1
|
Damiati LA, El Soury M. Bone-nerve crosstalk: a new state for neuralizing bone tissue engineering-A mini review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1386683. [PMID: 38690172 PMCID: PMC11059066 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1386683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuro bone tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines both principles of neurobiology and bone tissue engineering to develop innovative strategies for repairing and regenerating injured bone tissues. Despite the fact that regeneration and development are considered two distinct biological processes, yet regeneration can be considered the reactivation of development in later life stages to restore missing tissues. It is noteworthy that the regeneration capabilities are distinct and vary from one organism to another (teleost fishes, hydra, humans), or even in the same organism can vary dependent on the injured tissue itself (Human central nervous system vs. peripheral nervous system). The skeletal tissue is highly innervated, peripheral nervous system plays a role in conveying the signals and connecting the central nervous system with the peripheral organs, moreover it has been shown that they play an important role in tissue regeneration. Their regeneration role is conveyed by the different cells' resident in it and in its endoneurium (fibroblasts, microphages, vasculature associated cells, and Schwann cells) these cells secrete various growth factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF, NT-3, and bFGF) that contribute to the regenerative phenotype. The peripheral nervous system and central nervous system synchronize together in regulating bone homeostasis and regeneration through neurogenic factors and neural circuits. Receptors of important central nervous system peptides such as Serotonin, Leptin, Semaphorins, and BDNF are expressed in bone tissue playing a role in bone homeostasis, metabolism and regeneration. This review will highlight the crosstalk between peripheral nerves and bone in the developmental stages as well as in regeneration and different neuro-bone tissue engineering strategies for repairing severe bone injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila A. Damiati
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa El Soury
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kapat K, Kumbhakarn S, Sable R, Gondane P, Takle S, Maity P. Peptide-Based Biomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. Biomedicines 2024; 12:313. [PMID: 38397915 PMCID: PMC10887361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The healing of osteochondral defects (OCDs) that result from injury, osteochondritis, or osteoarthritis and bear lesions in the cartilage and bone, pain, and loss of joint function in middle- and old-age individuals presents challenges to clinical practitioners because of non-regenerative cartilage and the limitations of current therapies. Bioactive peptide-based osteochondral (OC) tissue regeneration is becoming more popular because it does not have the immunogenicity, misfolding, or denaturation problems associated with original proteins. Periodically, reviews are published on the regeneration of bone and cartilage separately; however, none of them addressed the simultaneous healing of these tissues in the complicated heterogeneous environment of the osteochondral (OC) interface. As regulators of cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and antibacterial activity, potential therapeutic strategies for OCDs utilizing bone and cartilage-specific peptides should be examined and investigated. The main goal of this review was to study how they contribute to the healing of OCDs, either alone or in conjunction with other peptides and biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Kapat
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sakshi Kumbhakarn
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Sable
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Prashil Gondane
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Shruti Takle
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritiprasanna Maity
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thai J, Fuller‐Jackson J, Ivanusic JJ. Using tissue clearing and light sheet fluorescence microscopy for the three-dimensional analysis of sensory and sympathetic nerve endings that innervate bone and dental tissue of mice. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25582. [PMID: 38289188 PMCID: PMC10952626 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Bone and dental tissues are richly innervated by sensory and sympathetic neurons. However, the characterization of the morphology, molecular phenotype, and distribution of nerves that innervate hard tissue has so far mostly been limited to thin histological sections. This approach does not adequately capture dispersed neuronal projections due to the loss of important structural information during three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. In this study, we modified the immunolabeling-enabled imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO/iDISCO+) clearing protocol to image high-resolution neuronal structures in whole femurs and mandibles collected from perfused C57Bl/6 mice. Axons and their nerve terminal endings were immunolabeled with antibodies directed against protein gene product 9.5 (pan-neuronal marker), calcitonin gene-related peptide (peptidergic nociceptor marker), or tyrosine hydroxylase (sympathetic neuron marker). Volume imaging was performed using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We report high-quality immunolabeling of the axons and nerve terminal endings for both sensory and sympathetic neurons that innervate the mouse femur and mandible. Importantly, we are able to follow their projections through full 3D volumes, highlight how extensive their distribution is, and show regional differences in innervation patterns for different parts of each bone (and surrounding tissues). Mapping the distribution of sensory and sympathetic axons, and their nerve terminal endings, in different bony compartments may be important in further elucidating their roles in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Thai
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Jason J. Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wee NKY, Novak S, Ghosh D, Root SH, Dickerson IM, Kalajzic I. Inhibition of CGRP signaling impairs fracture healing in mice. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:1228-1239. [PMID: 36281531 PMCID: PMC10123175 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide produced by sensory nerves and functions as a pain sensor. It acts by binding to the calcitonin-like receptor (CLR, protein; Calcrl, gene). CGRP inhibition has been recently introduced as therapeutic treatment of migraine-associated pain. Previous studies have shown that CGRP stimulates bone formation. The aim of our study is to determine whether the inhibition of CGRP signaling negatively impacted fracture healing. Using α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) Cre animals crossed with Ai9 reporter mice, we showed that CGRP-expressing nerves are near αSMA + cells in the periosteum. In vitro experiments revealed that periosteal cells express Calcrl and receptor activity modifying protein 1; and CGRP stimulation increased periosteal cell proliferation. Using a tamoxifen-inducible model αSMACre/CLRfl/fl , we targeted the deletion of CLR to periosteal progenitor cells and examined fracture healing. Microcomputed tomography of fractured femurs showed a reduction in bone mass in αSMACre+/CLRfl/fl female mice relative to controls and callus volume in males. Pharmacological CGRP-CLR inhibition was achieved by subcutaneous delivery of customized pellets with small molecule inhibitor olcegepant (BIBN-4096) at a dose of 10 μg/day. BIBN-4096-treated C57BL/6J mice had a higher latency toward thermal nociception than placebo-treated mice, indicating impaired sensory function through CGRP inhibition. CGRP inhibition also resulted in reduced callus volume, bone mass, and bone strength compared to placebo controls. These results indicate that inhibiting CGRP by deleting CLR or by using BIBN-4096, contributes to delayed bone healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie KY Wee
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Sanja Novak
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Debolina Ghosh
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sierra H Root
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ian M Dickerson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Qin H, Deng J, Xu H, Liu S, Weng J, Zeng H. Research Progress in Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Bone Repair. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050838. [PMID: 37238709 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has 37 amino acids. Initially, CGRP had vasodilatory and nociceptive effects. As research progressed, evidence revealed that the peripheral nervous system is closely associated with bone metabolism, osteogenesis, and bone remodeling. Thus, CGRP is the bridge between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle system. CGRP can promote osteogenesis, inhibit bone resorption, promote vascular growth, and regulate the immune microenvironment. The G protein-coupled pathway is vital for its effects, while MAPK, Hippo, NF-κB, and other pathways have signal crosstalk, affecting cell proliferation and differentiation. The current review provides a detailed description of the bone repair effects of CGRP, subjected to several therapeutic studies, such as drug injection, gene editing, and novel bone repair materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qichang Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Diseases and Biomaterials Research, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Haotian Qin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jiapeng Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Su Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jian Weng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Diseases and Biomaterials Research, Shenzhen 518036, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Multiple factors regulate the regeneration of craniofacial bone defects. The nervous system is recognized as one of the critical regulators of bone mass, thereby suggesting a role for neuronal pathways in bone regeneration. However, in the context of craniofacial bone regeneration, little is known about the interplay between the nervous system and craniofacial bone. Sensory and sympathetic nerves interact with the bone through their neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, proteins, peptides, and amino acid derivates. The neuron-derived factors, such as semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), possess a remarkable role in craniofacial regeneration. This review summarizes the roles of these factors and recently published factors such as secretoneurin (SN) and spexin (SPX) in the osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, bone metabolism, growth, remodeling and discusses the novel application of nerve-based craniofacial bone regeneration. Moreover, the review will facilitate understanding the mechanism of action and provide potential treatment direction for the craniofacial bone defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freshet Assefa
- Department of Biochemistry, Collage of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu S, Chen T, Wang R, Huang H, Fu S, Zhao Y, Wang S, Wan L. Exploring the effect of the "quaternary regulation" theory of "peripheral nerve-angiogenesis-osteoclast-osteogenesis" on osteoporosis based on neuropeptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908043. [PMID: 35983518 PMCID: PMC9379541 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common bone metabolic disease among the middle-aged and elderly, with its high incidence rate and a major cause of disability and mortality. Early studies found that bone metabolic homeostasis is achieved through osteogenesis-osteoclast coupling. Although current anti-osteoporosis drugs can attenuate bone loss caused by aging, they present specific side effects. With the discovery of CD31hi Emcnhi blood vessels in 2014, the effect of H-type blood vessels on bone metabolism has been valued by researchers, and the ternary regulation theory of bone metabolism of "Angiogenesis-Osteoclast-Osteogenesis" has also been recognized. Nowadays, more studies have confirmed that peripheral nerves substantially impact bone metabolism. However, due to the complex function of peripheral nerves, the crosstalk mechanism of "Peripheral nerve-Angiogenesis-Osteoclast-Osteogenesis" has not yet been fully revealed. Neuropeptide serves as signaling molecules secreted by peripheral nerves that regulate blood vessels, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts' functions. It is likely to be the breakthrough point of the quaternary regulation theory of "Peripheral nerve-Angiogenesis-Osteoclast-Osteogenesis". Here, we discuss the effect of peripheral nerves on osteoporosis based on neuropeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongying Chen
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongxing Huang
- Department of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai Fu
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Wan,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang M, Luo P, Zhang F, Xu K, Feng R, Xu P. Large-scale correlation analysis of deep venous thrombosis and gut microbiota. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1025918. [PMID: 36419497 PMCID: PMC9677955 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1025918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although previous studies have shown that gut microbiota may be involved in the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), the specific link between the two remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore this question from a genetic perspective. Materials and methods Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data of DVT were obtained from the UK Biobank (N = 9,059). GWAS summary data of the gut microbiota were obtained from the Flemish Gut Flora Project (N = 2,223) and two German cohorts (FoCus, N = 950; PopGen, N = 717). All the participants were of European ancestry. Linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) regression has great potential for analyzing the heritability of disease or character traits. LDSC regression was used to analyze the genetic correlation between DVT and the gut microbiota based on the GWAS summary data obtained from previous studies. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to analyze the genetic causal relationship between DVT and the gut microbiota. We used the random effects inverse variance weighted, MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode to perform MR analysis. We performed a sensitivity analysis of the MR analysis results by examining heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. Results Linkage disequilibrium score analysis showed that Streptococcaceae (correlation coefficient = -0.542, SE = 0.237, P = 0.022), Dialister (correlation coefficient = -0.623, SE = 0.316, P = 0.049), Streptococcus (correlation coefficient = -0.576, SE = 0.264, P = 0.029), and Lactobacillales (correlation coefficient = -0.484, SE = 0.237, P = 0.042) had suggestive genetic correlation with DVT. In addition, the MR analysis showed that Streptococcaceae had a positive genetic causal relationship with DVT (P = 0.027, OR = 1.005). There was no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy in the MR analysis (P > 0.05). Conclusion In this study, four gut microbes (Streptococcaceae, Dialister Streptococcus, Lactobacillales) had suggestive genetic correlations with DVT, and Streptococcaceae had a positive causal relationship with DVT. Our findings provide a new research direction for the further study of and prevention of DVT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruoyang Feng
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Assefa F, Kim JA, Lim J, Nam SH, Shin HI, Park EK. The Neuropeptide Spexin Promotes the Osteoblast Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells via the MEK/ERK Pathway and Bone Regeneration in a Mouse Calvarial Defect Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 19:189-202. [PMID: 34951679 PMCID: PMC8782952 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural regulation of bone regeneration has emerged recently. Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide and regulates multiple biological functions. However, the effects of SPX on osteogenic differentiation need to be further investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of SPX on osteogenic differentiation, possible underlying mechanisms, and bone regeneration. METHODS In this study, MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with various concentrations of SPX. Cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation marker expressions, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), ALP staining, and alizarin red S staining, respectively. To determine the underlying molecular mechanism of SPX, the phosphorylation levels of signaling molecules were examined via western blot analysis. Moreover, in vivo bone regeneration by SPX (0.5 and 1 µg/µl) was evaluated in a calvarial defect model. New bone formation was analyzed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. RESULTS The results indicated that cell proliferation was not affected by SPX. However, SPX significantly increased ALP activity, mineralization, and the expression of genes for osteogenic differentiation markers, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Alp, collagen alpha-1(I) chain (Col1a1), osteocalcin (Oc), and bone sialoprotein (Bsp). In contrast, SPX downregulated the expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1). Moreover, SPX upregulated phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). In vivo studies, micro-CT and histologic analysis revealed that SPX markedly increased a new bone formation. CONCLUSION Overall, these results demonstrated that SPX stimulated osteogenic differentiation in vitro and increased in vivo bone regeneration via the MEK/ERK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freshet Assefa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Ju Ang Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Jiwon Lim
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Nam
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Köhli P, Appelt J, Otto E, Jahn D, Baranowsky A, Bahn A, Erdmann C, Müchler J, Mülleder M, Tsitsilonis S, Keller J. Effects of CGRP receptor antagonism on glucose and bone metabolism in mice with diet-induced obesity. Bone 2021; 143:115646. [PMID: 32942062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) complexing with receptor activity-modifiying protein 1 (RAMP1), have been shown to be crucially involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. However, CGRP also plays a pivotal role in regulating bone turnover and was suggested to contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, our study was designed to characterize the effects of CGRP antagonism on bone and glucose metabolism in a murine model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). A subcutaneous pellet releasing the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN 4096 (BIBN; olcegepant) was implanted in WT mice with DIO. Metabolic effects were assessed through body- and organ-weights, oral glucose tolerance (oGT), serum lipids, and gene-expression studies. Bone turnover was assessed through histomorphometry of non-decalcified bone sections and analyses of bone turnover markers in serum samples. BIBN treatment did not alter body weight gain or the levels of serum lipids including triacylglycerol and cholesterol during DIO. BIBN led to a moderate improvement of oGT which was accompanied by an increased expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the liver. In skeletal tissue, BIBN treatment resulted in reduced bone volume. This was explained by decreased parameters of bone formation whereas bone resorption was not affected. Our results indicate that inhibition of CGRP signaling only moderately affects glucose metabolism during DIO but significantly impairs bone formation. As novel agents blocking CGRP or its receptor are currently introduced clinically for the treatment of migraine disorders, their potential negative impact on bone metabolism requires further clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Köhli
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessika Appelt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Otto
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Jahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Clinic of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Bahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Cordula Erdmann
- Clinic of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Müchler
- Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Clinic of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goals of this review are two folds: (1) to describe the recent understandings on the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide-α (CGRP) in bone homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms of related neuronal regulation and (2) to propose innovative CGRP-modulated approaches for enhancing bone regeneration in challenging bone disorders. RECENT FINDINGS CGRP is predominantly produced by the densely distributed sensory neuronal fibers in bone, declining with age. Under mechanical and biochemical stimulations, CGRP releases and exerts either physiological or pathophysiological roles. CGRP at physiological level orchestrates the communications of bone cells with cells of other lineages, affecting not only osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and adipogenesis but also angiogenesis, demonstrating with pronounced anabolic effect, thus is essential for maintaining bone homeostasis, with tuned nerve-vessel-bone network. In addition, its effects on immunity and cell recruitment are also crucial for bone fracture healing. Binding to the G protein-coupled receptor composited by calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) on cellular surface, CGRP triggers various intracellular signaling cascades involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Peaking at early stage post-fracture, CGRP promotes bone formation, displaying with larger callus. Then CGRP gradually decreases over time, allowing normal or physiological bone remodeling. By elevating CGRP at early stage, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), electrical stimulation, and magnesium-based bio-mineral products may promisingly accelerate bone regeneration experimentally in medical conditions like osteoporosis, osteoporotic fracture, and spine fusion. Excess CGRP expression is commonly observed in pathological conditions including cancer metastatic lesions in bone and fracture delayed- or non-healing, resulting in persistent chronic pain. To date, these discoveries have largely been limited to animal models. Clinical applications are highly desirable. Compelling evidence show the anabolic effects of CGRP on bone in animals. However, further validation on the role of CGRP and the underlying mechanisms in human skeletons is required. It remains unclear if it is type H vessel connecting neuronal CGRP to osteogenesis, and if there is only specific rather than all osteoprogenitors responsible to CGRP. Clear priority should be put to eliminate these knowledge gaps by integrating with high-resolution 3D imaging of transparent bulk bone and single-cell RNA-sequencing. Last but not the least, given that small molecule antagonists such as BIBN4096BS can block the beneficial effects of CGRP on bone, concerns on the potential side effects of humanized CGRP-neutralizing antibodies when systemically administrated to treat migraine in clinics are arising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Health and Science Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ye Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Health and Science Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wuertz-Kozak K, Roszkowski M, Cambria E, Block A, Kuhn GA, Abele T, Hitzl W, Drießlein D, Müller R, Rapp MA, Mansuy IM, Peters EMJ, Wippert PM. Effects of Early Life Stress on Bone Homeostasis in Mice and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6634. [PMID: 32927845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone pathology is frequent in stressed individuals. A comprehensive examination of mechanisms linking life stress, depression and disturbed bone homeostasis is missing. In this translational study, mice exposed to early life stress (MSUS) were examined for bone microarchitecture (μCT), metabolism (qPCR/ELISA), and neuronal stress mediator expression (qPCR) and compared with a sample of depressive patients with or without early life stress by analyzing bone mineral density (BMD) (DXA) and metabolic changes in serum (osteocalcin, PINP, CTX-I). MSUS mice showed a significant decrease in NGF, NPYR1, VIPR1 and TACR1 expression, higher innervation density in bone, and increased serum levels of CTX-I, suggesting a milieu in favor of catabolic bone turnover. MSUS mice had a significantly lower body weight compared to control mice, and this caused minor effects on bone microarchitecture. Depressive patients with experiences of childhood neglect also showed a catabolic pattern. A significant reduction in BMD was observed in depressive patients with childhood abuse and stressful life events during childhood. Therefore, future studies on prevention and treatment strategies for both mental and bone disease should consider early life stress as a risk factor for bone pathologies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lai M, Yan X, Shen K, Tang Q, Fang X, Zhang C, Zhu Z, Hou Y. The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide functionalized TiO2 nanotubes on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Appelt J, Baranowsky A, Jahn D, Yorgan T, Köhli P, Otto E, Farahani SK, Graef F, Fuchs M, Herrera A, Amling M, Schinke T, Frosch KH, Duda GN, Tsitsilonis S, Keller J. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha is essential for bone healing. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102970. [PMID: 32853990 PMCID: PMC7452713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired fracture healing represents an ongoing clinical challenge, as treatment options remain limited. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide targeted by emerging anti-migraine drugs, is also expressed in sensory nerve fibres innervating bone tissue. Method Bone healing following a femoral osteotomy stabilized with an external fixator was analysed over 21 days in αCGRP-deficient and WT mice. Bone regeneration was evaluated by serum analysis, µCT analysis, histomorphometry and genome-wide expression analysis. Bone-marrow-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as the CGRP antagonist olcegepant were employed for mechanistic studies. Findings WT mice with a femoral fracture display increased CGRP serum levels. αCGRP mRNA expression after skeletal injury is exclusively induced in callus tissue, but not in other organs. On protein level, CGRP and its receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) complexing with RAMP1, are differentially expressed in the callus during bone regeneration. On the other hand, αCGRP-deficient mice display profoundly impaired bone regeneration characterised by a striking reduction in the number of bone-forming osteoblasts and a high rate of incomplete callus bridging and non-union. As assessed by genome-wide expression analysis, CGRP induces the expression of specific genes linked to ossification, bone remodeling and adipogenesis. This suggests that CGRP receptor-dependent PPARγ signaling plays a central role in fracture healing. Interpretation This study demonstrates an essential role of αCGRP in orchestrating callus formation and identifies CGRP receptor agonism as a potential approach to stimulate bone regeneration. Moreover, as novel agents blocking CGRP or its receptor CRLR are currently introduced clinically for the treatment of migraine disorders, their potential negative impact on bone regeneration warrants clinical investigation. Funding This work was funded by grants from the Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Appelt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Denise Jahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Timur Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Paul Köhli
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Otto
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeed Khomeijani Farahani
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Frank Graef
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Fuchs
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aarón Herrera
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Frosch
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xie J, Guo J, Kanwal Z, Wu M, Lv X, Ibrahim NA, Li P, Buabeid MA, Arafa ESA, Sun Q. Calcitonin and Bone Physiology: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Investigations. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:3236828. [PMID: 32963524 PMCID: PMC7501564 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3236828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin was discovered as a peptide hormone that was known to reduce the calcium levels in the systemic circulation. This hypocalcemic effect is produced due to multiple reasons such as inhibition of bone resorption or suppression of calcium release from the bone. Thus, calcitonin was said as a primary regulator of the bone resorption process. This is the reason why calcitonin has been used widely in clinics for the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease. However, presently calcitonin usage is declined due to the development of efficacious formulations of new drugs. Calcitonin gene-related peptides and several other peptides such as intermedin, amylin, and adrenomedullin (ADM) are categorized in calcitonin family. These peptides are known for the structural similarity with calcitonin. Aside from having a similar structure, these peptides have few overlapping biological activities and signal transduction action through related receptors. However, several other activities are also present that are peptide specific. In vitro and in vivo studies documented the posttreatment effects of calcitonin peptides, i.e., positive effect on bone osteoblasts and their formation and negative effect on osteoclasts and their resorption. The recent research studies carried out on genetically modified mice showed the inhibition of osteoclast activity by amylin, while astonishingly calcitonin plays its role by suppressing osteoblast and bone turnover. This article describes the review of the bone, the activity of the calcitonin family of peptides, and the link between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Fengcheng People's Hospital, Fengcheng, Jiangxi 331100, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of the Second Orthopedics, Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Hongdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China
| | | | - Mingzheng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Pu'ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Xiangyang Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710100, China
| | | | - Ping Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan 625000, China
| | | | | | - Qingshan Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li FXZ, Xu F, Lin X, Wu F, Zhong JY, Wang Y, Guo B, Zheng MH, Shan SK, Yuan LQ. The Role of Substance P in the Regulation of Bone and Cartilage Metabolic Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:77. [PMID: 32180759 PMCID: PMC7059306 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from sensory nerve endings and is widely present in nerve fibers. It acts on bones and related tissues by binding to receptors, thereby regulating bone metabolism, cartilage metabolism, and fracture healing. SP has attracted widespread attention as a signaling substance that can be recognized by both the immune system and the nervous system. Previous studies have shown that bone and chondrocytes can synthesize and secrete sensory neuropeptides and express their receptors, and can promote proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, matrix synthesis, and the degradation of target cells through autocrine/paracrine modes. In this paper, we review the research progress made in this field in recent years in order to provide a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of bone and cartilage physiology and pathological metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brazill JM, Beeve AT, Craft CS, Ivanusic JJ, Scheller EL. Nerves in Bone: Evolving Concepts in Pain and Anabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1393-1406. [PMID: 31247122 PMCID: PMC6697229 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The innervation of bone has been described for centuries, and our understanding of its function has rapidly evolved over the past several decades to encompass roles of subtype-specific neurons in skeletal homeostasis. Current research has been largely focused on the distribution and function of specific neuronal populations within bone, as well as their cellular and molecular relationships with target cells in the bone microenvironment. This review provides a historical perspective of the field of skeletal neurobiology that highlights the diverse yet interconnected nature of nerves and skeletal health, particularly in the context of bone anabolism and pain. We explore what is known regarding the neuronal subtypes found in the skeleton, their distribution within bone compartments, and their central projection pathways. This neuroskeletal map then serves as a foundation for a comprehensive discussion of the neural control of skeletal development, homeostasis, repair, and bone pain. Active synthesis of this research recently led to the first biotherapeutic success story in the field. Specifically, the ongoing clinical trials of anti-nerve growth factor therapeutics have been optimized to titrated doses that effectively alleviate pain while maintaining bone and joint health. Continued collaborations between neuroscientists and bone biologists are needed to build on this progress, leading to a more complete understanding of neural regulation of the skeleton and development of novel therapeutics. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Brazill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alec T Beeve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clarissa S Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason J Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sunohara M, Kamata H, Maeda Y, Miwa Y, Karibe H, Sato I. Distribution of glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1 and neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAs during formation of the embryonic and postnatal mouse molar in the maxilla. Ann Anat 2019; 227:151401. [PMID: 31330309 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a well-characterized neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1 (Grik1) has also been demonstrated to generate high-affinity kainate receptors. However, little is known about the roles of CGRP and Grik1 during the developmental formation of teeth. In this study, we endeavoured to analyse the expression and localization of CGRP and Grik1 mRNAs using in situ hybridization on the mouse maxilla during development from the embryonic stage (E18.5) to after birth (P10, P15 and P20). We found that hybridization with an anti-sense probe for CGRP clearly localized in the maxilla at E18.5 in contrast to that of P15 and P20. Hybridization with an anti-sense probe for CGRP was not detected in the dental pulp of molars in the maxilla at P10, which is in contrast to Grik1 mRNA at the same developmental stage. Hybridization with an anti-sense probe for Grik1 mRNA was detected in the basal region of the dental pulp of molars at P10 and P15. Finally, these markers were not detected in molars in the mouse maxilla at P20. The ratio of positive cells for the hybridization signals of Grik1and CGRP in the dental pulp decreased from E18.5 (p<0.001). These features in CGRP and Grik1r mRNAs may indicate roles of function during tooth development between embryonic and postnatal stages with root formation and erupted movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Sunohara
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamata
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Maeda
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Anatomy, Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Miwa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Karibe
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Sato
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jia S, Zhang SJ, Wang XD, Yang ZH, Sun YN, Gupta A, Hou R, Lei DL, Hu KJ, Ye WM, Wang L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances osteogenic differentiation and recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1039-1046. [PMID: 31316600 PMCID: PMC6601389 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in vitro and in a rat model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). Rat BMMSCs were isolated then treated with CGRP or CGRP antagonist (CGRP8-37). The proliferation and migration ability of BMMSCs was determined using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine and Transwell assays, respectively. Osteogenic-related gene expression was analyzed with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. For the in vivo analysis, thirty MDO rats were randomly assigned to control, CGRP or CGRP8-37 groups. To evaluate the mobilization of BMMSCs, nestin and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Rats were sacrificed following 14 days and new bone formation was assessed by histological and micro-computed tomography analysis. In the in vitro results, the CGRP group demonstrated significantly higher migration and proliferation, as well as enhanced alkaline phosphatase and runt-related transcription factor 2 expression compared with the control. In the in vivo experiments, bone mineral density of the newly formed bone in the CGRP group was significantly higher than controls. The nestin and SDF-1 expression in the CGRP group was also significantly upregulated. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CGRP administration increased new bone formation, possibly via enhancing BMMSC migration and differentiation in MDO rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jian Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Anand Gupta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, Haryana 160030, India
| | - Rui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - De-Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Min Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE This review explores the mechanisms of joint pain with a special focus on the role of neuropeptides in pain transmission and their potential role in the progression of joint degeneration as seen in osteoarthritis. METHODS A literature search was performed on papers published between January 1990 and September 2017 using the Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE and Scopus databases. RESULTS What is seen in the subchondral bone and synovia is mirrored in the central nervous system (CNS). Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y are the major peptides involved both in the generation of pain as well as reducing pain post-joint trauma. The interplay between them and other neuropeptides and cytokines influence how noxious stimuli are transduced, transmitted and modulated for a final pain perception as part of a complex cascade of events. There is a close interaction between the different components in the joint that together cross-talk to adapt to load and catabolic factors during injury and inflammation. CONCLUSION The articular joint should be seen as an organ where local joint pain development and maintenance is influenced by interplay between the local transmitters in the joints as well as their dependence on the CNS. A slow-release cocktail of mixed antibodies targeted against neuropeptides and receptor blockers/stimulators involved in the events of early joint pain or any inflammatory joint disease is a future treatment target. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Gatenholm
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Mats Brittberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Hallands Sjukhus, Kungsbacka, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Calcitonin was discovered over 50 yr ago as a new hormone that rapidly lowers circulating calcium levels. This effect is caused by the inhibition of calcium efflux from bone, as calcitonin is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Calcitonin has been in clinical use for conditions of accelerated bone turnover, including Paget's disease and osteoporosis; although in recent years, with the development of drugs that are more potent inhibitors of bone resorption, its use has declined. A number of peptides that are structurally similar to calcitonin form the calcitonin family, which currently includes calcitonin gene-related peptides (αCGRP and βCGRP), amylin, adrenomedullin, and intermedin. Apart from being structurally similar, the peptides signal through related receptors and have some overlapping biological activities, although other activities are peptide specific. In bone, in vitro studies and administration of the peptides to animals generally found inhibitory effects on osteoclasts and bone resorption and positive effects on osteoblasts and bone formation. Surprisingly, studies in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that the physiological role of calcitonin appears to be the inhibition of osteoblast activity and bone turnover, whereas amylin inhibits osteoclast activity. The review article focuses on the activities of peptides of the calcitonin family in bone and the challenges in understanding the relationship between the pharmacological effects and the physiological roles of these peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Naot
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - David S Musson
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
It is from the discovery of leptin and the central nervous system as a regulator of bone remodeling that the presence of autonomic nerves within the skeleton transitioned from a mere histological observation to the mechanism whereby neurons of the central nervous system communicate with cells of the bone microenvironment and regulate bone homeostasis. This shift in paradigm sparked new preclinical and clinical investigations aimed at defining the contribution of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves to the process of bone development, bone mass accrual, bone remodeling, and cancer metastasis. The aim of this article is to review the data that led to the current understanding of the interactions between the autonomic and skeletal systems and to present a critical appraisal of the literature, bringing forth a schema that can put into physiological and clinical context the main genetic and pharmacological observations pointing to the existence of an autonomic control of skeletal homeostasis. The different types of nerves found in the skeleton, their functional interactions with bone cells, their impact on bone development, bone mass accrual and remodeling, and the possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Skeletal Medicine and Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu J, Liu S, Wang Z, Ma S, Meng H, Hu J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells via inhibiting MAPK signaling. Proteome Sci 2018; 16:18. [PMID: 30473635 PMCID: PMC6236989 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) contributes to bone formation by stimulating bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) proliferation and differentiation. However, the proliferative and apoptotic effects of CGRP on bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have not been investigated. Methods We tested the effects of CGRP on EPC proliferation and apoptosis by Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, and studied the effects of CGRP on the expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related markers in EPCs and the underlying mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Results We detected EPC markers (CD34, CD133 and VEGFR-2) in 7-day cultures and found that CGRP (10− 10–10− 12 M) promoted the proliferation of cultured EPCs, with a peak increase of 30% at 10− 10 M CGRP. CGRP also upregulated the expression of proliferation-associated genes, including cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and increased the percentages of G2/M-phase and S-phase cells after incubation 72 h. CGRP inhibited serum deprivation (SD)-induced apoptosis in EPCs after 24 and 48 h and downregulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes, including caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and Bax. Phosphorylated (p-)ERK1/2, p-p38 and p-JNK protein levels in EPCs treated with CGRP were significantly lower than those in untreated EPCs. Pre-treatment with the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) antagonist CGRP8–37 or a MAPK pathway inhibitor (PD98059, SB203580 or SP600125) completely or partially reversed the pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects and the reduced p-ERK1/2, p-p38 and p-JNK expression induced by CGRP. Conclusion Our results show that CGRP exerts pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on EPCs and may act by inhibiting MAPK pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-018-0146-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510800 Guangdong Province China
| | - Song Liu
- 2Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, 510150 Guangdong Province China.,3Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, 510515 Guangdong Province China
| | - Zhao Wang
- 2Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, 510150 Guangdong Province China
| | - Shenghui Ma
- 3Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, 510515 Guangdong Province China
| | - Huan Meng
- 3Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, 510515 Guangdong Province China
| | - Jijie Hu
- 3Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, 510515 Guangdong Province China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested one of the neurotransmitters, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), modulates local regulation of bone metabolism; however, the regulating signaling pathway is still being explored. The objective of this study was to determine whether CGRP deficiency affects the osteogenesis surrounding titanium implants in vivo. Titanium screws were implanted in 72 adult rats, which were divided into three groups randomly: Sham, inferior alveolar neurectomy (IAN), and IAN+CGRP. Saline solution containing CGRP (concentration: 100 nmol/L) was injected into the area surrounding the implants in the IAN+CGRP group every day post operation. According to histological observations and Micro-CT, osteogenesis surrounding the implant was suppressed in the IAN group compared to that in the Sham and IAN+CGRP groups; the highest degree of osteogenesis was observed in the Sham group. This effect was also proved via the gene expressions of osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor 2 surrounding the implant by real-time (RT) PCR analysis. In addition, through immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis, levels of CGRP and β-catenin were also reduced in the IAN group, while the highest expression was observed in the Sham group (p < 0.05). Our results collectively suggest that the titanium implant bone model established by IAN exhibited CGRP deficiency and reduced osteogenesis surrounding the implant. Additionally, the expression analyses suggest that the canonical Wnt signaling pathway could be involved in this process of bone metabolism in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Guangsen Zheng
- b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Li Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yiyao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Qianming Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - En Luo
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Bone tissue is highly vascularized due to the various roles bone blood vessels play in bone and bone marrow function. For example, the vascular system is critical for bone development, maintenance and repair and provides O2, nutrients, waste elimination, systemic hormones and precursor cells for bone remodeling. Further, bone blood vessels serve as egress and ingress routes for blood and immune cells to and from the bone marrow. It is becoming increasingly clear that the vascular and skeletal systems are intimately linked in metabolic regulation and physiological and pathological processes. This review examines how agents such as mechanical loading, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, vitamin D and calcitonin, all considered anabolic for bone, have tremendous impacts on the bone vasculature. In fact, these agents influence bone blood vessels prior to influencing bone. Further, data reveal strong associations between vasodilator capacity of bone blood vessels and trabecular bone volume, and poor associations between estrogen status and uterine mass and trabecular bone volume. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of the bone microcirculation, particularly the vascular endothelium and NO-mediated signaling, in the regulation of bone blood flow, bone interstitial fluid flow and pressure and the paracrine signaling of bone cells. Finally, the vascular endothelium as a mediator of bone health and disease is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Prisby
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen J, Ma G, Liu W, Liu Y, Ding Y. The influence of the sensory neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2017; 35:473-484. [PMID: 27623790 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-016-0780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from ovariectomized (OVX) rats, an OVX rat model was used. An ELISA was performed to examine the changes in CGRP level in the plasma and skeleton. The BMSCs from the sham rats were designated group A. The BMSCs from the OVX rats (groups B, C, D and E) were treated with different concentrations of CGRP (10-6, 10-8, 10-10 and 0 M) in vitro. The proliferation and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential of the BMSCs were evaluated. BMSCs sheets and Bio-Oss® mixtures were transplanted into nude mice to observe the effects of CGRP on bone formation in vivo. The level of CGRP was decreased by almost 27 and 17 % in the plasma and bone, respectively, in OVX rats compared with sham rats (p < 0.05). Treatment with CGRP increased the proliferation and mineralization of BMSCs, and significantly decreased the lipid accumulation of BMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of Runx2 and Osterix was upregulated, but the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was significantly downregulated in groups B, C and D compared with group E (p < 0.05). Micro computed tomography showed no difference between the images of the planted mixtures. Hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed the formation of slightly more hard bone-like structures in groups B and C. These results suggested that CGRP played a role in adjusting bone mass and strength by promoting the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as well as significantly suppressing the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University (FMMU), Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, Lanzhou Military Region General Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University (FMMU), Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Postgraduate Institute, FMMU, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanpu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University (FMMU), Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Ding
- Department of Oral Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Western Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Y, Yang L, Zheng Z, Li Z, Deng T, Ren W, Wu C, Guo L. Bio-Oss ® modified by calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes osteogenesis in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4001-4008. [PMID: 29067095 PMCID: PMC5647716 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-Oss® and α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are involved in osteogenesis. However, it has remained to be assessed how α-CGRP affects the effect of Bio-Oss. In the present study, primary osteoblasts were incubated with α-CGRP, Bio-Oss, α-GGRP-Bio-Oss or mimic-α-CGRP. The proliferation rate, mineralization nodules, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteogenic genes were measured by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Alizarin Red-S staining, ALP activity detection and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR as well as western blot analysis, respectively. The proliferation rate, ALP activity and the number of mineralization nodules were significantly increased in the α-CGRP-modified Bio-Oss group compared to that in the Bio-Oss group. The mRNA and protein levels of osteocalcin, Runt-related transcription factor-2 and ALP were significantly upregulated in the α-CGRP-Bio-Oss group compared with those in the Bio-Oss group. Furthermore, the effect of mimic-α-CGRP on osteogenesis was reduced as it carried a mutation. In conclusion, the present study was the first to demonstrate that Bio-Oss modified with CGRP contributed to osteogenesis and may provide a novel formulation applied in the clinic for restoration of large bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Tian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Caijuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Lvhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang C, Liu Y, Fan Y, Li X. The use of bioactive peptides to modify materials for bone tissue repair. Regen Biomater 2017; 4:191-206. [PMID: 28596916 PMCID: PMC5458541 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well recognized that the modification of biomaterials with appropriate bioactive peptides could further enhance their functions. Especially, it has been shown that peptide-modified bone repair materials could promote new bone formation more efficiently compared with conventional ones. The purpose of this article is to give a general review of recent studies on bioactive peptide-modified materials for bone tissue repair. Firstly, the main peptides for inducing bone regeneration and commonly used methods to prepare peptide-modified bone repair materials are introduced. Then, current in vitro and in vivo research progress of peptide-modified composites used as potential bone repair materials are reviewed and discussed. Generally speaking, the recent related studies have fully suggested that the modification of bone repair materials with osteogenic-related peptides provide promising strategies for the development of bioactive materials and substrates for enhanced bone regeneration and the therapy of bone tissue diseases. Furthermore, we have proposed some research trends in the conclusion and perspectives part.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maeda Y, Miwa Y, Sato I. Expression of CGRP, vasculogenesis and osteogenesis associated mRNAs in the developing mouse mandible and tibia. Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2750. [PMID: 28348418 PMCID: PMC5289303 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a well-characterized neurotransmitter. However, little is known about the role of CGRP in osteogenesis and vascular genesis during the developmental formation of bone. In the present study, we assessed the abundance of CGRP mRNA and the mRNA of osteogenesis and vascular genesis markers in the foetal mouse mandible and leg bone (tibia). We also analysed the expression and localization of CGRP, osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization in the mouse mandible and tibia at embryonic days 12.5 (E12.5), E14.5, E17.5, and postnatal day 1 (P1). CGRP was clearly detected in the mandible relative to the tibia at E14.5. Hybridization using an anti-sense probe for CGRP was not detected in the mandible at P1. Hybridization with an anti-sense probe for OPN was detected at E14.5, later in the mandible and at P1 in Meckel’s cartilage. However, OPN was only detected in the tibia at E17.5 and later. The abundance of CGRP mRNA differed between the mandible and tibia. The level of vasculogenesis markers, such as VEGF-A, was similar to that of CGRP in the mandible. The levels of VEGF-A, cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LIVE-1) differed from that of OPN in the mandible. In contrast, the levels of VEGF-A, CD31, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), collagen I (Col I), collagen II (Col II) and OPN mRNA differed from E12.5 to P1 (P<0.001) in the tibia. The abundance of mRNA of CGRP and bone matrix markers (Col I, Col II, and OPN) was low at P5 in the tibia. These differences in CGRP and other mRNAs may induce a different manner of ossification between the mandible and tibia. Therefore, a time lag of ossification occurs between the mandible and tibia during foetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Maeda
- The Nippon Dental University, Department of Anatomy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
It is known that nerve fibers containing neuropeptides such as galanin increase in the periodontal ligament during experimental tooth movement. However, the origin of galanin-containing nerve fibers in the periodontal ligament remains unclear. This study was conducted to examine our hypothesis that the increased galanin nerve fibers have a sensory neuronal origin, and that the peptide is associated with pain transmission and/or periodontal ligament remodeling during experimental tooth movement. In control rats, galanin-immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion cells were very rare and were observed predominantly in small ganglion cells. After 3 days of experimental tooth movement, galanin-immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion cells significantly increased, and the most marked increase was observed at 5 days after experimental tooth movement. Furthermore, their cell size spectrum also significantly changed after 3 and 5 days of movement: Medium-sized and large trigeminal ganglion cells began expressing, and continued to express, galanin until 14 days after experimental tooth movement. These findings suggest that the increase of galanin in the periodontal ligament during experimental tooth movement at least partially originates from trigeminal ganglion neurons and may play a role in pain transmission and/or periodontal remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Deguchi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yuen-Chi Lau R, Qian X, Po KT, Li LM, Guo X. Response of Rat Tibia to Prolonged Unloading Under the Influence of Electrical Stimulation at the Dorsal Root Ganglion. Neuromodulation 2016; 20:284-289. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Yuen-Chi Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; the Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Xing Qian
- School of Aerospace; Tsinghua University; People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ting Po
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; the Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Lu-Ming Li
- School of Aerospace; Tsinghua University; People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; the Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering and the research surrounding peptides has expanded significantly over the last few decades. Several peptides have been shown to support and stimulate the bone healing response and have been proposed as therapeutic vehicles for clinical use. The aim of this comprehensive review is to present the clinical and experimental studies analysing the potential role of peptides for bone healing and bone regeneration. METHODS A systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Articles presenting peptides capable of exerting an upregulatory effect on osteoprogenitor cells and bone healing were included in the study. RESULTS Based on the available literature, a significant amount of experimental in vitro and in vivo evidence exists. Several peptides were found to upregulate the bone healing response in experimental models and could act as potential candidates for future clinical applications. However, from the available peptides that reached the level of clinical trials, the presented results are limited. CONCLUSION Further research is desirable to shed more light into the processes governing the osteoprogenitor cellular responses. With further advances in the field of biomimetic materials and scaffolds, new treatment modalities for bone repair will emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michalis Panteli
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elena Jones
- Unit of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital, University of Leeds, LS9 7TF, Leeds, UK
| | - Giorgio Maria Calori
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, ISTITUTO ORTOPEDICO GAETANO PINI, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, LS7 4SA Leeds, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakasa T, Ishikawa M, Takada T, Miyaki S, Ochi M. Attenuation of cartilage degeneration by calcitonin gene-related paptide receptor antagonist via inhibition of subchondral bone sclerosis in osteoarthritis mice. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1177-84. [PMID: 26686833 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disorder which affects cartilage and subchondral bone. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a role in bone metabolism. The purpose of this study is to examine the therapeutic effect of the blocking CGRP on OA progression in mice by inhibition of subchondral bone sclerosis. OA was induced by the resection of the medial meniscotibial ligament of the knee in C57/BL6 mice. An intraperitoneal injection of the CGRP receptor antagonist (BIBN4096) was administered after OA surgery. At 1, 4, and 8 weeks after injection, histological analysis were performed. In vitro, the effect of CGRP and BIBN4096 on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis was analyzed. BIBN4096 could prevent cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone sclerosis. The OARSI score in the BIBN4096 group was significantly lower than that in the control. In vitro, CGRP up regulated osteocalcin expression, but its expression was down regulated by BIBN4096. CGRP inhibited osteoclastogenesis of raw 267.4 cells, but its effect was reduced by the addition of BIBN4096.The current study showed that subchondral bone sclerosis and increasing expression of CGRP occurs in the early phase of OA in relation to cartilage degeneration, and that BIBN4096 could effectively attenuate OA progression. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1177-1184, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nakasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ochi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou R, Yuan Z, Liu J, Liu J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes the expression of osteoblastic genes and activates the WNT signal transduction pathway in bone marrow stromal stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4689-96. [PMID: 27082317 PMCID: PMC4878536 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is known to induce osteoblastic differentiation and alkaline phosphatase activity in bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs). However, it has remained elusive whether this effect is mediated by CGRP receptors directly or whether other signaling pathways are involved. The present study assessed the possible involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the activation of CGRP signaling during the differentiation of BMSCs. First, the differentiation of BMSCs was induced in vitro and the expression of CGRP receptors was examined by western blot analysis. The effects of exogenous CGRP and LiCl, a stimulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, on the osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs were assessed; furthermore, the expression of mRNA and proteins involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was assessed using quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. The results revealed that CGRP receptors were expressed throughout the differentiation of BMSCs, at days 7 and 14. Incubation with CGRP and LiCl led to the upregulation of the expression of osteoblastic genes associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, including the mRNA of c-myc, cyclin D1, Lef1, Tcf7 and β-catenin as well as β-catenin protein. However, the upregulation of these genes and β-catenin protein was inhibited by CGRP receptor antagonist or secreted frizzled-related protein, an antagonist of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The results of the present study therefore suggested that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in CGRP- and LiCl-promoted osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ri Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jierong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xiao J, Yu W, Wang X, Wang B, Chen J, Liu Y, Li Z. Correlation between neuropeptide distribution, cancellous bone microstructure and joint pain in postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Neuropeptides 2016; 56:97-104. [PMID: 26706183 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between the distribution of neuropeptides, cancellous bone microstructure and joint pain in postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP). METHODS Cancellous bone of the femoral head was obtained at the time of hip arthroplasty from 20 postmenopausal women, 10 with OA and 10 with OP. Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) before the operation. The microstructural parameters were measured with micro-CT and the neuropeptides of the cancellous bone were stained by an immunohistochemical method. RESULTS We observed that BV/TV, Tb.Th and Th.N values in the OP were significantly decreased compared to those in the OA. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the mean optical density (MOD) values for SP, CGRP, and VIP in the OA group were significantly higher than those in the OP, and the MOD value for NPY in the OA was significantly lower than that in the OP. We also observed that the MOD values for SP were positively correlated with AD, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N and Conn.D and negatively with MD, Tb.Sp and SMI in all patients. The MOD values for CGRP were positively correlated with AD, BV/TV and Tb.Th. MOD values for VIP were positively correlated with BV/TV and Tb.Th and negatively with SMI. The VAS score was correlated positively with the MOD values for SP, CGRP, VIP and negatively with NPY in all patients. CONCLUSIONS Neuropeptides play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA and OP, which may cause pain and influence the bone microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiangrui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhanchun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
He H, Chai J, Zhang S, Ding L, Yan P, Du W, Yang Z. CGRP may regulate bone metabolism through stimulating osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast formation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3977-84. [PMID: 27035229 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide, which is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Numerous mechanisms underlying the action of CGRP in osteoblast-associated cells have been suggested for bone growth and metabolism. The present study was designed to closely investigate the osteoblast‑ and osteoclast-associated mechanisms of the effect of CGRP administration on bone metabolism in primary osteoblasts. Primary osteoblasts were obtained from newborn rabbit calvaria and incubated with different concentrations of human CGRP (hCGRP), hCGRP and hCGRP (8‑37), or without treatment as a control. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were detected following treatment, as well as the expression levels of osteoblast differentiation markers, including activating transcription factor‑4 (ATF4) and osteocalcin (OC), and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The isolated primary osteoblasts were found to stain positively for ALP. hCGRP treatment had no significant effect on transient intracellular Ca2+ in the osteoblasts. Treatment of the osteoblasts with hCGRP led to elevations in the expression levels of cAMP, ATF4 and OPG, and downregulation in the expression of RANKL, in a dose‑dependent manner. These effects were markedly reversed by the addition of hCGRP (8‑37). The results of the present study demonstrated that CGRP administration not only stimulated osteoblast differentiation, as demonstrated by upregulated expression levels of ATF4 and OC in the hCGRP‑treated osteoblasts, but also inhibited OPG/RANKL‑regulated osteoclastogenesis. CGRP may act as a modulator of bone metabolism through osteoblast and osteoclast-associated mechanisms, which result in osteoblast formation with subsequent activation of bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao He
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jianshen Chai
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shengfu Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Ding
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Bone metabolism is regulated by the action of two skeletal cells: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This process is controlled by many genetic, hormonal and lifestyle factors, but today more and more studies have allowed us to identify a neuronal regulation system termed 'bone-brain crosstalk', which highlights a direct relationship between bone tissue and the nervous system. The first documentation of an anatomic relationship between nerves and bone was made via a wood cut by Charles Estienne in Paris in 1545. His diagram demonstrated nerves entering and leaving the bones of a skeleton. Later, several studies were conducted on bone innervation and, as of today, many observations on the regulation of bone remodeling by neurons and neuropeptides that reside in the CNS have created a new research field, that is, neuroskeletal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Metozzi
- a 1 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50138 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bonamassa
- a 1 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50138 Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma Brandi
- b 2 Public Mental Health system 1-4 of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- c 3 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, AOUC Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50138 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lau YC, Qian X, Po KT, Li LM, Guo X. Electrical stimulation at the dorsal root ganglion preserves trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture of the tibia in hindlimb-unloaded rats. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:481-8. [PMID: 25212672 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study seeks to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation (ES) at dorsal root ganglion (DRG) on disuse bone loss in a rat model. Hindlimb unloading for 14 days resulted in significant bone loss in rat tibia while rats with ES at DRG showed a significant reduced bone loss INTRODUCTION Mechanical unloading induces osteoporosis in both human and animals. Previous studies demonstrated that electrical stimulation (ES) to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) could trigger secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) which plays an important role in bone modeling and remodeling. This study seeks to investigate the effect of ES to DRG on disuse bone loss in a rat model. METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned in three experimental groups: cage control (CC), hindlimb unloading (HU), and hindlimb unloading with ES (HUES). ES was applied via implantable micro-electrical stimulators (IMES) to right DRGs at vertebral levels L4-L6 in HUES group. RESULTS Hindlimb unloading for 14 days resulted in 25.9% decrease in total bone mineral content (BMC), 29.2% decrease in trabecular BMD and trabecular microarchitecture and connectivity were significantly deteriorated in the proximal tibia metaphysis in HU group, while rats with ES at DRG showed significant reduced bone loss that there was 3.8% increase in total BMC, 2.3% decrease in trabecular BMD, and significant improvement in trabecular microarchitecture. There was a concurrent enhancement of expression of CGRP in stimulated DRGs. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the effect of ES at DRG on enhancing CGRP expression and suggest potential applications of IMES for the prevention and treatment of disuse bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sample SJ, Heaton CM, Behan M, Bleedorn JA, Racette MA, Hao Z, Muir P. Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in functional adaptation of the skeleton. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113959. [PMID: 25536054 PMCID: PMC4275203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidergic sensory nerve fibers innervating bone and periosteum are rich in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), an osteoanabolic neurotransmitter. There are two CGRP isoforms, CGRPα and CGRPβ. Sensory fibers are a potential means by which the nervous system may detect and respond to loading events within the skeleton. However, the functional role of the nervous system in the response of bone to mechanical loading is unclear. We used the ulna end-loading model to induce an adaptive modeling response in CGRPα and CGRPβ knockout mouse lines and their respective wildtype controls. For each knockout mouse line, groups of mice were treated with cyclic loading or sham-loading of the right ulna. A third group of mice received brachial plexus anesthesia (BPA) of the loaded limb before mechanical loading. Fluorochrome labels were administered at the time of loading and 7 days later. Ten days after loading, bone responses were quantified morphometrically. We hypothesized that CGRP signaling is required for normal mechanosensing and associated load-induced bone formation. We found that mechanically-induced activation of periosteal mineralizing surface in mice and associated blocking with BPA were eliminated by knockout of CGRPα signaling. This effect was not evident in CGRPβ knockout mice. We also found that mineral apposition responses to mechanical loading and associated BPA blocking were retained with CGRPα deletion. We conclude that activation of periosteal mineralizing surfaces in response to mechanical loading of bone is CGRPα-dependent invivo. This suggests that release of CGRP from sensory peptidergic fibers in periosteum and bone has a functional role in load-induced bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah J. Sample
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Caitlin M. Heaton
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mary Behan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Bleedorn
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Molly A. Racette
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kang H, Kerloc'h A, Rotival M, Xu X, Zhang Q, D'Souza Z, Kim M, Scholz JC, Ko JH, Srivastava PK, Genzen JR, Cui W, Aitman TJ, Game L, Melvin JE, Hanidu A, Dimock J, Zheng J, Souza D, Behera AK, Nabozny G, Cook HT, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Li J, Vignery A, Petretto E, Behmoaras J. Kcnn4 is a regulator of macrophage multinucleation in bone homeostasis and inflammatory disease. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1210-24. [PMID: 25131209 PMCID: PMC4471813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can fuse to form osteoclasts in bone or multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) as part of the immune response. We use a systems genetics approach in rat macrophages to unravel their genetic determinants of multinucleation and investigate their role in both bone homeostasis and inflammatory disease. We identify a trans-regulated gene network associated with macrophage multinucleation and Kcnn4 as being the most significantly trans-regulated gene in the network and induced at the onset of fusion. Kcnn4 is required for osteoclast and MGC formation in rodents and humans. Genetic deletion of Kcnn4 reduces macrophage multinucleation through modulation of Ca2+ signaling, increases bone mass, and improves clinical outcome in arthritis. Pharmacological blockade of Kcnn4 reduces experimental glomerulonephritis. Our data implicate Kcnn4 in macrophage multinucleation, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of bone resorption and chronic inflammation. We identified a gene network that regulates macrophage multinucleation and includes Kcnn4 Kcnn4 can be targeted in two inflammatory conditions with macrophage multinucleation Kcnn4 regulates bone mass under physiological conditions Kcnn4 is a drug target for which inhibitors reached phase III of clinical trials
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeseog Kang
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Audrey Kerloc'h
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maxime Rotival
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zelpha D'Souza
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael Kim
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jodi Carlson Scholz
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jeong-Hun Ko
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Prashant K Srivastava
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jonathan R Genzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laurence Game
- Genomics Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - James E Melvin
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adedayo Hanidu
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Janice Dimock
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Donald Souza
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Aruna K Behera
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Gerald Nabozny
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Agnès Vignery
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao H, Ning L, Wang Z, Li H, Qiao D, Yao Y, Qin H. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Inhibits Osteolytic Factors Induced by Osteoblast In Co-Culture System with Breast Cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:1097-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
42
|
Mai TH, Wu J, Diedrich A, Garland EM, Robertson D. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in autonomic cardiovascular regulation and vascular structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:286-96. [PMID: 24746612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is reported to play important roles in cardiovascular regulation in human and animal models. In spite of this, its role remains controversial. We aim to clarify this by studying the autonomic cardiovascular function and vascular structure in CGRP knockout (CGRP(-/-)) mice. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed by telemeters. Urine (24-hour) and blood were collected for catecholamines measurements. Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed using phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside administered in an acute study. Daytime mean arterial pressure (MAP; 12-hour period) was significantly higher in the CGRP(-/-) mice than in the wild type (WT) mice (114.5 vs. 104.5 mm Hg; P = .04). Norepinephrine was elevated in plasma and 24-hour urine in the knockouts (Urine, 956 vs. 618 pg/mL; P = .004; Plasma, 2505 vs. 1168 pg/mL; P = .04). Paradoxically, cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity was higher in CGRP(-/-) mice (3.2 vs. 1.4 ms/mm Hg; P = .03). To increase insight, we studied aortic stiffness in CGRP(-/-) mice and found it increased compared with age-matched WT mice, as evidenced by the depression of the compliance curve (P < .05). CGRP(-/-) mice have higher BP due to elevated sympathetic signals and abnormalities in blood vessel structure. Moreover, our data also showed that CGRP plays an important role in the regulation of the cardio-vagal tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tu H Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - André Diedrich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily M Garland
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lv L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang T, Li S. Healing of periodontal defects and calcitonin gene related peptide expression following inferior alveolar nerve transection in rats. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:311-20. [PMID: 24202439 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The roles of nerve and neuropeptides in the process of bone formation and remolding have been studied previously. However, the effects of nervous system and neuropeptide on periodontal alveolar bone formation remained unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of innervation on regeneration of alveolar bone and expression levels of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in periodontal tissues of rats, so as to have a better understanding of the effect of nerve and its related neuropeptide on periodontal tissue regeneration. Rats received transection of the left inferior alveolar nerve and a surgery to produce bilateral periodontal defect, then the alveolar tissue was obtained from animals of each group at week 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after operation, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson staining were performed to evaluate the ability to restore and repair periodontal tissues at 4, 6 and 8 after surgery. Then new bone formation area and mineralized area were quantified using imagepro-plus6.0 software after pictures were taken under the microscope and SPSS17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to investigate the expression of CGRP at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Rats received transection of the left inferior alveolar nerve surgery and were then sacrificed at day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 after the operation. The change of CGRP expression in periodontal tissue was detected using immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that the volume of new bone formation was not significantly difference between the experimental and control groups, but the mineralized new bone area between the two groups was statistically significant. The level of CGRP expression was lower than normal at week 1, and then it began to rise in the next stage. The plateau, at higher than normal level, was reached at 6 weeks post-surgery. Results of transection of the left inferior alveolar nerve demonstrated the expression of CGRP was decreased in early stage; it reached the lowest level at day 7. Then the expression level began to increase until it returned to normal level at day 28. The results of this study suggest that nerve and its related neuropeptide CGRP are the important factors that can affect the quality of regenerated alveolar bone by reducing bone density during the mineralization process.
Collapse
|
44
|
Tian G, Zhang G, Tan YH. Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates BMP-2 expression and the differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1467-74. [PMID: 23708553 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression was involved in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-induced osteogenesis in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. METHODS MG-63 osteogenic human osteosarcoma cells were treated with CGRP (10-8 mol/L) for 48 h. Cell cycle phases were determined using flow cytometry assay. The protein levels of BMP-2, ALP, Osteocalcin, ColIa1, CREB, and pCREB were measured with Western blotting, while the mRNA level of BMP-2 was measured with qR-T PCR. The expression of ALP in MG-63 cells was also studied using immunofluorescence staining. The level of cAMP was measured with ELISA assay. RESULTS CGRP treatment significantly stimulated proliferation of MG-63 cells, and increased the expression of BMP-2 and the osteogenic proteins ALP, Osteocalcin and ColIa1. Pretreatment with the BMP signaling inhibitor Noggin (100 ng/mL) did not affect CGRP-stimulated proliferation and BMP-2 expression, but abolished the CGRP-induced increases of the osteogenic proteins ALP, Osteocalcin and ColIa1. Furthermore, CGRP treatment markedly increased cAMP level in MG-63 cells, whereas pretreatment with the cAMP pathway inhibitor H89 (5 μmol/L) abolished the CGRP-induced increases of cAMP level and BMP-2 expression. CONCLUSION In MG-63 cells, the BMP pathway is involved in CGRP-induced osteogenic differentiation but not in proliferation, whereas the cAMP/pCREB pathway is involved in the expression of BMP-2.
Collapse
|
45
|
Fang Z, Yang Q, Xiong W, Li GH, Liao H, Xiao J, Li F. Effect of CGRP-adenoviral vector transduction on the osteoblastic differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72738. [PMID: 24023640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) promotes osteoblast recruitment and osteogenic activity. However, no evidence suggests that CGRP could affect the differentiation of stem cells toward osteoblasts. In this study, we genetically modified adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) by introducing the CGRP gene through adenoviral vector transduction and investigated on cellular proliferation and osteoblast differentiation in vitro and osteogenesis in vivo as well. For the in vitro analyses, rat ADSCs were transducted with adenoviral vectors containing the CGRP gene (Ad-CGRP) and were cultured in complete osteoblastic medium. The morphology, proliferative capacity, and formation of localized regions of mineralization in the cells were evaluated. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and special markers of osteoblasts, such as Collagen I, Osteocalcin (BPG) and Osteopontin (OPN), were measured by cytochemistry, MMT, RT-PCR, and Western blot. For the in vivo analyses, the Ad-CGRP-ADSCs/Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) constructs were implanted in rat radial bone defects for 12 weeks. Radiography and histomorphology evaluations were carried out on 4 weeks and 12 weeks. Our analyses indicated that heterogeneous spindle-shaped cells and localized regions of mineralization were formed in the CGRP-transduced ADSCs (the transduced group). A higher level of cellular proliferation, a high expression level of ALP on days 7 and 14 (p<0.05), and increased expression levels of Collagen I, BPG and OPN presented in transduced group (p<0.05). The efficiency of new bone formation was dramatically enhanced in vivo in Ad-CGRP-ADSCs/β-TCP group but not in β-TCP group and ADSCs/β-TCP group. Our results reveal that ADSCs transduced with an Ad-CGRP vector have stronger potential to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro and are able to regenerate a promising new tissue engineering bone in vivo. Our findings suggest that CGRP-transduced ADSCs may serve as seed cells for bone tissue engineering and provide a potential way for treating bone defects.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Calcitonin, a potent hypocalcemic hormone produced by the C-cells of the thyroid, was first discovered by Harold Copp in 1962. The physiological significance of calcitonin has been questioned, but recent studies using genetically modified mouse models have uncovered additional actions of calcitonin acting through its receptor (CTR) that are of particular significance to the regulation of bone and calcium homeostasis. Mice in which the CTR is deleted in osteoclasts are more susceptible to induced hypercalcemia and exogenous calcitonin is able to lower serum calcium in younger animals. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin can regulate serum calcium by inhibiting the efflux of calcium from bone, and that this action is most important when bone turnover is high. Calcitonin has also been implicated in protecting the skeleton from excessive loss of bone mineral during times of high calcium demand, such as lactation. This action may be linked to an intriguing and as yet unexplained observation that calcitonin inhibits bone formation, because deletion of the CTR leads to increased bone formation. We propose several mechanisms by which calcitonin could protect the skeleton by regulating bone turnover, acting within the bone and/or centrally. A new more holistic notion of the physiological role of calcitonin in bone and calcium homeostasis is required and we have highlighted some important knowledge gaps so that future calcitonin research will help to achieve such an understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Q, Miller C, Bible J, Li J, Xu X, Mehta N, Gilligan J, Vignery A, Scholz JA. Additive Effects of Mechanical Marrow Ablation and PTH Treatment on de Novo Bone Formation in Mature Adult Rats. Cells 2012; 1:1168-81. [PMID: 24710549 DOI: 10.3390/cells1041168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ablation of bone marrow in young rats induces rapid but transient bone growth, which can be enhanced and maintained for three weeks by the administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Additionally, marrow ablation, followed by PTH treatment for three months leads to increased cortical thickness. In this study, we sought to determine whether PTH enhances bone formation after marrow ablation in aged rats. Aged rats underwent unilateral femoral marrow ablation and treatment with PTH or vehicle for four weeks. Both femurs from each rat were analyzed by X-ray and pQCT, then analyzed either by microCT, histology or biomechanical testing. Marrow ablation alone induced transient bone formation of low abundance that persisted over four weeks, while marrow ablation followed by PTH induced bone formation of high abundance that also persisted over four weeks. Our data confirms that the osteo-inducive effect of marrow ablation and the additive effect of marrow ablation, followed by PTH, occurs in aged rats. Our observations open new avenues of investigations in the field of tissue regeneration. Local marrow ablation, in conjunction with an anabolic agent, might provide a new platform for rapid site-directed bone growth in areas of high bone loss, such as in the hip and wrist, which are subject to fracture.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Peptides are attractive as novel therapeutic reagents, since they are flexible in adopting and mimicking the local structural features of proteins. Versatile capabilities to perform organic synthetic manipulations are another unique feature of peptides compared to protein-based medicines, such as antibodies. On the other hand, a disadvantage of using a peptide for a therapeutic purpose is its low stability and/or high level of aggregation. During the past two decades, numerous peptides were developed for the treatment of bone diseases, and some peptides have already been used for local applications to repair bone defects in the clinic. However, very few peptides have the ability to form bone themselves. We herein summarize the effects of the therapeutic peptides on bone loss and/or local bone defects, including the results from basic studies. We also herein describe some possible methods for overcoming the obstacles associated with using therapeutic peptide candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Aoki
- Dept. of Hard Tissue Engineering (Pharmacology), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Uhrig BA, Clements IP, Boerckel JD, Huebsch N, Bellamkonda RV, Guldberg RE. Characterization of a composite injury model of severe lower limb bone and nerve trauma. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:432-41. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Uhrig
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Isaac P. Clements
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Ravi V. Bellamkonda
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
We investigated bone repair in sensory-denervated rats, compared with controls, to elucidate the involvement of sensory neurons. Nine-week-old male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of capsaicin to denervate sensory neurons. Rats treated with the same amount of vehicle served as controls. A standardized bone defect was created on the parietal bone. We measured the amount of repaired bone with quantitative radiographic analysis and the mRNA expressions of osteocalcin and cathepsin K with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantitative radiographic analysis showed that the standard deviations and coefficients of variation for the amount of repaired bone were much higher in the capsaicin-treated group than in the control group at any time point, which means that larger individual differences in the amount of repaired bone were found in capsaicin-treated rats than controls. Furthermore, radiographs showed radiolucency in pre-existing bone surrounding the standardized defect only in the capsaicin-treated group, and histological observation demonstrated some multinuclear cells corresponding to the radiolucent area. Real-time PCR indicated that there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of osteocalcin and cathepsin K between the control group and the capsaicin-treated group. These results suggest that capsaicin-induced sensory denervation affects the bone defect repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Henmi
- Division of Oral Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|