1
|
Nunta R, Khemacheewakul J, Sommanee S, Mahakuntha C, Chompoo M, Phimolsiripol Y, Jantanasakulwong K, Kumar A, Leksawasdi N. Extraction of gymnemic acid from Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. leaves and production of dry powder extract using maltodextrin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11193. [PMID: 37433848 PMCID: PMC10336054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to maximize the extraction of gymnemic acid (GA) from Phak Chiang Da (PCD) leaves, an indigenous medicinal plant used for diabetic treatment in Northern Thailand. The goal was to overcome the low concentration of GA in the leaves, which limits its applications among a larger population and develop a process to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder. The solvent extraction method was employed to extract GA from PCD leaves. The effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were investigated to determine the optimum extraction conditions. A process was developed to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder, and its properties were characterized. In addition, color analysis (L*, a*, and b*) was performed to evaluate the overall appearance of the PCD extract powder. Antioxidant activity assay was conducted to assess the ability of the PCD extract powder to neutralize DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the concentration of 50% (v/v) ethanol at 70 °C for 2 h resulted in a higher GA concentration of 8307 mg/kg from dried PCD leaves. During the drying process, the use of maltodextrin at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) was found to produce PCD extract powder with the maximum GA concentration. The color analysis revealed that the PCD extract powder had a dark greenish tint mixed with yellow. The antioxidant activity assay showed that 0.1 g of PCD extract powder was able to neutralize 75.8% of DPPH free radicals. The results concluded that PCD extract powder could potentially be used as a source of nutraceuticals or as a functional food ingredient. These findings suggest the potential value of GA-rich PCD extract powder in various applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or food industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rojarej Nunta
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Division of Food Innovation and Business, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, 52100, Thailand
| | - Julaluk Khemacheewakul
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Sumeth Sommanee
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Chatchadaporn Mahakuntha
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Mayuree Chompoo
- Division of Food Innovation and Business, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, 52100, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Anbarasu Kumar
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Thanjavur, 613403, India.
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He J, Tang P, Liu M, Liao G, Lu R, Yang X. Triterpenoid saponins and C 21 steroidal glycosides from Gymnema tingens and their glucose uptake activities. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7503-7513. [PMID: 36908545 PMCID: PMC9993900 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpenoid saponins, tigensides A-D (1-4), and one new C21 steroid, tipregnane A(9), together with six known compounds were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of the roots and stems of Gymnema tingens. The chemical structures of the new compounds were determined based on their spectroscopic data, including IR, UV, NMR, and mass spectrometric analysis. All compounds were isolated for the first time. Compounds 1-11 promoted glucose uptake in the range of 1.12 to 2.52 fold, respectively. Compound 2 showed the most potent glucose uptake, with 2.52 fold enhancement. Additionally, compound 2 showed a medium effect on the GLUT4 translocation activity in L6 cells in further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua He
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Ping Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources Utilization, Pharmacy School of Shihezi University Shihezi 832002 Xinjiang P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Liu
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Guangfeng Liao
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Rumei Lu
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sandech N, Jangchart R, Komolkriengkrai M, Boonyoung P, Khimmaktong W. Efficiency of Gymnema sylvestre-derived gymnemic acid on the restoration and improvement of brain vascular characteristics in diabetic rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1420. [PMID: 34707702 PMCID: PMC8543180 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a vital organ that requires a constant blood supply. Stroke occurs when the blood supply to specific parts of the brain is reduced; diabetes is an autonomous risk factor for stroke. The present study aimed to investigate the potential vascular protective effect of gymnemic acid (GM) by assessing the morphological changes of microvasculature, along with VEGFA and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) protein expression in the brains of diabetic rats. Rats were divided into five groups, including control, gymnemic control rats (CGM), rats that were rendered diabetic by single injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/kg GM (STZ + GM) and diabetic rats treated with 4 mg/kg glibenclamide (GL; STZ + GL). After 8 weeks, brain tissues were collected to examine the three-dimensional morphology of the anterior cerebral arteries by vascular corrosion casting. Western blotting was performed to determine VEGFA and Ang-1 expression. Cerebral arteries, arterioles and capillaries were depicted the diameter, thickness and collagen accumulation of the wall, and the results demonstrated narrow diameters, thickened walls and collagen accumulation in the STZ group. After receiving GM, the histopathological changes were similar to that of the control group. Through vascular corrosion casting and microscopy, signs of vessel restoration and improvement were exhibited by increased diameters, and healthy and nourished arterioles and capillaries following treatment with GM. Furthermore, VEGF expression and Ang-1 secretion decreased in the STZ + GM group compared with STZ rats. The results of the present study revealed that GM treatment decreased blood vessel damage in the brain, suggesting that it may be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichawadee Sandech
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Rawipa Jangchart
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Manaras Komolkriengkrai
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Piyakorn Boonyoung
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Wipapan Khimmaktong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saiki P, Kawano Y, Ogi T, Klungsupya P, Muangman T, Phantanaprates W, Kongchinda P, Pinnak N, Miyazaki K. Purified Gymnemic Acids from Gymnema inodorum Tea Inhibit 3T3-L1 Cell Differentiation into Adipocytes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092851. [PMID: 32957631 PMCID: PMC7551785 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema inodorum (GI) is an indigenous medicinal plant and functional food in Thailand that has recently helped to reduce plasma glucose levels in healthy humans. It is renowned for the medicinal properties of gymnemic acid and its ability to suppress glucose absorption. However, the effects of gymnemic acids on adipogenesis that contribute to the accumulation of adipose tissues associated with obesity remain unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of gymnemic acids derived from GI tea on adipogenesis. We purified and identified GiA-7 and stephanosides C and B from GI tea that inhibited adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. These compounds also suppressed the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ)-dependent genes, indicating that they inhibit lipid accumulation and the early stage of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Only GiA-7 induced the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and pparγ coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1α), suggesting that GiA-7 induces mitochondrial activity and beige-like adipocytes. This is the first finding of stephanosides C and B in Gymnema inodorum. Our results suggested that GiA-7 and stephanosides C and B from GI tea could help to prevent obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Papawee Saiki
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-861-4304
| | - Yasuhiro Kawano
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Takayuki Ogi
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Okinawa Industrial Technology Center, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan;
| | - Prapaipat Klungsupya
- Research and Development Group for Bio-Industries, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Techno Polis, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (P.K.); (T.M.); (W.P.); (P.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Thanchanok Muangman
- Research and Development Group for Bio-Industries, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Techno Polis, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (P.K.); (T.M.); (W.P.); (P.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Wimonsri Phantanaprates
- Research and Development Group for Bio-Industries, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Techno Polis, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (P.K.); (T.M.); (W.P.); (P.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Papitchaya Kongchinda
- Research and Development Group for Bio-Industries, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Techno Polis, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (P.K.); (T.M.); (W.P.); (P.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Nantaporn Pinnak
- Research and Development Group for Bio-Industries, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Techno Polis, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (P.K.); (T.M.); (W.P.); (P.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Koyomi Miyazaki
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan F, Sarker MMR, Ming LC, Mohamed IN, Zhao C, Sheikh BY, Tsong HF, Rashid MA. Comprehensive Review on Phytochemicals, Pharmacological and Clinical Potentials of Gymnema sylvestre. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1223. [PMID: 31736747 PMCID: PMC6830388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre is a plant included in Apocynaceae family and is located in many regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. This plant is widely used as a traditional therapy for different purposes. Even now it is being used as a dietary supplement due to its numerous therapeutic uses. It is known to have blood glucose lowering potential and, thus, is widely used in traditional and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. It renders glucose lowering activity due to the presence of phytochemicals, such as gurmarin, gymnemic acid as well as gymnemasaponins. Gymnema sylvestre is also known to have anti-oxidant, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, gastro and hepatoprotective, anticancer and lipid-lowering activities. This review discusses in details on different pharmacological and clinical potentials of Gymnema sylvestre and its chemical constituents associated with its therapeutic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bassem Y. Sheikh
- Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar A, Aswal S, Chauhan A, Semwal RB, Kumar A, Semwal DK. Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand) Used in the Traditional Medicine for Diabetes by Jaunsari Tribe. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:175-200. [PMID: 30968350 PMCID: PMC6538708 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayan region is the treasure house of natural wealth, particularly of medicinal and aromatic plants. These plants are used by the Indian traditional healers for the past many centuries to treat various ailments such as skin disorders, asthma, diabetes, snake bite, fever, pain, eye diseases, diarrhoea, indigestion, jaundice, burn, wound, liver disorder, CNS disorders and urinary tract infection. The indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and therapies of various local communities has been lost due to changes in traditional culture and the introduction of modern technologies. Therefore, it is essential to explore the traditional knowledge of the indigenous medicinal plants mainly in such areas where there is a severe threat to natural vegetation owing to human inhabitation. The present study aimed to explore the medicinal plants of Chakrata region (Jaunsar-Bawar Hills), Uttarakhand, India used in the folk medicine for the management of diabetes by Jaunsari Tribe. In a comprehensive field survey, the information about the medicinal plants have been mainly collected from the traditional healers and other elderly people belong to the tribal community. All the information about the medicinal plants of the study area was documented in a field book. Various tools have been used to collect the samples for identification purpose and the authentication of the plants was done with the help of taxonomists. The literature on these plants was also searched from online (PubMed and Scopus) as well as from some textbooks and Ayurvedic classical texts. The present survey-based work described a total of 54 plants belonging to 47 genera and 30 families used in the traditional medicine for the management of diabetes in Chakrata region. The information gathered from the local community revealed that the plants are effective in diabetes and one can use most of them without consulting a practitioner or traditional healer. The literature revealed that most of the surveyed plants are already used in the preparation of various antidiabetic formulations such as Chandraprabha vati, Nishamalaki chunra, Amritamehari churna and Nisakathakadi kashayam along with various patent drugs which are frequently prescribed by the Ayurvedic practitioners in India. The present study explored the traditional as well as scientific knowledge on the antidiabetic plants used by the tribal community. The documented information on these plants can be further used by the scientific community to develop new drugs/formulations with the help of modern techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sonali Aswal
- Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Ashutosh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Government Postgraduate College, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249201, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sweet taste receptor inhibitors: Potential treatment for equine insulin dysregulation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200070. [PMID: 29958298 PMCID: PMC6025858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is a major risk factor for equine laminitis, a debilitating and painful foot condition. Sweet taste receptor (T1R2/3) inhibitors have been used to reduce the insulin and glucose responses to oral carbohydrates in other species. However, their effect in horses has not been investigated. It would be useful to be able to attenuate the large post-prandial insulin response that typically occurs when a carbohydrate-rich meal is fed to insulin-dysregulated horses. Here we have determined the efficacy of two T1R2/3 inhibitors, lactisole and Gymnema sylvestre, for reducing glucose uptake by the equine small intestine in vitro; and post-prandial insulin secretion in ponies in vivo, following a carbohydrate-based meal. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure 2-deoxyglucose uptake by explants of small intestine, in the presence and absence of the T1R2/3 inhibitors. Lactisole and G sylvestre reduced 2-deoxyglucose uptake by the intestinal explants by 63% (P = 0.032) and 73% (P = 0.047), respectively, compared to control samples. The study in vivo investigated the effect of the inhibitors on the blood glucose and serum insulin responses to a meal containing D-glucose. Three doses of each inhibitor were tested using a Latin square design, and each dose was compared to a meal with no inhibitor added. Lactisole had no effect on glucose and insulin concentrations, whereas G sylvestre was partially effective at reducing post-prandial blood glucose (by ~10%) and serum insulin concentrations (~25%) in seven ponies, with a most effective dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight. These data provide preliminary support that T1R2/3 inhibitors may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the management of equine insulin dysregulation and the prevention of laminitis. However, further optimisation of the dose and delivery method for these compounds is required, as well as a direct investigation of their activity on the equine sweet taste receptor.
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh DK, Kumar N, Sachan A, Lakhani P, Tutu S, Nath R, Sachan AK, Dixit RK. Hypolipidaemic Effects of Gymnema sylvestre on High Fat Diet Induced Dyslipidaemia in Wistar Rats. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:FF01-FF05. [PMID: 28658801 PMCID: PMC5483703 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27430.9859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperlipidaemia is a well known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modification can be the initial step to reduce cholesterol levels. There are various drugs which are used to control dyslipidaemia. Treatment of lipid abnormalities is a lifelong battle. Moreover, the safety and effectiveness of long term lipid lowering treatment are questionable. Gymnema Sylvestre (GS) is a well known herb with various medicinal properties. AIM To explore the hypolipidaemic activity of GS leaves extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult healthy female wistar rats, 30 in number, divided into five groups, weighing 150- 200 g were used. Dyslipidaemia was induced in rats by feeding them on high fat diet for four weeks. For the next four weeks GS extract was used as test drug while Atorvastatin was used as standard drug. Blood sample was collected for estimation of lipid profile on day 0, week 4 and week 8. Data was recorded as mean±SEM (Standard error of mean). Paired t-test and one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc test was used for comparison. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS Statistics 20 (IBM software) was used for the analysis. RESULTS Feeding rats with high fat diet for four weeks led to obesity and dyslipidaemia in rats. GS at both the doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) significantly improved the lipid profile. Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) values reduced significantly while that of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) increased significantly. GS 200 mg/kg was found more effective than GS 100 mg/kg. GS improved the value of lipid profile significantly but the effect was found inferior to Atorvastatin. CONCLUSION From the present study it can be concluded that GS possess an effective hypolipidaemic effect. Hence it can be included as an add on therapy in dyslipidaemia after further confirmatory studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar Singh
- Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjula Sachan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Mau, Ataria, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preet Lakhani
- Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Tutu
- Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Nath
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amod Kumar Sachan
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Dixit
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Four new pregnane glycosides 1-4 were isolated from the ethanol extract of the stem of Gymnema sylvestre and named gymsylvestrosides A-D. Hydrolysis of compound 1 under the catalysis of Aspergilus niger β-glucosidase afforded compound 5 (gymsylvestroside E). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods such as HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HMQC-TOCSY experiment. Compounds 1-4 were screened for Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kurian GA, Manjusha V, Nair SS, Varghese T, Padikkala J. Short-term effect of G-400, polyherbal formulation in the management of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia conditions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 2014; 30:1158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
11
|
Wang Y, Dawid C, Kottra G, Daniel H, Hofmann T. Gymnemic acids inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5925-5931. [PMID: 24856809 DOI: 10.1021/jf501766u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the activity of botanicals used in Chinese Traditional Medicine as hypoglycemic agents for diabetes type II prevention and/or treatment, extracts prepared from 26 medicinal herbs were screened for their inhibitory activity on sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) by using two-electrode voltage-clamp recording of glucose uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with cRNA for SGLT1. Showing by far the strongest SGLT1 inhibitory effect, the phytochemicals extracted from Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult were located by means of activity-guided fractionation and identified as 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-2-tigloyl-22-O-2-tigloyl gymnemagenin (1) and 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-2-methylbutyryl-22-O-2-tigloyl gymnemagenin (2) by means of LC-MS/MS, UPLC-TOF/MS, and 1D/2D-NMR experiments. Both saponins exhibited low IC50 values of 5.97 (1) and 0.17 μM (2), the latter of which was in the same range as found for the high-affinity inhibitor phlorizin (0.21 μM). As SGLT1 is found in high levels in brush-border membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, these findings demonstrate for the first time the potential of these saponins for inhibiting electrogenic glucose uptake in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universitaet Muenchen , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang MQ, Liu Y, Xie SX, Xu TH, Liu TH, Xu YJ, Xu DM. A new triterpenoid saponin from Gymnema sylvestre. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:1186-1190. [PMID: 23088362 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.726517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Besides four known compounds, a new triterpenoid saponin was isolated from the stems of Gymnema sylvestre. The structure of the new triterpenoid saponin was established as 3β,16β,22α-trihydroxy-olean-12-ene 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, including COSY, HMBC, HMQC, and NOESY correlations. Four known compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patel K, Gadewar M, Tripathi R. Pharmacological and analytical aspects of gymnemic acid: a concise report. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Al-Romaiyan A, King AJ, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. A novel extract of Gymnema sylvestre improves glucose tolerance in vivo and stimulates insulin secretion and synthesis in vitro. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1006-11. [PMID: 22911568 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines, especially plant-derived extracts, have been used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for many centuries, and offer the potential of cheap and readily available alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals in developing countries. Extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) have anti-diabetic activities and have been used as a folk medicine in India for centuries. We have investigated the effects of a novel high molecular weight GS extract termed OSA® on glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant ob/ob mice, and on insulin secretion and synthesis by isolated mouse islets. Single administration of OSA® (500 mg/kg) to ob/ob mice 30 min before an intraperitoneal glucose load improved their abnormal glucose tolerance. In vitro studies indicated that OSA® (0.25 mg/ml) initiated rapid and reversible increases in insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets at substimulatory (2 mM) and stimulatory (20 mM) glucose concentrations. In addition, prolonged treatment (24-48 h) of mouse islets with OSA® elevated the expression of preproinsulin mRNA and maintained the total insulin content of mouse islets in the presence of stimulated insulin secretion. These effects of OSA® are consistent with its potential use as a therapy for the hyperglycemia associated with obesity-related T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Romaiyan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Siva C, Iyappan M, Kirthi AV. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plant extracts from south India against human pathogens. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Sharma RK, Patki PS. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of an Ayurvedic formulation (GlucoCare capsules) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2011; 1:45-51. [PMID: 21829301 PMCID: PMC3149392 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.59827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The goal for treatment of diabetes is to prevent its acute manifestations and long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an Ayurvedic formulation (GlucoCare Capsules) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Fifty NIDDM patients of pitta-kapha prakriti attending the outpatient department of the Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India were included in the study, and randomly divided into 2 groups, GlucoCare and placebo. All received either GlucoCare or placebo in a dose of 2 capsules twice daily, before meals for 3 months. All 50 patients completed the study - no drop outs, withdrawals or patients lost to follow up. The GlucoCare group showed significant improvement in symptoms from the 2(nd) month till the end of the study. GlucoCare was well tolerated by all patients throughout the treatment period with no evidence of adverse effects. The study indicates clinical efficacy of GlucoCare Capsules in the management of NIDDM in those belonging to pitta-kapha prakriti. The formulation is well tolerated and appears safe in the dosage used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Sharma
- Department of Dravyaguna and Rasashastra, Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Preuss HG. Bean amylase inhibitor and other carbohydrate absorption blockers: effects on diabesity and general health. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 28:266-76. [PMID: 20150600 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many believe that excessive intake of refined carbohydrates (CHO) plays a major role in the development of obesity/overweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, a collection of events commonly referred to as "diabesity," and have sought natural means to overcome these linked perturbations. As a first approach, planned diets with low portions of refined CHO have become popular. However, these diets do not satisfy everyone; and many are concerned over replacing CHO with more fats. As a second option, addition of soluble fiber to the diet can slow absorption of refined CHO, i.e., lower the glycemic index of foods and overcome or at least ameliorate many of the adverse reactions resulting from increased refined CHO ingestion. Unfortunately, the general public does not favor diets high in fiber content, and various fibers can lead to gastrointestinal problems such as gas and diarrhea. A third choice to favorably influence CHO absorption is to use natural dietary supplements that block or slow CHO absorption in the gastrointestinal tract via inhibiting enzymes necessary for CHO absorption -amylase and alpha-glucosidases. Although a number of natural supplements with anti-amylase activity have been recognized, the most studied and favored one is white kidney bean extract. Animal and human studies clearly show that this agent works in vivo and has clinical utility. This paper reviews many aspects of diabesity and the use of "carb blockers" to prevent and ameliorate the situation. In many respects, carb blockers mimic the beneficial effects of fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Preuss
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Pathology, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ashok P, Kyada A, Subbarao P, Suthar S, Singh D, Vadaliya K. Antioxidant Status of a Polyherbomineral Formulation (Gly-13-C) in STZ-Diabetic Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.157.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
19
|
Ogawa S, Kimura H, Niimi A, Jisaka M, Katsube T, Yokota K. Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Seed Shells of Japanese Horse Chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume) on Carbohydrate-digesting Enzymes. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.56.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
20
|
Ali Ahmed AB, Rao AS, Rao MV. In vitro production of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) R. Br. ex roemer and schultes through callus culture under abiotic stress conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 547:93-105. [PMID: 19521838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-287-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites have enormous potential for research and new drug development. Many secondary metabolites have a complex and unique structure and their production is often enhanced by biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Gymnemic acid (C(43)H(68)O(14)), a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, exhibits potent inhibitory effect on diabetes. The gymnemic acid content is determined by chromatographic methods: Camag HPTLC system equipped with a sample applicator Linomat IV and TLC scanner and integration software CAT 4.0. In HPLC C(18) (ODS) reverse phase column; water 486 UV detector; mobile phase, water/methanol (35:65, HPLC grade) + 0.1% acetic acid are used. Sample (20 microL) is applied with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and read at 230 nm with UV detector. The production of gymnemic acid is significantly higher in callus treated with 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (KN). The blue light increases gymnemic acid accumulation upto 4.4-fold as compared with fluorescent light treatment and out of which 2.8 is found in leaves. Gymnemic acid is isolated from callus, grown under stress conditions followed by preparative TLC, simple and reproducible character based on HPTLC and high performance liquid chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Plant Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mukherjee PK, Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ. Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 106:1-28. [PMID: 16678368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is caused due to deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. It is a global problem and number of those affected is increasing day by day. The plants provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs because many plants and plant derived compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Several medicinal plants have found potential use as hypoglycemic in the Indian system of medicines, including ayurveda. Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and reports occur in numerous scientific journals. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on various plant species from Indian biosphere and their constituents, which have been shown to display potent hypoglycemic activity. The use of herbs as hypoglycemic is a major avenue in Indian perspectives particularly for treating diabetes, which require to be explored more effectively as there are so many literatures available on these aspects. This paper describes the chemistry, activity and usage of the constituents isolated from these plants from India for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pulok K Mukherjee
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College, London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ohmori R, Iwamoto T, Tago M, Takeo T, Unno T, Itakura H, Kondo K. Antioxidant activity of various teas against free radicals and LDL oxidation. Lipids 2005; 40:849-53. [PMID: 16296404 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tea is a widely consumed beverage throughout the world. We assessed the antioxidant activity of six teas, including the aqueous extracts of green tea and oolong tea (Camellia sinensis), tochu (Eucommia ulmoides), Gymnema sylvestre, Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and LDL oxidation, and examined the association of LDL oxidizability with the plasma catechin levels in 10 healthy volunteers with a single dose of 5 g green tea powder. In vitro, the inhibitory effects of DPPH radicals and LDL oxidation were found to be strongest in the extract of green tea and weakest in that of barley. After the ingestion of green tea powder, the lag time increased from basal 52.2 +/- 4.1 to 60.3 +/- 4.2 min at 1 h and 59.5 +/- 4.1 min at 2 h, and then returned to the baseline lag time (51.9 +/- 1.4 at 4 h and 52.1 +/- 4.7 min at 6 h). Regarding the plasma catechin levels, epigallocatechingallate and epicatechingallate significantly increased from basal 3.7 +/- 1.3 and 0.8 +/- 0.8 ng/mL to 65.7 +/- 11.6 and 54.6 +/- 12.6 ng/mL at 1 h, and 74.4 +/- 18.6 and 49.4 +/- 7.1 ng/mL at 2 h, respectively. Green tea therefore showed the strongest antioxidant activity among the six different teas, and the inhibitory effects of green tea on LDL oxidation depended on the plasma catechin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ohmori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matsuura T, Yoshikawa Y, Masui H, Sano M. Suppression of Glucose Absorption by Various Health Teas in Rats. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2004; 124:217-23. [PMID: 15067185 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.124.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects on the intestinal digestion and absorption of sugar of health teas that claim beneficial dietary and diabetes-controlling effects were compared in rats using portal cannulae. The measured durations were the times during which the elevation of portal glucose levels resulting from continuous intragastric infusion of sucrose or maltose was suppressed by concentrated teas. The teas investigated included salacia oblonga, mulberry, guava, gymunema, taheebo, yacon, and banaba. The duration of the inhibitory effect on the sucrose load of salacia oblonga, mulberry, and guava were 110 min, 20 min, and 10 min, respectively. In contrast, gymunema, taheebo, yacon, and banaba had no significant effect on the continuous infusion of sucrose. These results suggest that there is considerable difference in the efficacy of commercial health teas in influencing glucose absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Matsuura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The ethanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Bacillus pumilis, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and inactivity against Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Satdive
- Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Products Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Edens NK, Reaves LA, Bergana MS, Reyzer IL, O'Mara P, Baxter JH, Snowden MK. Yeast extract stimulates glucose metabolism and inhibits lipolysis in rat adipocytes in vitro. J Nutr 2002; 132:1141-8. [PMID: 12042423 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.6.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods contain bioactive components that contribute to optimal health. Food-grade yeast may contain components that enhance cellular glucose metabolism. We tested the effect of brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract (YE), in vitro on rat fat cell glucose transport, glucose metabolism to lipid, and lipolysis. YE was fractionated by reverse-phase chromatography on a C18 open column using ammonium acetate (0.05 mol/L, pH 5.8), with acetonitrile (40%) elution solvent into fraction 1 (Fx1), fraction 2 (Fx2) and fraction 3 (Fx3). Isolated rat adipocytes were preincubated with insulin (51 pmol/L), YE (10 mg/L) or both; transport of U-(14)C-glucose was measured. Adipocytes were incubated with insulin and YE fractions (10 mg/L); glucose metabolism to lipid was measured by incorporation of U-(14)C-glucose into total lipids. Lipolysis was measured by glycerol release. Insulin stimulated glucose transport to sevenfold the basal value (P < 0.05). YE did not affect glucose transport. Insulin stimulated glucose metabolism to 2.6-fold the basal value (P < 0.001); YE stimulated glucose metabolism 14% (P < 0.005). YE potentiated the action of insulin 30% (P < 0.002). YE Fx2 and Fx3 stimulated glucose metabolism 25-40% (P < 0.05). Insulin inhibited lipolysis 47% (P < 0.001). YE alone inhibited lipolysis 63% (P < 0.001). YE and insulin inhibited lipolysis 81% (P < 0.001). Fractions of YE inhibited lipolysis in the presence of insulin (P < 0.05); the order of potency was Fx2 = Fx3 >> Fx1. A novel yeast extract (YE) and its fractions affect pathways of adipocyte metabolism differentially. YE and its fractions are good candidates for in vivo study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neile K Edens
- Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 81:81-100. [PMID: 12020931 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments. India has about 45000 plant species and among them, several thousands have been claimed to possess medicinal properties. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes have shown anti-diabetic property. The present paper reviews 45 such plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned/used in the Indian traditional system of medicine and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity. Indian plants which are most effective and the most commonly studied in relation to diabetes and their complications are: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Cajanus cajan, Coccinia indica, Caesalpinia bonducella, Ficus bengalenesis, Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Swertia chirayita, Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia and Trigonella foenum graecum. Among these we have evaluated M. charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Mucuna pruriens, T. cordifolia, T. foenum graecum, O. sanctum, P. marsupium, Murraya koeingii and Brassica juncea. All plants have shown varying degree of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Grover
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110049, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shimizu K, Ozeki M, Iino A, Nakajyo S, Urakawa N, Atsuchi M. Structure-activity relationships of triterpenoid derivatives extracted from Gymnema inodorum leaves on glucose absorption. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 86:223-9. [PMID: 11459125 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.86.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Gymnema inodorum (GI) have been known to be effective for some diseases including diabetes mellitus, rheumatic arthritis and gout. The crude saponin mixtures extracted from GI leaves inhibited glucose absorption in the isolated intestinal tract and suppressed the increased blood glucose in rats. In this study, we examined the relationship between chemical structure and pharmacological activity of the four components from GI leave extracts (GiA-1, GiA-2, GiA-5 and GiA-7). These components were the derivatives of (3beta,4alpha,16beta)-16,23,28-trihydroxyolean-12-en-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduroic acid. GiA-2, GiA-5 and GiA-7 that have suppressive effects on the high K+-induced contraction, an increase in deltaPD and the increased blood glucose level in the glucose tolerance test have -H at the 21st position and -CH2OH at 4beta of aglycon. On the other hand, GiA-1 that does not have any effects on the three parameters mentioned above has -H at the 21st position and -CH3 at 4beta of aglycon. In conclusion, it is suggested that the inhibitory effect of triterpenoids in Gymnema leaves on glucose absorption from the intestinal tract relies on -CH2OH at 4beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shimizu
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shukia R, Sharma SB, Puri D, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS. Medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Indian J Clin Biochem 2000; 15:169-77. [PMID: 23105280 PMCID: PMC3454085 DOI: 10.1007/bf02867556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many plants have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Indian system of medicine and in other ancient systems of the world. Out of these only a few have been evaluated as per modern system of medicine. From many such plants only extracts have been prepared and their usefulness evaluated in experimental diabetes in animals. In some plants likeAllium cepa, Allium sativum, Ficus bengalensis, Gymnema sylvestre, Pterocarpus marsupium etc. active hypoglycemic principles have been isolated and their mechanism of action studied. Most of them seem to act directly on pancreas (pancreatic effect) and stimulate insulin level in blood. Some have extra pancreatic effect also by acting directly on tissues like liver, muscle etc. and alter favourably the activities of the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and other pathways. Since the plant products have less side effects, they have the potential as good hypoglycemic drugs. They may also provide clues for the development of new and better oral drugs for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Shukia
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Shahdara, 110095 Delhi
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Six oleanane-type saponins, along with two known triterpene saponins, were isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre. The structures of the oleanane triterpene glycosides were characterized as longispinogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside, 21 beta-benzoylsitakisogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D- glucopyranoside, 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester on the basis of hydrolysis and spectral evidence, including 1D- and 2D-NMR (TOCSY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC) and FABMS analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shimizu K, Ozeki M, Tanaka K, Itoh K, Nakajyo S, Urakawa N, Atsuchi M. Suppression of glucose absorption by extracts from the leaves of Gymnema inodorum. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:753-7. [PMID: 9342697 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is one of the Asclepiad strains that grows in South-east Asia. Their therapeutic effects for treating diabetes mellitus, rheumatic arthritis and gout have been well known for a long time. However, the problem is that GS suppresses sweetness and tastes bitter. For this study, we chose Gymnema inodorum (GI) instead of GS, since it has an advantage that it does not suppress sweetness nor is it bitter in taste. In this paper, effects of glucose availability of some saponin fractions (F-I to F-IV) extracted from GI leaves, which were obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography were studied on a high K(+)-induced contraction of guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle, O2 consumption on guinea-pig ileum, glucose-evoked transmural potential difference (delta PD) of guinea-pig everted intestine and blood glucose level in glucose tolerance tests on rats. The extracts of GI leaves suppressed the intestinal smooth muscle contraction, decreased the O2 consumption, inhibited the glucose evoked-transmural potential, and prevented the blood glucose level. Our studies suggest that the component of GI inhibits the increase in the blood glucose level by interfering with the intestinal glucose absorption process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shimizu
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|