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Zhang H, Zhang N, Li J, Zhao P, Li X, Wang X, Zhang X, Yuan B, Gao F, Gong P, Zhang X. Development of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction with Novel Specific Primers for Detection of Tritrichomonas muris Infection in Laboratory Mice. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3177. [PMID: 37893900 PMCID: PMC10603715 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of rodent ceca are parasitized by Tritrichomonas muris (T. muris), a flagellated protozoan. To date, there are no ideal methods for the detection of T. muris infections in laboratory mice; thus, new molecular methodologies for its specific detection need to be developed. In this study, using staining and SEM, it was observed that T. muris has a pear-shaped body and contains three anterior flagella. A nested PCR system with novel specific primers was designed based on the conserved regions of the SSU rRNA gene of T. muris. The nested PCR system for T. muris showed good specificity and high sensitivity for at least 100 T. muris trophozoites/mL and 0.1 ng/μL of fecal genomic DNA, which means that 176 trophozoites per gram of mouse feces could be detected. When using this nested PCR system, the detection rate was 18.96% (58/306), which was higher than the detection rate of 14.05% (43/306) detected via smear microscopy in fecal samples from five mouse strains. The sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR in detecting T. muris was found to be 100%, and it demonstrated a 26% increase in diagnostic sensitivity compared to the smear microscopy method in the present study. In conclusion, the nested PCR developed with novel primers based on the SSU rRNA gene of T. muris has good accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity for the detection of T. muris infections in laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bao Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.Y.); (F.G.)
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.Y.); (F.G.)
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (H.Z.); (N.Z.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
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Nadjsombati MS, McGinty JW, Lyons-Cohen MR, Jaffe JB, DiPeso L, Schneider C, Miller CN, Pollack JL, Nagana Gowda GA, Fontana MF, Erle DJ, Anderson MS, Locksley RM, Raftery D, von Moltke J. Detection of Succinate by Intestinal Tuft Cells Triggers a Type 2 Innate Immune Circuit. Immunity 2019; 49:33-41.e7. [PMID: 30021144 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the small intestine, type 2 responses are regulated by a signaling circuit that involves tuft cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Here, we identified the microbial metabolite succinate as an activating ligand for small intestinal (SI) tuft cells. Sequencing analyses of tuft cells isolated from the small intestine, gall bladder, colon, thymus, and trachea revealed that expression of tuft cell chemosensory receptors is tissue specific. SI tuft cells expressed the succinate receptor (SUCNR1), and providing succinate in drinking water was sufficient to induce a multifaceted type 2 immune response via the tuft-ILC2 circuit. The helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and a tritrichomonad protist both secreted succinate as a metabolite. In vivo sensing of the tritrichomonad required SUCNR1, whereas N. brasiliensis was SUCNR1 independent. These findings define a paradigm wherein tuft cells monitor microbial metabolites to initiate type 2 immunity and suggest the existence of other sensing pathways triggering the response to helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija S Nadjsombati
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John W McGinty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Miranda R Lyons-Cohen
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James B Jaffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lucian DiPeso
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Corey N Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joshua L Pollack
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - G A Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mary F Fontana
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J Erle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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3
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Chudnovskiy A, Mortha A, Kana V, Kennard A, Ramirez JD, Rahman A, Remark R, Mogno I, Ng R, Gnjatic S, Amir EAD, Solovyov A, Greenbaum B, Clemente J, Faith J, Belkaid Y, Grigg ME, Merad M. Host-Protozoan Interactions Protect from Mucosal Infections through Activation of the Inflammasome. Cell 2017; 167:444-456.e14. [PMID: 27716507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While conventional pathogenic protists have been extensively studied, there is an underappreciated constitutive protist microbiota that is an integral part of the vertebrate microbiome. The impact of these species on the host and their potential contributions to mucosal immune homeostasis remain poorly studied. Here, we show that the protozoan Tritrichomonas musculis activates the host epithelial inflammasome to induce IL-18 release. Epithelial-derived IL-18 promotes dendritic cell-driven Th1 and Th17 immunity and confers dramatic protection from mucosal bacterial infections. Along with its role as a "protistic" antibiotic, colonization with T. musculis exacerbates the development of T-cell-driven colitis and sporadic colorectal tumors. Our findings demonstrate a novel mutualistic host-protozoan interaction that increases mucosal host defenses at the cost of an increased risk of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Chudnovskiy
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Veronika Kana
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Andrea Kennard
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan David Ramirez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiologicas-UR (GIMUR), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Romain Remark
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Ruby Ng
- The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Sasha Gnjatic
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - El-Ad David Amir
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Alexander Solovyov
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Jose Clemente
- The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Jeremiah Faith
- The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA; The Immunological Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1475 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA.
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4
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Howitt MR, Lavoie S, Michaud M, Blum AM, Tran SV, Weinstock JV, Gallini CA, Redding K, Margolskee RF, Osborne LC, Artis D, Garrett WS. Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut. Science 2016; 351:1329-33. [PMID: 26847546 PMCID: PMC5528851 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms an essential barrier between a host and its microbiota. Protozoa and helminths are members of the gut microbiota of mammals, including humans, yet the many ways that gut epithelial cells orchestrate responses to these eukaryotes remain unclear. Here we show that tuft cells, which are taste-chemosensory epithelial cells, accumulate during parasite colonization and infection. Disruption of chemosensory signaling through the loss of TRMP5 abrogates the expansion of tuft cells, goblet cells, eosinophils, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells during parasite colonization. Tuft cells are the primary source of the parasite-induced cytokine interleukin-25, which indirectly induces tuft cell expansion by promoting interleukin-13 production by innate lymphoid cells. Our results identify intestinal tuft cells as critical sentinels in the gut epithelium that promote type 2 immunity in response to intestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Howitt
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sydney Lavoie
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monia Michaud
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur M Blum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sara V Tran
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joel V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carey Ann Gallini
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Redding
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Lisa C Osborne
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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