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Howitt MR, Lavoie S, Michaud M, Blum AM, Tran SV, Weinstock JV, Gallini CA, Redding K, Margolskee RF, Osborne LC, Artis D, Garrett WS. Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut. Science 2016; 351:1329-33. [PMID: 26847546 PMCID: PMC5528851 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms an essential barrier between a host and its microbiota. Protozoa and helminths are members of the gut microbiota of mammals, including humans, yet the many ways that gut epithelial cells orchestrate responses to these eukaryotes remain unclear. Here we show that tuft cells, which are taste-chemosensory epithelial cells, accumulate during parasite colonization and infection. Disruption of chemosensory signaling through the loss of TRMP5 abrogates the expansion of tuft cells, goblet cells, eosinophils, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells during parasite colonization. Tuft cells are the primary source of the parasite-induced cytokine interleukin-25, which indirectly induces tuft cell expansion by promoting interleukin-13 production by innate lymphoid cells. Our results identify intestinal tuft cells as critical sentinels in the gut epithelium that promote type 2 immunity in response to intestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Howitt
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sydney Lavoie
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monia Michaud
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur M Blum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sara V Tran
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joel V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carey Ann Gallini
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Redding
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Lisa C Osborne
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Rooks MG, Veiga P, Wardwell-Scott LH, Tickle T, Segata N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Beal C, van Hylckama-Vlieg JET, Ballal SA, Morgan XC, Glickman JN, Gevers D, Huttenhower C, Garrett WS. Gut microbiome composition and function in experimental colitis during active disease and treatment-induced remission. ISME J 2014; 8:1403-17. [PMID: 24500617 PMCID: PMC4069400 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated immune responses to gut microbes are central to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gut microbial activity can fuel chronic inflammation. Examining how IBD-directed therapies influence gut microbiomes may identify microbial community features integral to mitigating disease and maintaining health. However, IBD patients often receive multiple treatments during disease flares, confounding such analyses. Preclinical models of IBD with well-defined disease courses and opportunities for controlled treatment exposures provide a valuable solution. Here, we surveyed the gut microbiome of the T-bet(-/-) Rag2(-/-) mouse model of colitis during active disease and treatment-induced remission. Microbial features modified among these conditions included altered potential for carbohydrate and energy metabolism and bacterial pathogenesis, specifically cell motility and signal transduction pathways. We also observed an increased capacity for xenobiotics metabolism, including benzoate degradation, a pathway linking host adrenergic stress with enhanced bacterial virulence, and found decreased levels of fecal dopamine in active colitis. When transferred to gnotobiotic mice, gut microbiomes from mice with active disease versus treatment-induced remission elicited varying degrees of colitis. Thus, our study provides insight into specific microbial clades and pathways associated with health, active disease and treatment interventions in a mouse model of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Veiga
- 1] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [2] Danone Research, Palaiseau, France
| | - Leslie H Wardwell-Scott
- 1] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Gevers
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- 1] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- 1] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA [4] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Kostic AD, Chun E, Robertson L, Glickman JN, Gallini CA, Michaud M, Clancy TE, Chung DC, Lochhead P, Hold GL, El-Omar EM, Brenner D, Fuchs CS, Meyerson M, Garrett WS. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 14:207-15. [PMID: 23954159 PMCID: PMC3772512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1581] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links the gut microbiota with colorectal cancer. Metagenomic analyses indicate that symbiotic Fusobacterium spp. are associated with human colorectal carcinoma, but whether this is an indirect or causal link remains unclear. We find that Fusobacterium spp. are enriched in human colonic adenomas relative to surrounding tissues and in stool samples from colorectal adenoma and carcinoma patients compared to healthy subjects. Additionally, in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis, Fusobacterium nucleatum increases tumor multiplicity and selectively recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, which can promote tumor progression. Tumors from Apc(Min/+) mice exposed to F. nucleatum exhibit a proinflammatory expression signature that is shared with human fusobacteria-positive colorectal carcinomas. However, unlike other bacteria linked to colorectal carcinoma, F. nucleatum does not exacerbate colitis, enteritis, or inflammation-associated intestinal carcinogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that, through recruitment of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, fusobacteria generate a proinflammatory microenvironment that is conducive for colorectal neoplasia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D. Kostic
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren Robertson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Glickman
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Miraca Life Sciences, Inc. Newton, MA 02464, USA
| | - Carey Ann Gallini
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monia Michaud
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas E. Clancy
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel C. Chung
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, 02114
| | - Paul Lochhead
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina L. Hold
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Emad M. El-Omar
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Brenner
- Cancer and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Smith PM, Howitt MR, Panikov N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Bohlooly-Y M, Glickman JN, Garrett WS. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 2013; 341:569-73. [PMID: 23828891 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3380] [Impact Index Per Article: 307.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules that can affect intestinal immune responses, including species that modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor the same bacterial strains, we posited that more prevalent factors exist that regulate the number and function of colonic Tregs. We determined that short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulate the size and function of the colonic Treg pool and protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner in mice. Our study reveals that a class of abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive immune microbiota coadaptation and promotes colonic homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Shanmugam NKN, Ellenbogen S, Trebicka E, Wang L, Mukhopadhyay S, Lacy-Hulbert A, Gallini CA, Garrett WS, Cherayil BJ. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibits expression of the iron regulating hormone hepcidin in murine models of innate colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38136. [PMID: 22675442 PMCID: PMC3365004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal expression of the liver peptide hormone hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Since little is known about the mechanisms that control hepcidin expression during states of intestinal inflammation, we sought to shed light on this issue using mouse models. Methodology/Principal Findings Hepcidin expression was evaluated in two types of intestinal inflammation caused by innate immune activation—dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in wild-type mice and the spontaneous colitis occurring in T-bet/Rag2-deficient (TRUC) mice. The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α was investigated by in vivo neutralization, and by treatment of a hepatocyte cell line, as well as mice, with the recombinant cytokine. Expression and activation of Smad1, a positive regulator of hepcidin transcription, were assessed during colitis and following administration or neutralization of TNFα. Hepcidin expression progressively decreased with time during DSS colitis, correlating with changes in systemic iron distribution. TNFα inhibited hepcidin expression in cultured hepatocytes and non-colitic mice, while TNFα neutralization during DSS colitis increased it. Similar results were obtained in TRUC mice. These effects involved a TNFα-dependent decrease in Smad1 protein but not mRNA. Conclusions/Significance TNFα inhibits hepcidin expression in two distinct types of innate colitis, with down-regulation of Smad1 protein playing an important role in this process. This inhibitory effect of TNFα may be superseded by other factors in the context of T cell-mediated colitis given that in the latter form of intestinal inflammation hepcidin is usually up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Kumar N. Shanmugam
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shiri Ellenbogen
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Estela Trebicka
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lijian Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Developmental Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Developmental Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carey Ann Gallini
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bobby J. Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ballal SA, Gallini CA, Segata N, Huttenhower C, Garrett WS. Host and gut microbiota symbiotic factors: lessons from inflammatory bowel disease and successful symbionts. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:508-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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