicated to Reproduction, ARTEMIS Center, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Public Health Pole, Bordeaux Hospital, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Carles
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Public Health Pole, Bordeaux Hospital, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Brochard
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Public Health Pole, Bordeaux Hospital, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Environmental Health Platform Dedicated to Reproduction, ARTEMIS Center, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Bedos
- ECOSYS, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Fleur Delva
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Public Health Pole, Bordeaux Hospital, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Environmental Health Platform Dedicated to Reproduction, ARTEMIS Center, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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15
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Córdoba Gamboa L, Solano Diaz K, Ruepert C, van Wendel de Joode B. Passive monitoring techniques to evaluate environmental pesticide exposure: Results from the Infant's Environmental Health study (ISA). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109243. [PMID: 32078818 PMCID: PMC7153910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides used in agriculture may expose populations living nearby. Costa Rica is a major banana-exporting country, its production depends on extensive pesticide use. OBJECTIVES To evaluate environmental pesticide exposure, we measured levels of current-use pesticides in air and dust from 12 schools in Matina County, Costa Rica, with passive sampling methods. METHODS We selected ten proximal and two non-proximal schools and placed polyurethane foam passive air samplers outdoors at each school, during four consecutive periods. At three of these schools, we also placed an active air sampler during the first 24 h of each sampling period. We collected passive dust samples by placing a glass Petri Dish at the inside of each school. We subsequently performed a chemical analysis of 18 pesticides, using gas chromatography with mass detector. RESULTS With passive air samplers we detected ten different pesticides: two insecticides, two nematicides, and six fungicides, of which nine reported to be used on banana plantations. More than half of the samples contained at least five pesticides. Chlorpyrifos was detected most-frequently, in 98% of samples, followed by the nematicides etoprophos and the fungicide pyrimethanil that were both detected in 81% of samples. Chlorpyrifos concentrations were five times higher in proximal as compared to non-proximal schools: mean = 18.2 ng/m3 (range = 6.1-36.1) and mean = 3.5 ng/m3 (range= <0.5-11.4) and varied more between schools than in time (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.80). In general, results from passive and active samplers showed similar exposure patterns; yet median concentrations tended to be higher in passive samplers. In dust samples, mostly fungicides were detected; chlorothalonil was detected most frequently, in 50% of samples. DISCUSSION Passive air sampling is a promising technique to characterize environmental exposure to current-use pesticides; more studies are needed to characterize the sampling rates, reproducibility and optimum sampling times for passive samplers. School environments near banana plantations are contaminated with multiple pesticides that include insecticides, nematicides, and fungicides, which is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Córdoba Gamboa
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica.
| | - Karla Solano Diaz
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Clemens Ruepert
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
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16
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Bravo N, Peralta S, Grimalt JO, Martínez MÁ, Rovira J, Schuhmacher M. Organophosphate metabolite concentrations in maternal urine during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109003. [PMID: 31837550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The burden of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in pregnant women from Tarragona (n = 157), a Mediterranean area of intense agricultural activity, has been assessed from the study of hydroxylated organic metabolites in urine samples in the three trimesters of pregnancy. 2-Diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol (DEAMPY), a metabolite of pirimiphos, was the compound found in higher concentration, medians 0.66-2.8 μg/g creatinine. 4-Nitrophenol (PNP), a metabolite of parathion, medians 0.24-0.41 μg/g creatinine, was the second most abundant compound. 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidol (IMPY), a metabolite of diazinon, was also present but in lower concentrations. Except for DEAMPY, the concentrations found in this cohort were lower than those reported in studies from other countries. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for the compounds found in more than the 35% of the samples, the reliability between trimesters was poor (<0.40) to fair (0.40-0.60). Statistically significant differences were observed for the creatinine adjusted concentrations of the most abundant OP metabolites in these trimesters when examined with the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data. In general, no association was found between urinary OP metabolites and most demographic and lifestyle predictors. However, a positive significant association was observed for women with vegetarian diet and for women of higher economic status and eventual consumption of organic food which showed higher PNP concentrations. These results suggest that higher fruit and vegetable consumption may involve higher OP pesticide ingestion but the overall association was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Soraya Peralta
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Maria Ángeles Martínez
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Dereumeaux C, Fillol C, Quenel P, Denys S. Pesticide exposures for residents living close to agricultural lands: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105210. [PMID: 31739132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents living close to agricultural lands might be exposed to pesticides through non-occupational pathways including spray drift and volatilization of pesticides beyond the treated area. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to identify and analyze scientific literature measuring pesticide exposure in non-farmworker residents living close to agricultural lands, and to suggest practical implications and needs for future studies. METHODS A review was performed using inclusion criteria to identify original articles of interest published between 2003 and 2018. RESULTS From the 29 articles selected in this review, 2 belonged to the same study and were grouped, resulting in a total of 27 studies. Seven studies assessed exposure to pesticides using environmental samples, 13 collected biological samples and 7 analyzed both. Nine studies included a reference group of residents living far from agricultural lands while 11 assessed the influence of the spraying season or spray events on pesticide exposures. Studies included in this review provide evidence that residents living near to agricultural lands are exposed to higher levels of pesticides than residents living further away. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This review highlights that the following study design characteristics may be more appropriate than others to measure pesticide spray drift exposure in non-farmworker residents living close to agricultural lands: inclusion of a non-agricultural control group, collection of both biological and environmental samples with repeated sampling, measurements at different periods of the year, selection of numerous study sites related to one specific crop group, and measurements of pesticides which are specific to agricultural use. However, few studies to date incorporate all these characteristics. Additional studies are needed to comprehensively measure non-occupational pesticide exposures in this population in order to evaluate health risks, and to develop appropriate prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Dereumeaux
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Clémence Fillol
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Quenel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Denys
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
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18
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Sarigiannis DA, Horvat M. Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105264. [PMID: 31706197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports one of the few cases in which organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticide human exposure is evaluated in family contexts by the analysis of mother/child pair samples. Urinary concentrations of 6 organic metabolites of organophosphates and 2 pyrethroids were measured in mothers and their 7-to 8-year-old children (n = 168) in a general population from the central area of Slovenia. The results were adjusted for specific gravity and creatinine. The most abundant OP metabolite in children was 4-nitrophenol (PNP) (median 0.7 ng/ml) and in mothers (0.45 ng/ml), representing parathion exposure. 3-Phenoxibenzoic acid (3-PBA) (0.26 ng/ml), the general metabolite of pyrethroids, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) (0.16 ng/ml; chlorpyriphos) were the second most abundant compounds in children and mothers, respectively. The geometric mean specific gravity adjusted concentrations of OPs and PYRs were statistically significantly higher in children than in their mothers (between 3% and 24% higher), with the exception of TCPY (26% lower). All OP and PYR metabolites found in higher concentration in children showed significant positive correlations with the metabolite concentrations found in the mothers (p < 0.05 and 0.01), involving the fact that higher maternal concentrations were associated with higher children levels. These differential mother-children distributions and significant correlations were observed for the 2 types of pesticides studied, OPs and PYRs, which have different chemical properties. This agreement is consistent with the incorporation of the pesticides because of the general activities developed in the family context, instead of pesticide-dependent specific inputs. Comparison of the estimated daily intakes with the acceptable daily intakes of all detected metabolites revealed no significant risk of adverse health effects from exposure to these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis Andreas Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 201, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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A case-control study of breast cancer risk and ambient exposure to pesticides. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3:e070. [PMID: 32166211 PMCID: PMC7028467 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: While the estrogenic properties of certain pesticides have been established, associations between pesticide exposure and risk of breast cancer have been inconsistently observed. We investigated the relation between pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk using methods capable of objectively assessing exposure to specific pesticides occurring decades before diagnosis. Methods: A case–control study was conducted to evaluate the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer associated with historic pesticide exposure in California’s Central Valley, the most agriculturally productive region in the United States where pesticide drift poses a major source of nonoccupational exposure. Residential and occupational histories were linked to commercial pesticide reports and land use data to determine exposure to specific chemicals. Cases (N = 155) were recruited from a population-based cancer registry, and controls (N = 150) were obtained from tax assessor and Medicare list mailings. Results: There was no association between breast cancer and exposure to a selected group of organochlorine pesticides thought to have synergistic endocrine-disrupting potential; however, breast cancer was three times as likely to occur among women exposed to chlorpyrifos compared with those not exposed, after adjusting for exposure to other pesticides including organochlorines (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.38, 7.53). Conclusions: Organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, have rarely been evaluated in studies of breast cancer risk. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and to better understand the underlying mechanisms given that chlorpyrifos has been detected in local air monitoring at levels of concern for residents living in the agricultural regions where it is used.
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20
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Bocca B, Pino A, Bin M, Brumatti LV, Rosolen V, Barbone F, Ronfani L, Alimonti A, Calamandrei G. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in children from an Italian cohort (PHIME, Trieste). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108508. [PMID: 31200128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides from seven years old children of a birth cohort study (n=199; PHIME cohort of Trieste, Italy) have been measured. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, 2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol (DEAMPY, pirimiphos metabolite) was the one found at higher concentrations, median 3.4 ng/mL specific gravity adjusted (SG adjusted), followed by 4-nitrophenol (PNP, median 1.4 ng/mL SG adjusted) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY, median 0.36 ng/mL SG adjusted), parathion and chlorpyriphos metabolites, respectively. TCPY concentrations were low in comparison to other distributions of OP metabolites in children from other studies. Accordingly, the PHIME cohort showed a distinct OP metabolite distribution with high concentrations of pirimiphos and parathion. Another specific characteristic of this cohort was the high concentration of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-BPA, median 0.36 ng/mL SG adjusted), a general metabolite of PYR pesticides. Evaluation of anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics of children and families only showed a positive association between family educational level and urinary concentrations of DEAMPY metabolite (p<0.05), which could reflect distinct dietary habits depending on the educational level. Estimated daily intakes were evaluated, all studied metabolites were found within safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Pino
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Maura Bin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Barbone
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
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21
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Plascak JJ, Griffith WC, Workman T, Smith MN, Vigoren E, Faustman EM, Thompson B. Evaluation of the relationship between residential orchard density and dimethyl organophosphate pesticide residues in house dust. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:379-388. [PMID: 30254255 PMCID: PMC6433558 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reducing residential pesticide exposure requires identification of exposure pathways. Compared to the agriculture worker 'take-home' and residential use pathways, evidence of the 'drift' pathway to pesticide exposure has been inconsistent. Questionnaire data from individuals (n = 99) and dust samples (n = 418) from households across three growing seasons in 2011 were from the For Healthy Kids! study. Summed dimethyl organophosphate pesticide (OP) (Azinphos-Methyl, Phosmet, and Malathion) concentrations were quantified from house dust samples. Spatially-weighted orchard densities surrounding households were calculated based on various distances from homes. Regression models tested associations between orchard density, residential pesticide use, agriculture worker residents, and summed dimethyl OP house dust concentrations. Estimated relationships between orchard density and dimethyl OP in house dust were mixed: a 5% increase in orchard density resulted in 0.3 and 0.5% decreases in dimethyl OP house dust concentrations when considering land-cover 750 m or 1250 m away from households, respectively, but null associations with land-cover 60 m or 200 m away. Dimethyl OP house dust concentrations were 400% higher within homes where at least two residents were agriculture workers. Despite inconclusive evidence for the drift pathway due to potential for bias, relationships between number of agriculture workers and dimethyl OP house dust concentration underscores the take-home pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Plascak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Davis AN, Carlo G, Gulseven Z, Palermo F, Lin CH, Nagel SC, Vu DC, Vo PH, Ho TL, McElroy JA. Exposure to environmental toxicants and young children's cognitive and social development. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:35-56. [PMID: 30844763 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the role of environmental toxicant exposure on children's development is an important area of inquiry in order to better understand contextual factors that shape development and ultimately school readiness among young children. There is evidence suggesting negative links between exposure to environmental toxicants and negative physical health outcomes (i.e. asthma, allergies) in children. However, research on children's exposure to environmental toxicants and other developmental outcomes (cognitive, socioemotional) is limited. Objectives The goal of the current review was to assess the existing literature on the links between environmental toxicants (excluding heavy metals) and children's cognitive, socioemotional, and behavioral development among young children. Methods This literature review highlights research on environmental toxicants (i.e. pesticide exposure, bisphenol A, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco smoke, polychlorinated biphenyls, flame retardants, phthalates and gas pollutions) and children's development across multiple domains. Results The results highlight the potential risk of exposure to multiple environmental toxicants for young children's cognitive and socioemotional development. Discussion Discussion will focus on the role of environmental toxicants in the cognitive and socioemotional development of young children, while highlighting gaps in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Davis
- Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, Phone: +816-294-6950
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zehra Gulseven
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Francisco Palermo
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Susan C Nagel
- Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Danh C Vu
- Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Phuc H Vo
- Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thi L Ho
- Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Jane A McElroy
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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23
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Wang S, Salamova A, Hites RA, Venier M. Spatial and Seasonal Distributions of Current Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the Atmospheric Particulate Phase in the Great Lakes Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6177-6186. [PMID: 29762021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors analyzed spatial and seasonal variations of current use pesticides (CUPs) levels in the atmospheric particulate phase in the Great Lakes basin. Twenty-four hour air samples were collected at six sites (two urban, two rural, and two remote) in 2015. The concentrations of 15 CUPs, including nine pyrethroid insecticides, four herbicides, one organophosphate insecticide, and one fungicide, were measured. The total CUPs concentrations were higher at the urban sites (0.38-1760 pg/m3) than at the rural and remote sites (0.07-530 pg/m3). The most abundant CUPs were pyrethroid insecticides at the urban sites. The levels of the other CUPs did not vary much among the six sites, except at the most remote site at Eagle Harbor, where the levels were significantly lower. Chlorothalonil was the most frequently detected CUP, which was detected in more than 76% of the samples. The atmospheric concentrations of total pyrethroid insecticides and total herbicides were correlated with local human population and developed land use. Significantly higher concentrations of most CUPs were observed in the warmer months than in the colder months at all sites. In addition to agricultural applications, which occur during the warmer months, the CUPs atmospheric concentrations may also be influenced by nonagricultural activities and the urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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24
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Sagiv SK, Harris MH, Gunier RB, Kogut KR, Harley KG, Deardorff J, Bradman A, Holland N, Eskenazi B. Prenatal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Traits Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Population Living in Proximity to Agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:047012. [PMID: 29701446 PMCID: PMC6071837 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been linked with poorer neurodevelopment and behaviors related to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in previous studies, including in the Center for Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a birth cohort living in the agricultural Salinas Valley in California. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of prenatal exposure to OP pesticides with traits related to ASD, in childhood and adolescents in CHAMACOS. METHODS We assessed OP exposure during pregnancy with measurements of dialkyl phosphates (DAP) metabolites in urine, and residential proximity to OP use during pregnancy using California's Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) data and estimated associations with ASD-related traits using linear regression models. We measured traits reported by parents and teachers as well as the child's performance on tests that evaluate the ability to use facial expressions to recognize the mental state of others at 7, 101/2, and 14 years of age. RESULTS Prenatal DAPs were associated with poorer parent and teacher reported social behavior [e.g., a 10-fold DAP increase was associated with a 2.7-point increase (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9, 4.5) in parent-reported Social Responsiveness Scale, Version 2, T-scores at age 14]. We did not find clear evidence of associations between residential proximity to OP use during pregnancy and ASD-related traits. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute mixed evidence linking OP pesticide exposures with traits related to developmental disorders like ASD. Subtle pesticide-related effects on ASD-related traits among a population with ubiquitous exposure could result in a rise in cases of clinically diagnosed disorders like ASD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maria H Harris
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine R Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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25
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Gunier RB, Bradman A, Harley KG, Eskenazi B. Will buffer zones around schools in agricultural areas be adequate to protect children from the potential adverse effects of pesticide exposure? PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004741. [PMID: 29267268 PMCID: PMC5739348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
California has proposed limiting agricultural pesticide use within 0.4 km of schools and childcare facilities. However, the 0.4-km buffer may not be appropriate for all pesticides because of differing toxicities, fate, and application methods. Living near pesticide use has been associated with poorer birth outcomes, neurodevelopment, and respiratory function in children. More research about exposures in schools, childcare facilities, and homes is needed. Despite incomplete science, this regulation is an important step to reduce potential exposures to children. The most vulnerable exposure period may be in utero, and future regulations should also aim to reduce exposures to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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26
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Liao C, Richards J, Taylor AR, Gan J. Development of polyurethane-based passive samplers for ambient monitoring of urban-use insecticides in water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1412-1420. [PMID: 28939123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of insecticides for the control of urban pests such as ants, termites, and spiders has resulted in contamination and toxicity in urban aquatic ecosystems in different regions of the world. Passive samplers are a convenient and integrative tool for in situ monitoring of trace contaminants in surface water. However, the performance of a passive sampler depends closely on its affinity for the target analytes, making passive samplers highly specific to the types of contaminants being monitored. The goal of this study was to develop a passive sampler compatible with a wide range of insecticides, including the strongly hydrophobic pyrethroids and the weakly hydrophobic fipronil and organophosphates. Of six candidate polymeric thin films, polyurethane film (PU) was identified to be the best at enriching the test compounds. The inclusion of stable isotope labeled analogs as performance reference compounds (PRCs) further allowed the use of PU film for pyrethroids under non-equilibrium conditions. The PU sampler was tested in a large aquarium with circulatory water flow, and also deployed at multiple sites in surface streams in southern California. The concentrations of pesticides derived from the PU sampler ranged from 0.5 to 18.5 ng/L, which were generally lower than the total chemical concentration measured by grab samples, suggesting that suspended particles and dissolved organic matter in water rendered them less available. The influence of suspended particles and dissolved organic matter on bioavailability was more pronounced for pyrethroids than for fipronils. The results show that the developed PU film sampler, when coupled with PRCs, may be used for rapid and sensitive in-situ monitoring of a wide range of insecticides in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jaben Richards
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Allison R Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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