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Ding Y, Zhang H, Li C, Zheng W, Wang M, Li Y, Sun H, Wu M. Safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between fotagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and metformin in healthy subjects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:725-731. [PMID: 33899649 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1915283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have significant clinical efficacy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The combination of fotagliptin (FOT) with metformin (MET) is a promising therapeutic approach in MET-resistant patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between FOT and MET in healthy subjects after multiple-dose administration. METHODS Eighteen participants received a randomized open-label, three period treatment that included MET 1000 mg alone, co-administration of FOT 24 mg and MET, followed by FOT 24 mg alone. Serial blood samples were collected for PK analysis, which included geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals (CIs), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). RESULTS Analysis results showed that for FOT alone or combination therapy, the 90% CIs of the GMR for AUC0-24,ss and Cmax,ss were 102.08% (98.9%, 105.36%) and 110.65% (102.19%, 119.82%), respectively. For MET, they were 113.41% (100.32%, 128.22%) and 97.11% (83.80%, 112.55%) for AUC0-12,ss and Cmax,ss, respectively. FOT or MET monotherapy and the combination therapy with both drugs were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS No PK drug-drug interactions were found in the combination therapy with FOT and MET. Therefore, FOT can be co-administered with MET without dose adjustment. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/(Registration No. CTR20190221).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Ding
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - WenBo Zheng
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - HaiGang Sun
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Herman GA, Bergman A, Liu F, Stevens C, Wang AQ, Zeng W, Chen L, Snyder K, Hilliard D, Tanen M, Tanaka W, Meehan AG, Lasseter K, Dilzer S, Blum R, Wagner JA. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of the Oral DPP-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin in Middle-Aged Obese Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 46:876-86. [PMID: 16855072 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006289850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sitagliptin (MK-0431) is an oral, potent, and selective dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitor developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of sitagliptin in obese subjects. Middle-aged (45-63 years), nondiabetic, obese (body mass index: 30-40 kg/m2) men and women were randomized to sitagliptin 200 mg bid (n = 24) or placebo (n = 8) for 28 days. Steady-state plasma concentrations of sitagliptin were achieved within 2 days of starting treatment, and >90% of the dose was excreted unchanged in urine. Sitagliptin treatment led to approximately 90% inhibition of plasma DPP-4 activity, increased active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels by 2.7-fold (P < .001), and decreased post-oral glucose tolerance test glucose excursion by 35% (P < .050) compared to placebo. In nondiabetic obese subjects, treatment with sitagliptin 200 mg bid was generally well tolerated without associated hypoglycemia and led to maximal inhibition of plasma DPP-4 activity, increased active GLP-1, and reduced glycemic excursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Herman
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY34-A536, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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3
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Mistry GC, Bergman AJ, Luo WL, Cilissen C, Haazen W, Davies MJ, Gottesdiener KM, Wagner JA, Herman GA. Multiple-Dose Administration of Sitagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, Does Not Alter the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Rosiglitazone in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:159-64. [PMID: 17244766 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006297007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, is an incretin enhancer that is approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Sitagliptin is mainly renally eliminated and not a potent inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes in vitro. Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidenedione, is an insulin sensitizer and mainly metabolized by CYP2C8. Since both agents may potentially be coadministered, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sitagliptin on rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics. In this open-label, randomized, 2-period, crossover study, 12 healthy normoglycemic subjects, 21 to 44 years, received single 4-mg doses of rosiglitazone alone in one period and coadministered with sitagliptin on day 5 following a multiple-dose regimen for sitagliptin (200 mg once daily x 5 days) in the other period. The geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals ([rosiglitazone + sitagliptin]/rosiglitazone) for rosiglitazone AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax were 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) and 0.99 (0.88, 1.12), respectively. In conclusion, sitagliptin did not alter the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam C Mistry
- Merck Research Laboratories, Mail Code RY34-A536, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
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4
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6-Imino-2-thioxo-pyrimidinones as a new class of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Mulakayala N, Reddy CH U, Iqbal J, Pal M. Synthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a brief overview. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Tanaka-Amino K, Matsumoto K, Hatakeyama Y, Takakura S, Mutoh S. ASP4000, a slow-binding dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, has antihyperglycemic activity of long duration in Zucker fatty rats. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47:43-8. [PMID: 19238312 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-009-0096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ASP4000 ((2S)-1-{[(1R,3S,4S,6R)-6-hydroxy-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-3-yl]carbonyl}-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile hydrochloride) is a novel, potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV, EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitor (Keiko Tanaka-Amino et al. in Eur J pharmacol 59:444-449, 2008). The aim of the present study was to characterize the kinetic profile of and identify the long duration effect of the antihyperglycemic activity of ASP4000. ASP4000 was found to inhibit human recombinant DPP4 activity with a K(i) of 1.05 nM, a k(on) value of 22.3 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), and a k (off) of 2.35 x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1), with higher affinity than that of vildagliptin. The kinetic studies indicate that both the formation and dissociation of ASP4000/DPP4 complex were faster than those of vildagliptin, and that ASP4000 slow-bindingly inhibits DPP4 with a different mode of inhibition than vildagliptin. In addition, ASP4000 augmented the insulin response and ameliorated the glucose excursion during the oral glucose tolerance test in Zucker fatty rats at 4 h post dosing. ASP4000 is expected to be a promising, long duration DPP4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes.
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7
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Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies on β-phenylalanine derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. J Mol Model 2010; 16:1239-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Havale SH, Pal M. Medicinal chemistry approaches to the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1783-802. [PMID: 19217790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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ASP4000, a novel, selective, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor with antihyperglycemic activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:444-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Edmondson SD, Kim D. Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: The Discovery of JANUVIA
(™)
(Sitagliptin). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527621460.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Yamazaki K, Inoue T, Yasuda N, Sato Y, Nagakura T, Takenaka O, Clark R, Saeki T, Tanaka I. Comparison of efficacies of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in oral carbohydrate and meal tolerance tests and the effects of their combination in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:29-38. [PMID: 17485917 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
E3024 (3-but-2-ynyl-5-methyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one tosylate) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor. Since the target of both DPP-IV inhibitors and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors is the lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia, we compared antihyperglycemic effects for E3024 and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in various oral carbohydrate and meal tolerance tests using normal mice. In addition, we investigated the combination effects of E3024 and voglibose on blood glucose levels in a meal tolerance test using mice fed a high-fat diet. ER-235516-15 (the trifluoroacetate salt form of E3024, 1 mg/kg) lowered glucose excursions consistently, regardless of the kind of carbohydrate loaded. However, the efficacy of acarbose (10 mg/kg) and of voglibose (0.1 mg/kg) varied with the type of carbohydrate administered. The combination of E3024 (3 mg/kg) and voglibose (0.3 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance additively, with the highest plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels. This study shows that compared to alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, DPP-IV inhibitors may have more consistent efficacy to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, independent of the types of carbohydrate contained in a meal, and that the combination of a DPP-IV inhibitor and an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is expected to be a promising option for lowering postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yamazaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
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12
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Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Yoshida T, Kitajima H, Hayashi Y, Ishii S, Takashina Y, Tsutsumiuchi R, Ono S. Lead optimization of [(S)-γ-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine focused on γ-substituent: Indoline compounds as potent DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:641-55. [PMID: 17113301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are looked to as a potential new antidiabetic agent class. A series of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds in which the electrophilic nitrile is removed are chemically stable DPP-IV inhibitors. To discover a structure for the gamma-substituent of the proline moiety more suitable for interacting with the S(2) pocket of DPP-IV, optimization focused on the gamma-substituent was carried out. The indoline compound 22e showed a DPP-IV-inhibitory activity 100-fold more potent than that of the prolylthiazolidine 10 and comparable to that of NVP-DPP728. It also displayed improved inhibitory selectivity for DPP-IV over DPP8 and DPP9 compared to compound 10. Indoline compounds such as 22e have a rigid conformation with double restriction of the aromatic moiety by proline and indoline structures to promote interaction with the binding site in the S(2) pocket of DPP-IV. The double restriction effect provides a potent inhibitory activity which compensates for the decrease in activity caused by removing the electrophilic nitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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13
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Yamazaki K, Yasuda N, Inoue T, Yamamoto E, Sugaya Y, Nagakura T, Shinoda M, Clark R, Saeki T, Tanaka I. Effects of the Combination of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor and an Insulin Secretagogue on Glucose and Insulin Levels in Mice and Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:738-46. [PMID: 17093132 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several combination therapies have been tried for treating of type 2 diabetes to control more effectively fasting hyperglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia. In this study, we have examined the effects of combining a novel, selective, and competitive dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, 3-but-2-ynyl-5-methyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one tosylate (E3024), with a representative of one of two types of insulin secretagogues, i.e., either glybenclamide (a sulfonylurea) or nateglinide (a rapid-onset/short-duration insulin secretagogue), on glucose and insulin levels in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using mice fed a high-fat diet. In addition, we have investigated the effects of these combinations on blood glucose levels in fasting rats. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the combination of E3024 and glybenclamide improved glucose tolerance additively and also caused a synergistic increase in insulin levels in the OGTT in mice fed a high-fat diet. In a similar way, the combination of E3024 and nateglinide ameliorated glucose tolerance additively and raised insulin levels additively. In fasting rats, coadministration of E3024 with glybenclamide or nateglinide treatment did not affect the glucose-lowering effects of the insulin secretagogues. Therefore, a DPP-IV inhibitor in combination with glybenclamide or nateglinide may be a promising option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and particularly, for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in the clinic.
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14
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Yasuda N, Nagakura T, Inoue T, Yamazaki K, Katsutani N, Takenaka O, Clark R, Matsuura F, Emori E, Yoshikawa S, Kira K, Ikuta H, Okada T, Saeki T, Asano O, Tanaka I. E3024, 3-but-2-ynyl-5-methyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one tosylate, is a novel, selective and competitive dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 548:181-7. [PMID: 16973152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are expected to become a useful new class of anti-diabetic agent. The aim of the present study is to characterize the in vitro and in vivo profile of E3024, 3-but-2-ynyl-5-methyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one tosylate, which is a novel imidazopyridazinone-derived DPP-IV inhibitor. E3024 inhibited recombinant human and mouse DPP-IV with IC50 values of approximately 100 nM. E3024 inhibited DPP-IV in human, mouse, rat and canine plasma with IC50 values of 140 to 400 nM. In contrast, E3024 did not inhibit DPP-8 or DPP-9 activity. Kinetic analysis indicated that E3024 is a competitive DPP-IV inhibitor. In Zucker fa/fa rats, E3024 (1 mg/kg) reduced glucose excursion after glucose load, with increases in plasma insulin and active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels. In fasted rats, this compound did not cause hypoglycemia. In a rat 4-week toxicological study, no notable changes were found at doses up to 750 mg/kg. The present preclinical studies indicate that E3024 is a novel selective DPP-IV inhibitor with anti-diabetic effects and a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Yasuda
- Tsukuba Research laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan.
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15
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Yamazaki K, Yasuda N, Inoue T, Nagakura T, Kira K, Shinoda M, Saeki T, Tanaka I. 7-But-2-ynyl-9-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-6-piperazin-1-yl-7,9-dihydro-purin-8-one Is a Novel Competitive and Selective Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV with an Antihyperglycemic Activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1253-7. [PMID: 16980568 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
7-But-2-ynyl-9-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-6-piperazin-1-yl-7,9-dihydro-purin-8-one (ER-319711) is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor discovered in our laboratories. In this study, we have characterized this DPP-IV inhibitor in vitro and in vivo as an antidiabetic agent. The trifluoroacetate salt form of ER-319711, ER-319711-15, inhibited human DPP-IV with an IC(50) value of 0.089 microM, whereas its IC(50) values toward human DPP8 and DPP9 were >100 microM. Inhibition kinetic pattern analysis indicated that ER-319711-15 inhibited DPP-IV in a competitive manner. ER-319711-15 (1 mg/kg) reduced glucose excursion in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using Zucker fa/fa rats, with significant increases in plasma insulin and active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels. In an OGTT using mice fed a high-fat diet in which ER-319711-15 (0.1-10 mg/kg) was orally administered at 0 h, and glucose was loaded at 0 and 5 h, this compound improved glucose tolerance dose dependently at both 0- and 5-h glucose loading. Next, we compared efficacy of ER-319711-15, E3024, a competitive DPP-IV inhibitor having an imidazopyridazinone structure, or vildagliptin, a slow-binding and long-acting DPP-IV inhibitor, at the same dose, 10 mg/kg, in the same procedures. At the first glucose challenge, all compounds lowered area under the curve (AUC) values of delta blood glucose between 0 and 2 h significantly to the same degree. At the second glucose load, the AUC values between 5 and 7 h were significantly decreased by ER-319711-15 and vildagliptin, but not by E3024. Therefore, ER-319711 might be a potent, competitive, and selective DPP-IV inhibitor with an antihyperglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yamazaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
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16
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Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Kitajima H, Tsutsumiuchi R, Hayashi Y. [(S)-γ-(Arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3662-71. [PMID: 16460948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) enhancers, are looked to as a potential new class of antidiabetic agents. In particular, potent and long-acting inhibitors might offer advantages in exploiting DPP-IV inhibition. The series of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine compounds on which we reported previously has a highly potent inhibitory activity but seemed to be unstable in neutral aqueous solution. Here, we describe [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. They are the thiazolidine analogs of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine but with the electrophilic nitrile removed to improve chemical stability in aqueous solution. Of the compounds investigated in the present study, the [((S)-gamma-3,4-dicyanophenylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine 12 m was the most potent. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the gamma-substituent in the proline moiety of the thiazolidide was similar to that obtained with the (S)-2-cyanopyrrolidide. The gamma-substituent in the proline moiety of both the (S)-2-cyanopyrrolidide and the thiazolidide may engage with the S(2) binding pocket of DPP-IV and thereby achieve hydrophobic interaction in the same manner. Based on pharmacokinetic experiments in rats, the representative compound 11, which displayed high oral bioavailability (BA=83.9%) and long half-life in plasma (t(1/2)=5.27 h), was found to have an excellent pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Research Laboratory II, Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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17
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Nordhoff S, Cerezo-Gálvez S, Feurer A, Hill O, Matassa VG, Metz G, Rummey C, Thiemann M, Edwards PJ. The reversed binding of β-phenethylamine inhibitors of DPP-IV: X-ray structures and properties of novel fragment and elaborated inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1744-8. [PMID: 16376544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The co-crystal structure of beta-phenethylamine fragment inhibitor 5 bound to DPP-IV revealed that the phenyl ring occupied the proline pocket of the enzyme. This finding provided the basis for a general hypothesis of a reverse binding mode for beta-phenethylamine-based DPP-IV inhibitors. Novel inhibitor design concepts that obviate substrate-like structure-activity relationships (SAR) were thereby enabled, and novel, potent inhibitors were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nordhoff
- Medicinal Chemistry, Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Im Neuenheimer Feld 518-519, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Haffner CD, McDougald DL, Reister SM, Thompson BD, Conlee C, Fang J, Bass J, Lenhard JM, Croom D, Secosky-Chang MB, Tomaszek T, McConn D, Wells-Knecht K, Johnson PR. 2-Cyano-4-fluoro-1-thiovalylpyrrolidine analogues as potent inhibitors of DPP-IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5257-61. [PMID: 16168640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of 2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-thiovalylpyrrolidine inhibitors of DPP-IV. Within this series, compound 19 provided a potent, selective, and orally active DPP-IV inhibitor which demonstrated a very long duration of action in both rat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt D Haffner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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19
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Zhao G, Taunk PC, Magnin DR, Simpkins LM, Robl JA, Wang A, Robertson JG, Marcinkeviciene J, Sitkoff DF, Parker RA, Kirby MS, Hamann LG. Diprolyl nitriles as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3992-5. [PMID: 16046120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is a multifunctional type II transmembrane serine peptidase which regulates various physiological processes, most notably plasma glucose homeostasis by cleaving peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Inhibition of DPP4 is a potentially valuable therapy for type 2 diabetes. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of substituted diprolyl nitriles are described, leading to the identification of compound 1 with a measured DPP4 K(i) of 3.6 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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20
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Abe M, Nagai M, Yamamoto K, Yamazaki H, Koga I, Satoh Y, Muraoka Y, Kurashige S, Ichikawa YI. Development of a Large-Scale Synthesis of Sulphostin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op058000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Abe
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagai
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yamamoto
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamazaki
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Ichiro Koga
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Satoh
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Muraoka
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Shuji Kurashige
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Yuh-ichiro Ichikawa
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
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21
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Lu IL, Lee SJ, Tsu H, Wu SY, Kao KH, Chien CH, Chang YY, Chen YS, Cheng JH, Chang CN, Chen TW, Chang SP, Chen X, Jiaang WT. Glutamic acid analogues as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV and 8 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3271-5. [PMID: 15927466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To find potent and selective inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), we synthesized a series of 2-cyanopyrrolidine with P2-site 4-substituted glutamic acid derivatives and tested their activities against DPP-IV, DPP8, and DPP-II. Analogues that incorporated a bulky substituent at the first carbon position of benzylamine or isoquinoline showed over 30-fold selectivity for DPP-IV over both DPP8 and DPP-II. From structure-activity relationship studies, we speculate that the S2 site of DPP8 might be similar to that of DPP-IV, while DPP-IV inhibitor with N-substituted glycine in the P2 site and/or with a moiety involving in hydrophobic interaction with the side chain of Phe357 might provide a better selectivity for DPP-IV over DPP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Lu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Rd., Zhunan Town, Miaoli Country 350, Taiwan, ROC
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22
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Ahn JH, Kim JA, Kim HM, Kwon HM, Huh SC, Rhee SD, Kim KR, Yang SD, Park SD, Lee JM, Kim SS, Cheon HG. Synthesis and evaluation of pyrazolidine derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1337-40. [PMID: 15713382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of pyrazolidine derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV). Compound 9i was the most active in this series, exhibited IC50 value of 1.56 microM and ED50 value of 80 mg/kg (in vivo DP-IV inhibition; po).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Ahn
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon 305-600, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Jiaang WT, Chen YS, Hsu T, Wu SH, Chien CH, Chang CN, Chang SP, Lee SJ, Chen X. Novel isoindoline compounds for potent and selective inhibition of prolyl dipeptidase DPP8. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:687-91. [PMID: 15664838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DPP8 is a prolyl dipeptidase homologous to DPP-IV, which is a drug target for Type II diabetes. The biological function of DPP8 is not known. To identify potent and selective chemical compounds against DPP8, we have synthesized a series of isoquinoline and isoindoline derivatives and have tested their inhibitory activity against DPP8, DPP-IV and DPP-II. Isoindoline derivatives were found to be more potent DPP8 inhibitors than isoquinoline derivatives. Isoindoline with a 1-(4,4'-difluor-benzhydryl)-piperazine group at the P2 site was observed to be a very potent DPP8 inhibitor, having an IC(50) value of 14nM with at least a 2500-fold selectivity over either DPP-IV or DPP-II. From SAR results, we speculate that the S1 site of DPP8 may be larger than that of DPP-IV, which would allow the accommodation of larger C-terminal residues, such as isoquinoline or isoindoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weir-Torn Jiaang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minchiuan E. Rd., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
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24
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Abe M, Akiyama T, Umezawa Y, Yamamoto K, Nagai M, Yamazaki H, Ichikawa YI, Muraoka Y. Synthesis and biological activity of sulphostin analogues, novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:785-97. [PMID: 15653346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of sulphostin (1), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, is consisted of three key functional groups, including a characteristic amino(sulfoamino)phosphinyl group, on a piperidine ring. To examine the relationship between its structure and the inhibitory activity against DPP-IV, various analogues were synthesized and their activities were investigated. These results indicated that all of the functional groups on the piperidine ring were crucial to the DPP-IV inhibitory activity of sulphostin, and that the sulfonic acid group, which constructed the amino(sulfoamino)phosphinyl group, contributed to the stability of the compound. Moreover, those functional groups should be adjoined on the piperidine ring for the inhibitory activity. The size of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring including piperidine appeared to scarcely affect the activity. In the present study, the sulfonic acid-deficient five-membered ring analogue 27a showed the strongest inhibitory activity (IC50=11 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Abe
- Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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25
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Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(05)40010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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26
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Ahn JH, Jung SH, Kim JA, Song SB, Kwon SJ, Kim KR, Rhee SD, Park SD, Lee JM, Kim SS, Cheon HG. Pyrazolidine Derivatives with Heteroaryl Urea as Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:1048-50. [PMID: 16079547 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the continuation of efforts to modify the structure of our novel DP-IV inhibitors, a series of pyrazolidine derivatives with heteroaryl urea was synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Ahn
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon 305-600, Korea.
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27
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Caldwell CG, Chen P, He J, Parmee ER, Leiting B, Marsilio F, Patel RA, Wu JK, Eiermann GJ, Petrov A, He H, Lyons KA, Thornberry NA, Weber AE. Fluoropyrrolidine amides as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1265-8. [PMID: 14980678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amides derived from fluorinated pyrrolidines and 4-substituted cyclohexylglycine analogues have been prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV (DP-IV). Analogues which incorporated (S)-3-fluoropyrrolidine showed good selectivity for DP-IV over quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP). Compound 48 had good pharmacokinetic properties and was orally active in an oral glucose tolerance test in lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Caldwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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28
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Parmee ER, He J, Mastracchio A, Edmondson SD, Colwell L, Eiermann G, Feeney WP, Habulihaz B, He H, Kilburn R, Leiting B, Lyons K, Marsilio F, Patel RA, Petrov A, Di Salvo J, Wu JK, Thornberry NA, Weber AE. 4-Amino cyclohexylglycine analogues as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:43-6. [PMID: 14684294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substituted 4-amino cyclohexylglycine analogues were evaluated for DP-IV inhibitory properties. Bis-sulfonamide 15e was an extremely potent 2.6 nM inhibitor of the enzyme with excellent selectivity over all counterscreens. 2,4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide 15b and 1-naphthyl amide 16b, however, combined an acceptable in vitro profile with good pharmacokinetic properties in the rat, and 15b was orally efficacious at 3 mpk in an OGTT in lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Parmee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide, fueled by the increasing prevalence of obesity as many populations adopt a western lifestyle. Secondary complications affecting both the microvascular and macrovascular systems are responsible for premature mortality in Type 2 diabetes, with two thirds or more dying of cardiovascular disease. Two interacting metabolic defects, insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction are present in Type 2 diabetes. It is now recognised that insulin resistance is central to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities--called the insulin resistance syndrome--that are responsible for the excess of cardiovascular disease. Older antidiabetic agents such as the sulfonylureas, metformin and insulin are more effective than lifestyle modification in reducing microvascular complications of Type 2 diabetes, but overall do not reduce cardiovascular risk. Metformin, although no more effective as a glucose-lowering agent than sulfonylureas or insulin, does significantly reduce cardiovascular disease, probably as a result of its weak insulin-sensitising action. The newly-marketed thiazolidinedione insulin-sensitising antidiabetic agents also improve multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, suggesting that novel approaches to insulin sensitisation will not only provide effective long-term glycaemic control but improve cardiovascular outcomes in Type 2 diabetes. Multiple therapeutic targets within the insulin signalling cascade are being explored, together with follow-up compounds to the first generation thiazolidinediones. These initiatives, together with developments in beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists, 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 inhibitors and modulators of the glucagon-like peptide 1 axis, all of which also potentially enhance insulin sensitivity, are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tadayyon
- Scientific Strategy--Metabolism, Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Urology, Global Commercial Strategy, New Frontiers Science Park (South), GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, UK
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