1
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Fischer BM, Kessler M, Braus BK. Eyelid and conjunctival mast cell tumors: A retrospective study of 26 dogs and 8 cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:256-265. [PMID: 37902116 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to describe clinical and histologic characteristics of eyelid (LMCT) and conjunctival (CMCT) mast cell tumors in dogs and cats presented to a referral clinic in Germany. ANIMAL STUDIED Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs and cats diagnosed with LMCTs or CMCTs between 2006 and 2020. RESULTS LMCT were diagnosed in 31 patients and were cutaneous (n = 28; 20 dogs and 8 cats) or subcutaneous (three dogs). Five cases involved the mucocutaneous junction (four dogs, one cat). CMCTs occurred only in dogs (n = 3). At the time of presentation two of the four canine LMCT cases involving the mucocutaneous junction had metastasized to a mandibular lymph node. When applying the Kiupel system, both these cases were categorized as high grade. 85.7% (18/21) of the canine (19 cutaneous and 2 subcutaneous) LMCT and all CMCT cases were categorized as Kiupel low grade. No local recurrences occurred in all LMCT cases in which clean surgical margins were obtained (n = 18, mean surgical margin width: dogs 9.4 mm, cats 3.8 mm). Two cats (2/4) and four dogs (4/7) with questionable or incomplete surgical margins experienced local recurrences (mean time to recurrence of 180 and 637 days in dogs and cats, respectively). CONCLUSION Recurrence of low-grade LMCTs and CMCTs following excision with clean margins is rare. Tumors involving the mucocutaneous junction may be of higher grade and prone to lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta M Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Hesse, Germany
| | - Martin Kessler
- Department of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Hesse, Germany
| | - Barbara K Braus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Hesse, Germany
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2
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Wyatt EK, Affolter V, Borio S, Guillen A, Verganti S, Murphy S, Ballarini D, Banovic F, Schmidt V, Tanis JB. Mastocytosis in the skin in dogs: A multicentric case series. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:136-148. [PMID: 38243867 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) is rare in contrast to canine mast cell tumours. In humans, CM commonly affects children and is usually indolent with possible spontaneous resolution. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) with bone marrow involvement typically affects adults, can have a poor outcome, and often includes skin lesions. 'Mastocytosis in the skin' (MIS) is the preferred term of skin lesions, if bone marrow evaluations are not available, which is often the cases in dogs. In human SM and CM, KIT mutations are often detected. The veterinary literature suggests clinical resemblances between human and canine MIS, but data is limited, and KIT mutations are rarely assessed. This retrospective study describes clinicopathological findings, treatment and outcome of 11 dogs with suspected MIS. Dogs with multiple mast cell tumours were excluded. Histopathology reports (n = 5) or slides (n = 6) were reviewed. KIT mutation analysis including exons 8, 9, 11, 14 and 17 were analysed in eight dogs. Median age at diagnosis was 4 years (range, 1-12). Typical clinical signs included multifocal to generalised nodules and papules. Histologically, skin lesions were characterised by dermal infiltration of well-differentiated mast cells. KIT mutations were detected in 3/8 dogs (exon 9: n = 2; exon 11: n = 1). One dog had mastocytaemia suggesting possible SM. Glucocorticoids were mostly successful with lesion improvement in all treated dogs (n = 8). This cohort highlights resemblances between human and canine MIS. Further studies are required to confirm these findings and establish diagnostic criteria for CM and MIS associated with SM in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Wyatt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Verena Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stefano Borio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Guillen
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Sara Verganti
- Oncology Service, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | - Sue Murphy
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jean-Benoit Tanis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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3
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Chevallier L, Briand A, Reyes-Gomez E, Defer W, Millemann Y, Béguin J. Clinical, pathologic, and molecular characterization of a non-metastatic multicentric cutaneous mast cell tumor in a cow. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:131-135. [PMID: 38418393 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumors are rarely reported in cattle. Although mutations in the c-KIT gene have been shown to play a central role in the oncogenesis of canine mast cell tumors, few data are available in cattle. This report describes the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of a multicentric cutaneous mast cell tumor in an adult cow. An 11-year-old Prim'Holstein cow was presented for a 5-month history of multiple skin nodules. Cytologic and histologic analyses of the nodules led to a diagnosis of mast cell tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis for KIT expression showed a moderate to strong signal in neoplastic mast cells with a cytoplasmic and membranous pattern. Sequencing of the c-KIT gene coding sequence revealed no mutation. Despite partial response after corticosteroid treatment, euthanasia was elected. No metastases to the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver were identified at post-mortem and histologic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Chevallier
- INSERM, UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, U955-IMRB, Team 10 - Biology of the Neuromuscular System, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Amaury Briand
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUV-Animaux de Compagnie, Unité de Dermatologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- INSERM, UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, U955-IMRB, Team 10 - Biology of the Neuromuscular System, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Biopôle Alfort, Laboratoire d'anatomo-Cytopathologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Wilfried Defer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUV-Animaux de Production, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yves Millemann
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUV-Animaux de Production, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jérémy Béguin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUV-Animaux de Compagnie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
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4
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Zmorzynski S, Kimicka-Szajwaj A, Szajwaj A, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Wojcierowski J. Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38275618 PMCID: PMC10815783 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)-a form of cutaneous neoplasm-is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.
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5
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Yang C, Bradley CW, Preziosi D, Mauldin EA. Cutaneous mastocytosis in 8 young dogs and review of literature. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:849-856. [PMID: 37222130 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231174452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) is a rare condition in young dogs characterized by multicentric cutaneous proliferation of neoplastic mast cells. Clinical data from 8 dogs that met inclusion criteria (age of onset less than 1.5 years, greater than 3 lesions) were obtained via a standardized survey. Biopsy samples were classified by the Kiupel/Patnaik grading systems and analyzed for c-KIT mutations. The median age of onset was 6 months (range: 2-17 months). Dogs had 5 to more than 50 lesions characterized as nodules, plaques, and papules. Seven dogs were pruritic. Clinical staging in 2 dogs did not reveal visceral involvement. No dogs had systemic illnesses at diagnosis. Histologically, CM was similar to cutaneous mast cell tumor (cMCT). Two dogs had neoplasms classified as high-grade/grade II while 6 dogs had low-grade/grade II neoplasms. No dogs had mutations in c-KIT exons 8 and 11. Treatment included antihistamines (8/8), corticosteroids (7/8), lokivetmab (3/8), and toceranib (1/8). Six dogs were alive with lesions at the end of the study with a median follow-up time of 898 days, while 2 dogs were euthanized. In dogs with high-grade/grade II neoplasms, one continued to develop lesions at 1922 days post-diagnosis, while the other dog was euthanized at 56 days post-diagnosis. One dog was euthanized 621 days post-diagnosis due to rupture of a neoplasm. CM occurs in young dogs and is histologically indistinguishable from cMCT. Current histologic grading systems did not apply uniformly to the dogs of the study and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Yang
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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6
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Joselevitch JA, Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Cadrobbi KG, Huete GC, Nishiya AT, Kleeb SR, Xavier JG, Strefezzi RDF. High lysyl oxidase expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:401-405. [PMID: 37186079 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell tumour (MCT) is one of the most frequent skin tumours in dogs. Due to their unpredictable biological behaviour, MCTs often cause several therapeutic frustrations, leading to investigation regarding prognostic markers. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme that promotes extracellular matrix stability and contributes to cell migration, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Its expression positively correlates with poor prognoses in several human and canine mammary cancers. The aim of this study was to characterise the immunohistochemical expression of LOX in MCT samples and compare it with histological grading and post-surgical survival. Twenty-six tumours were submitted to immunohistochemistry for LOX expression evaluation. All samples were positive for LOX, with variable percentages of cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity. Cytoplasmic positivity was significantly higher in high-grade MCTs (P = .0297). Our results indicate that high expression of cytoplasmic LOX in neoplastic mast cells is an indicator of poor prognosis for canine cutaneous MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Antongiovanni Joselevitch
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Moroni Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Lidia Hildebrand Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karine Germano Cadrobbi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Clínica E+ Especialidades, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Greice Cestari Huete
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Clínica E+ Especialidades, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Regina Kleeb
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo De Francisco Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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7
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Cerezo-Echevarria A, Kehl A, Beitzinger C, Müller T, Klopfleisch R, Aupperle-Lellbach H. Evaluating the Histologic Grade of Digital Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Dogs and Copy Number Variation of KIT Ligand-A Correlation Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020088. [PMID: 36851392 PMCID: PMC9962207 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark-haired dogs are predisposed to the development of digital squamous cell carcinoma (DSCC). This may potentially suggest an underlying genetic predisposition not yet completely elucidated. Some authors have suggested a potential correlation between the number of copies KIT Ligand (KITLG) and the predisposition of dogs to DSCC, containing a higher number of copies in those affected by the neoplasm. In this study, the aim was to evaluate a potential correlation between the number of copies of the KITLG and the histological grade of malignancy in dogs with DSCC. For this, 72 paraffin-embedded DSCCs with paired whole blood samples of 70 different dogs were included and grouped according to their haircoat color as follow: Group 0/unknown haircoat color (n = 11); Group 1.a/black non-Schnauzers (n = 15); group 1.b/black Schnauzers (n = 33); group 1.c/black and tan dogs (n = 7); group 2/tan animals (n = 4). The DSCCs were histologically graded. Additionally, KITLG Copy Number Variation (CNV) was determined by ddPCR. A significant correlation was observed between KITLG copy number and the histological grade and score value. This finding may suggest a possible factor for the development of canine DSCC, thus potentially having an impact on personalized veterinary oncological strategies and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Pathology Department, LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Müller
- Institut für Bioinformatik, Universität Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Preliminary Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) in Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Prevalence and Prognostic Relevance and Its Association with Neoangiogenesis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020283. [PMID: 36670824 PMCID: PMC9855198 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs. In order to gain more information on the prognostic markers in MCT, the role of the eosinophil granulocytes infiltrates was investigated and assessed by the evaluation of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in 87 canine cutaneous MCTs. In human medicine, high TATE are often described in highly angiogenic tumors: we therefore assessed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in neoplastic mast cells. TATE and VEGF expression were compared between themselves, with histological grading, immunohistochemical expression of KIT and Ki-67, and with the recurrence. We found a statistically significant correlation between TATE and Patnaik grading (p = 0.041), Kiupel grading (p = 0.022), immunohistochemical KIT expression (p = 0.015), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.000). No associations were observed with Ki-67 and VEGF expression. This is the first evaluation of TATE and its prognostic value in canine MCTs in veterinary oncology. This study suggest that this investigation could be an important source of information for this tumor and for other neoplasms.
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Anne Kutzler M, Moccia V, Zwida K, Verena Löhr C. Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Expression in Neoplastic Mast Cells Is Increased in Spayed and Neutered Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:271-276. [PMID: 36315865 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs) are expressed in canine lymphoma and hemangiosarcoma. We hypothesized that LHR would be expressed in canine mast cell tumors (MCTs) and that more neoplastic mast cells would express LHR in gonadectomized dogs compared with intact dogs. Eleven archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cutaneous MCT tissue sections were processed using routine immunohistochemistry. For both the KIT protein and LHR, the percentage of positive cells for each staining pattern (I-III) was calculated. A Student's t test was used to compare the total percentage of positive cells expressing LHR and KIT in intact and gonadectomized dogs. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the percentage of cells within each staining pattern for LHR and KIT in intact and gonadectomized dogs. All MCT expressed LHR. MCT from gonadectomized dogs had a significantly higher percentage of LHR-positive mast cells (84.2 ± 8.7%) compared with MCTs from intact dogs (64.3 ± 4.2%). This is the first study to demonstrate the expression of LHR in canine MCTs and to report that LHR expression is increased in neoplastic mast cells from gonadectomized dogs compared with intact dogs. Future studies are planned to evaluate the functionality of the LHR in canine neoplastic mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Moccia
- Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Khawla Zwida
- From Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.A.K., K.Z., C.V.L.)
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10
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Gastrointestinal Mast Cell Tumor in an African Dormouse (Graphiurus sp.). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090497. [PMID: 36136713 PMCID: PMC9504026 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are well-known neoplasms derived from either mucosal or connective tissue mast cells. While well studied in several domestic species, MCTs are rarely documented in rodents. A three-year-old, male African dormouse (Graphiurus sp.) presented with a history of vomiting and anorexia for 3 months. Sonography revealed thickened gastric mucosa and hyperperistalsis. The patient died after receiving symptomatic treatment for 2 months. At necropsy, locally extensive, pale, thickened mucosal foci obscuring the first half of the stomach lumen was noted. Histological examination revealed moderately polymorphic, round, oval to spindle cells with amphophilic cytoplasmic granules infiltrating the mucosa to tunica muscularis, with moderate numbers of eosinophils. The mucosa was severely ulcerated with the proliferation of granulation tissue. The granules in most tumor cells exhibited metachromasia with the toluidine blue stain. Neoplastic cells revealed positive membranous immunoreactivity to KIT. Herein, we report the first case report of MCT in dormouse but also the first gastrointestinal MCT in a rodent species.
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Ribeiro PR, Bianchi MV, Bandinelli MB, Rosa RB, Echenique JVZ, Serpa Stolf A, Driemeier D, Sonne L, Pavarini SP. Pathological aspects of cutaneous mast cell tumors with metastases in 49 dogs. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:922-930. [PMID: 35876279 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221114468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most frequent cutaneous neoplasms of dogs and may vary from well-differentiated to aggressive tumors with metastasis. The authors retrospectively described the gross and histologic aspects of metastatic MCT in 49 dogs. Primary MCT was most commonly identified in the inguinal region (14/35; 40%), and at necropsy multiple, cutaneous nodules were frequently reported (23/49; 47%). All primary MCT were classified as high-grade neoplasms, and metastases involved the lymph nodes (47/49; 96%), spleen (33/49; 67%), liver (29/49; 59%), bone marrow (20/49; 41%), kidneys (16/49; 33%), and heart (14/49; 29%), while the lungs were less commonly affected (9/49; 18%). The main gross findings included lymphadenomegaly in 47 cases; splenomegaly in 28 cases, with splenic nodules in 13 dogs; hepatomegaly in 28 cases, with white pinpoint foci in 9 cases; nodules on the capsular surface of the kidneys in 9 dogs; and epicardial nodules in 6 cases. Histologically, the lymph nodes were largely obliterated by neoplastic mast cells, while in the spleen, neoplastic cells were multifocally scattered (16/33; 48%), arranged in nodules (10/33; 30%), or obliterated the parenchyma (9/33; 27%). In the liver, the neoplastic cells mainly infiltrated the sinusoids (24/29; 83%), but were also arranged in random nodules (10/29; 34%). Interstitial and nodular metastases were observed in the kidneys and the heart. Grossly unapparent metastases were common in the heart (6/14; 43%), kidneys (4/16; 25%), and lungs (6/9). KIT III and KIT II staining patterns were observed in 29 and 20 cases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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12
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Januário EV, Melo SR, Maria DA, Lorigados CAB, Ambrósio AM, Kogika MM, Cogliati B, Shimozako HJ, Matera JM. Tolerability and Effects of 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate in Dogs With Mast Cell Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898077. [PMID: 35903136 PMCID: PMC9315353 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumor is a malignant neoplasm, and a gold standard treatment remains to be determined despite the proposed chemotherapies or other therapies in dogs. This study aimed to determine therapeutic, adverse effects and toxicity, tumor-free, and overall survival times of 10 dogs with surgically excised mast cell tumors evaluated by histopathological/immunohistochemistry and treated with four weekly intravenous administrations of 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (70 mg/kg) as adjuvant therapy. No adverse events were noted. Laboratory changes were limited (p < 0.05) in red blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet counts. Mean tumor-free and overall survival were 599.1 ± 469 and 755.5 ± 423.5 days, respectively. In conclusion, 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate administration was safe in dogs. However, 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate was not sufficiently effective to prevent a recurrence, new tumor, or metastasis of canine mast cell tumors with poor immunohistochemical prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vieira Januário
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Eric Vieira Januário
| | - Samanta Rios Melo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Durvanei Augusto Maria
- Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Institute Butantan, Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Magalhães Ambrósio
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Mery Kogika
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Larsen E, Watson AM, Muñoz Gutiérrez JF. Intranasal mast cell tumors: Clinical, immunohistochemical, and molecular features in 20 dogs. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:915-921. [PMID: 35787192 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are an uncommon primary neoplasm of the nasal cavity in dogs for which there is a paucity of existing literature regarding their clinical behavior and molecular features. The objectives of this retrospective study were to examine the clinical findings, histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, and c-KIT mutation status of primary intranasal MCTs in dogs and identify potential prognostic factors. Canine biopsies submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Colorado between 2010 and 2019 with intranasal neoplasms diagnosed as MCTs and no history of cutaneous or oral MCT were considered. Immunohistochemistry for CD117 and Ki67 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for internal tandem duplications at exons 8 and 11 of the c-KIT gene were performed. Twenty out of 1849 (1%) primary intranasal neoplasms were MCTs. Metastases were reported in 11/20 cases (55%), with the mandibular lymph node representing the most common site. One case had distant metastases to abdominal viscera. Of the cases with available outcome data, 6/14 (43%) died or were euthanized from MCT-related disease within 1 year of the onset of clinical signs. Only one case had a c-KIT mutation at exon 11. In our study, intranasal MCTs were prone to metastasize and had a generally poor prognosis, resembling the behavior of MCTs arising in other mucosal locations. While dogs with metastatic disease and survival times of <1 year tended to have atypical KIT localization, moderate to high Ki67 indices, and mitotic counts ≥8, definitive prognosticators could not be identified due to the limited number of cases with favorable clinical outcomes.
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14
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De Vos S, Demeyere K, De Cock H, Devriendt N, Schwarzkopf I, Fortrie R, Roggeman T, Meyer E, De Spiegelaere W, de Rooster H. Comparison of serum tryptase as a diagnostic oncological marker in canine versus human mast cell neoplasms. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Τhe Effect of Opioid Administration on Cytologic and Histopathologic Diagnosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Treated by Surgical Excision. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050202. [PMID: 35622730 PMCID: PMC9143400 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is a frequent cutaneous tumor in dogs, with a variable biological behavior. Studies correlate cytologic and histopathologic features of MCTs with their biological behavior, prognosis, and response to treatment. The use of preoperative opioids is common in canine patients undergoing surgical removal of these tumors. Certain opioids can induce or downregulate mast cell degranulation and influence cancer progression. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the administration of morphine or butorphanol during surgical excision of canine cutaneous MCTs affects their cytologic and histopathologic appearance, thus influencing cytologic and histopathologic grading. This was a prospective, blinded, randomized, cohort clinical study. Forty-five dogs with cutaneous MCTs were randomly allocated into three groups according to preanaesthetic medication: dexmedetomidine combined with morphine (group M) or butorphanol (group B) or normal saline (group C). Cytologic specimens and histopathologic samples were obtained both prior to and after surgery. Samples were graded according to Kiupel’s and Patnaik’s systems, examined immunohistochemically for Ki-67 protein (Ki-67) and c-kit proto-oncogene product (KIT) expression, and histochemically for argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNORs). Based on both Kiupel’s and Patnaik’s systems, no statistically significant differences were noted concerning the number of cases with grading discrepancies in grades allocated prior to versus after surgery among the groups. The same applied for cytological grading and immunohistochemical and histochemical evaluation. It seems that administration of morphine or butorphanol as part of the preanesthetic medication for surgical removal of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors does not influence histopathologic and cytologic grading of MCTs.
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16
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A bitesize introduction to canine hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4073-4084. [PMID: 35316831 PMCID: PMC9278293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are frequently diagnosed in dogs and result in a spectrum of clinical signs associated with specific disease types. The most frequently encountered hematologic tumors in dogs include lymphoma, lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, and mast cell, plasma cell, and histiocytic neoplasias. Coupled with the heterogeneous presentations of the different categories and subtypes of canine hematologic malignancies, outcomes for these tumors are also variable. Considering this, appropriate treatment options range from active surveillance to curative intent approaches harnessing surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation-based modalities. The underlying pathology of many of these diseases bears remarkable resemblance to that of the corresponding diagnosis made in human patients. We introduce some of the pathogenic drivers of canine hematologic cancers alongside their clinical presentations. An overview of standard-of-care therapies for each of these diseases is also provided. As comparative oncology gains recognition as a valuable setting in which to investigate the pathogenesis of neoplasia and provide powerful, clinically relevant, immunocompetent models for the evaluation of novel therapies, the number of clinicians and scientists participating in cancer research involving dogs is expected to increase. This review aims at providing an introductory overview of canine hematologic malignancies.
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17
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The High Expression of Legumain in Canine Neoplasms: A Retrospective Analysis of 100 Cases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040504. [PMID: 35203212 PMCID: PMC8868329 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is the leading cause of death in humans and is one of the most common canine diseases. The similarities in pathological features and tumor behaviors between spontaneous canine tumors and their human counterparts make dogs ideal models for comparative cancer research. Legumain is a novel asparaginyl endopeptidase that is overexpressed in numerous types of human tumors. Furthermore, legumain-targeted cancer therapy has been proposed, and the treatment efficacy is well-tolerated. Previous studies have shown that legumain regulates extracellular matrix degradation and triggers the invasion and the metastasis of tumors. However, in dogs, the role of legumain in the progression of tumors remains largely unknown, and few investigations have described the expression levels of this protein in canine tumors. The present study was carried out to evaluate whether legumain is expressed in ten different types of canine neoplasms. We found that heightened signals of legumain were expressed in all canine tumor samples in the study, and, notably, the non-mesenchymal types of tumors harbored relatively high expression levels. This study is the first to describe the legumain distribution pattern in a series of canine tumors. Though further investigation is needed, the current study has provided large-scale pan-screening data on legumain as a potential biomarker, or a therapeutic target, in veterinary oncology. Abstract Legumain, a novel asparaginyl endopeptidase, has been observed to be overexpressed in several types of human solid tumors. Elevated levels of legumain are found in human cancers, and this oncoprotein may facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis when overexpressed. These findings suggest that legumain plays a malignant role in cancer biology. However, currently, no publications have identified the role of legumain in the development of canine cancers. The present study first compared the expression patterns of legumain in paraffin-embedded canine tumor tissues, with those of normal tissues, by immunohistochemistry. A total of 100 canine tumor samples, including mast cell tumors, soft tissue sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, mammary gland carcinoma, hepatoid gland tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, trichoblastoma, and melanoma were evaluated. Compared with the normal tissues, all tumor samples displayed high intensities of legumain expression. Mesenchymal-type tumors displayed immunoreactivity for legumain, with an average expression of 40.07% ± 1.70%, which was significantly lower than those of epithelial tumors and other types of tumors, which had median expressions of 49.12% ± 1.75% and 47.35% ± 2.71%, respectively (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that legumain has a high potential to be a candidate for distinguishing tumors from normal tissues. Although further studies on a larger number of cases are necessary to clarify the clinical application of legumain, the overexpression patterns of legumain in canine tumor tissues are reported, for the first time, in this study.
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Thaiwong T, Cirillo JV, Heller J, Kiupel M. Expression of Carboxypeptidase A3 and Tryptase as Markers for Lymph Node Metastasis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:815658. [PMID: 35237679 PMCID: PMC8882851 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.815658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of metastatic mast cell tumors (MCTs) in lymph nodes is a critical factor for treatment, prognosis, and clinical management. Presence/absence of mast cells in the lymph nodes cannot be used as a sole parameter to determine metastasis due to the inability to differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic/inflammatory mast cells. While cytologic and histopathologic classifications for assessment of metastatic MCTs based on the numbers and distribution of mast cells have been developed, inconsistency between the clinical interpretation of these grading schemes and actual metastatic status occurs. The aim of this study is to identify a novel diagnostic tool to accurately predict overt metastatic mast cell tumors in lymph nodes. We investigated the possibility of using RT-qPCR to detect mRNA expression of mast cell-specific genes in lymph nodes with different stages of MCT metastatic classification. We are able to establish a highly sensitive and discriminating RT-qPCR measuring Carboxy peptidase A3 (CPA3) and tryptase mRNA expression and identify the cut-off values with high sensitivity and specificity for overt metastatic MCTs in lymph nodes. An area of future interest would be to expand our analysis of the extent to which cut-off values for these markers in correctly identifying disease status, as well as predicting clinical outcomes and survival times. This would offer valuable information regarding the practical applicability of this technique and may enable us to improve our standards of detection metastasis, including possibility of molecular analysis of cytologic specimens obtained from suspicious nodes subjected to surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuddow Thaiwong
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Tuddow Thaiwong
| | - Juliana V. Cirillo
- Departamento de Patologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Services, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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19
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Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040618. [PMID: 35203268 PMCID: PMC8870669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are hematopoietic neoplasms composed of mast cells. It is highly common in dogs and is extremely important in the veterinary oncology field. It represents the third most common tumor subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, corresponding to 11% of skin cancer cases. The objective of this critical review was to present the report of the 2nd Consensus meeting on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors, which was organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET) in August 2021. The most recent information on cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs is presented and discussed.
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20
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Macedo TR, de Queiroz GF, Casagrande TAC, Alexandre PA, Brandão PE, Fukumasu H, Melo SR, Dagli MLZ, Pinto ACBCF, Matera JM. Imatinib Mesylate for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Assessment of the Response and Adverse Events in Comparison with the Conventional Therapy with Vinblastine and Prednisone. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030571. [PMID: 35159380 PMCID: PMC8834544 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs, and treatments for these diseases include surgery, polychemotherapy and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This study aimed to evaluate the response and the adverse events of treatment with imatinib mesylate (IM) compared to conventional therapy using vinblastine and prednisolone (VP) in canine cutaneous MCTs. Twenty-four dogs were included in the study; 13 animals were treated with IM and 11 with VP. Tumor tissue samples were submitted for histological diagnosis, grading and KIT immunostaining. The response to treatment was assessed by tomographic measurements according to VCOG criteria. Adverse events were classified according to VCOG-CTCAE criteria. The IM and VP groups had dogs with similar breeds, gender, ages, MCT localization, WHO stages and lymph node metastasis profiles. Most MCTs were grade 2/low and had KIT- patterns 2 and 3. The objective response rate (ORR) was significantly higher (30.79%) in the IM group then in VP group (9.09%). Adverse events (AE) in IM group were all grade 1, significantly different from VP. In conclusion, IM presented better ORR and less severe adverse events when compared to VP, representing a suitable option for the treatment of low-grade canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Rodrigues Macedo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Genilson Fernandes de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró 59625-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1130917712
| | | | - Pâmela Almeida Alexandre
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (P.A.A.); (P.E.B.)
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (P.A.A.); (P.E.B.)
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Samanta Rios Melo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina B. C. Fonseca Pinto
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
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21
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Mickelson MA. Updated Concepts in Oncologic Surgery: Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma and Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:549-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Willmann M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Marconato L, Dacasto M, Hadzijusufovic E, Hermine O, Sadovnik I, Gamperl S, Schneeweiss-Gleixner M, Gleixner KV, Böhm T, Peter B, Eisenwort G, Moriggl R, Li Z, Jawhar M, Sotlar K, Jensen-Jarolim E, Sexl V, Horny HP, Galli SJ, Arock M, Vail DM, Kiupel M, Valent P. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Canine Mast Cell Neoplasms: A Consensus Proposal. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:755258. [PMID: 34957277 PMCID: PMC8702826 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell neoplasms are one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in dogs. The clinical picture, course, and prognosis vary substantially among patients, depending on the anatomic site, grade and stage of the disease. The most frequently involved organ is the skin, followed by hematopoietic organs (lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow) and mucosal sites of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract. In cutaneous mast cell tumors, several grading and staging systems have been introduced. However, no comprehensive classification and no widely accepted diagnostic criteria have been proposed to date. To address these open issues and points we organized a Working Conference on canine mast cell neoplasms in Vienna in 2019. The outcomes of this meeting are summarized in this article. The proposed classification includes cutaneous mast cell tumors and their sub-variants defined by grading- and staging results, mucosal mast cell tumors, extracutaneous/extramucosal mast cell tumors without skin involvement, and mast cell leukemia (MCL). For each of these entities, diagnostic criteria are proposed. Moreover, we have refined grading and staging criteria for mast cell neoplasms in dogs based on consensus discussion. The criteria and classification proposed in this article should greatly facilitate diagnostic evaluation and prognostication in dogs with mast cell neoplasms and should thereby support management of these patients in daily practice and the conduct of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willmann
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Michael Willmann
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Department of Hematology, Imagine Institute Université de Paris, INSERM U1163, CEREMAST, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Gamperl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Schneeweiss-Gleixner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline V. Gleixner
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mohamad Jawhar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David M. Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Bellamy E, Berlato D. Canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:497-511. [PMID: 34671978 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours are common neoplasms in the dog. While the majority can be treated with adequate local therapy alone, a subset demonstrates a biologically aggressive behaviour associated with local recurrence or metastasis. This article reviews the diagnosis and tumour staging of canine mast cell tumours alongside treatment options and the evidence supporting their use. In addition, prognostic markers are evaluated to highlight how one can recognise mast cell tumours that may behave in a biologically aggressive manner as well as the challenges of tumours that are large, infiltrative or in locations not amenable to wide surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bellamy
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - D Berlato
- AniCura AOI Center AG, Hünenberg, 6331, Switzerland
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24
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Gobbo F, Sarli G, De Silva M, Galiazzo G, Chiocchetti R, Morini M. A Double Histochemical/Immunohistochemical Staining for the Identification of Canine Mast Cells in Light Microscopy. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100229. [PMID: 34679059 PMCID: PMC8537840 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a widely used technique in diagnostic pathology, but the simultaneous analysis of more than one antibody at a time with different chromogens is rather complex, time-consuming, and quite expensive. In order to facilitate the identification of mast cells (MCs) during immunohistochemical analysis of membrane and/or nuclear markers, we propose a new staining method that includes the association of IHC and toluidine blue as a counterstain. To achieve this goal, we tested c-kit, Ki67, and cannabinoid receptor 2 on several cases of cutaneous canine mast cell tumors (MCTs), cutaneous mastocytosis, and atopic dermatitis. The results obtained show how this double staining technique, although limited to non-cytoplasmic markers and of little use in poorly differentiated MCTs in which MC metachromasia is hard to see, can be used during the evaluation of nuclear and/or membranous immunohistochemical markers in all canine cutaneous disorders, especially if characterized by the presence of a low number of MCs. It can help to evaluate those MCTs in which neoplastic MCs must be clearly distinguished from inflammatory cells that can infiltrate the tumor itself, in facilitating the calculation of the Ki67 index. Moreover, it can be used to study the expression of new markers in both animal and human tissues containing MCs and in MC disorders.
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25
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Knight BJ, Wood GA, Foster RA, Coomber BL. Beclin-1 is a novel predictive biomarker for canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:46-56. [PMID: 34521293 PMCID: PMC8679166 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211042578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common skin tumor of the dog, and accurately
predicting their clinical behavior is critical in directing patient therapy, as
they range from benign lesions to a fatal systemic disease. Grading is useful
for prognosis, but it cannot predict the behavior of all MCTs. We hypothesized
that biomarker immunolabeling in tumor tissues would correlate with patient
morbidity and mortality. A clinically annotated tissue microarray (TMA) of
primary, recurrent, and metastatic (to lymph node) canine dermal and
subcutaneous MCTs was created. Some dogs whose MCTs were included in the TMA did
not receive adjunctive treatment after surgical excision of the MCT, whereas
others were treated with one or a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, or
oral toceranib. Immunohistochemistry for beclin-1, an autophagy protein, was
performed followed by digital image analysis. Beclin-1 immunolabeling was higher
in recurrent tumors (mean H-score 110.8) than primary MCTs
(mean H-score 73.5), and highest in lymph node metastases (mean
H-score 138.5) with a significant difference in means
(P < .001). While beclin-1 level was not prognostic, it
was strongly predictive for survival after adjunctive treatment; dogs with high
beclin-1-expressing tumors showed poorer survival compared to those with low
beclin-1-expressing tumors (HR = 5.7, P = .02), especially in
Kiupel high-grade tumors (HR = 16.3, P = .01). Beclin-1
immunolabeling was the only significant predictive factor by multivariable
analysis (P = .04). These findings may improve our ability to
predict the response to adjunctive therapy. Importantly, these data suggest that
autophagy inhibitors may be useful in improving response to treatment for dogs
with high-grade MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta J Knight
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Freytag JO, Queiroz MR, Govoni VM, Pereira IVA, Pulz LH, de Francisco Strefezzi R, Queiroga FL, Cogliati B. Prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:529-540. [PMID: 33724647 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histological grading systems remain cornerstones in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), but the distinct biological behaviour of each tumour often necessitates the use of complementary markers. Although a plethora of immunohistochemical markers have been proposed as prognostic factors, few are presently applied in routine diagnosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to establish which immunohistochemical markers have verifiable prognostic value for cutaneous MCTs in dogs. A Boolean search of five databases identified 200 articles for screening, of which 73 were selected for full-text assessment and 24 ultimately included in the systematic review. Odds Ratio (OR) was adopted as the summary measure for subsequent meta-analysis but only 15 articles, relating to the immunomarkers Ki-67 (9), KIT (5), and BAX (2), provided either a value for OR or sufficient data to calculate this statistic. Meta-analysis verified that canine cutaneous MCTs with elevated expression of Ki-67 or BAX, as well aberrant immuno-expression of KIT, showed an increased odds of death, with respective OR values of 11.2 (95% CI 6.3-20.0; p < .01), 9.9 (95% CI 1.3-73.6; p = .03), and 4.1 (95% CI 1.1-15.3; p = .03). Despite KIT, Ki67, and BAX arise as suitable prognostic factor for canine MCTs, this study highlighted the lack of important clinical and statistical data in many published articles, rendering it impossible to complete the meta-analysis of several potentially valuable immunohistochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ostrand Freytag
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia Hildebrand Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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O'Neill TW, Löhr CV. Mast Cell Tumors and Histiocytomas in Domestic Goats and Diagnostic Utility of CD117/c-Kit and Iba1 Immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:508-515. [PMID: 33602038 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820988145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous round cell tumors in goats present a diagnostic challenge. In this article, we provide a description of caprine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT) and histiocytomas, and report on the validation of anti-human antibodies to CD117/KIT and Iba1 by immunohistochemistry on a range of caprine tissues. Cells immunolabeled for CD117/KIT included resident mast cells in normal lung and skin, interstitial cells of Cajal (intestine), and neuronal cell bodies (brain). Cells immunolabeled for Iba1 included resident macrophages in many tissues including normal lung, dendritic cells (hemolymphatic tissues), Kupffer cells, and microglia. Of 5 cutaneous MCT, only one had metachromasia of cytoplasmic granules; however, neoplastic cells of all 5 MCT had positive immunolabeling for CD117/KIT. The CD117/KIT immunolabeling pattern was predominately focal paranuclear in 3 cases, and cytoplasmic or membranous in 1 case each. Two histiocytomas were identified and had strong positive immunolabeling for Iba1 but not CD117/KIT. All 7 cutaneous round cell tumors described herein occurred in goats less than 4 years of age; the 2 cutaneous histiocytomas were in goats less than 14 months of age. Neither of the cutaneous histiocytomas recurred within 24 months of surgical removal.
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Valdivia G, Alonso-Diez Á, Pérez-Alenza D, Peña L. From Conventional to Precision Therapy in Canine Mammary Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623800. [PMID: 33681329 PMCID: PMC7925635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical-pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, p53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the in vitro studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdivia
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Alonso-Diez
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peña
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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29
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De Biase D, Prisco F, Piegari G, Ilsami A, d'Aquino I, Baldassarre V, Zito Marino F, Franco R, Papparella S, Paciello O. RNAScope in situ Hybridization as a Novel Technique for the Assessment of c-KIT mRNA Expression in Canine Mast Cell Tumor. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:591961. [PMID: 33665215 PMCID: PMC7921150 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.591961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA is considered as an indicator of the dynamic genetic expression changes in a cell. RNAScope is a commercially available in situ hybridization assay for the detection of RNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. In this work, we describe the use of RNAScope as a sensitive and specific method for the evaluation of c-KIT messenger RNA (mRNA) in canine mast cell tumor. We investigated the expression of c-KIT mRNA with RNAscope in 60 canine mast cell tumors (MCTs), comparing it with the histological grade and KIT immunohistochemical expression patterns. Our results showed an overall good expression of c-KIT mRNA in neoplastic cells if compared with control probes. We also observed a statistically significant correlation between histological grade and c-KIT mRNA expression. No correlations were found between KIT protein immunohistochemical distribution pattern and c-KIT mRNA expression or histological grade. Our results provide a reference basis to better understand c-KIT mRNA expression in canine MCTs and strongly encourage further studies that may provide useful information about its potential and significant role as a prognostic and predictive biological marker for canine MCTs clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Ilsami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria d'Aquino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Baldassarre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Study of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Study of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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30
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Casanova M, Branco S, Veiga IB, Barros A, Faísca P. Stereology in Grading and Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 33576305 PMCID: PMC8064533 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) are currently graded according to Patnaik and Kiupel grading schemes. The qualitative and semiquantitative parameters applied in these schemes may lead to inter- and intraobserver variability. This study investigates the prognostic value of volume-weighted mean nuclear volume (vv¯), a stereological estimation that provides information about nuclear size and its variability. vv¯ of 55 ccMCTs was estimated using the “point-sampled intercept” method and compared with histological grade and clinical outcome. The clinical history of dogs treated with surgical excision alone was available for 30 ccMCTs. Statistical differences in vv¯ were found between grade II (x¯ = 115 ± 29 µm3) and grade III ccMCTs (x ¯= 197 ± 63 µm3), as well as between low-grade (x ¯= 113 ± 28 µm3) and high-grade ccMCTs (x¯ = 184 ± 63 µm3). An optimal cutoff value of vv¯ ≥ 150 µm3 and vv¯ ≥ 140 µm3 was determined for grade III and high-grade ccMCTs, respectively. In terms of prognosis, vv¯ was not able to predict the clinical outcome in 42% of the cases; however, cases with vv¯ <125 µm3 had a favorable outcome. These results indicate that, despite having limited prognostic value when used as a solitary parameter, vv¯ is highly reproducible and is associated with histological grade as well as with benign behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Casanova
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,70989Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | | | - André Barros
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faísca
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,FMV-ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal.,DNATech, Lisbon, Portugal
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31
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Fisher CJ, Lejeune AT, Dark MJ, Hernandez OM, Shiomitsu K. Evaluation of ponatinib in vitro effect in three canine mast cell tumor cell lines expressing FGFR-1, PDGFR-α, and VEGFR-2. Vet J 2021; 269:105621. [PMID: 33593493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ponatinib is a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets numerous receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including but not limited to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1, platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2. This study evaluated the expression of FGFR-1, PDGFR-α, and VEGFR-2 in three canine mast cell tumor (MCT) cell lines (CM-MC1, VI-MC1, CoMS) and the effects of ponatinib on these MCT cell lines. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the expression of FGFR-1, PDGFR-α, and VEGFR-2 in the three MCT cell lines. Ponatinib exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in MCT cell lines via MTT assay. The IC50 for 24, 48, and 72 h across the three cell lines ranged from 38.47 nM to 103.3 nM, which is clinically comparable to dose ranges established for humans. Significantly increased apoptosis in each cell line was seen between 12 and 18 h after treatment with IC50 of ponatinib via Annexin-V and Caspase-3/7 assays. These data suggest that ponatinib could be a possible therapeutic agent for canine MCTs. Further studies are needed to investigate the prognostic value of FGFR-1, PDGFR-α, and VEGFR-2 in canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fisher
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16thAve, Gainesville, FL 32610-0144 USA
| | - A T Lejeune
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16thAve, Gainesville, FL 32610-0144 USA
| | - M J Dark
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16thAve, Gainesville, FL 32610-0144 USA
| | - O M Hernandez
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16thAve, Gainesville, FL 32610-0144 USA
| | - K Shiomitsu
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16thAve, Gainesville, FL 32610-0144 USA.
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32
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SON NV, CHAMBERS JK, NAKATA M, MIWA Y, NAKAYAMA H, UCHIDA K. Histological and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous mast cell tumor in six captive four-toed hedgehogs ( Atelerix albiventris). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:208-212. [PMID: 34937843 PMCID: PMC8920718 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Vu SON
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - James Kenn CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | | | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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33
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Brocks BAW, Bertram CA, Bartel A, Kirpensteijn J, Collins-Webb A, Catlin C, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M. Internal Tandem Duplication of Exon 8 of c-kit Is Associated With Longer Total Survival in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:315-324. [PMID: 33231140 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820973463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) have a highly variable biological behavior and accurate prognostication is essential for therapeutic intervention. Internal tandem duplications (ITD) of exon 11 are the most commonly detected c-kit mutation in ccMCTs and are associated with poor prognosis and increased cellular proliferation. The prognostic value of detecting mutations in other exons of c-kit has not been systematically examined. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic value of ITD mutations of exon 8 in c-kit of ccMCTs in comparison to ccMCTs with ITD mutations of exon 11 and ccMCTs without mutations of exon 8 or 11. The mutational status, histological grade, KIT expression pattern, Ki67 index, AgNOR (argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region) score, and Ag67 score were determined in 221 ccMCTs, and outcome was available for 101 dogs. ITD mutations of exon 8 were found in 73/221 (33%), of exon 11 in 100/221 (45%), and none of these mutations in 50/221 (22%) of ccMCTs. None of the dogs with mutations of exon 8 died due to suspected ccMCT-related cause, but 23% dogs with ccMCTs with mutations of exon 11 died due to suspected ccMCT-related cause. Prognostic parameters in ccMCTs with exon 11 mutations were commonly associated with a high proliferative activity and poor prognosis, while prognostic markers in ccMCTs with mutations of exon 8 had lower values similar to those observed in ccMCTs without mutations in exons 8 or 11 of c-kit. This study indicates that screening for ITD mutations in exon 8 in ccMCTs may be helpful to identify less aggressive ccMCTs and may be recommended as a supplementary prognostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- 116098Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- 116098Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
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34
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Aceino A, Jeffery U, Piccione J, Hodo CL. Systemic mastocytosis with subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema in a Greyhound dog: case report and review of diagnostic criteria. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:95-100. [PMID: 33164718 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720972500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis, characterized by infiltration of multiple organs by neoplastic mast cells, is a well-described entity in human medicine with specific criteria for diagnosis, but is ill defined in veterinary literature. Hemostatic disorders are reported in humans affected by systemic mastocytosis but have not been well described in veterinary literature. A 5-y-old, spayed female Greyhound dog had a 1-mo history of progressive ventral cutaneous edema, hemorrhage, and pain. Cytology of an antemortem aspirate from the subcutis of the ventral abdomen was suggestive of mast cell neoplasia, but no discrete mass was present. The dog was euthanized and submitted for autopsy; marked subcutaneous edema and hemorrhage were confirmed. The ventral abdominal panniculus and dermis superficial to the panniculus carnosus were infiltrated by a dense sheet of neoplastic mast cells. The neoplastic cells contained toluidine blue-positive granules and formed aggregates within the bone marrow and several visceral organs, including the liver, spleen, heart, and kidney. Diffuse edema and hemorrhage is an unusual presentation of mast cell tumors in dogs. Antemortem tests, including complete blood count, coagulation profile, and viscoelastic coagulation testing, were suggestive of a primary hemostatic defect. We discuss here the diagnostic criteria used in humans, how these can be applied to veterinary patients, and the limitations of the current diagnostic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aceino
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Carolyn L Hodo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX
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35
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Seung BJ, Cho SH, Kim SH, Bae MK, Lim HY, Sur JH. In situ c-KIT mRNA quantification of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and its relationship to prognostic factors. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:132-139. [PMID: 32926564 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) are the most frequent malignant skin tumours in dogs. Mutations in the c-KIT proto-oncogene are correlated with the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of MCTs. To date, studies have focused on c-KIT mutations and KIT protein localization, with a general lack of mRNA-level analyses. In this study, c-KIT mRNA expression was investigated in canine MCTs by RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH). Furthermore, we evaluated associations between c-KIT mRNA expression and the histological grade, KIT immunohistochemical staining pattern and other clinicopathological parameters. c-KIT mRNA expression was observed in all MCT samples, appearing as clusters of dots in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. A significant correlation was detected between c-KIT mRNA expression (quantified according to the H-score and the percentage of positive cells) and the histological grade (determined using two-and three-tier grading systems; P < .05). We also found a significant positive correlation (all P < .05) between c-KIT mRNA expression and the proliferation indices (mitotic index, Ki-67, and Ag67). However, no significant associations with c-KIT expression from RNA-ISH were found with respect to different KIT staining patterns. Overall, these results demonstrate that c-KIT mRNA expression might be an additional tool for measuring the c-KIT status in canine cutaneous MCTs and could serve as a potential prognostic factor. Further studies should evaluate the prognostic significance of c-KIT mRNA expression in a large and uniform cohort of canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joon Seung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Bae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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36
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Webster JD, Solon M, Gibson-Corley KN. Validating Immunohistochemistry Assay Specificity in Investigative Studies: Considerations for a Weight of Evidence Approach. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:829-840. [PMID: 32975488 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820960132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a fundamental molecular technique that provides information on protein expression in the context of spatial localization and tissue morphology. IHC is used in all facets of pathology from identifying infectious agents or characterizing tumors in diagnostics, to characterizing cellular and molecular processes in investigative and experimental studies. Confidence in an IHC assay is primarily driven by the degree to which it is validated. There are many approaches to validate an IHC assay's specificity including bioinformatics approaches using published protein sequences, careful design of positive and negative tissue controls, use of cell pellets with known target protein expression, corroboration of IHC findings with western blots and other analytical methods, and replacement of the primary antibody with an appropriate negative control reagent. Each approach has inherent strengths and weaknesses, and the thoughtful use of these approaches provides cumulative evidence, or a weight of evidence, to support the IHC assay's specificity and build confidence in a study's conclusions. Although it is difficult to be 100% confident in the specificity of any IHC assay, it is important to consider how validation approaches provide evidence to support or to question the specificity of labeling, and how that evidence affects the overall interpretation of a study's results. In this review, we discuss different approaches for IHC antibody validation, with an emphasis on the characterization of antibody specificity in investigative studies. While this review is not prescriptive, it is hoped that it will be thought provoking when considering the interpretation of IHC results.
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37
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Rigas K, Biasoli D, Polton G, Finotello R, Murphy S, Di Palma S, Starkey M, Verganti S. Mast cell tumours in dogs less than 12 months of age: a multi-institutional retrospective study. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:449-457. [PMID: 32715502 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of mast cell tumours in dogs less than 12 months old. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of dogs aged less than 12 months when diagnosed with mast cell tumours at three referral hospitals in the UK. RESULTS Sixteen pure-bred dogs were included, of which 11 were female. The median age at first presentation and diagnosis were 7.6 and 9 months, respectively. In 13 dogs the mast cell tumours were cutaneous and in three they were subcutaneous. Four cutaneous mast cell tumours were described as high-grade (Patnaik or Kiupel) and nine were Patnaik grade II; three had mitotic index of >5 in 10 high-power fields. Of the three subcutaneous tumours, two had an infiltrative growth pattern and one had mitotic index of 10 per 10 high-power fields. Of 10 tested dogs, seven had c-kit mutations in exon 11 and Ki-67 score was above the cut-off value in nine. Four of 12 cases showed evidence of metastasis in the regional lymph nodes. After varying treatment protocols, all patients were alive and disease free at a median of 1115 days after diagnosis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prognosis of mast cell tumours in dogs less than a year old appears better than the adult counterparts, even without extensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rigas
- Oncology service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road , UK
| | - D Biasoli
- Molecular Oncology Group, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - G Polton
- Oncology department, North Downs Specialist Referrals, 3 & 4 The Brewerstreet Dairy Business Park, Brewer St, Bletchingley, RH1 4QP, UK
| | - R Finotello
- Oncology service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Murphy
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - S Di Palma
- Molecular Oncology Group, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK.,Aptuit Srl, Italy
| | - M Starkey
- Molecular Oncology Group, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - S Verganti
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
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Yale AD, Szladovits B, Stell AJ, Fitzgerald SD, Priestnall SL, Suarez-Bonnet A. High-Grade Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumour with Widespread Intrathoracic Metastasis and Neoplastic Pericardial Effusion in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2020; 180:29-34. [PMID: 33222871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old neutered male French Bulldog was presented with a 2-day history of intermittent vomiting, reduced appetite and recent rapid development of multiple cutaneous masses over the head and neck regions. On presentation, the patient had a moderate volume of pericardial and bilateral pleural effusion. Echocardiography demonstrated irregular, heterogeneous thickening of the walls of the right ventricle and right atrium, consistent with infiltrative intramyocardial disease. Cytological examination of fine needle aspirates from one of the cutaneous masses confirmed a mast cell tumour. Pericardial fluid analysis revealed a haemorrhagic neoplastic effusion due to mast cell neoplasia. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of tissues obtained post mortem confirmed a high-grade cutaneous mast cell tumour with metastasis to the heart, pericardium, mediastinum and spleen. No metastatic disease was present in the submandibular lymph nodes or liver. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated KIT staining pattern 2. There was strong nuclear Ki67 labelling in an average of 65.0 cells per grid and an average of three positive AgNORs per nucleus in neoplastic cells. Polymerase chain reaction for the activating duplication mutation in exons 8 and 11 of c-Kit were negative. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a canine cutaneous mast cell tumour associated with neoplastic pericardial effusion and widespread intrathoracic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
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39
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Oliveira MT, Campos M, Lamego L, Magalhães D, Menezes R, Oliveira R, Patanita F, Ferreira DA. Canine and Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor: A Comprehensive Review of Treatments and Outcomes. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100472. [PMID: 32891740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) or mastocytoma is one of the most frequent malignant cutaneous tumors in the dog, and the second most frequent in the cat. Several mast cell tumor therapeutic approaches have been proposed in the past years for dogs and cats, resulting in very distinct outcomes. The current comprehensive literature review presents a critical approach to the scientific information published about the MCTs treatments and the subsequent prognosis and survival times, in dogs and in cats diagnosed with MCTs. A systematic review of the literature following the Cochrane principles and methodology was performed. The authors resorted to MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases to select the 133 publications with evidence-based treatments for MCTs in companion animals. Results of the review suggest that the recommended treatment, prognosis and survival times for dogs and cats with MCTs depends at all times on the clinical staging, histological grade and location of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Oliveira
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Marco Campos
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Lamego
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Diogo Magalhães
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rui Menezes
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Renato Oliveira
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Francisco Patanita
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - David A Ferreira
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
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40
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Cruz VS, Borges JCA, Nepomuceno LL, Gonçalves PAM, Prado YCL, Bianchi C, Fioravanti MCS, Araújo EG. Histological classification and expression of markers of canine mast cell tumors. Vet World 2020; 13:1627-1634. [PMID: 33061237 PMCID: PMC7522949 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1627-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are malignant neoplasms that are common in dogs. Their biological behavior is variable and unpredictable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the histological classification and expression of markers of canine MCTs. Materials and Methods: Thirty samples of canine MCTs were graded according to the histological classification methods of Patnaik and those of Kiupel. The expression of phosphoprotein 53 (p53) and c-kit proteins was quantified by immunohistochemistry using image processing software, ImageJ - a public domain computer program, developed at the National Institutes of Health. Results: It was possible to determine the grade of 100% of the samples. According to Patnaik’s classification, 20.00% of the samples were Grade 1, 43.30% were Grade 2, and 36.70% were Grade 3. According to Kiupel’s classification, 56.67% of the samples were of high intensity and 43.33% were of low intensity. Grade 1 tumors had the highest expression of p53 and c-kit, and Grade 2 had the lowest expression. The results showed that it is necessary to perform both histological grading methods. The classification into high and low intensity may provide more consistent results than the three-level grading system. However, a smaller number of categories, although it facilitates the classification, may not be sufficient for the prognosis. Conclusion: Quantitative evaluation of p-53 and c-kit expression is a useful tool to increase the accuracy of the analysis and to aid in choosing the treatment method for canine MCTs. Histological grading should be combined with other diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Cruz
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - J C A Borges
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - L L Nepomuceno
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - P A M Gonçalves
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Y C L Prado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University Center Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio, Pc Antônio Vieira Tavares, 73, Salto - SP, 13320-219, Brazil
| | - C Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine of the University of Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido X. de Almeida e Souza, 200 - Centro Cívico, Mogi das Cruzes - SP, 08780-911, Brazil
| | - M C S Fioravanti
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - E G Araújo
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
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41
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Gill V, Leibman N, Monette S, Craft DM, Bergman PJ. Prognostic Indicators and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Treated with Surgery Alone: 43 Cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 56:215-225. [PMID: 32412337 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if clinical findings, histologic grade, or other histologic features were associated with clinical outcome in dogs with subcutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs). Medical records of 43 client-owned dogs were retrospectively reviewed, and follow-up information was gathered via phone or follow-up examination. Progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free interval (DFI), and overall survival were calculated. Forty-two and twenty-two dogs, respectively, had grade 2 (Patnaik grading system) or low-grade tumors (two-tier grading system). Median PFS was 1474 days. Median DFI was not reached at >1968 days. Overall median survival time was not reached at >1968 days. In univariate analysis, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and mitotic index were negatively prognostic for PFS whereas Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and microvessel density were negatively prognostic for DFI. In multivariate analysis, AgNORs remained negatively prognostic for PFS. Results suggest that proliferation indices, especially AgNORs, may be useful in predicting the rare poor outcomes in dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. The vast majority of subcutaneous MCTs appear to be low or intermediate grade with excellent outcomes from good local tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gill
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Nicole Leibman
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Sebastien Monette
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Diane M Craft
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Philip J Bergman
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
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42
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Onkels A, Stadler C, Hetzel U, Mueller J, Herden C. Multiple cutaneous mast cell tumours in a
Boa imperator. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Kathrin Onkels
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University Giessen Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGiessenGermany
| | - Christina Stadler
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG Laboratory for Clinical DiagnosticsBad KissingenGermany
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jana Mueller
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University Giessen Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGiessenGermany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University Giessen Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGiessenGermany
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43
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Thamm DH, Weishaar KM, Charles JB, Ehrhart EJ. Phosphorylated KIT as a predictor of outcome in canine mast cell tumours treated with toceranib phosphate or vinblastine. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:169-175. [PMID: 31365175 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumour (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumour in dogs and can exhibit variable biologic behaviour. Dysregulated signalling through the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) KIT can promote cell proliferation and survival, and assessment of its dysregulation via detection of activating c-kit gene mutations or assessment of KIT protein localization is associated with multiple features of malignancy. The aim of the current study was to use a previously validated immunohistochemical (IHC) assay to directly measure phosphorylated KIT (pKIT) in order to investigate its association with other established prognostic markers, response to therapy, progression free interval (PFI) and overall survival time (OST) in dogs treated medically for measurable MCT. Tumour tissue from 74 dogs enrolled in a prospective study comparing toceranib and vinblastine for MCT treatment were evaluated for pKIT immunoreactivity. pKIT was variably expressed, with some degree of positivity observed in 49/74 cases (66%). pKIT immunoreactivity was significantly associated with aberrant KIT localization, high mitotic index and high histologic grade. On univariate analysis, pKIT immunoreactivity predicted shorter PFI and OST in the entire patient population as well as shorter PFI in the toceranib treated group, and was the sole predictive factor for OST upon multivariate analysis, while mitotic index was the sole independent predictive factor for PFI. These results demonstrate that IHC detection of pKIT correlates with several features of aggressive behaviour, and may confer information that is complementary to other prognostic factors. However, the role of pKIT in predicting outcome needs to be studied further before recommendations can be made for its routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kristen M Weishaar
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joseph B Charles
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - E J Ehrhart
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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44
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Gamperl S, Stefanzl G, Peter B, Smiljkovic D, Bauer K, Willmann M, Valent P, Hadzijusufovic E. Effects of ibrutinib on proliferation and histamine release in canine neoplastic mast cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:553-561. [PMID: 31286638 PMCID: PMC6900099 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib is effective in the treatment of human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and mantle cell lymphoma. Recent data have shown that ibrutinib also blocks IgE-dependent activation and histamine release in human basophils (BAs) and mast cells (MCs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether BTK serves as a novel therapeutic target in canine mast cell tumours (MCTs). We evaluated the effects of ibrutinib on two canine MC lines, C2 and NI-1 and on primary MCs obtained from canine MCTs (n = 3). Using flow cytometry, we found that ibrutinib suppresses phosphorylation of BTK and of downstream STAT5 in both MC lines. In addition, ibrutinib decreased proliferation of neoplastic MCs, with IC50 values ranging between 0.1 and 1 μM in primary MCT cells and between 1 and 3 μM in C2 and NI-1 cells. In C2 cells, the combination "ibrutinib + midostaurin" produced synergistic growth-inhibitory effects. At higher concentrations, ibrutinib also induced apoptosis in both MC lines. Finally, ibrutinib was found to suppress IgE-dependent histamine release in primary MCT cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μM in NI-1 cells, and from 0.05 to 1 μM in primary MCT cells. In summary, ibrutinib exerts anti-proliferative effects in canine neoplastic MCs and counteracts IgE-dependent histamine release in these cells. Based on our data, ibrutinib may be considered as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of canine MCT. The value of BTK inhibition in canine MCT patients remains to be elucidated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gamperl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Stefanzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dubravka Smiljkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Willmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Thamm DH, Avery AC, Berlato D, Bulman-Fleming J, Clifford CA, Hershey AE, Intile JL, Jones PD, Kamstock DA, Liptak JM, Pavuk A, Peauroi J, Powell R, Rissetto K, Valli VEO, Webster JD. Prognostic and predictive significance of KIT protein expression and c-kit gene mutation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:451-455. [PMID: 31264352 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group (OPWG), a joint initiative of the Veterinary Cancer Society and the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, is for oncologists and pathologists to collaboratively generate consensus documents to standardize aspects of and provide guidelines for oncologic pathology. Consensus is established through critical review of peer-reviewed literature relevant to a subgroup's particular focus. Subsequent acceptance and approval of the document by the OPWG membership at large establishes consensus. The intent of this publication is to help educate practitioners and pathologists on the value of diagnostics related to the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and to provide a guide for the use of these tests in veterinary medicine. This document represents the opinions of the OPWG and the authors and does not constitute a formal endorsement by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists or the Veterinary Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne L Intile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Alana Pavuk
- Antech Diagnostics, Hillsborough, North Carolina
| | | | - Roger Powell
- Powell Torrance Diagnostic Services, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kerry Rissetto
- Charleston Veterinary Referral Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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46
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Kiupel M, Camus M. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:819-836. [PMID: 31178200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are among the most common canine cutaneous tumors, with highly variable biological behavior. This review describes in detail current approaches for cytologic and histologic diagnosis and prognosis, including advantages and limitations of cytologic and histologic grading and utilization of molecular markers, for example, Ki67, AgNORs, KIT expression, and c-Kit mutations, for a more accurate detection of aggressive MCTs. Furthermore, the current approach to evaluate surgical margins and spread to local lymph nodes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 152A, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 152A, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Melinda Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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47
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Johnston GCA, Zedler ST. Treatment of an invasive equine mast cell tumour in the extensor carpi radialis by extensive tenomyectomy and local corticosteroid injections. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. C. A. Johnston
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - S. T. Zedler
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
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48
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Šimundić M, Švara T, Štukelj R, Krek JL, Gombač M, Kralj-Iglič V, Tozon N. Concentration of extracellular vesicles isolated from blood relative to the clinical pathological status of dogs with mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:456-464. [PMID: 31066969 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed fragments shed from all cell types, including tumour cells. EVs contain a wide range of proteins, biolipids and genetic material derived from mother cells and therefore may be potential biomarkers for tumour diagnosis, disease progression and treatment success. We studied the effect of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) on EV concentrations in blood isolates in association with MCT's histological grade, Ki-67 proliferative index, KIT-staining pattern and number of PLT. The average EV concentration in blood isolates from nine dogs with MCTs was considerably higher than that in blood from eight healthy dogs. But there were no statistically significant differences in EVs concentration in the population of dogs with MCT according to a different histological grade of malignancy (Patnaik, Kiupel), KIT-staining pattern and Ki-67 proliferation index. The results show that these variables statistically do not significantly predicted EV concentrations in blood isolates (P > .05), except the KIT-staining pattern I which added statistically significantly to the prediction (P < .05). The results confirmed the impact of neoplasms on the morphological changes to cell membranes, which result in greater vesiculability and higher EV concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Judita L Krek
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Tozon
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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49
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Reynolds BD, Thomson MJ, O'Connell K, Morgan EJ, Gummow B. Patient and tumour factors influencing canine mast cell tumour histological grade and mitotic index. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:338-344. [PMID: 30891882 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify patient and tumour factors most frequently associated with high histological grades of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs). Search criteria in a shared database of multiple Animal Referral Hospital locations within Australia generated 400 canine MCTs in 286 patients. Patient and tumour data were extrapolated and the association between a tumour being histologically high grade and patient and tumour factors, including: patient breed, patient gender and neuter status, patient age at MCT excision, tumour location and tumour size was assessed using univariate analysis. The study consisted of 90 (21.9%) tumours meeting histological high-grade criteria. Shar peis were the most likely breed to have high grade MCTs, whereas the Pug and the Golden Retriever were the least likely breeds to develop high-grade MCTs. No significant difference in risks could be established between the age at which the tumour was excised, or the gender and neuter status of patients. MCTs of the inguinal region were the most likely single location to be high grade. Tumour size did not influence the likelihood of a tumour being high grade or low grade. The results of this study suggest that patient and tumour factors may play a role in the histological grades of canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Reynolds
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maurine J Thomson
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen O'Connell
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Morgan
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce Gummow
- Discipline of Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Alfaleh MA, Arora N, Yeh M, de Bakker CJ, Howard CB, Macpherson P, Allavena RE, Chen X, Harkness L, Mahler SM, Jones ML. Canine CD117-Specific Antibodies with Diverse Binding Properties Isolated from a Phage Display Library Using Cell-Based Biopanning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 31544821 PMCID: PMC6640692 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 (c-Kit) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in multiple dog tumors. There is 100% homology between the juxtamembrane domain of human and canine CD117, and many cancer-causing mutations occur in this region in both species. Thus, CD117 is an important target for cancer treatment in dogs and for comparative oncology studies. Currently, there is no monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically designed to target the exposed region of canine CD117, although there exist some with species cross-reactivity. We panned a naïve phage display library to isolate antibodies against recombinant CD117 on whole cells. Several mAbs were isolated and were shown to bind recombinant canine CD117 at low- to sub-nanomolar affinity. Additionally, binding to native canine CD117 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. Competitive binding assays also identified mAbs that competed with the CD117 receptor-specific ligand, the stem cell factor (SCF). These results show the ability of our cell-based biopanning strategy to isolate a panel of antibodies that have varied characteristics when used in different binding assays. These in vitro/ex vivo assessments suggest that some of the isolated mAbs might be promising candidates for targeting overexpressed CD117 in canine cancers for different useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Neetika Arora
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Yeh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher J de Bakker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Philip Macpherson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Linda Harkness
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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