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Modaresialam M, Granchi N, Stehlik M, Petite C, Delegeanu S, Gourdin A, Bouabdellaoui M, Intonti F, Kerzabi B, Grosso D, Gallais L, Abbarchi M. Nano-imprint lithography of broad-band and wide-angle antireflective structures for high-power lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12967-12981. [PMID: 38571103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient anti reflection coatings based on adiabatic index matching obtained via nano-imprint lithography. They exhibit high total transmission, achromaticity (99.5% < T < 99.8% from 390 to 900 nm and 99% < T < 99.5% from 800 to 1600 nm) and wide angular acceptance (T > 99% up to 50 degrees). Our devices show high laser-induced damage thresholds in the sub-picosecond (>5 J/cm2 at 1030 nm, 500 fs), nanosecond (>150 J/cm2 at 1064 nm, 12 ns and >100 J/cm2 at 532 nm, 12 ns) regimes, and low absorption in the CW regime (<1.3 ppm at 1080 nm), close to those of the fused silica substrate.
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2
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Gao K, Liu Y, Qiao W, Song Y, Zhao X, Wang A, Li T. Wavelength-tunable 1104 nm nonlinear amplifier loop mirror laser based on a polarization-maintaining double-cladding fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5-8. [PMID: 34951868 DOI: 10.1364/ol.445683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An ytterbium-doped stretched-pulse mode-locked fiber oscillator was fabricated by applying a nonlinear amplifier loop mirror (NALM). The fiber cavity was built using a large-mode area (LMA) polarization-maintaining (PM) double-cladding (DC) fiber. The central wavelength of the generated 24.7 MHz laser can be modified from 1034 to 1104 nm by tuning the intra-cavity loss. The output power of this laser with a wavelength of 1104 nm at the transmission and reflection ports is 7.61 and 0.33 mW, respectively. The corresponding compressed pulse durations are 192 and 187 fs, which are 1.54 and 1.02 times the Fourier-transform-limited pulse duration, respectively.
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3
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Wang S, Li Y, Chen Y, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Wang A. Femtosecond all-polarization-maintaining Nd fiber laser at 920 nm mode locked by a biased NALM. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38199-38205. [PMID: 34808877 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a femtosecond all-polarization-maintaining Nd fiber laser working at 920 nm mode locked by a biased non-linear loop mirror. The broadest spectral width of the pulse is 25.2 nm and the output power is 8 mW with 320 mW pump power. The measured pulse width is 109 fs with extra-cavity compression. The laser configuration of all-polarization-maintaining fiber can directly enhance the environmental stability of generated pulses. The seed pulses of the oscillator were amplified over 400 mW, which served as the light source for a two-photon microscope. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a 920 nm femtosecond Nd polarization-maintaining fiber laser based on a non-linear loop mirror.
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4
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Muñoz-Marco H, Abreu-Afonso J, Sardiello G, Pérez-Millán P. Theoretical and experimental comprehensive study of GHz-range passively mode-locked fiber lasers. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:6817-6827. [PMID: 32788772 DOI: 10.1364/ao.394072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a theoretical model based on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation to characterize GHz-range passively mode-locked fiber lasers. The modeled cavities of the lasers are configured by a highly doped and polarization-maintaining single fiber of a single type. For different pulse repetition rates, ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 GHz, gain parameters and pump threshold for a stable mode-locked laser emission are studied. Pulse time width, spectral width, and semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) properties are defined to achieve stable emission. To experimentally validate our theoretical model, 1.0 and 2.2 GHz laser cavities have been built up and amplified. A stable and robust operation for both frequencies was obtained, and the experimental measurements have been found to match the theoretical predictions. Finally, enhanced environmental stability has been achieved using a cavity temperature control system and an antivibration enclosure.
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5
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Zhao Y, Maguluri G, Ferguson RD, Tu H, Paul K, Boppart SA, Llano DA, Iftimia N. Two-photon microscope using a fiber-based approach for supercontinuum generation and light delivery to a small-footprint optical head. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:909-912. [PMID: 32058502 PMCID: PMC7316260 DOI: 10.1364/ol.381571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report a low-cost, portable, two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy imager that uses a fiber-based approach for both femtosecond supercontinuum (SC) generation and light delivery to the optical head. The SC generation is based on a tapered polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber that uses pre-chirped femtosecond narrowband pulses to generate a coherent SC spectrum with a bandwidth of approximately 300 nm. Using this approach, high-power, near-transform-limited, wavelength-selectable SC pulses are generated and directly delivered to the imaging optical head. Preliminary testing of this imager on brain slices is presented, demonstrating a high signal-to-noise ratio and sub-cellular imaging capabilities to a depth of approximately 200 µm. These results demonstrate the suitability of the technology for ex vivo and potentially in vivo cellular-level biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
| | - Gopi Maguluri
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
| | - R. Daniel Ferguson
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Kush Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Daniel A. Llano
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
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6
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Zhou R, Liu X, Yu D, Li Q, Fu HY. Versatile multi-soliton patterns of noise-like pulses in a passively mode-locked fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:912-923. [PMID: 32121811 DOI: 10.1364/oe.380328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally report the dynamics of multi-soliton patterns noise-like pulses (NLPs) in a passively mode-locked fiber laser, which the pulse duration can be linearly tuned from 8.21 ns to 128.23 ns by 2.936 ns / 10 mW. Benefiting from the drastically strengthened nonlinear effects in the cavity and the high gain amplification in the unidirectional ring (UR), the transformation from rectangular-shaped NLP to Gaussian-shaped NLP is experimentally achieved. Versatile multi-soliton patterns are observed in NLP regime for the first time, namely, single-scale soliton clusters, high-order harmonic mode-locking, and localized chaotic multiple pulses. In particular, the spectrum evolution with pump power and spectrum stability in 2 hours are also monitored. The obtained results demonstrate the rectangular-shaped NLP can fully transform into Gaussian-shaped NLP, and the multi-soliton patterns can exist in the NLP regime, which contributes to further understanding the nature and mechanism of the NLP in a passively mode-locked fiber laser.
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7
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Gan M, He C, Liu H, Zhuang Z, Qiu P, Wang K. Air-core fiber or photonic-crystal rod, which is more suitable for energetic femtosecond pulse generation and three-photon microscopy at the 1700-nm window? JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900069. [PMID: 31194292 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Energetic femtosecond pulses at the 1700-nm window are a prerequisite for deep-tissue three-photon microscopy (3PM). Soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) in photonic-crystal (PC) rod has been the only technique to generate such pulses suitable for 3PM. Here we demonstrate through SSFS in an air-core fiber, we can generate most energetic femtosecond soliton pulses at the 1700-nm window, 5.2 times higher than that from PC rod. However, the air-core soliton pulse width is 5.9 times longer than that of PC rod soliton. Based on comparative 3PM excited with both air-core and PC rod solitons, we propose the more suitable source for 3PM. We further elucidate the challenge of generating shorter soliton pulses from air-core fibers through numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Zhuang Z, He C, Du Y, Wen W, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Tao M, Hu Z, Wang K, Qiu P. Refractive index and pulse broadening characterization using oil immersion and its influence on three-photon microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800263. [PMID: 30239164 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-photon microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window enables deep-tissue penetration. However, the refractive indices of commonly used immersion oils, and the resultant pulse broadening are not known, preventing imaging optimization. Here, we demonstrate detailed characterization of the refractive index, pulse broadening and distortion for excitation pulses at this window for commonly used immersion oils. On the physical side, we uncover that absorption, rather than material dispersion, is the main cause of pulse broadening and distortion. On the application side, comparative three-photon imaging results indicate that 1600-nm excitation yields 5 times higher three-photon signal than 1690-nm excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Chung HY, Greinert R, Kärtner FX, Chang G. Multimodal imaging platform for optical virtual skin biopsy enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast laser source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:514-525. [PMID: 30800496 PMCID: PMC6377886 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multimodal label-free nonlinear optical microscopy in human skin enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast source. Energetic femtosecond pulses at 775 nm and 1250 nm are simultaneously generated by an Er-fiber laser source employing frequency doubling and self-phase modulation enabled spectral selection. The integrated nonlinear optical microscope driven by such a two-color femtosecond source enables the excitation of endogenous two-photon excitation fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, and third-harmonic generation in human skin. Such a 3-channel imaging platform constitutes a powerful tool for clinical application and optical virtual skin biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chung
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guoqing Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Huang L, Zhou X, Tang S. Optimization of frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser for miniature multiphoton endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 30574695 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.126503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser is a low-cost and portable excitation source suitable for multiphoton endoscopy. The frequency-doubled wavelength at 780 nm is used to excite the intrinsic fluorescence signal. The frequency-doubling with a periodically poled MgO : LiNbO3 (PPLN) is integrated in the distal end of the imaging head to achieve fiber connection. The imaging speed is further improved by optimizing the excitation laser source. A 0.3-mm length of PPLN crystal is selected and the Er-doped fiber laser is manipulated to match its bandwidth with the acceptance bandwidth of the PPLN. Through this optimization, a reduced pulsewidth of 80 fs of the frequency-doubled pulse is achieved. All-fiber dispersion compensation and pulse compression by single mode fiber is conducted, which makes the fiber laser directly fiber-coupled to the imaging head. An imaging speed of 4 frames / s is demonstrated on ex vivo imaging of unstained biological tissues, which is 10 times faster than our previous study using a 1-mm-long PPLN. The results show that miniature multiphoton endoscopy using frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser has great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Hage CH, Gomes JT, Bardet SM, Granger G, Jossent M, Lavoute L, Gaponov D, Fevrier S. Two-photon microscopy with a frequency-doubled fully fusion-spliced fiber laser at 1840 nm. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5098-5101. [PMID: 30320829 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a fiber-based laser system providing 130 fs pulses with 3.5 nJ energy at 920 nm at a 43 MHz repetition rate and illustrate the potential of the source for two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy of living mouse brain. The laser source is based on frequency-doubling high-energy solitons generated and frequency-shifted to 1840 nm in large mode area fibers. This simple laser system could unleash the potential of two-photon microscopy techniques in the biology laboratory where green fluorescent proteins with two-photon absorption spectrum peaking around 920 nm are routinely used.
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12
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Rentchler EC, Xie R, Hui R, Johnson CK. Two-frequency CARS imaging by switching fiber laser excitation. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:413-418. [PMID: 29322588 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To fully exploit the power of coherent Raman imaging, techniques are needed to image more than one vibrational frequency simultaneously. We describe a method for switching between two vibrational frequencies based on a single fiber-laser source. Stokes pulses were generated by soliton self-frequency shifting in a photonic crystal fiber. Pump and Stokes pulses were stretched to enhance vibrational resolution by spectral focusing. Stokes pulses were switched between two wavelengths on the millisecond time scale by a liquid-crystal retarder. Proof-of-principle is demonstrated by coherent anti-Stokes Raman imaging of polystyrene beads embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The Stokes shift was switched between 3,050 cm-1 , where polystyrene has a Raman transition, and 2,950 cm-1 , where both polystyrene and PMMA have Raman resonances. The method can be extended to multiple vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Rentchler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Ruxin Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Rongqing Hui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Carey K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
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13
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Chen B, Rong H, Huang X, Wu R, Wu D, Li Y, Feng L, Zhang Z, Chen L, Wang A. Robust hollow-fiber-pigtailed 930 nm femtosecond Nd:fiber laser for volumetric two-photon imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:22704-22709. [PMID: 29041577 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.022704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a robust high power 930 nm femtosecond Nd:fiber laser system with hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF) as the output delivery, which can be easily integrated into compact two-photon microscopy system for bio-imaging. The whole laser system can deliver up to 17.4 nJ, 220-fs pulses at 930 nm with repetition rate of 46 MHz. In this paper, this laser was demonstrated as the light source for volumetric imaging of zebrafish blood vessel.
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14
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Kwon Y, Vazquez-Zuniga LA, Lee S, Kim H, Jeong Y. Numerical study on multi-pulse dynamics and shot-to-shot coherence property in quasi-mode-locked regimes of a highly-pumped anomalous dispersion fiber ring cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:4456-4469. [PMID: 28241648 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.004456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate quasi-mode-locked (QML) multi-pulse dynamics in a fiber ring laser cavity in the anomalous dispersion regime. We show that the laser cavity can operate in five constitutively different QML regimes, depending on the saturation power of the saturable absorber element and the length of the passive fiber section that parameterize the overall nonlinearity and dispersion characteristic of the laser cavity. We classify them into the incoherent noise-like-pulse, partially-coherent noise-like-pulse, symbiotic, partially-coherent multi-soliton, and coherent multi-soliton regimes, accounting for their coherence and multi-pulse formation features. In particular, we numerically clarify and confirm the symbiotic regime for the first time to the best of our knowledge, in which noise-like pulses and multi-solitons coexist stably in the cavity that has recently been observed experimentally. Furthermore, we analyze the shot-to-shot coherence characteristics of the individual QML regimes relative to the amount of the nonlinear-phase shift per roundtrip, and verify a strong correlation between them. We also show that the net-cavity dispersion plays a critical role in determining the multi-pulse dynamics out of the partially-coherent noise-like-pulse, symbiotic, and partially-coherent multi-soliton regimes, when the cavity bears moderate nonlinearity. We quantify and visualize all those characteristics onto contour maps, which will be very useful and helpful in discussing and clarifying the complex QML dynamics.
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15
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Lien CH, Abrigo G, Chen PH, Chien FC. Two-color temporal focusing multiphoton excitation imaging with tunable-wavelength excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:26008. [PMID: 28241274 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.026008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength tunable temporal focusing multiphoton excitation microscopy (TFMPEM) is conducted to visualize optical sectioning images of multiple fluorophore–labeled specimens through the optimal two-photon excitation (TPE) of each type of fluorophore. The tunable range of excitation wavelength was determined by the groove density of the grating, the diffraction angle, the focal length of lenses, and the shifting distance of the first lens in the beam expander. Based on a consideration of the trade-off between the tunable-wavelength range and axial resolution of temporal focusing multiphoton excitation imaging, the presented system demonstrated a tunable-wavelength range from 770 to 920 nm using a diffraction grating with groove density of 830 ?? lines / mm . TPE fluorescence imaging examination of a fluorescent thin film indicated that the width of the axial confined excitation was 3.0 ± 0.7 ?? ? m and the shifting distance of the temporal focal plane was less than 0.95 ?? ? m within the presented wavelength tunable range. Fast different wavelength excitation and three-dimensionally rendered imaging of Hela cell mitochondria and cytoskeletons and mouse muscle fibers were demonstrated. Significantly, the proposed system can improve the quality of two-color TFMPEM images through different excitation wavelengths to obtain higher-quality fluorescent signals in multiple-fluorophore measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiang Lien
- National United University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Gerald Abrigo
- National Central University, Department of Optics and Photonics, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- National Central University, Department of Optics and Photonics, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- National Central University, Department of Optics and Photonics, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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16
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Chen B, Jiang T, Zong W, Chen L, Zhang Z, Wang A. 910nm femtosecond Nd-doped fiber laser for in vivo two-photon microscopic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16544-9. [PMID: 27464109 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pre-chirp technique was used in an Nd-doped fiber amplifier to optimize high-quality 910 nm pulses with the pulses width of 114 fs and pulse energy of 4.4 nJ. The in vivo zebrafish imaging results from our totally home-made microscopy proves our femtosecond Nd fiber laser an ideal source in two-photon microscopic imaging.
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17
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Huang L, Mills AK, Zhao Y, Jones DJ, Tang S. Miniature fiber-optic multiphoton microscopy system using frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1948-56. [PMID: 27231633 PMCID: PMC4871093 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on a miniature fiber-optic multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system based on a frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser. The femtosecond pulses from the laser source are delivered to the miniature fiber-optic probe at 1.58 µm wavelength, where a standard single mode fiber is used for delivery without the need of free-space dispersion compensation components. The beam is frequency-doubled inside the probe by a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. Frequency-doubled pulses at 786 nm with a maximum power of 80 mW and a pulsewidth of 150 fs are obtained and applied to excite intrinsic signals from tissues. A MEMS scanner, a miniature objective, and a multimode collection fiber are further used to make the probe compact. The miniature fiber-optic MPM system is highly portable and robust. Ex vivo multiphoton imaging of mammalian skins demonstrates the capability of the system in imaging biological tissues. The results show that the miniature fiber-optic MPM system using frequency-doubled femtosecond fiber laser can potentially bring the MPM imaging for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Arthur K. Mills
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David J. Jones
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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18
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Perillo EP, McCracken JE, Fernée DC, Goldak JR, Medina FA, Miller DR, Yeh HC, Dunn AK. Deep in vivo two-photon microscopy with a low cost custom built mode-locked 1060 nm fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:324-34. [PMID: 26977343 PMCID: PMC4771452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that a mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser for two-photon fluorescence microscopy can be built for $13,000. The laser emits at a wavelength of 1060 nm with a usable average power of 1 W at a repetition rate of 40 MHz and a compressed pulse width of 81 fs at the sample. The laser is used to obtain deep in vivo two-color images of layer-V pyramidal neurons expressing YFP and vasculature labelled with Texas Red at depths up to 900 µm. The sub-1 µm features of dendritic spines can be resolved at a 200 µm depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Perillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Justin E. McCracken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Daniel C. Fernée
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - John R. Goldak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Flor A. Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - David R. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Andrew K. Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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19
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Shen Y, Shuhendler AJ, Ye D, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Two-photon excitation nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6725-6741. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00442c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Integration of the two-photon excitation (TPE) technique and nanomaterials to construct TPE nanoparticle-based photosensitizers for PDT is summarized and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Adam J. Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
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20
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Xie R, Su J, Rentchler EC, Zhang Z, Johnson CK, Shi H, Hui R. Multi-modal label-free imaging based on a femtosecond fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2390-6. [PMID: 25071972 PMCID: PMC4102372 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multi-mode microscopy based on a single femtosecond fiber laser. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and photothermal images can be obtained simultaneously with this simplified setup. Distributions of lipid and hemoglobin in sliced mouse brain samples and blood cells are imaged. The dependency of signal amplitude on the pump power and pump modulation frequency is characterized, which allows to isolate the impact from different contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Xie
- Department Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Jue Su
- Department Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Eric C. Rentchler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Carey K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Rongqing Hui
- Department Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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21
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Xu C, Wise FW. Recent Advances in Fiber Lasers for Nonlinear Microscopy. NATURE PHOTONICS 2013; 7:10.1038/nphoton.2013.284. [PMID: 24416074 PMCID: PMC3887125 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy techniques developed over the past two decades have provided dramatic new capabilities for biological imaging. The initial demonstrations of nonlinear microscopies coincided with the development of solid-state femtosecond lasers, which continue to dominate applications of nonlinear microscopy. Fiber lasers offer attractive features for biological and biomedical imaging, and recent advances are leading to high-performance sources with the potential for robust, inexpensive, integrated instruments. This article discusses recent advances, and identifies challenges and opportunities for fiber lasers in nonlinear bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - F W Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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22
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Su J, Xie R, Johnson CK, Hui R. Single fiber laser based wavelength tunable excitation for CRS spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. B, OPTICAL PHYSICS 2013; 30:1671-1682. [PMID: 23950620 PMCID: PMC3741065 DOI: 10.1364/josab.30.001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent Raman spectroscopy (CRS) using a tunable excitation source based on a single femtosecond fiber laser. The frequency difference between the pump and the Stokes pulses was generated by soliton self-frequency shifting (SSFS) in a nonlinear optical fiber. Spectra of C-H stretches of cyclohexane were measured simultaneously by stimulated Raman gain (SRG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and compared. We demonstrate the use of spectral focusing through pulse chirping to improve CRS spectral resolution. We analyze the impact of pulse stretching on the reduction of power efficiency for CARS and SRG. Due to chromatic dispersion in the fiber-optic system, the differential pulse delay is a function of Stokes wavelength. This differential delay has to be accounted for when performing spectroscopy in which the Stokes wavelength needs to be scanned. CARS and SRG signals were collected and displayed in two dimensions as a function of both the time delay between chirped pulses and the Stokes wavelength, and we demonstrate how to find the stimulated Raman spectrum from the two-dimensional plots. Strategies of system optimization consideration are discussed in terms of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Su
- Dept. Elect Eng. & Computer Sci., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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23
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Kieu K, Mehravar S, Gowda R, Norwood RA, Peyghambarian N. Label-free multi-photon imaging using a compact femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by carbon nanotube saturable absorber. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2187-95. [PMID: 24156074 PMCID: PMC3799676 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate label-free multi-photon imaging of biological samples using a compact Er(3+)-doped femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT). These compact and low cost lasers have been developed by various groups but they have not been exploited for multiphoton microscopy. Here, it is shown that various multiphoton imaging modalities (e.g. second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), and three-photon excitation fluorescence (3PEF)) can be effectively performed on various biological samples using a compact handheld CNT mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser operating in the telecommunication window near 1560nm. We also show for the first time that chlorophyll fluorescence in plant leaves and diatoms can be observed using 1560nm laser excitation via three-photon absorption.
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24
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Adany P, Johnson CK, Hui R. Fiber laser based two-photon FRET measurement of calmodulin and mCherry-E(0)GFP proteins. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:837-43. [PMID: 22213386 PMCID: PMC3339282 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The speed and accuracy of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements can be improved by rapidly alternating excitation wavelengths between the donor and acceptor fluorophore. We demonstrate FRET efficiency measurements based on a fiber laser and photonic crystal fiber as the source for two-photon excitation (TPE). This system offers the potential for rapid wavelength switching with the benefits of axial optical sectioning and improved penetration depth provided by TPE. Correction of FRET signals for cross excitation and cross emission was achieved by switching the excitation wavelength with an electrically controlled modulator. Measurement speed was primarily limited by integration times required to measure fluorescence. Using this system, we measured the FRET efficiency of calmodulin labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 and Texas Red dyes. In addition, we measured two-photon induced FRET in an E(0)GFP-mCherry protein construct. Results from one-photon and two-photon excitation are compared to validate the rapid wavelength switched two-photon measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Carey K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Rongqing Hui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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25
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Kim DU, Song H, Song W, Kwon HS, Sung M, Kim DY. Two-photon microscopy using an Yb(3+)-doped fiber laser with variable pulse widths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:12341-12349. [PMID: 22714221 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.012341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most of the two-photon fluorescence microscopes are based on femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser sources near the 800 nm wavelength. Here, we introduce a new confocal two-photon microscope system using a mode-locked Yb(3+)-doped fiber laser. The mode-locked fiber laser produces 13 ps pulses with large positive chirping at a repetition rate of 36 MHz with an average power of 80 mW. By using an external grating pair pulse compressor, the pulse width and the frequency chirping of the laser output are controlled for optimum two-photon excitation. For a given objective lens, the optimum condition was obtained by monitoring the two-photon-induced-photocurrent in a GaAsP photodiode at the sample position. The performance of this pulse width optimized two-photon microscope system was demonstrated by imaging Vybrant DiI-stained dorsal root ganglion cells in 2 and 3 dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Uk Kim
- School of Information and Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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26
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Liu Y, Tu H, Benalcazar WA, Chaney EJ, Boppart SA. Multimodal Nonlinear Microscopy by Shaping a Fiber Supercontinuum From 900 to 1160 nm. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2012; 18:10.1109/JSTQE.2011.2168559. [PMID: 24187481 PMCID: PMC3812947 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2011.2168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy has become widely used in biophotonic imaging. Pulse shaping provides control over nonlinear optical processes of ultrafast pulses for selective imaging and contrast enhancement. In this study, nonlinear microscopy, including two-photon fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation, was performed using pulses shaped from a fiber supercontinuum (SC) spanning from 900 to 1160 nm. The SC generated by coupling pulses from a Yb:KYW pulsed laser into a photonic crystal fiber was spectrally filtered and compressed using a spatial light modulator. The shaped pulses were used for nonlinear optical imaging of cellular and tissue samples. Amplitude and phase shaping the fiber SC offers selective and efficient nonlinear optical imaging over a broad bandwidth with a single-beam and an easily tunable setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
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27
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Sibbett W, Lagatsky AA, Brown CTA. The development and application of femtosecond laser systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:6989-7001. [PMID: 22453378 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.006989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some background as well as recent progress in the development of femtosecond lasers are discussed together with a brief outline of a few representative emergent applications in biology and medicine that are underpinned by access to such sources. We also provide a short summary of other contributions in this focus issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sibbett
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
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28
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Field JJ, Sheetz KE, Chandler EV, Hoover EE, Young MD, Ding SY, Sylvester AW, Kleinfeld D, Squier JA. Differential Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2012; 18:14-28. [PMID: 27390511 PMCID: PMC4932844 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2010.2077622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) in the biological and medical sciences has become an important tool for obtaining high resolution images at video rates. While current implementations of MMM achieve very high frame rates, they are limited in their applicability to essentially those biological samples that exhibit little or no scattering. In this paper, we report on a method for MMM in which imaging detection is not necessary (single element point detection is implemented), and is therefore fully compatible for use in imaging through scattering media. Further, we demonstrate that this method leads to a new type of MMM wherein it is possible to simultaneously obtain multiple images and view differences in excitation parameters in a single shot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Field
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging
and Control, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401,
USA
| | - Kraig E. Sheetz
- Department of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, United
States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Eric V. Chandler
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging
and Control, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401,
USA
| | - Erich E. Hoover
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging
and Control, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401,
USA
| | - Michael D. Young
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging
and Control, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401,
USA
| | - Shi-you Ding
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard,
Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Anne W. Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, Graduate Program in Neuroscience,
Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeff A. Squier
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging
and Control, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401,
USA
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29
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Adany P, Arnett DC, Johnson CK, Hui R. Tunable excitation source for coherent Raman spectroscopy based on a single fiber laser. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2011; 99:181112-1811123. [PMID: 22121254 PMCID: PMC3223507 DOI: 10.1063/1.3657529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a wavelength tunable optical excitation source for coherent Raman scattering (CRS) spectroscopy based on a single femtosecond fiber laser. Electrically controlled wavelength tuning of Stokes optical pulses was achieved with soliton self frequency shift in an optical fiber, and linear frequency chirping was applied to both the pump and the Stokes waves to significantly improve the spectral resolution. The coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum of cyclohexane was measured and vibrational resonant Raman peaks separated by 70 cm(-1) were clearly resolved. Single laser-based tunable excitation may greatly simplify CRS measurements and extend the practicality of CRS microscopy.
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30
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Liu G, Kieu K, Wise FW, Chen Z. Multiphoton microscopy system with a compact fiber-based femtosecond-pulse laser and handheld probe. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:34-9. [PMID: 20635426 PMCID: PMC3337208 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a compact multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system that integrates a compact and robust fiber laser with a miniature probe. The all normal dispersion fiber femtosecond laser has a central wavelength of 1.06 μm, pulse width of 125 fs and average power of more than 1 W. A double cladding photonic crystal fiber was used to deliver the excitation beam and to collect the two-photon signal. The hand-held probe included galvanometer-based mirror scanners, relay lenses and a focusing lens. The packaged probe had a diameter of 16 mm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) images and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images of biological tissues were demonstrated using the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangjun Liu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Corresponding authors: , Phone: +01 949 824 5597, Fax: +01 949 824 8413; , Phone: +01 949 824 1247, Fax: +01 949 824 8413
| | - Khanh Kieu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Frank W. Wise
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Corresponding authors: , Phone: +01 949 824 5597, Fax: +01 949 824 8413; , Phone: +01 949 824 1247, Fax: +01 949 824 8413
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31
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Yazdanfar S, Joo C, Zhan C, Berezin MY, Akers WJ, Achilefu S. Multiphoton microscopy with near infrared contrast agents. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:030505. [PMID: 20614991 PMCID: PMC2881927 DOI: 10.1117/1.3420209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has been performed with a wide range of excitation wavelengths, fluorescence emission has been limited to the visible spectrum. We introduce a paradigm for MPM of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecular probes via nonlinear excitation at 1550 nm. This all-NIR system expands the range of available MPM fluorophores, virtually eliminates background autofluorescence, and allows for use of fiber-based, turnkey ultrafast lasers developed for telecommunications.
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32
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Tang S, Liu J, Krasieva TB, Chen Z, Tromberg BJ. Developing compact multiphoton systems using femtosecond fiber lasers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:030508. [PMID: 19566289 PMCID: PMC2864591 DOI: 10.1117/1.3153842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We implement a fiber-delivered compact femtosecond fiber laser at 1,030-nm wavelength in multiphoton imaging. The laser pulse duration is 150 fs, the average power is 200 mW, and the repetition rate is 40 MHz. The laser measures 200 x 160 x 45 mm in size and its output is delivered through a photonic bandgap fiber. Intrinsic second-harmonic generation signal is excited from rat tail tendon and human skin samples. Two-photon excited fluorescence signal is obtained from human skin tissues stained with exogenous fluorophore. Our results show that femtosecond fiber lasers at 1030-nm wavelength have significant potential in developing compact, all-fiber-based, portable multiphoton systems and endoscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- PolarOnyx, Inc., 470 Lakeside Drive, Suite F, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | - Tatiana B. Krasieva
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Zhongping Chen
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617
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33
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Adany P, Price ES, Johnson CK, Zhang R, Hui R. Switching of 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses using a compact PMN-PT modulator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:033107. [PMID: 19334907 PMCID: PMC2678787 DOI: 10.1063/1.3093811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A voltage-controlled birefringent cell based on ceramic PMN-PT material is used to enable fast intensity modulation of femtosecond laser pulses in the 800 nm wavelength window. The birefringent cell based on a PMN-PT compound has comparatively high electro-optic response, allowing for a short interaction length of 3 mm and thus very small size, low attenuation of 0.16 dB, and negligible broadening for 100 fs optical pulses. As an application example, agile wavelength tuning of optical pulses is demonstrated using the soliton self-frequency shift in a photonic crystal fiber. By dynamically controlling the optical power into the fiber, this system switches the wavelength of 100 fs pulses from 900 nm to beyond 1120 nm with less than 5 micros time. In addition, a feedback system stabilizes the wavelength drift against external conditions resulting in high wavelength stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adany
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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34
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Träutlein D, Adler F, Moutzouris K, Jeromin A, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E. Highly versatile confocal microscopy system based on a tunable femtosecond Er:fiber source. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2008; 1:53-61. [PMID: 19343635 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200710019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a confocal microscopy setup based on a single femtosecond fiber system is explored over a broad range of pump wavelengths for both linear and nonlinear imaging techniques. First, the benefits of a laser source in linear fluorescence excitation that is continuously tunable over most of the visible spectrum are demonstrated. The influences of subpicosecond pulse durations on the bleaching behavior of typical fluorophores are discussed. We then utilize the tunable near-infrared output of the femtosecond system in connection with a specially designed prism compressor for dispersion control. Pulses as short as 33 fs are measured in the confocal region. As a consequence, 2 mW of average power are sufficient for two-photon microscopy in an organotypic sample from the mouse brain. This result shows great prospect for deep-tissue imaging in the optimum transparency window around 1100 nm. In a third experiment, we prove that our compact setup is powerful enough to exploit even higher-order nonlinearities such as three-photon absorption that we use to induce spatially localized photodamage in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Träutlein
- Department of Biology and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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