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Shukla S, Vishwakarma C, Sah AN, Ahirwar S, Pandey K, Pradhan A. Smartphone-based fluorescence spectroscopic device for cervical precancer diagnosis: a random forest classification of in vitro data. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6826-6834. [PMID: 37706817 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer can be treated and cured if diagnosed at an early stage. Optical devices, developed on smartphone-based platforms, are being tested for this purpose as they are cost-effective, robust, and field portable, showing good efficiency compared to the existing commercial devices. This study reports on the applicability of a 3D printed smartphone-based spectroscopic device (3D-SSD) for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer. The proposed device has the ability to evaluate intrinsic fluorescence (IF) from the collected polarized fluorescence (PF) and elastic-scattering (ES) spectra from cervical tissue samples of different grades. IF spectra of 30 cervical tissue samples have been analyzed and classified using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest (RF)-based multi-class classification algorithm with an overall accuracy above 90%. The usage of smartphone for image collection, spectral data analysis, and display makes this device a potential contender for use in clinics as a regular screening tool.
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Kolpakov AV, Moshkova AA, Melikhova EV, Sokolova DY, Muravskaya NP, Samorodov AV, Kopaneva NO, Lukina GI, Abramova MY, Mamatsashvili VG, Parshkov VV. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy of the Oral Mucosa: In Vivo Experimental Validation of the Precancerous Lesions Early Detection Possibility. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091633. [PMID: 37175023 PMCID: PMC10177876 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is devoted to the experimental validation of the possibility of early detection of precancerous lesions in the oral mucosa in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 360 to 1000 nm. During the study, a sample of 119 patients with precancerous lesions has been collected and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the most informative wavelength ranges were determined, in which the maximum differences in the backscattering spectra of lesions and intact tissues were observed, methods for automatic classification of backscattering spectra of the oral mucosa were studied, sensitivity and specificity values, achievable using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for detecting hyperkeratosis on the tongue ventrolateral mucosa surface and buccal mucosa, were evaluated. As a result of preliminary experimental studies in vivo, the possibility of automatic detection of precancerous lesions of the oral mucosa surface using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 500 to 900 nm with an accuracy of at least 75 percent has been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kolpakov
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Moshkova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Melikhova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Diana Yu Sokolova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Natalia P Muravskaya
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Andrey V Samorodov
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Nina O Kopaneva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Galina I Lukina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Marina Ya Abramova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Veta G Mamatsashvili
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Vadim V Parshkov
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
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Reistad N, Sturesson C. Distinguishing tumor from healthy tissue in human liver ex vivo using machine learning and multivariate analysis of diffuse reflectance spectra. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200140. [PMID: 35860880 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the capability of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to distinguish malignant liver tissues from surrounding tissues and to determine whether an extended wavelength range (450-1550 nm) offers any advantages over using the conventional wavelength range. Furthermore, multivariate analysis combined with a machine learning algorithm, either linear discriminant analysis or the more advanced support vector machine, was used to discriminate between and classify freshly excised human liver specimens from 18 patients. Tumors were distinguished from surrounding liver tissues with a sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 100%, classification rate of 100% and a Matthews correlation coefficient of 100% using the extended wavelength range and a combination of principal component analysis and support vector techniques. The results indicate that this technology may be useful in clinical applications for real-time tissue diagnostics of tumor margins where rapid classification is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Reistad
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Sturesson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Voulgarelis S, Fathi F, Yu B, Palkovic B, Chatzizacharias NA, Allen KP, Stucke AG. Hepatic artery flow, inspired oxygen, and hemoglobin determine liver tissue saturation measured with visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (vis-DRS) in an in vivo swine model. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14230. [PMID: 35064720 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompt diagnosis of vascular compromise following pediatric liver transplantation and restoration of oxygen delivery to the liver improves organ survival. vis-DRS allows for real-time measurement of liver tissue saturation. METHODS The current study used vis-DRS to determine changes in liver saturation during clinically relevant conditions of reduced oxygen delivery. In an in vivo swine model (n = 15), we determined liver tissue saturation (St O2 ) during stepwise reduction in hepatic artery flow, different inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2 ), and increasing hemodilution. A custom vis-DRS probe was placed directly on the organ. RESULTS Liver tissue saturation decreased significantly with a decrease in hepatic artery flow. A reduction in hepatic artery flow to 25% of baseline reduced the St O2 by 15.3 ± 1.4% at FiO2 0.3 (mean ± SE, p < .0013), and by 8.3 ± 1.9% at FiO2 1.0 (p = .0013). After hemodilution to 7-8 g/dl, St O2 was reduced by 31.8% ± 2.7%, p < .001 (FiO2 0.3) and 26.6 ± 2.7%, p < .001 (FiO2 : 1.0) respectively. Portal venous saturation during low hepatic artery flow was consistently higher at FiO2 1.0. The gradient between portal venous saturation and liver tissue saturation was consistently greater at lower hemoglobin levels (7.0 ± 1.6% per g/dl hemoglobin, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Vis-DRS showed prompt changes in liver tissue saturation with decreases in hepatic artery blood flow. At hepatic artery flows below 50% of baseline, liver saturation depended on FiO2 and hemoglobin concentration suggesting that during hepatic artery occlusion, packed red blood cell transfusion and increased FiO2 may be useful measures to reduce hypoxic damage until surgical revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Voulgarelis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faraneh Fathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Barbara Palkovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Kenneth P Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Resource Center (BRC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Astrid G Stucke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Arnold A, Fichera L. Identification of tissue optical properties during thermal laser-tissue interactions: An ensemble Kalman filter-based approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3574. [PMID: 35088944 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a computational framework to estimate the physical properties that govern the thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue. We focus in particular on two quantities, the absorption and scattering coefficients, which describe the optical absorption of light in the tissue and whose knowledge is vital to correctly plan medical laser treatments. To perform the estimation, we utilize an implementation of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), a type of Bayesian filtering algorithm for data assimilation. Unlike prior approaches, in this work, we estimate the tissue optical properties based on observations of the tissue thermal response to laser irradiation. This method has the potential for straightforward implementation in a clinical setup, as it would only require a simple thermal sensor, for example, a miniaturized infrared camera. Because the optical properties of tissue can undergo shifts during laser exposure, we employ a variant of EnKF capable of tracking time-varying parameters. Through simulated experimental studies, we demonstrate the ability of the proposed technique to identify the tissue optical properties and track their dynamic changes during laser exposure, while simultaneously tracking changes in the tissue temperature at locations beneath the surface. We further demonstrate the framework's capability in estimating additional unknown tissue properties (i.e., the volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity) along with the optical properties of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arnold
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Loris Fichera
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang J. Real-time calibrating polarization-sensitive diffuse reflectance handheld probe characterizes clinically relevant anatomical locations of oral tissue in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:105-116. [PMID: 35154857 PMCID: PMC8803026 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a unique real-time calibrating polarization-sensitive diffuse reflectance (rcPS-DR) handheld probe, and demonstrate its diagnostic potential through in-depth characterization and differentiation of clinically relevant anatomical locations of the oral cavity (i.e., alveolar process, lateral tongue and floor of mouth that account for 80% of all cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma) in vivo. With an embedded calibrating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) optical diffuser, the PS-DR spectra bias arising from instrument response, time-dependent intensity fluctuation and fiber bending is calibrated through real-time measurement of the PS-DR system response function. A total of 554 in vivo rcPS-DR spectra were acquired from different oral tissue sites (alveolar process, n = 226, lateral tongue, n = 150 and floor of mouth, n = 178) of 14 normal subjects. Significantly (P<0.05, unpaired 2-sided Student's t-test) different spectral ratio (I 540/I 575) representing oxygenated hemoglobin contents were found among the alveolar process, lateral tongue and floor of mouth. Further partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and leave-one-out, cross validation (LOOCV) show that, synergizing the complementary information of the two real-time calibrated orthogonal-polarized PS-DR spectra, the rcPS-DR technique is found to better differentiate alveolar process, lateral tongue, and the floor of mouth (accuracies of 88.2%, 83.9%, 84.4%, sensitivities of 80.5%, 75.8%, 78% and specificities of 93.5%, 87.7%, 86.8%) than standard DR (accuracies of 80.8%, 72.9%, 68.5%, sensitivities of 63.2%, 41.5%, 81.3% and specificities of 92.9%, 87.7%, 63.8%) without PS detection. This work showed the feasibility of the rcPS-DR probe as a tool for studying oral cavity lesions in real clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijingy Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Davey CJ, Vasiljevski ER, O’Donohue AK, Fleming SC, Schindeler A. Analysis of muscle tissue in vivo using fiber-optic autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210110RR. [PMID: 34935315 PMCID: PMC8692235 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.12.125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Current methods for analyzing pathological muscle tissue are time consuming and rarely quantitative, and they involve invasive biopsies. Faster and less invasive diagnosis of muscle disease may be achievable using marker-free in vivo optical sensing methods. AIM It was speculated that changes in the biochemical composition and structure of muscle associated with pathology could be measured quantitatively using visible wavelength optical spectroscopy techniques enabling automated classification. APPROACH A fiber-optic autofluorescence (AF) and diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy device was manufactured. The device and data processing techniques based on principal component analysis were validated using in situ measurements on healthy skeletal and cardiac muscle. These methods were then applied to two mouse models of genetic muscle disease: a type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) limb-mesenchyme knockout (Nf1Prx1 - / - ) and a muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx). RESULTS Healthy skeletal and cardiac muscle specimens were separable using AF and DR with receiver operator curve areas (ROC-AUC) of >0.79. AF and DR analyses showed optically separable changes in Nf1Prx1 - / - quadriceps muscle (ROC-AUC >0.97) with no differences detected in the heart (ROC-AUC <0.67), which does not undergo gene deletion in this model. Changes in AF spectra in mdx muscle were seen between the 3 week and 10 week time points (ROC-AUC = 0.96) and were not seen in the wild-type controls (ROC-AUC = 0.58). CONCLUSION These findings support the utility of in vivo fiber-optic AF and DR spectroscopy for the assessment of muscle tissue. This report highlights that there is considerable scope to develop this marker-free optical technology for preclinical muscle research and for diagnostic assessment of clinical myopathies and dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Davey
- University of Sydney, Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily R. Vasiljevski
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra K. O’Donohue
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon C. Fleming
- University of Sydney, Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Voulgarelis S, Fathi F, Stucke AG, Daley KD, Kim J, Zimmerman MA, Hong JC, Starkey N, Allen KP, Yu B. Evaluation of visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in liver tissue: validation of tissue saturations using extracorporeal circulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210019R. [PMID: 34021537 PMCID: PMC8145982 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Real-time information about oxygen delivery to the hepatic graft is important to direct care and diagnose vascular compromise in the immediate post-transplant period. AIM The current study was designed to determine the utility of visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (vis-DRS) for measuring liver tissue saturation in vivo. APPROACH A custom-built vis-DRS probe was calibrated using phantoms with hemoglobin (Hb) and polystyrene microspheres. Ex vivo (extracorporeal circulation) and in vivo protocols were used in a swine model (n = 15) with validation via blood gas analysis. RESULTS In vivo absorption and scattering measured by vis-DRS with and without biliverdin correction correlated closely between analyses. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients are 0.991 for μa and 0.959 for μs ' . Hb measured by blood test and vis-DRS with (R2 = 0.81) and without (R2 = 0.85) biliverdin correction were compared. Vis-DRS data obtained from the ex vivo protocol plotted against the PO2 derived from blood gas analysis showed a good fit for a Hill coefficient of 1.67 and P50 = 34 mmHg (R2 = 0.81). A conversion formula was developed to account for the systematic deviation, which resulted in a goodness-of-fit R2 = 0.76 with the expected oxygen dissociation curve. CONCLUSIONS We show that vis-DRS allows for real-time measurement of liver tissue saturation, an indicator for liver perfusion and oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Voulgarelis
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Address all correspondence to Stylianos Voulgarelis,
| | - Faraneh Fathi
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Astrid G. Stucke
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kevin D. Daley
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Perfusion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joohyun Kim
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michael A. Zimmerman
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Johnny C. Hong
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nicholas Starkey
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Perfusion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kenneth P. Allen
- Biomedical Resource Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Immunology Microbiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Bing Yu
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Kaur P, Choudhury D. Functionality of receptor targeted zinc-insulin quantum clusters in skin tissue augmentation and bioimaging. J Drug Target 2020; 29:541-550. [PMID: 33307859 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1864740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantum clusters with target specificity are suitable for tissue-specific imaging. In the present work, amorphous zinc insulin quantum clusters (IZnQCs) had been synthesised to promote and monitor wound recovery. Easy synthesis, biocompatibility, stability, enhanced quantum yield, and solubility made the cluster suitable for preclinical/clinical exploration. Zn2+ is known for its binding to insulin hexamer. Here we report the reformation of the structure in a quantum cluster form in the presence of Zn2+. The formation of IZnQCs was confirmed by the change in zeta potential from -25.6 mV to -17.9 mV and also the formation of protein metal interaction was confirmed in FTIR bands at 450, 480, and 613 cm-1 for Zn-O, Zn-N, and Zn-S, respectively. HRTEM-EDS and SAED data analysis showed an amorphous nature of the cluster. The binding of IZnQCs to the cells has been confirmed using confocal microscopy. IZnQCs showed a synergistic effect in wound recovery than insulin or Zn2+ alone. Further due to high fluorescence this recovery process can be monitored under an appropriate setup. Wound healing promotional activity, target specificity, and fluorescence properties make the IZnQCs ideal to use for bioimaging along with promoting and monitoring of wound recovery agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawandeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.,Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology - Virginia Tech Centre for Excellence in Material Sciences, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Nie Z, Yeh SCA, LePalud M, Badr F, Tse F, Armstrong D, Liu LWC, Deen MJ, Fang Q. Optical Biopsy of the Upper GI Tract Using Fluorescence Lifetime and Spectra. Front Physiol 2020; 11:339. [PMID: 32477151 PMCID: PMC7237753 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening and surveillance for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers by endoscope guided biopsy is invasive, time consuming, and has the potential for sampling error. Tissue endogenous fluorescence spectra contain biochemical and physiological information, which may enable real-time, objective diagnosis. We first briefly reviewed optical biopsy modalities for GI cancer diagnosis with a focus on fluorescence-based techniques. In an ex vivo pilot clinical study, we measured fluorescence spectra and lifetime on fresh biopsy specimens obtained during routine upper GI screening procedures. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of rapid acquisition of time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) spectra from fresh GI mucosal specimens. We also identified spectroscopic signatures that can differentiate between normal mucosal samples obtained from the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Nie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shu-Chi Allison Yeh
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michelle LePalud
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fares Badr
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Frances Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Armstrong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Louis W. C. Liu
- Division of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M. Jamal Deen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Qiyin Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Bi R, Du Y, Singh G, Ho CJH, Zhang S, Attia ABE, Li X, Olivo M. Fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue through a multimode detection fiber. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-10. [PMID: 32406214 PMCID: PMC7219964 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Noninvasive in vivo fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue is important because the blood flow waveform is correlated with physiological parameters, such as blood pressure and elasticity of blood vessels. Compromised blood flow may cause diseases, such as stroke, foot ulcer, and myocardial ischemia. There is great clinical demand for a portable and cost-effective device for noninvasive pulsatile blood flow measurement. AIM A diffuse-optics-based method, diffuse speckle pulsatile flowmetry (DSPF), was developed for fast measurement (∼300 Hz) of deep tissue blood flow noninvasively. To validate its performance, both a phantom experiment and in vivo demonstration were conducted. APPROACH Over the past two decades, single-mode fibers have been used as detection fibers in most diffuse-optics-based deep tissue blood flow measurement modalities. We used a multimode (MM) detection fiber with a core size of 200 μm for diffused speckle pattern detection. A background intensity correction algorithm was implemented for speckle contrast calculation. The MM detection fiber helped to achieve a level of deep tissue blood flow measurement similar to that of conventional modalities, such as diffuse correlation spectroscopy and diffuse speckle contrast analysis, but it increases the measurement rate of blood flow to 300 Hz. RESULTS The design and implementation of the DSPF system were introduced. The theory of the background intensity correction for the diffused speckle pattern detected by the MM fiber was explained. A flow phantom was built for validation of the performance of the DSPF system. An in vivo cuff-induced occlusion experiment was performed to demonstrate the capability of the proposed DSPF system. CONCLUSIONS An MM detection fiber can help to achieve fast (∼300 Hz) pulsatile blood flow measurement in the proposed DSPF method. The cost-effective device and the fiber-based flexible probe increase the usability of the DSPF system significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhe Bi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yao Du
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiuting Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to Malini Olivo, E-mail:
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12
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Nagarajan VK, Ward JM, Yu B. Association of Liver Tissue Optical Properties and Thermal Damage. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 52:779-787. [PMID: 31919868 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Complete thermocoagulation of tumors is vital to minimize the risk of local tumor recurrence after a thermal ablation. Histological assessments are not real-time and require experienced pathologists to grade the thermal damage (histopathology) [Correction added on 21 January, 2020 after first online publication: After thermal damage in the preceding sentence, (histopathology) was added]. Real-time assessment of thermal tissue damage during an ablation is necessary to achieve optimal tumor ablation. In our previous studies, we found that continuous monitoring of the wavelength-averaged (435-630 nm) tissue absorption coefficient (µa ) and the reduced scattering coefficient ( μ s ' ) during heating of a porcine liver at 100°C follows a sigmoidal growth curve. Therefore, we concluded that increases in the tissue µa and μ s ' during thermocoagulation were correlated with true thermal damage. The goal of this study was to determine if increases in the tissue µa and μ s ' during thermocoagulation are correlated with true thermal damage. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS In this paper, continuously measured values of µa and μ s ' during heating of the porcine liver tissue were compared with the histology-assessed thermal damage scores at four different temperature points (37°C, 55°C, 65°C, and 75°C). RESULTS The damage scores for the tissues in Group 3 (65°C) and Group 4 (75°C) were significantly different from each other and from the other groups. The damage scores were not significantly different between Group 1 (37°C) and Group 2 (55°C). CONCLUSION The results indicate that relative changes in µa and μ s ' can be used to classify thermal damage (histopathology) scores with an overall accuracy of 72.5% up to 75°C. [Correction added on 21 January, 2020 after first online publication: After thermal damage in the preceding sentence, (histopathology) was added]. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Krishna Nagarajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53045
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Global Vet Pathology, Montgomery Village, Maryland, 20886
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53045
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13
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LaRiviere B, Ferguson NL, Garman KS, Fisher DA, Jokerst NM. Methods of extraction of optical properties from diffuse reflectance measurements of ex-vivo human colon tissue using thin film silicon photodetector arrays. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5703-5715. [PMID: 31799041 PMCID: PMC6865100 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) is a promising technique for characterization of colon tissue. Herein, two methods for extracting the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients ( μ s ' ( λ ) and μ a ( λ ) ) from SRDRS data using lookup tables of simulated diffuse reflectance are reported. Experimental measurements of liquid tissue phantoms performed with a custom multi-pixel silicon SRDRS sensor spanning the 450 - 750 nm wavelength range were used to evaluate the extraction methods, demonstrating that the combined use of spatial and spectral data reduces extraction error compared to use of spectral data alone. Additionally, SRDRS measurements of normal and tumor ex-vivo human colon tissue are presented along with μ s ' ( λ ) and μ a ( λ ) extracted from these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben LaRiviere
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nan M. Jokerst
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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14
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A Dual-modality Smartphone Microendoscope for Quantifying the Physiological and Morphological Properties of Epithelial Tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15713. [PMID: 31673087 PMCID: PMC6823483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a nonconcurrent dual-modality fiber-optic microendoscope (named SmartME) that integrates quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and high-resolution fluorescence imaging (FLI) into a smartphone platform. The FLI module has a spatial resolution of ~3.5 µm, which allows the determination of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) of epithelial tissues. The DRS has a spectral resolution of ~2 nm and can measure the total hemoglobin concentration (THC) and scattering properties of epithelial tissues with mean errors of 4.7% and 6.9%, respectively, which are comparable to the errors achieved with a benchtop spectrometer. Our preliminary in vivo studies from a single healthy human subject demonstrate that the SmartME can noninvasively quantify the tissue parameters of normal human oral mucosa tissues, including labial mucosa tissue, gingival tissue, and tongue dorsum tissue. The THCs of the three oral mucosa tissues are significantly different from each other (p ≤ 0.003). The reduced scattering coefficients of the gingival and labial tissues are significantly different from those of the tongue dorsum tissue (p < 0.001) but are not significantly different from each other. The N/Cs for all three tissue types are similar. The SmartME has great potential to be used as a portable, cost-effective, and globally connected tool to quantify the THC and scattering properties of tissues in vivo.
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15
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Li Z, Sun H, Turek J, Jalal S, Childress M, Nolte DD. Doppler fluctuation spectroscopy of intracellular dynamics in living tissue. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:665-677. [PMID: 31044988 PMCID: PMC6791373 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular dynamics in living tissue are dominated by active transport driven by bioenergetic processes far from thermal equilibrium. Intracellular constituents typically execute persistent walks. In the limit of long mean free paths, the persistent walks are ballistic, exhibiting a "Doppler edge" in light scattering fluctuation spectra. At shorter transport lengths, the fluctuations are described by lifetime-broadened Doppler spectra. Dynamic light scattering from transport in the ballistic, diffusive, or the crossover regimes is derived analytically, including the derivation of autocorrelation functions through a driven damped harmonic oscillator analog for light scattering from persistent walks. The theory is validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Experimental evidence for the Doppler edge in three-dimensional (3D) living tissue is obtained using biodynamic imaging based on low-coherence interferometry and digital holography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - John Turek
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Shadia Jalal
- Department of Medicine, IU School of Medicine, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Michael Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - David D. Nolte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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16
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Dev K, Dinish US, Chakraborty S, Bi R, Andersson-Engels S, Sugii S, Olivo M. Quantitative in vivo detection of adipose tissue browning using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in near-infrared II window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800135. [PMID: 29978566 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) biologically function in an opposite way in energy metabolism. BAT induces energy consumption by heat production while WAT mainly stores energy in the form of triglycerides. Recent progress in the conversion of WAT cells to "beige" or "brown-like" adipocytes in animals, having functional similarity to BAT, spurred a great interest in developing the next-generation therapeutics in the field of metabolic disorders. Though magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography could detect classical BAT and WAT in animals and humans, it is of a great challenge in detecting the "browning" process in vivo. Here, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we present a simple, cost-effective, label-free fiber optic-based diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurement in the near infrared II window (~1050-1400 nm) for the quantitative detection of browning in a mouse model in vivo. We could successfully quantify the browning of WAT in a mouse model by estimating the lipid fraction, which serves as an endogenous marker. Lipid fraction exhibited a gradual decrease from WAT to BAT with beige exhibiting an intermediate value. in vivo browning process was also confirmed with standard molecular and biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Dev
- Laboratory of Bio Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - U S Dinish
- Laboratory of Bio Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Smarajit Chakraborty
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Laboratory of Bio Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Irish Photonic Integration Centre (IPIC), Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shigeki Sugii
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Laboratory of Bio Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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17
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Nagarajan VK, Gogineni VR, White SB, Yu B. Real time evaluation of tissue optical properties during thermal ablation of ex vivo liver tissues. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 35:176-182. [PMID: 30130988 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1488278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete ablation of liver tumors is vital for minimizing the risk of local tumor recurrence. Accurately identifying the hallmarks of tissue necrosis during thermal ablative therapies may significantly increase the efficacy of ablation, while minimizing unnecessary damage to the surrounding normal tissues or critical structures. Light propagation in biological tissues is sensitive to the tissue microstructure and chromophore concentrations. In our previous studies, we found that the wavelength (λ) averaged liver tissue absorption coefficient (µa) and reduced scattering coefficient (µs') change significantly upon heating which may be used for assessment of tissue damage during thermal ablation of solid tumors. Here, we seek to demonstrate the use of an integrated fiber-optic probe for continuous monitoring of the local tissue temperature (T), µa(λ) and µs'(λ) during thermal ablation of ex vivo porcine livers. The wavelength-averaged (435-630 nm) tissue absorption and scattering (µa and µs' ) increased rapidly at 45 °C and plateaued at 67 °C. The mean µa and µs' for liver tissue at 37 °C (n = 10) were 8.5 ± 3.7 and 2.8 ± 1.1 cm-1, respectively. The relative changes in µa and µs' at 37, 55, and 65 °C were significantly different (p < .02) from each other. A relationship between the relative changes in µa and µs' and the degree of tissue damage estimated using the temperature-based Arrhenius model for porcine liver tissues was established and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Nagarajan
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Venkateswara R Gogineni
- b Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular Interventional Radiology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Sarah B White
- b Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular Interventional Radiology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Bing Yu
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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18
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Greening G, Mundo A, Rajaram N, Muldoon TJ. Sampling depth of a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy probe for in-vivo physiological quantification of murine subcutaneous tumor allografts. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-14. [PMID: 30152204 PMCID: PMC8357195 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.8.085006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a probe-based spectral biopsy technique used in cancer studies to quantify tissue reduced scattering (μs') and absorption (μa) coefficients and vary in source-detector separation (SDS) to fine-tune sampling depth. In subcutaneous murine tumor allografts or xenografts, a key design requirement is ensuring that the source light interrogates past the skin layer into the tumor without significantly sacrificing signal-to-noise ratio (target of ≥15 dB). To resolve this requirement, a DRS probe was designed with four SDSs (0.75, 2.00, 3.00, and 4.00 mm) to interrogate increasing tissue volumes between 450 and 900 nm. The goal was to quantify percent errors in extracting μa and μs', and to quantify sampling depth into subcutaneous Balb/c-CT26 colon tumor allografts. Using an optical phantom-based experimental method, lookup-tables were constructed relating μa,μs', diffuse reflectance, and sampling depth. Percent errors were <10 % and 5% for extracting μa and μs', respectively, for all SDSs. Sampling depth reached up to 1.6 mm at the first Q-band of hemoglobin at 542 nm, the key spectral region for quantifying tissue oxyhemoglobin concentration. This work shows that the DRS probe can accurately extract optical properties and the resultant physiological parameters such as total hemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygen saturation, from sufficient depth within subcutaneous Balb/c-CT26 colon tumor allografts. Methods described here can be generalized for other murine tumor models. Future work will explore the feasibility of the DRS in quantifying volumetric tumor perfusion in response to anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage Greening
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Ariel Mundo
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Timothy J. Muldoon
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Timothy J. Muldoon, E-mail:
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19
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Greening GJ, Miller KP, Spainhour CR, Cato MD, Muldoon TJ. Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on physiological parameters in murine subcutaneous tumor allografts measured via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2871-2886. [PMID: 30258696 PMCID: PMC6154201 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has been used in murine studies to quantify tumor perfusion and therapeutic response. These studies frequently use inhaled isoflurane anesthesia, which depresses the respiration rate and results in the desaturation of arterial oxygen saturation, potentially affecting tissue physiological parameters. However, there have been no controlled studies quantifying the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on DRS-derived physiological parameters of murine tissue. The goal of this study was to perform DRS on Balb/c mouse (n = 10) tissue under various anesthesia conditions to quantify effects on tissue physiological parameters, including total hemoglobin concentration, tissue oxygen saturation, oxyhemoglobin and reduced scattering coefficient. Two independent variables were manipulated including metabolic gas type (pure oxygen vs. medical air) and isoflurane concentration (1.5 to 4.0%). The 1.5% isoflurane and 1 L/min oxygen condition most closely mimicked a no-anesthesia condition with oxyhemoglobin concentration within 89% ± 19% of control. The time-dependent effects of isoflurane anesthesia were tested, revealing that anesthetic induction with 4.0% isoflurane can affect DRS-derived physiological parameters up to 20 minutes post-induction. Finally, spectroscopy with and without isoflurane anesthesia was compared for colon tumor Balb/c-CT26 allografts (n = 5) as a representative model of subcutaneous murine tumor allografts. Overall, isoflurane anesthesia yielded experimentally-induced depressed oxyhemoglobin, and this depression was both concentration and time dependent. Investigators should understand the dynamic effects of isoflurane on tissue physiological parameters measured by DRS. These results may guide investigators in eliminating, limiting, or managing anesthesia-induced physiological changes in DRS studies in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage J. Greening
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Kathryn P. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Caroline R. Spainhour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Mattison D. Cato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Timothy J. Muldoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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20
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Shalaby N, Al-Ebraheem A, Le D, Cornacchi S, Fang Q, Farrell T, Lovrics P, Gohla G, Reid S, Hodgson N, Farquharson M. Time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for margin analysis in breast cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 50:236-245. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Shalaby
- School of Interdisciplinary Science; McMaster University; Ontario Canada
| | - Alia Al-Ebraheem
- School of Interdisciplinary Science; McMaster University; Ontario Canada
| | - Du Le
- School of Interdisciplinary Science; McMaster University; Ontario Canada
| | - Sylvie Cornacchi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Surgery; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Qiyin Fang
- Faculty of Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Thomas Farrell
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Peter Lovrics
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Surgery; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Gabriela Gohla
- St. Joseph's Healthcare; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Susan Reid
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Hodgson
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre; Hamilton Ontario Canada
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21
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Ivančič M, Naglič P, Pernuš F, Likar B, Bürmen M. Virtually increased acceptance angle for efficient estimation of spatially resolved reflectance in the subdiffusive regime: a Monte Carlo study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4872-4886. [PMID: 29188088 PMCID: PMC5695938 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light propagation in biological tissues is frequently modeled by the Monte Carlo (MC) method, which requires processing of many photon packets to obtain adequate quality of the observed backscattered signal. The computation times further increase for detection schemes with small acceptance angles and hence small fraction of the collected backscattered photon packets. In this paper, we investigate the use of a virtually increased acceptance angle for efficient MC simulation of spatially resolved reflectance and estimation of optical properties by an inverse model. We devise a robust criterion for approximation of the maximum virtual acceptance angle and evaluate the proposed methodology for a wide range of tissue-like optical properties and various source configurations.
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22
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Smartphone based optical spectrometer for diffusive reflectance spectroscopic measurement of hemoglobin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12224. [PMID: 28939898 PMCID: PMC5610341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a miniature, visible to near infrared G-Fresnel spectrometer that contains a complete spectrograph system, including the detection hardware and connects with a smartphone through a microUSB port for operational control. The smartphone spectrometer is able to achieve a resolution of ~5 nm in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 1000 nm. We further developed a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system using the smartphone spectrometer and demonstrated the capability of hemoglobin measurement. Proof of concept studies of tissue phantoms yielded a mean error of 9.2% on hemoglobin concentration measurement, comparable to that obtained with a commercial benchtop spectrometer. The smartphone G-Fresnel spectrometer and the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system can potentially enable new point-of-care opportunities, such as cancer screening.
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23
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Shaikh R, Prabitha VG, Dora TK, Chopra S, Maheshwari A, Deodhar K, Rekhi B, Sukumar N, Krishna CM, Subhash N. A comparative evaluation of diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy in the detection of cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:242-252. [PMID: 26929106 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopic techniques show improved diagnostic accuracy for non-invasive detection of cervical cancers. In this study, sensitivity and specificity of two in vivo modalities, i.e diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), were compared by utilizing spectra recorded from the same sites (67 tumor (T), 22 normal cervix (C), and 57 normal vagina (V)). Data was analysed using principal component - linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), and validated using leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for classification between normal (N) and tumor (T) sites were 91%, 96%, 95% and 93%, respectively for RS and 85%, 95%, 93% and 88%, respectively for DRS. Even though DRS revealed slightly lower diagnostic accuracies, owing to its lower cost and portability, it was found to be more suited for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. On the other hand, RS based devices could be ideal for screening patients with centralised facilities in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Shaikh
- Chilakapati Laboratory, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Vasumathi G Prabitha
- Biophotonics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, Kerala, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Dora
- Tata Memorial Center, Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Supriya Chopra
- Tata Memorial Center, Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Amita Maheshwari
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Gynecology Oncology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Kedar Deodhar
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Bharat Rekhi
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nita Sukumar
- Biophotonics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, Kerala, India
| | - C Murali Krishna
- Chilakapati Laboratory, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Narayanan Subhash
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, Centre for Innovation in Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, 560019, India
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24
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Du Le VN, Provias J, Murty N, Patterson MS, Nie Z, Hayward JE, Farrell TJ, McMillan W, Zhang W, Fang Q. Dual-modality optical biopsy of glioblastomas multiforme with diffuse reflectance and fluorescence: ex vivo retrieval of optical properties. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:27002. [PMID: 28157245 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.027002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glioma itself accounts for 80% of all malignant primary brain tumors, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for 55% of such tumors. Diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy have the potential to discriminate healthy tissues from abnormal tissues and therefore are promising noninvasive methods for improving the accuracy of brain tissue resection. Optical properties were retrieved using an experimentally evaluated inverse solution. On average, the scattering coefficient is 2.4 times higher in GBM than in low grade glioma (LGG), and the absorption coefficient is 48% higher. In addition, the ratio of fluorescence to diffuse reflectance at the emission peak of 460 nm is 2.6 times higher for LGG while reflectance at 650 nm is 2.7 times higher for GBM. The results reported also show that the combination of diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy could achieve sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90% in discriminating GBM from LGG during ex vivo measurements of 22 sites from seven glioma specimens. Therefore, the current technique might be a promising tool for aiding neurosurgeons in determining the extent of surgical resection of glioma and, thus, improving intraoperative tumor identification for guiding surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Nguyen Du Le
- McMaster University, Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Provias
- McMaster University, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naresh Murty
- McMaster University, Department of Surgery, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zhaojun Nie
- McMaster University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph E Hayward
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadafMcMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Farrell
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadafMcMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William McMillan
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadagMcMaster University, Department of Oncology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyin Fang
- McMaster University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaiMcMaster University, Department of Engineering Physics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Greening GJ, Rajaram N, Muldoon TJ. Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805585 DOI: 10.3791/54564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent fiber-bundle microendoscopy techniques enable non-invasive analysis of in vivo tissue using either imaging techniques or a combination of spectroscopy techniques. Combining imaging and spectroscopy techniques into a single optical probe may provide a more complete analysis of tissue health. In this article, two dissimilar modalities are combined, high-resolution fluorescence microendoscopy imaging and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, into a single optical probe. High-resolution fluorescence microendoscopy imaging is a technique used to visualize apical tissue micro-architecture and, although mostly a qualitative technique, has demonstrated effective real-time differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a technique which can extract tissue physiological parameters including local hemoglobin concentration, melanin concentration, and oxygen saturation. This article describes the specifications required to construct the fiber-optic probe, how to build the instrumentation, and then demonstrates the technique on in vivo human skin. This work revealed that tissue micro-architecture, specifically apical skin keratinocytes, can be co-registered with its associated physiological parameters. The instrumentation and fiber-bundle probe presented here can be optimized as either a handheld or endoscopically-compatible device for use in a variety of organ systems. Additional clinical research is needed to test the viability of this technique for different epithelial disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage J Greening
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas;
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26
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Greenawald LA, Boss GR, Reeder A, Bell S. Development of a Hydrogen Sulfide End-of-Service-Life Indicator for Respirator Cartridges Using Cobinamide. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2016; 230:658-666. [PMID: 27022206 PMCID: PMC4807636 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive paper-based sensor was developed for detecting low ppm concentrations of hydrogen sulfide gas. A piece of filter paper containing aquohydroxocobinamide [OH(H2O)Cbi] was placed on the end of a bifurcated optical fiber, and the reflectance spectrum of the OH(H2O)Cbi was monitored during exposure to 10.0 ppm hydrogen sulfide gas (NIOSH recommended exposure limit). Reaction of sulfide (HS-) yielded an increase in reflectance from 400-450 nm, and decrease from 470-550 nm. Spectral changes were monitored as a function of time at 25, 50, and 85% relative humidity. Spectral shifts at high-er humidity suggested reduction of the Cbi(III) compound. The sensor was used to detect hydrogen sulfide breakthrough from respirator carbon beds and results correlated well with a standard electrochemical detector. The simple paper-based sensor could provide a real-time end-of-service-life alert for hydrogen sulfide gas.
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27
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Nagarajan VK, Yu B. Monitoring of tissue optical properties during thermal coagulation of ex vivo tissues. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48:686-94. [PMID: 27250022 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Real-time monitoring of tissue status during thermal ablation of tumors is critical to ensure complete destruction of tumor mass, while avoiding tissue charring and excessive damage to normal tissues. Currently, magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT), along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is the most commonly used technique for monitoring and assessing thermal ablation process in soft tissues. MRT/MRI is very expensive, bulky, and often subject to motion artifacts. On the other hand, light propagation within tissue is sensitive to changes in tissue microstructure and physiology which could be used to directly quantify the extent of tissue damage. Furthermore, optical monitoring can be a portable, and cost-effective alternative for monitoring a thermal ablation process. The main objective of this study, is to establish a correlation between changes in tissue optical properties and the status of tissue coagulation/damage during heating of ex vivo tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS A portable diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system and a side-firing fiber-optic probe were developed to study the absorption (μa (λ)), and reduced scattering coefficients (μ's (λ)) of native and coagulated ex vivo porcine, and chicken breast tissues. In the first experiment, both porcine and chicken breast tissues were heated at discrete temperature points between 24 and 140°C for 2 minutes. Diffuse reflectance spectra (430-630 nm) of native and coagulated tissues were recorded prior to, and post heating. In a second experiment, porcine tissue samples were heated at 70°C and diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded continuously during heating. The μa (λ) and μ's (λ) of the tissues were extracted from the measured diffuse reflectance spectra using an inverse Monte-Carlo model of diffuse reflectance. Tissue heating was stopped when the wavelength-averaged scattering plateaued. RESULTS The wavelength-averaged optical properties, <μ's (λ)> and <μa (λ)>, for native porcine tissues (n = 66) at room temperature, were 5.4 ± 0.3 cm(-1) and 0.780 ± 0.008 cm(-1) (SD), respectively. The <μ's (λ)> and <μa (λ)> for native chicken breast tissues (n = 66) at room temperature, were 2.69 ± 0.08 cm(-1) and 0.29 ± 0.01 cm(-1) (SD), respectively. In the first experiment, the <μ's (λ)> of coagulated porcine and chicken breast tissue rose to 56.4 ± 3.6 cm(-1) at 68.7 ± 1.7°C (SD), and 52.8 ± 1 cm(-1) at 57.1 ± 1.5°C (SD), respectively. Correspondingly, the <μa (λ)> of coagulated porcine (140.6°C), and chicken breast tissues (130°C) were 0.75 ± 0.05 cm(-1) and 0.263 ± 0.004 cm(-1) (SD). For both tissues, charring was observed at temperatures above 80°C. During continuous monitoring of porcine tissue (with connective tissues) heating, the <μ's (λ)> started to rise rapidly from 13.7 ± 1.5 minutes and plateaued at 19 ± 2.5 (SD) minutes. The <μ's (λ)> plateaued at 11.7 ± 3 (SD) minutes for porcine tissue devoid of connective tissue between probe and tissue surface. No charring was observed during continuous monitoring of thermal ablation process. CONCLUSION The changes in optical absorption and scattering properties can be continuously quantified, which could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for assessing tissue coagulation/damage during thermal ablation. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:686-694, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Krishna Nagarajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Auburn Science and Engineering Center (ASEC) 275, West Tower, Akron, Ohio, 44325-0302
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Auburn Science and Engineering Center (ASEC) 275, West Tower, Akron, Ohio, 44325-0302
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Towards monitoring dysplastic progression in the oral cavity using a hybrid fiber-bundle imaging and spectroscopy probe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26734. [PMID: 27220821 PMCID: PMC4879668 DOI: 10.1038/srep26734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial dysplasia of the oral mucosa typically originates in the proliferative cell layer at the basement membrane and extends to the upper epithelial layers as the disease progresses. Detection of malignancies typically occurs upon visual inspection by non-specialists at a late-stage. In this manuscript, we validate a quantitative hybrid imaging and spectroscopy microendoscope to monitor dysplastic progression within the oral cavity microenvironment in a phantom and pre-clinical study. We use an empirical model to quantify optical properties and sampling depth from sub-diffuse reflectance spectra (450–750 nm) at two source-detector separations (374 and 730 μm). Average errors in recovering reduced scattering (5–26 cm−1) and absorption coefficients (0–10 cm−1) in hemoglobin-based phantoms were approximately 2% and 6%, respectively. Next, a 300 μm-thick phantom tumor model was used to validate the probe’s ability to monitor progression of a proliferating optical heterogeneity. Finally, the technique was demonstrated on 13 healthy volunteers and volume-averaged optical coefficients, scattering exponent, hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and sampling depth are presented alongside a high-resolution microendoscopy image of oral mucosa from one volunteer. This multimodal microendoscopy approach encompasses both structural and spectroscopic reporters of perfusion within the tissue microenvironment and can potentially be used to monitor tumor response to therapy.
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Zhu C, Chen S, Chui CHK, Tan BK, Liu Q. Early detection and differentiation of venous and arterial occlusion in skin flaps using visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and autofluorescence spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:570-80. [PMID: 26977363 PMCID: PMC4771472 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Our previous preclinical study demonstrated that both visible diffuse reflectance and autofluorescence spectroscopy, each of which yields a different set of physiological information, can predict skin flap viability with high accuracy in a MacFarlane rat dorsal skin flap model. In this report, we further evaluated our technique for the early detection and differentiation of venous occlusion and arterial occlusion in a rat groin flap model. We performed both diffuse reflectance and autofluorescence measurements on the skin flap model and statistically differentiated between flaps with and without occlusions as well as between flaps with venous occlusion and those with arterial occlusion based on these non-invasive optical measurements. Our preliminary results suggested that visible diffuse reflectance and autofluorescence spectroscopy can be potentially used clinically to detect both venous and arterial occlusion and differentiate one from the other accurately at an early time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caigang Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
- Currently with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
- Currently with the Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | | | - Bien-Keem Tan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
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Liu D, Zhao X, Zeng X, Dan H, Chen Q. Non-Invasive Techniques for Detection and Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 238:165-77. [PMID: 26888696 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.238.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University
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31
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Greenawald LA, Snyder JL, Fry NL, Sailor MJ, Boss GR, Finklea HO, Bell S. Development of a cobinamide-based end-of-service-life indicator for detection of hydrogen cyanide gas. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2015; 221:379-385. [PMID: 26213448 PMCID: PMC4511729 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe an inexpensive paper-based sensor for rapid detection of low concentrations (ppm) of hydrogen cyanide gas. A piece of filter paper pre-spotted with a dilute monocyanocobinamide [CN(H2O)Cbi] solution was placed on the end of a bifurcated optical fiber and the reflectance spectrum of the CN(H2O)Cbi was monitored during exposure to 1.0-10.0 ppm hydrogen cyanide gas. Formation of dicyanocobinamide yielded a peak at 583 nm with a simultaneous decrease in reflectance from 450-500 nm. Spectral changes were monitored as a function of time at several relative humidity values: 25, 50, and 85% relative humidity. With either cellulose or glass fiber papers, spectral changes occurred within 10 s of exposure to 5.0 ppm hydrogen cyanide gas (NIOSH recommended short-term exposure limit). We conclude that this sensor could provide a real-time end-of-service-life alert to a respirator user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A. Greenawald
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (CDC/NIOSH/NPPTL), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.A. Greenawald)
| | | | - Nicole L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harry O. Finklea
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Suzanne Bell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Naglič P, Pernuš F, Likar B, Bürmen M. Limitations of the commonly used simplified laterally uniform optical fiber probe-tissue interface in Monte Carlo simulations of diffuse reflectance. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3973-88. [PMID: 26504647 PMCID: PMC4605056 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light propagation models often simplify the interface between the optical fiber probe tip and tissue to a laterally uniform boundary with mismatched refractive indices. Such simplification neglects the precise optical properties of the commonly used probe tip materials, e.g. stainless steel or black epoxy. In this paper, we investigate the limitations of the laterally uniform probe-tissue interface in Monte Carlo simulations of diffuse reflectance. In comparison to a realistic probe-tissue interface that accounts for the layout and properties of the probe tip materials, the simplified laterally uniform interface is shown to introduce significant errors into the simulated diffuse reflectance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Naglič
- Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franjo Pernuš
- Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Likar
- Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Sensum, Computer Vision Systems d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Bürmen
- Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. In vivo microscopy of hemozoin: towards a needle free diagnostic for malaria. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3462-74. [PMID: 26417515 PMCID: PMC4574671 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of malaria suffers from poor specificity leading to overtreatment with antimalarial medications. Alternatives, like blood smear microscopy or antigen-based tests, require a blood sample. We investigate in vivo microscopy as a needle-free malaria diagnostic. Two optical signatures, birefringence and absorbance, of the endogenous malaria by-product hemozoin were evaluated as in vivo optical biomarkers. Hemozoin birefringence was difficult to detect in highly scattering tissue; however, hemozoin absorbance was observed in increasingly complex biological environments and detectable over a clinically-relevant range of parasitemia in vivo in a P. yoelii-infected mouse model of malaria.
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34
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Zhou Y, Fu X, Ying Y, Fang Z. An integrated fiber-optic probe combined with support vector regression for fast estimation of optical properties of turbid media. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 880:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Mapping of healthy oral mucosal tissue using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: ratiometric-based total hemoglobin comparative study. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:2135-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Greening GJ, Powless AJ, Hutcheson JA, Prieto SP, Majid AA, Muldoon TJ. Design and validation of a diffuse reflectance and spectroscopic microendoscope with poly(dimethylsioxane)-based phantoms. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2015; 9332:93320R. [PMID: 25983372 DOI: 10.1117/12.2076300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many cases of epithelial cancer originate in basal layers of tissue and are initially undetected by conventional microendoscopy techniques. We present a bench-top, fiber-bundle microendoscope capable of providing high resolution images of surface cell morphology. Additionally, the microendoscope has the capability to interrogate deeper into material by using diffuse reflectance and broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The purpose of this multimodal technique was to overcome the limitation of microendoscopy techniques that are limited to only visualizing morphology at the tissue or cellular level. Using a custom fiber optic probe, high resolution surface images were acquired using topical proflavine to fluorescently stain non-keratinized epithelia. A 635 nm laser coupled to a 200 μm multimode fiber delivers light to the sample and the diffuse reflectance signal was captured by a 1 mm image guide fiber. Finally, a tungsten-halogen lamp coupled to a 200 μm multimode fiber delivers broadband light to the sample to acquire spectra at source-detector separations of 374, 729, and 1051 μm. To test the instrumentation, a high resolution proflavine-induced fluorescent image of resected healthy mouse colon was acquired. Additionally, five monolayer poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based optical phantoms with varying absorption and scattering properties were created to acquire diffuse reflectance profiles and broadband spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage J Greening
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA 72701
| | - Amy J Powless
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA 72701
| | - Joshua A Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA 72701
| | - Sandra P Prieto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA 72701
| | - Aneeka A Majid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA 72701
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA 72701
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Yu B, Nagarajan VK, Ferris DG. Mobile fiber-optic sensor for detection of oral and cervical cancer in the developing world. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1256:155-70. [PMID: 25626538 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2172-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral and cervical cancers are a growing global health problem that disproportionately impacts women and men living in the developing world. The high death rate in developing countries is largely due to the fact that these countries do not have the appropriate medical infrastructure and resources to support the organized screening and diagnostic programs that are available in the developed world. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with a fiber-optic probe can noninvasively quantify the optical properties of epithelial tissues and has shown the potential as a cost-effective, easy-to-use, and sensitive tool for diagnosis of early precancerous changes in the cervix and oral cavity. However, current fiber-optic DRS systems have not been designed to be robust and reliable for use in developing countries. They are subject to various sources of systematic or random errors, arising from the uncontrolled probe-tissue interface and lack of real-time calibration, use bulky and expensive optical components, and require extensive training. This chapter describes a portable DRS device that is specifically designed for detection of oral and cervical cancers in resource-poor settings. The device uses an innovative smart fiber-optic probe to eliminate operator bias, state-of-the-art photonics components to reduce size and power consumption, and automated software to reduce the need of operator training. The size and cost of the smart fiber-optic DRS system may be further reduced by incorporating a smartphone based spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-0302, USA,
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38
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Du Le VN, Patterson MS, Farrell TJ, Hayward JE, Fang Q. Experimental recovery of intrinsic fluorescence and fluorophore concentration in the presence of hemoglobin: spectral effect of scattering and absorption on fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:127003. [PMID: 26720881 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.127003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recover the intrinsic fluorescence of biological fluorophores is crucial to accurately identify the fluorophores and quantify their concentrations in the media. Although some studies have successfully retrieved the fluorescence spectral shape of known fluorophores, the techniques usually came with heavy computation costs and did not apply for strongly absorptive media, and the intrinsic fluorescence intensity and fluorophore concentration were not recovered. In this communication, an experimental approach was presented to recover intrinsic fluorescence and concentration of fluorescein in the presence of hemoglobin (Hb). The results indicated that the method was efficient in recovering the intrinsic fluorescence peak and fluorophore concentration with an error of 3% and 10%, respectively. The results also suggested that chromophores with irregular absorption spectra (e.g., Hb) have more profound effects on fluorescence spectral shape than chromophores with monotonic absorption and scattering spectra (e.g., black India ink and polystyrene microspheres).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Nguyen Du Le
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael S Patterson
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas J Farrell
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Joseph E Hayward
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Qiyin Fang
- McMaster University, Department of Engineering Physics, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Spliethoff JW, Tanis E, Evers DJ, Hendriks BHW, Prevoo W, Ruers TJM. Monitoring of tumor radio frequency ablation using derivative spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:97004. [PMID: 25239499 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.9.097004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of radio frequency (RF) ablation, an effective way to assess thermal tissue damage during and after the procedure is still lacking. We present a method for monitoring RF ablation efficacy based on thermally induced methemoglobin as a marker for full tissue ablation. Diffuse reflectance (DR) spectra were measured from human blood samples during gradual heating of the samples from 37 to 60, 70, and 85°C. Additionally, reflectance spectra were recorded real-time during RF ablation of human liver tissue ex vivo and in vivo. Specific spectral characteristics of methemoglobin were extracted from the spectral slopes using a custom optical ablation ratio. Thermal coagulation of blood caused significant changes in the spectral slopes, which is thought to be caused by the formation of methemoglobin. The time course of these changes was clearly dependent on the heating temperature. RF ablation of liver tissue essentially led to similar spectral alterations. In vivo DR measurements confirmed that the method could be used to assess the degree of thermal damage during RF ablation and long after the tissue cooled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarich W Spliethoff
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Tanis
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Evers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Benno H W Hendriks
- Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, High Tech Campus 34, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Warner Prevoo
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J M Ruers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066CX, The NetherlandsdUniversity of Twente, MIRA Institute, Building Zuidhorst P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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Keiser G, Xiong F, Cui Y, Shum PP. Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:080902. [PMID: 25166470 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber technology has significantly bolstered the growth of photonics applications in basic life sciences research and in biomedical diagnosis, therapy, monitoring, and surgery. The unique operational characteristics of diverse fibers have been exploited to realize advanced biomedical functions in areas such as illumination, imaging, minimally invasive surgery, tissue ablation, biological sensing, and tissue diagnosis. This review paper provides the necessary background to understand how optical fibers function, to describe the various categories of available fibers, and to illustrate how specific fibers are used for selected biomedical photonics applications. Research articles and vendor data sheets were consulted to describe the operational characteristics of conventional and specialty multimode and single-mode solid-core fibers, double-clad fibers, hard-clad silica fibers, conventional hollow-core fibers, photonic crystal fibers, polymer optical fibers, side-emitting and side-firing fibers, middle-infrared fibers, and optical fiber bundles. Representative applications from the recent literature illustrate how various fibers can be utilized in a wide range of biomedical disciplines. In addition to helping researchers refine current experimental setups, the material in this review paper will help conceptualize and develop emerging optical fiber-based diagnostic and analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Keiser
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Fei Xiong
- City University London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Cui
- Nanyang Technological University, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, SingaporedCINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- Nanyang Technological University, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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