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Gaide N, Crispo M, Jbenyeni A, Bleuart C, Delverdier M, Vergne T, Le Loc’h G, Guérin JL. Validation of an RNAscope assay for the detection of avian influenza A virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:500-506. [PMID: 37334770 PMCID: PMC10467460 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231182385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is an acute viral disease associated with high mortality and great economic losses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a common diagnostic and research tool for the demonstration of avian influenza A virus (AIAV) antigens within affected tissues, supporting etiologic diagnosis and assessing viral distribution in both naturally and experimentally infected birds. RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) has been used successfully for the identification of a variety of viral nucleic acids within histologic samples. We validated RNAscope ISH for the detection of AIAV in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. RNAscope ISH targeting the AIAV matrix gene and anti-IAV nucleoprotein IHC were performed on 61 FFPE tissue sections obtained from 3 AIAV-negative, 16 H5 HPAIAV, and 1 low pathogenicity AIAV naturally infected birds, including 7 species sampled between 2009 and 2022. All AIAV-negative birds were confirmed negative by both techniques. All AIAVs were detected successfully by both techniques in all selected tissues and species. Subsequently, H-score comparison was assessed through computer-assisted quantitative analysis on a tissue microarray comprised of 132 tissue cores from 9 HPAIAV-infected domestic ducks. Pearson correlation of r = 0.95 (0.94-0.97), Lin concordance coefficient of ρc = 0.91 (0.88-0.93), and Bland-Altman analysis indicated high correlation and moderate concordance between the 2 techniques. H-score values were significantly higher with RNAscope ISH compared to IHC for brain, lung, and pancreatic tissues (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, our results indicate that RNAscope ISH is a suitable and sensitive tool for in situ detection of AIAV in FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manuela Crispo
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Adam Jbenyeni
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Bleuart
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Timothée Vergne
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc’h
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Mosad SM, El-Gohary FA, Ali HS, El-Sharkawy H, Elmahallawy EK. Pathological and Molecular Characterization of H5 Avian Influenza Virus in Poultry Flocks from Egypt over a Ten-Year Period (2009-2019). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061010. [PMID: 32527004 PMCID: PMC7341251 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian influenza virus (H5) remains one of the challenging zoonotic viruses in Egypt. Our study investigated the occurrence of this virus among chickens from Dakhalia governorate, Egypt over ten years through histopathological examination and molecular characterization of the virus. The molecular characterization was followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples. Importantly, we have reported several interesting pathological changes and high occurrence of the H5 avian influenza virus, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that positive samples were aligned with several Egyptian sub clades. Clearly, our study concludes the widespread of the virus among poultry flocks in Egypt and suggests further future research aims to develop an efficient surveillance program with investigation into the effectiveness of the implemented control measures for controlling this disease of public health concern. Abstract Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains one of the enzootic zoonotic diseases that challenges the poultry industry in Egypt. In the present study, a total of 500 tissue samples were collected from 100 chicken farms (broilers and layers) suspected to be infected with AIV through the period from 2009 to 2019 from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. These samples were pooled in 100 working samples and screened for AIV then the positive samples were subjected to histopathological examination combined with real time-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). RRT-PCR positive samples were also subjected to conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of H5 AIV and some of these resulting positive samples were sequenced for detection of the molecular nature of the studied virus. Interestingly, the histopathological examination revealed necrotic liver with leukocytic infiltration with degenerative changes with necrotic pancreatitis, edema, and intense lymphoid depletion of splenic tissue and hyperplastic tracheal epithelium. Likewise, edema and congested sub mucosal blood vessels and intense bronchial necrosis with hyalinized wall vascular wall and heterophils infiltration were reported. Pneumonic areas with intense leukocytic aggregation mainly and vasculitis of the pulmonary blood vessels were also detected in lung. Collectively, these significant pathological changes in examined tissues cohered with AIV infection. Regarding the molecular characterization, 66 samples were positive for AIV by RRT-PCR and 52 of them were positive for H5 AIV by RT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5 viruses identified in this study were aligned with other Egyptian H5N1 AIVs in the Egyptian sub clade 2.2.1, while some of the identified strains were aligned with other Egyptian H5N8 strains in the new Egyptian sub clade 2.3.4.4. Taken together, our present findings emphasize the wide spread of AIV in Egypt and the importance of developing an efficient surveillance and periodical screening program for controlling such disease of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mosad Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Fatma A. El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Hanaa Said Ali
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura Branch, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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3
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Co-infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza and duck hepatitis viruses in Egyptian backyard and commercial ducks. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:301-306. [PMID: 30564613 PMCID: PMC6286398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a major challenge to the poultry industry and human health in Egypt. Twenty one households and eight duck farms in Sharkia Province, Egypt were investigated for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) and/or duck hepatitis virus 1 (DHV-1). Mortality rates among the investigated farms and yards were, 18.9% (69/365) of native ducks, 60.9% (25/41) of Pekin ducks, 60.2% (6306/10473) of Muscovy ducks and 44.9% (1353/3015) of Mallard ducks. The RT-PCR revealed the circulation of HPAI-H5N1 virus (81/104) among the examined birds with a high percentage in Muscovy (83.7%) and Pekin (83.4%) ducks. Interestingly, co-infection of HPAI and DHV-1 viruses in three ducklings with age of 4–19 days was detected. Severe neurological signs with high mortality were observed in ducklings as early as 4 days of age. Influenza virus antigen was detected in the neurons and glial cells of the brain, hepatocytes, and the intestinal submucosal plexus. Although, genetic characterization of H5N1 isolates revealed HPAIV of clade 2.2.1.2, such increased mortalities and neurological signs regardless of the duck age might imply the natural selection of HPAI in ducks. Crucial monitoring of the disease situation in ducks is essential for the implementation of an effective prevention and control program.
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4
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Stoute S, Crossley B, Shivaprasad HL. Study of an Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 in Commercial Pekin Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in California. Avian Dis 2018; 62:101-108. [PMID: 29620470 DOI: 10.1637/11773-112017-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A February 2015 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 in a flock of commercial Pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in California was investigated in detail. Approximately 17,349 five-wk-old ducks experienced an increased mortality from a normal of eight birds per day to 24, 18, 24, 33, and 61 birds per day, respectively, in the last 5 days prior to flock depopulation. Clinically, there was decreased water and feed consumption, and approximately 1.0% of the affected flock exhibited neurologic signs. Necropsy of five clinically ill ducks revealed pale, patchy areas on the epicardium in two birds, pale foci of necrosis in the liver of one bird, and airsacculitis in three birds. Histopathology revealed multifocal nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, myositis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and glossitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed avian influenza virus (AIV) nucleoprotein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of various cells in the aforementioned organs, as well as in the skin and feathers. Eight of the 10 sera samples tested were positive for avian influenza antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion serology. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs taken from 15 birds, as well as from the lungs, livers, pancreas, and spleen, were positive for AIV by real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT) PCR. AIV was isolated and typed as Eurasian lineage HPAI H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA. Extensive surveillance of birds for AIV around the 10-km zone did not reveal any additional cases. Ducks on the affected premises were humanely euthanatized by foam and composted in-house, the houses were heated to 57 C for 4 days, and swabs were taken periodically from the compost to ensure negativity for AIV by rRT-PCR. The compost and litter were then removed, and the house was pressure cleaned, disinfected, and repopulated approximately 120 days after euthanatization of the ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stoute
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Beate Crossley
- B California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- C California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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5
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Samir M, Hamed M, Abdallah F, Kinh Nguyen V, Hernandez-Vargas EA, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W, Hussein A, Ali AAH, Pessler F. An Egyptian HPAI H5N1 isolate from clade 2.2.1.2 is highly pathogenic in an experimentally infected domestic duck breed (Sudani duck). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:859-873. [PMID: 29363279 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses continue to cause major problems in poultry and can, although rarely, cause human infection. Being enzootic in domestic poultry, Egyptian isolates are continuously evolving, and novel clades vary in their pathogenicity in avian hosts. Considering the importance of domestic ducks as natural hosts of HPAI H5N1 viruses and their likelihood of physical contact with other avian hosts and humans, it is of utmost importance to characterize the pathogenicity of newly emerged HPAI strains in the domestic duck. The most recently identified Egyptian clade 2.2.1.2 HPAI H5N1 viruses have been isolated from naturally infected pigeons, turkeys and humans. However, essentially nothing is known about their pathogenicity in domestic ducks. We therefore characterized the pathogenicity of an Egyptian HPAI H5N1 isolate A/chicken/Faquos/amn12/2011 (clade 2.2.1.2) in Sudani duck, a domestic duck breed commonly reared in Egypt. While viral transcription (HA mRNA) was highest in lung, heart and kidney peaking between 40 and 48 hpi, lower levels were detected in brain. Weight loss of infected ducks started at 16 hpi and persisted until 120 hpi. The first severe clinical signs were noted by 32 hpi and peaked in severity at 72 and 96 hpi. Haematological analyses showed a decline in total leucocytes, granulocytes, platelets and granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio, but lymphocytosis. Upon necropsy, lesions were obvious in heart, liver, spleen and pancreas and consisted mainly of necrosis and petechial haemorrhage. Histologically, lungs were the most severely affected organs, whereas brain only showed mild neuronal degeneration and gliosis at 48 hpi despite obvious neurological clinical signs. Taken together, our results provide first evidence that this HPAI H5N1 isolate (clade 2.2.1.2) is highly pathogenic to Sudani ducks and highlight the importance of this breed as potential reservoir and disseminator of HPAI strains from this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samir
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M Hamed
- Marsa matrouh branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - F Abdallah
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - V Kinh Nguyen
- Systems Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - E A Hernandez-Vargas
- Systems Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Hussein
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A A H Ali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - F Pessler
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Nuradji H, Bingham J, Lowther S, Wibawa H, Colling A, Long NT, Meers J. A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:704-15. [PMID: 26462759 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715611443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs have been widely used for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI virus) in birds. Previous studies have shown that the feather calamus is a site of H5N1 virus replication and therefore has potential for diagnosis of avian influenza. However, studies characterizing the value of feathers for this purpose are not available, to our knowledge; herein we present a study investigating feathers for detection of H5N1 virus. Ducks and chickens were experimentally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to 1 of 3 clades (Indonesian clades 2.1.1 and 2.1.3, Vietnamese clade 1). Different types of feathers and oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were compared by virus isolation. In chickens, virus was detected from all sample types: oral and cloacal swabs, and immature pectorosternal, flight, and tail feathers. During clinical disease, the viral titers were higher in feathers than swabs. In ducks, the proportion of virus-positive samples was variable depending on viral strain and time from challenge; cloacal swabs and mature pectorosternal feathers were clearly inferior to oral swabs and immature pectorosternal, tail, and flight feathers. In ducks infected with Indonesian strains, in which most birds did not develop clinical signs, all sampling methods gave intermittent positive results; 3-23% of immature pectorosternal feathers were positive during the acute infection period; oropharyngeal swabs had slightly higher positivity during early infection, while feathers performed better during late infection. Our results indicate that immature feathers are an alternative sample for the diagnosis of HPAI in chickens and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harimurti Nuradji
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Sue Lowther
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Axel Colling
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Ngo Thanh Long
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Joanne Meers
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
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7
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Pringproa K, Rungsiwiwut R, Tantilertcharoen R, Praphet R, Pruksananonda K, Baumgärtner W, Thanawongnuwech R. Tropism and Induction of Cytokines in Human Embryonic-Stem Cells-Derived Neural Progenitors upon Inoculation with Highly- Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135850. [PMID: 26274828 PMCID: PMC4537284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction caused by neurovirulent influenza viruses is a dreaded complication of infection, and may play a role in some neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson-like diseases and encephalitis lethargica. Although CNS infection by highly pathogenic H5N1 virus has been demonstrated, it is unknown whether H5N1 infects neural progenitor cells, nor whether such infection plays a role in the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. To pursue this question, we infected human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells in vitro with H5N1 virus, and studied the resulting cytopathology, cytokine expression, and genes involved in the differentiation. Human embryonic stem cells (BG01) were maintained and differentiated into the neural progenitors, and then infected by H5N1 virus (A/Chicken/Thailand/CUK2/04) at a multiplicity of infection of 1. At 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-infection (hpi), cytopathic effects were observed. Then cells were characterized by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, supernatants quantified for virus titers, and sampled cells studied for candidate genes.The hNPCs were susceptible to H5N1 virus infection as determined by morphological observation and immunofluorescence. The infection was characterized by a significant up-regulation of TNF-α gene expression, while expressions of IFN-α2, IFN-β1, IFN-γ and IL-6 remained unchanged compared to mock-infected controls. Moreover, H5N1 infection did not appear to alter expression of neuronal and astrocytic markers of hNPCs, such as β-III tubulin and GFAP, respectively. The results indicate that hNPCs support H5N1 virus infection and may play a role in the neuroinflammation during acute viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachod Tantilertcharoen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reunkeaw Praphet
- Institute Product Quality and Standardization, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kamthorn Pruksananonda
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Haider N, Sturm-Ramirez K, Khan SU, Rahman MZ, Sarkar S, Poh MK, Shivaprasad HL, Kalam MA, Paul SK, Karmakar PC, Balish A, Chakraborty A, Mamun AA, Mikolon AB, Davis CT, Rahman M, Donis RO, Heffelfinger JD, Luby SP, Zeidner N. Unusually High Mortality in Waterfowl Caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:144-156. [PMID: 25892457 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mortality in ducks and geese caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) infection had not been previously identified in Bangladesh. In June-July 2011, we investigated mortality in ducks, geese and chickens with suspected H5N1 infection in a north-eastern district of the country to identify the aetiologic agent and extent of the outbreak and identify possible associated human infections. We surveyed households and farms with affected poultry flocks in six villages in Netrokona district and collected cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs from sick birds and tissue samples from dead poultry. We conducted a survey in three of these villages to identify suspected human influenza-like illness cases and collected nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. We tested all swabs by real-time RT-PCR, sequenced cultured viruses, and examined tissue samples by histopathology and immunohistochemistry to detect and characterize influenza virus infection. In the six villages, among the 240 surveyed households and 11 small-scale farms, 61% (1789/2930) of chickens, 47% (4816/10 184) of ducks and 73% (358/493) of geese died within 14 days preceding the investigation. Of 70 sick poultry swabbed, 80% (56/70) had detectable RNA for influenza A/H5, including 89% (49/55) of ducks, 40% (2/5) of geese and 50% (5/10) of chickens. We isolated virus from six of 25 samples; sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene of these six isolates indicated clade 2.3.2.1a of H5N1 virus. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemistry staining of avian influenza viral antigens were recognized in the brain, pancreas and intestines of ducks and chickens. We identified ten human cases showing signs compatible with influenza-like illness; four were positive for influenza A/H3; however, none were positive for influenza A/H5. The recently introduced H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1a virus caused unusually high mortality in ducks and geese. Heightened surveillance in poultry is warranted to guide appropriate diagnostic testing and detect novel influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Haider
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Section for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Sturm-Ramirez
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S U Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Z Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Sarkar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M K Poh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - M A Kalam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S K Paul
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P C Karmakar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A Balish
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Chakraborty
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A A Mamun
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A B Mikolon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - C T Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Diseases Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R O Donis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J D Heffelfinger
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - N Zeidner
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Rhyoo MY, Lee KH, Moon OK, Park WH, Bae YC, Jung JY, Yoon SS, Kim HR, Lee MH, Lee EJ, Ki MR, Jeong KS. Analysis of signs and pathology of H5N1-infected ducks from the 2010-2011 Korean highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak suggests the influence of age and management practices on severity of disease. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:175-81. [PMID: 25703639 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1021295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We compared the clinical signs, histopathological lesions and distribution of viral antigens among infected young (meat-type) and older (breeder) ducks that were naturally infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus during the 2010-2011 Korean outbreak. The meat-type ducks had a high mortality rate (30%) and showed severe neurological signs such as head tremors and paresis. In contrast, HPAI-infected breeder ducks had minimal clinical signs but a decreased egg production rate. The histopathological characteristics of infected meat-type ducks included necrotic lesions of heart and brain, which may have primarily contributed to the high mortality rate. In contrast, the breeder ducks only presented necrotic splenitis, and viral antigens were only detected in the trachea, lungs and spleen. Younger ducks had a high viral titre in the organs, high levels of viral shedding and a high mortality rate after experimental HPAI virus infection. Compared to the breeder ducks, the meat-type ducks were raised in smaller farms that had poor quarantine and breeding facilities. It is therefore possible that better biosecurity in the breeder farms could have reduced the infection dose and subsequently the severity of the disease. Thus, age and management may be the influencing factors for HPAI susceptibility in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Young Rhyoo
- a Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) , Anyang , Republic of Korea
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10
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Abstract
Although influenza A and B viruses are primarily known as respiratory viruses and mainly infected only the upper respiratory tract in humans, patients with influenza often develop signs and symptoms that are not due to the respiratory system. Frequently individuals with influenza develop headaches, meningismus, and even seizures in addition to their typical respiratory symptoms. In the past decades, influenza viruses have also been associated with serious non-respiratory signs. The famous 1918 strain of influenza was associated with von Economo's encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism. In the 1960s influenza virus infections in children were associated with Reye's syndrome characterized often by fatty non-inflammatory hepatic disease and an encephalopathy with marked non-inflammatory cerebral edema. Intermittently children with influenza develop focal myalgia and myositis. Guillain–Barré syndrome was epidemiologically associated with the 1978 killed influenza vaccine but not subsequent vaccines. Although occasional children with influenza have developed encephalopathy, from 2000 through 2004 there was an increase in the number of serious cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy accompanying infection with the influenza A 2009 strain. The current H5N1 strain of bird influenza occasionally infects humans with a high mortality rate and some appear to have central nervous signs. This chapter explores what is known about these influenza neurologic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry E Davis
- Neurology Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Fredrick Koster
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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11
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Burger CE, Abolnik C, Fosgate GT. Antibody response and viral shedding profile of Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiacus) infected with low pathogenicity H7N1 and H6N8 avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis 2012; 56:341-6. [PMID: 22856191 DOI: 10.1637/9920-090811-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegypticus), a duck species endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and occasionally implicated in the transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIV) to farmed ostriches, were experimentally infected with low pathogenicity H7N1 and H6N8 viruses to assess viral shedding and immune profiles. Following the first infection with H7N1 virus, high titers of virus were shed from both the tracheae and cloacae for at least 7 days postinfection, and tracheal shedding lasting until day 14. All detectable shedding from both tracheae and cloacae had ceased within 28 days of infection. Antibody titers peaked at day 7 postinfection, but the initial immune response was short-lived. Birds that received a second challenge with the homologous H7N1 virus mounted a more robust response that lasted beyond 66 days postchallenge, and H7N1 virus was detected, albeit at much lower levels, until day 28 post secondary infection (psi) in the cloaca and beyond day 28 psi in the trachea. Birds that received an initial infection with H7N1 virus were also challenged with H6N8 virus, and because a comparable shedding pattern to the H7N1 challenge group was observed, we concluded that the effect of any nonspecific immunity was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Burger
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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12
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Takakuwa H, Yamashiro T, Le MQ, Phuong LS, Ozaki H, Tsunekuni R, Usui T, Ito H, Morimatsu M, Tomioka Y, Yamaguchi T, Ito T, Murase T, Ono E, Otsuki K. Molecular epidemiology of avian influenza viruses circulating among healthy poultry flocks in farms in northern Vietnam. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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13
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Detection of highly pathogenic influenza and pandemic influenza virus in formalin fixed tissues by immunohistochemical methods. J Virol Methods 2012; 179:409-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Ekong PS, Ducheyne E, Carpenter TE, Owolodun OA, Oladokun AT, Lombin LH, Berkvens D. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in Nigeria, 2006-2008. Prev Vet Med 2011; 103:170-7. [PMID: 22079423 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
From 2006 to 2008, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype occurred among poultry in Nigeria. We described the spatio-temporal patterns of the HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Nigeria. Data of suspected and laboratory confirmed outbreaks maintained at the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom was analyzed using descriptive and exploratory analyses, GIS mapping, global and local spatial statistical analyses using the Cuzick-Edwards' (C-E) test and SaTScan Space-Time Scan Statistic. A total of 1654 suspected outbreaks were reported from 32 of the 36 States and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), 299 were confirmed HPAI H5N1 positive from 27 states and FCT. The outbreaks occurred as three distinct epidemic waves with peak periods of January-March mainly in the North-West, North-Central and North-East regions during 2006 and 2007 and July-September in the South-West and South-South regions in 2007. Three spatio-temporal clusters were identified extending across States and international borders, consistent with disease transmission occurring through local and long-distance spread. This calls for enhanced strategies by the states and regional authorities to improve surveillance, prevention and control measures at the states, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Ekong
- Epidemiology Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
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15
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Neuropathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in experimentally infected chickens. Vet Res 2011; 42:106. [PMID: 21982125 PMCID: PMC3199250 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism of neuroinvasion of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of chickens, specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with a H7N1 HPAIV. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nasal cavity and brain tissue samples were obtained from 1 to 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) of infected and control chickens. Viral antigen topographical distribution, presence of influenza A virus receptors in the brain, as well as, the role of the olfactory route in virus CNS invasion were studied using different immunohistochemistry techniques. Besides, viral RNA load in CSF and blood was quantified by means of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Viral antigen was observed widely distributed in the CNS, showing bilateral and symmetrical distribution in the nuclei of the diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. Viral RNA was detected in blood and CSF at one dpi, indicating that the virus crosses the blood-CSF-barrier early during infection. This early dissemination is possibly favoured by the presence of Siaα2,3 Gal and Siaα2,6 Gal receptors in brain vascular endothelial cells, and Siaα2,3 Gal receptors in ependymal and choroid plexus cells. No viral antigen was observed in olfactory sensory neurons, while the olfactory bulb showed only weak staining, suggesting that the virus did not use this pathway to enter into the brain. The sequence of virus appearance and the topographical distribution of this H7N1 HPAIV indicate that the viral entry occurs via the haematogenous route, with early and generalized spreading through the CSF.
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16
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Chaves AJ, Busquets N, Campos N, Ramis A, Dolz R, Rivas R, Valle R, Abad FX, Darji A, Majo N. Pathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H7N1) infection in chickens inoculated with three different doses. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:163-72. [PMID: 21500036 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.551874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the pathogenesis of a H7N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain, specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with decreasing concentrations of virus: 10(5.5) median embryo lethal dose (ELD(50)) (G1), 10(3.5) ELD(50) (G2) and 10(1.5) ELD(50) (G3). Disease progression was monitored over a period of 16 days and sequential necropsies and tissue samples were collected for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Viral RNA loads were also quantified in different tissues, blood, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Clinical signs of depression, apathy, listlessness, huddling and ruffled feathers were recorded in G1 and a few G2 birds, whilst neurological signs were only observed in chickens inoculated with the highest dose. Gross lesions of haemorrhages were observed in the unfeathered skin of the comb and legs, and skeletal muscle, lung, pancreas and kidneys of birds inoculated with 10(5.5) ELD(50) and 10(3.5) ELD(50) doses. Microscopic lesions and viral antigen were demonstrated in cells of the nasal cavity, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, bone marrow, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland and skin. Viral RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in kidney, lung, intestine, and brain samples of G1 and G2 birds. However, in birds infected with the lowest dose, viral RNA was detected only in brain and lung samples in low amounts at 5 and 7 days post infection. Interestingly, viral shedding was observed in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs with proportionate decrease with the inoculation dose. We conclude that although an adequate infectious dose is critical in reproducing the clinical infection, chickens exposed to lower doses can be infected and shed virus representing a risk for the dissemination of the viral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida J Chaves
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Zilberman D, Otte J, Roland-Holst D, Pfeiffer D. Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain Type H5N1. HEALTH AND ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2011; 36. [PMCID: PMC7122524 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7077-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a severe disease of poultry. It is highly transmissible with a flock mortality rate approaching 100% in vulnerable species (Capua et al. 2007a). Due to the potentially disastrous impact the disease can have on affected poultry sectors, HPAI has received huge attention and is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zilberman
- College of Natural Resources, Dept. Agricultural & Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Giannini Hall 206, Berkeley, 94720-3310 California USA
| | - Joachim Otte
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00100 Italy
| | - David Roland-Holst
- , Department of Agricultural and Resource, University of California, Giannini Hall 207, Berkeley, 94720-3310 USA
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- , Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA United Kingdom
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18
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Löndt BZ, Núñez A, Banks J, Alexander DJ, Russell C, Richard-Löndt AC, Brown IH. The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010; 4:17-25. [PMID: 20021503 PMCID: PMC4941950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses have recently displayed increased virulence for wild waterfowl. Objectives To study the effect of host age on the shedding and tissue dissemination of a HPAI H5N1 virus in infected Pekin ducks. Methods Pekin ducks in two age‐matched groups (n = 18), 8 and 12 weeks old (wo) were each infected with 106 EID50/0·1 ml of HPAI A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (H5N1, clade 2·2). Each day for 5 days, birds were monitored clinically, and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs collected, before three birds from each group were selected randomly for post‐mortem examination. Tissue samples were collected for examination by real‐time RT‐PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Severe clinical signs, including incoordination and torticollis were observed in the 8 wo group resulting in 100% mortality by 4 dpi. Mild clinical signs were observed in the 12 wo group with no mortality. Real‐time RT‐PCR and IHC results demonstrated the systemic spread of H5N1 virus in birds of both age groups. Higher levels of virus shedding were detected in oropharyngeal swabs than in cloacal swabs, with similar levels of shedding detected in both age groups. Variations in level and temporal dissemination of virus within tissues of older ducks, and the presence of the virus in brain and heart were observed, which coincided with the appearance of clinical signs preceding death in younger birds. Conclusions These results are consistent with reports of natural infections of wild waterfowl and poultry possibly indicating an age‐related association with dissemination and clinical outcome in ducks following infection with H5N1 HPAI virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Z Löndt
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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19
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Guionie O, Guillou-Cloarec C, Courtois D, Bougeard S, Amelot M, Jestin V. Experimental Infection of Muscovy Ducks with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Belonging to Clade 2.2. Avian Dis 2010; 54:538-47. [DOI: 10.1637/8790-040109-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Pillai SPS, Lee CW. Species and age related differences in the type and distribution of influenza virus receptors in different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys. Virol J 2010; 7:5. [PMID: 20067630 PMCID: PMC2821308 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook one of the most detailed studies on the distribution of α2,3 sialic acid (SA)-galactose (gal) (avian type) and α2,6SA-gal (human type) receptors on different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys of varying age groups. On the tracheal epithelium, all 3 bird species expressed strong positive staining (80-90%) for α2,3SA-gal receptors in the 3 different age groups. In addition, a lesser amount of α2,6SA-gal receptors (30-90%) were observed with slight differences in distribution with age and species. The epithelium of the small and large intestine of turkeys and ducks showed negligible staining for α2,6SA-gal receptors whereas the large intestine consistently showed 40-70% positive staining for α2,3SA-gal receptors. In contrast, a greater amount of staining for α2,3SA-gal (50-80%) and α2,6SA-gal (20-50%) receptors were observed along the epithelium of small and large intestine of chickens. Kidney and esophagus sections from the 3 bird species also expressed both avian and human type receptors. In other tissues examined, brain, breast muscles, bursa, spleen, cecal tonsils and oviduct, human type receptors were absent. Though different viral and receptor components may play roles in successful viral replication and transmission, understanding the receptor types and distribution in different tissues of domestic birds might be good initial tool to understand host factors that promote successful influenza viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha P S Pillai
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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21
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Bröjer C, Agren EO, Uhlhorn H, Bernodt K, Mörner T, Jansson DS, Mattsson R, Zohari S, Thorén P, Berg M, Gavier-Widén D. Pathology of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection in wild tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:579-87. [PMID: 19737752 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 is an infectious systemic viral disease that results in high morbidity and mortality in poultry, and has been reported in a wide range of wild bird species during the last few years. An outbreak of HPAI H5N1 occurred in wild birds in Sweden in 2006 that affected several duck species, geese, swans, gulls, and raptors. Tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) accounted for the largest number of positive cases and, therefore, were selected for more in-depth histologic and immunohistochemical evaluations. The main histologic lesions associated with the presence of avian influenza antigen were found in the brain, pancreas, and upper respiratory tract. Other tissues in which influenza antigen was variably found included liver, lung, adrenal glands, kidneys, and peripheral nerve ganglia. The current study describes the pathology and viral tissue targeting of H5N1 by using histology, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry, and highlights the range and variation in the presentation of the natural disease in tufted ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Kim JK, Negovetich NJ, Forrest HL, Webster RG. Ducks: the "Trojan horses" of H5N1 influenza. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 3:121-8. [PMID: 19627369 PMCID: PMC2749972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Wild ducks are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses that can be transmitted to domestic poultry and mammals, including humans. Of the 16 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of influenza A viruses, only the H5 and H7 subtypes cause highly pathogenic (HP) influenza in the natural hosts. Several duck species are naturally resistant to HP Asian H5N1 influenza viruses. These duck species can shed and spread virus from both the respiratory and intestinal tracts while showing few or no disease signs. While the HP Asian H5N1 viruses are 100% lethal for chickens and other gallinaceous poultry, the absence of disease signs in some duck species has led to the concept that ducks are the “Trojan horses” of H5N1 in their surreptitious spread of virus. An important unresolved issue is whether the HP H5N1 viruses are maintained in the wild duck population of the world. Here, we review the ecology and pathobiology of ducks infected with influenza A viruses and ducks’ role in the maintenance and spread of HP H5N1 viruses. We also identify the key questions about the role of ducks that must be resolved in order to understand the emergence and control of pandemic influenza. It is generally accepted that wild duck species can spread HP H5N1 viruses, but there is insufficient evidence to show that ducks maintain these viruses and transfer them from one generation to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ki Kim
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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23
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Bingham J, Green DJ, Lowther S, Klippel J, Burggraaf S, Anderson DE, Wibawa H, Hoa DM, Long NT, Vu PP, Middleton DJ, Daniels PW. Infection studies with two highly pathogenic avian influenza strains (Vietnamese and Indonesian) in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), with particular reference to clinical disease, tissue tropism and viral shedding. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:267-78. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903055371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Minh PQ, Morris RS, Schauer B, Stevenson M, Benschop J, Nam HV, Jackson R. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the two deltas of Vietnam during 2003-2007. Prev Vet Med 2009; 89:16-24. [PMID: 19232765 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A subtype H5N1 have occurred in Vietnam as a series of epidemic waves since December 2003. We describe the spatial and temporal patterns of the HPAI H5N1 epidemics in the Red River Delta in the north (785 outbreaks in 606 communes) and the Mekong River Delta in the south of Vietnam (1313 outbreaks in 837 communes), where the epidemics were concentrated. Throughout the study period the percentage of outbreaks affecting ducks increased steadily to a peak of 78% during the 2006/2007 epidemic in both deltas. Five of the seven epidemic waves occurred in the period of active poultry population buildup immediately prior to the Vietnamese New Year (Tet festival). Recorded outbreaks were clustered in space and time within both deltas, consistent with infection transmission occurring via a combination of local and long-distance spread. Our analyses demonstrate that the epidemiology of HPAI in Vietnam has changed over the 4-year study period, with outbreaks now occurring in the warmer months of the year and ducks featuring more prominently as affected species. To determine the relative importance of local and long-distance spread on infection transmission, precise details of outbreak location, date of onset of clinical signs, and size and composition of the poultry population at risk need to be recorded during future outbreak responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Minh
- EpiCentre, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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25
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Löndt BZ, Nunez A, Banks J, Nili H, Johnson LK, Alexander DJ. Pathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005 H5N1 in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally. Avian Pathol 2009; 37:619-27. [PMID: 19023759 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802499126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Asian H5N1 (hereafter referred to as panzootic H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus has caused large numbers of deaths in both poultry and wild-bird populations. Recent isolates of this virus have been reported to cause disease and death in commercial ducks, which has not been seen with other HPAI viruses. However, little is known about either the dissemination of this H5N1 within the organs or the cause of death in infected ducks. Nineteen 4-week-old Pekin ducks were infected with 10(6.7) median egg infectious doses of HPAI A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (H5N1, clade 2.2) in 0.1ml via the intranasal and intraocular routes. Cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs were taken daily before three animals were selected randomly and killed humanely for postmortem examination, when samples of tissues were taken for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. Clinical signs were first observed 4 days post infection (d.p.i.) and included depression, reluctance to feed, in-coordination and torticollis resulting in the death of all the birds remaining on 5d.p.i. Higher levels of virus shedding were detected from oropharyngeal swabs than from cloacal swabs. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry identified peak levels of virus at 2d.p.i. in several organs. In the spleen, lung, kidney, caecal tonsils, breast muscle and thigh muscle the levels were greatly reduced at 3d.p.i. However, the highest viral loads were detected in the heart and brain from 3d.p.i. and coincided with the appearance of clinical signs and death. Our experimental results demonstrate the systemic spread of this HPAI H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks, and the localization of virus in the brain and heart tissue preceding death.
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