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Yamada S, Yamada K, Sugawara-Narutaki A, Baba Y, Yukawa H. Near-infrared-II fluorescence/magnetic resonance double modal imaging of transplanted stem cells using lanthanide co-doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1043-1050. [PMID: 38430367 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
To ensure maximum therapeutic safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation, it is essential to observe the kinetics of behavior, accumulation, and engraftment of transplanted stem cells in vivo. However, it is difficult to detect transplanted stem cells with high sensitivity by conventional in vivo imaging technologies. To diagnose the kinetics of transplanted stem cells, we prepared multifunctional nanoparticles, Gd2O3 co-doped with Er3+ and Yb3+ (Gd2O3: Er, Yb-NPs), and developed an in vivo double modal imaging technique with near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of stem cells using Gd2O3: Er, Yb-NPs. Gd2O3: Er, Yb-NPs were transduced into adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) through a simple incubation process without cytotoxicity under certain concentrations of Gd2O3: Er, Yb-NPs and were found not to affect the morphology of ASCs. ASCs labeled with Gd2O3: Er, Yb-NPs were transplanted subcutaneously onto the backs of mice, and successfully imaged with good contrast using an in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging and MRI system. These data suggest that Gd2O3: Er, Yb-NPs may be useful for in vivo double modal imaging with NIR-II fluorescence imaging and MRI of transplanted stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamada
- Department of Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Kaori Yamada
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki
- Department of Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Medical-Engineering Collaboration Supported by SEI Group CSR Foundation, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
- Department of Medical-Engineering Collaboration Supported by SEI Group CSR Foundation, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
- B-3Frontier, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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2
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Inami W, Hara N, Kawata Y, Kobayashi H, Fujita T. High resolution imaging of ultrafine bubbles in water by Atmospheric SEM-CL. Micron 2022; 162:103351. [PMID: 36174306 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various analytical methods such as high-resolution observation of ultrafine bubbles in water are required to clarify the mechanisms and interrelationships of various effects brought about by ultrafine bubbles. In this study, we used atmospheric scanning electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (ASEM-CL) method for observing ultrafine bubbles in water. ASEM can observe samples in water, and the fine electron beam provides high spatial resolution. Furthermore, the gas in the bubble can be estimated from the CL emission spectrum. We have measured characteristics such as bubble size and particle number density. Also, the CL spectra has shown that the ultrafine bubbles contained nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Inami
- Shizuoka University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan; Shizuoka University, Research Institute of Electronics, Hamamatsu 4328011, Japan.
| | - Naoto Hara
- Shizuoka University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawata
- Shizuoka University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan; Shizuoka University, Research Institute of Electronics, Hamamatsu 4328011, Japan
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3
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Tanaka A, Inami W, Suzuki Y, Kawata Y. Development of a direct point electron beam exposure system to investigate the biological functions of subcellular domains in a living biological cell. Micron 2022; 155:103214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Sao M, Takeda S, Inami W, Kawata Y. Depth structure analysis by surface scanning in near-field microscopes. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6302-6305. [PMID: 33186975 DOI: 10.1364/ol.402490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging of the surfaces of samples can be performed using near-field optical microscopes by scanning a small light spot; however, structures located deep beneath cannot be observed because the light spot spreads in three directions. In this study, we propose an observation technique for near-field optical microscopes that can obtain depth information within the resolution of the diffraction limit of light by analyzing interference patterns formed with divergent incident light and scattered light from a sample. We analyze depth structures by evaluating correlation coefficients between observed interference patterns and calculated reference patterns. Our technique can observe both high-resolution surface images and the diffraction-limited three-dimensional structure by scanning a near-field light source on a single plane.
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5
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Keevend K, Coenen T, Herrmann IK. Correlative cathodoluminescence electron microscopy bioimaging: towards single protein labelling with ultrastructural context. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15588-15603. [PMID: 32677648 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of living systems and their building blocks relies heavily on the assessment of structure-function relationships at the nanoscale. Ever since the development of the first optical microscope, the reliance of scientists across disciplines on microscopy has increased. The development of the first electron microscope and with it the access to information at the nanoscale has prompted numerous disruptive discoveries. While fluorescence imaging allows identification of specific entities based on the labelling with fluorophores, the unlabelled constituents of the samples remain invisible. In electron microscopy on the other hand, structures can be comprehensively visualized based on their distinct electron density and geometry. Although electron microscopy is a powerful tool, it does not implicitly provide information on the location and activity of specific organic molecules. While correlative light and electron microscopy techniques have attempted to unify the two modalities, the resolution mismatch between the two data sets poses major challenges. Recent developments in optical super resolution microscopy enable high resolution correlative light and electron microscopy, however, with considerable constraints due to sample preparation requirements. Labelling of specific structures directly for electron microscopy using small gold nanoparticles (i.e. immunogold) has been used extensively. However, identification of specific entities solely based on electron contrast, and the differentiation from endogenous dense granules, remains challenging. Recently, the use of correlative cathodoluminescence electron microscopy (CCLEM) imaging based on luminescent inorganic nanocrystals has been proposed. While nanometric resolution can be reached for both the electron and the optical signal, high energy electron beams are potentially damaging to the sample. In this review, we discuss the opportunities of (volumetric) multi-color single protein labelling based on correlative cathodoluminescence electron microscopy, and its prospective impact on biomedical research in general. We elaborate on the potential challenges of correlative cathodoluminescence electron microscopy-based bioimaging and benchmark CCLEM against alternative high-resolution correlative imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerda Keevend
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St Gallen, Switzerland.
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6
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Cell stimulation by focused electron beam of atmospheric SEM. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 206:112823. [PMID: 31398577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell stimulation has been performed with a focused electron beam. To protect the live cells from the vacuum environment of the electron beam, the beam irradiated the ambient cells via a thin film. In this way, the cells were electrically stimulated with nanometre resolution in a non-contact process. The response of calcium ion concentration in a single HeLa cell after electron beam irradiation was examined. This technique has the potential to stimulate single ion channels, granules, and organelles.
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7
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Niskanen I, Forsberg V, Zakrisson D, Reza S, Hummelgård M, Andres B, Fedorov I, Suopajärvi T, Liimatainen H, Thungström G. Determination of nanoparticle size using Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Bischak CG, Wai RB, Cherqui C, Busche JA, Quillin SC, Hetherington CL, Wang Z, Aiello CD, Schlom DG, Aloni S, Ogletree DF, Masiello DJ, Ginsberg NS. Noninvasive Cathodoluminescence-Activated Nanoimaging of Dynamic Processes in Liquids. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10583-10590. [PMID: 28956598 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ electron microscopy provides remarkably high spatial resolution, yet electron beam irradiation often damages soft materials and perturbs dynamic processes, requiring samples to be very robust. Here, we instead noninvasively image the dynamics of metal and polymer nanoparticles in a liquid environment with subdiffraction resolution using cathodoluminescence-activated imaging by resonant energy transfer (CLAIRE). In CLAIRE, a free-standing scintillator film serves as a nanoscale optical excitation source when excited by a low energy, focused electron beam. We capture the nanoscale dynamics of these particles translating along and desorbing from the scintillator surface and demonstrate 50 ms frame acquisition and a range of imaging of at least 20 nm from the scintillator surface. Furthermore, in contrast with in situ electron microscopy, CLAIRE provides spectral selectivity instead of relying on scattering alone. We also demonstrate through quantitative modeling that the CLAIRE signal from metal nanoparticles is impacted by multiplasmonic mode interferences. Our findings demonstrate that CLAIRE is a promising, noninvasive approach for super-resolution imaging for soft and fluid materials with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor G Bischak
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Charles Cherqui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jacob A Busche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Steven C Quillin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Craig L Hetherington
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Darrell G Schlom
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | | | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Naomi S Ginsberg
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Garming MWH, Weppelman IGC, de Boer P, Martínez FP, Schirhagl R, Hoogenboom JP, Moerland RJ. Nanoparticle discrimination based on wavelength and lifetime-multiplexed cathodoluminescence microscopy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:12727-12734. [PMID: 28829093 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials can be identified in high-resolution electron microscopy images using spectrally-selective cathodoluminescence. Capabilities for multiplex detection can however be limited, e.g., due to spectral overlap or availability of filters. Also, the available photon flux may be limited due to degradation under electron irradiation. Here, we demonstrate single-pass cathodoluminescence-lifetime based discrimination of different nanoparticles, using a pulsed electron beam. We also show that cathodoluminescence lifetime is a robust parameter even when the nanoparticle cathodoluminescence intensity decays over an order of magnitude. We create lifetime maps, where the lifetime of the cathodoluminescence emission is correlated with the emission intensity and secondary-electron images. The consistency of lifetime-based discrimination is verified by also correlating the emission wavelength and the lifetime of nanoparticles. Our results show how cathodoluminescence lifetime provides an additional channel of information in electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs W H Garming
- Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
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10
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Fukuta M, Ono A, Nawa Y, Inami W, Shen L, Kawata Y, Terekawa S. Cell structure imaging with bright and homogeneous nanometric light source. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:503-510. [PMID: 27274004 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Label-free optical nano-imaging of dendritic structures and intracellular granules in biological cells is demonstrated using a bright and homogeneous nanometric light source. The optical nanometric light source is excited using a focused electron beam. A zinc oxide (ZnO) luminescent thin film was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) to produce the nanoscale light source. The ZnO film formed by ALD emitted the bright, homogeneous light, unlike that deposited by another method. The dendritic structures of label-free macrophage receptor with collagenous structure-expressing CHO cells were clearly visualized below the diffraction limit. The inner fiber structure was observed with 120 nm spatial resolution. Because the bright homogeneous emission from the ZnO film suppresses the background noise, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the imaging results was greater than 10. The ALD method helps achieve an electron beam excitation assisted microscope with high spatial resolution and high SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fukuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nawa
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wataru Inami
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Lin Shen
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawata
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Susumu Terekawa
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Photon Medical Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Hondayama, Higashi, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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11
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Niskanen I, Hibino K, Räty J. Immersion liquid techniques in solid particle characterization: A review. Talanta 2016; 149:225-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Masuda Y, Inami W, Miyakawa A, Kawata Y. Cell culture on hydrophilicity-controlled silicon nitride surfaces. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1977-82. [PMID: 26415963 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture on silicon nitride membranes is required for atmospheric scanning electron microscopy, electron beam excitation assisted optical microscopy, and various biological sensors. Cell adhesion to silicon nitride membranes is typically weak, and cell proliferation is limited. We increased the adhesion force and proliferation of cultured HeLa cells by controlling the surface hydrophilicity of silicon nitride membranes. We covalently coupled carboxyl groups on silicon nitride membranes, and measured the contact angles of water droplets on the surfaces to evaluate the hydrophilicity. We cultured HeLa cells on the coated membranes and evaluated stretch of the cell. Cell migration and confluence were observed on the coated silicon nitride films. We also demonstrated preliminary observation result with direct electron beam excitation-assisted optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Masuda
- Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wataru Inami
- Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Atsuo Miyakawa
- Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawata
- Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
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13
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Masuda Y, Nawa Y, Inami W, Kawata Y. Carboxylic monolayer formation for observation of intracellular structures in HeLa cells with direct electron beam excitation-assisted fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3128-3133. [PMID: 26309772 PMCID: PMC4541536 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular structures of HeLa cells are observed using a direct electron beam excitation-assisted fluorescence (D-EXA) microscope. In this microscope, a silicon nitride membrane is used as a culture plate, which typically has a low biocompatibility between the sample and the silicon nitride surface to prevent the HeLa cells from adhering strongly to the surface. In this work, the surface of silicon nitride is modified to allow strong cell attachment, which enables high-resolution observation of intracellular structures and an increased signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, the penetration depth of the electron beam is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. We can conclude from the results of the observations and simulations that the surface modification technique is promising for the observation of intracellular structures using the D-EXA microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Masuda
- Shizuoka University Graduate School of Science and Technology, 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nawa
- Shizuoka University Research Institute of Electrics, 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wataru Inami
- Shizuoka University Research Institute of Electrics, 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawata
- Shizuoka University Research Institute of Electrics, 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
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14
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Miyazako H, Mabuchi K, Hoshino T. Spatiotemporal Control of Electrokinetic Transport in Nanofluidics Using an Inverted Electron-Beam Lithography System. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6595-6603. [PMID: 25996098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation techniques of biomolecules have been proposed for biochemical analysis which combine electrokinetic dynamics, such as electrophoresis or electroosmotic flow, with optical manipulation to provide high throughput and high spatial degrees of freedom. However, there are still challenging problems in nanoscale manipulation due to the diffraction limit of optics. We propose here a new manipulation technique for spatiotemporal control of chemical transport in nanofluids using an inverted electron-beam (EB) lithography system for liquid samples. By irradiating a 2.5 keV EB to a liquid sample through a 100-nm-thick SiN membrane, negative charges can be generated within the SiN membrane, and these negative charges can induce a highly focused electric field in the liquid sample. We showed that the EB-induced negative charges could induce fluid flow, which was strong enough to manipulate 240 nm nanoparticles in water, and we verified that the main dynamics of this EB-induced fluid flow was electroosmosis caused by changing the zeta potential of the SiN membrane surface. Moreover, we demonstrated manipulation of a single nanoparticle and concentration patterning of nanoparticles by scanning EB. Considering the shortness of the EB wavelength and Debye length in buffer solutions, we expect that our manipulation technique will be applied to nanomanipulation of biomolecules in biochemical analysis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miyazako
- †Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, and ‡Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Mabuchi
- †Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, and ‡Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshino
- †Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, and ‡Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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15
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Nawa Y, Inami W, Lin S, Kawata Y, Terakawa S. High-resolution, label-free imaging of living cells with direct electron-beam-excitation-assisted optical microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:14561-14568. [PMID: 26072816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.014561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution microscope is desired for deep understanding of cellular functions, in order to develop medical technologies. We demonstrate high-resolution imaging of un-labelled organelles in living cells, in which live cells on a 50 nm thick silicon nitride membrane are imaged by autofluorescence excited with a focused electron beam through the membrane. Electron beam excitation enables ultrahigh spatial resolution imaging of organelles, such as mitochondria, nuclei, and various granules. Since the autofluorescence spectra represent molecular species, this microscopy allows fast and detailed investigations of cellular status in living cells.
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16
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Kawata Y, Nawa Y, Inami W. High resolution fluorescent bio-imaging with electron beam excitation. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 63 Suppl 1:i16. [PMID: 25359807 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed electron beam excitation assisted (EXA) optical microscope[1-3], and demonstrated its resolution higher than 50 nm. In the microscope, a light source in a few nanometers size is excited by focused electron beam in a luminescent film. The microscope makes it possible to observe dynamic behavior of living biological specimens in various surroundings, such as air or liquids. Scan speed of the nanometric light source is faster than that in conventional near-field scanning optical microscopes. The microscope enables to observe optical constants such as absorption, refractive index, polarization, and their dynamic behavior on a nanometric scale. The microscope opens new microscopy applications in nano-technology and nano-science.Figure 1(a) shows schematic diagram of the proposed EXA microscope. An electron beam is focused on a luminescent film. A specimen is put on the luminescent film directly. The inset in Fig. 1(a) shows magnified image of the luminescent film and the specimen. Nanometric light source is excited in the luminescent film by the focused electron beam. The nanometric light source illuminates the specimen, and the scattered or transmitted radiation is detected with a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The light source is scanned by scanning of the focused electron beam in order to construct on image. Figure 1(b) shows a luminescence image of the cells acquired with the EXA microscope, and Fig. 1(c) shows a phase contrast microscope image. Cells were observed in culture solution without any treatments, such as fixation and drying. The shape of each cell was clearly recognized and some bright spots were observed in cells. We believe that the bright spots indicated with arrows were auto-fluorescence of intracellular granules and light- grey regions were auto-fluorescence of cell membranes. It is clearly demonstrated that the EXA microscope is useful tool for observation of living biological cells in physiological conditions.jmicro;63/suppl_1/i16/DFU090F1F1DFU090F1Fig. 1.(a) Optical setup of EXA microscpe, and observation results of of living MARCO-expressing CHO cells with (b) EXA microscope and (c) phase contrast microscope. We proposed the EXA microscope as a technique with high spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of light. A spatial resolution greater than 100 nm was achieved for the EXA microscope and the dynamic behavior of moving nanoparticles in water was observed by time lapse imaging. We also demonstrated luminescence image of living cells in culture solution without any treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Kawata
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nawa
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wataru Inami
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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Zhang H, Aharonovich I, Glenn DR, Schalek R, Magyar AP, Lichtman JW, Hu EL, Walsworth RL. Silicon-vacancy color centers in nanodiamonds: cathodoluminescence imaging markers in the near infrared. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1908-1913. [PMID: 24596272 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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18
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Peckys DB, de Jonge N. Liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy: imaging protein complexes in their native environment in whole eukaryotic cells. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:346-65. [PMID: 24548636 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of specimens in liquid, so-called Liquid STEM, is capable of imaging the individual subunits of macromolecular complexes in whole eukaryotic cells in liquid. This paper discusses this new microscopy modality within the context of state-of-the-art microscopy of cells. The principle of operation and equations for the resolution are described. The obtained images are different from those acquired with standard transmission electron microscopy showing the cellular ultrastructure. Instead, contrast is obtained on specific labels. Images can be recorded in two ways, either via STEM at 200 keV electron beam energy using a microfluidic chamber enclosing the cells, or via environmental scanning electron microscopy at 30 keV of cells in a wet environment. The first series of experiments involved the epidermal growth factor receptor labeled with gold nanoparticles. The labels were imaged in whole fixed cells with nanometer resolution. Since the cells can be kept alive in the microfluidic chamber, it is also feasible to detect the labels in unfixed, live cells. The rapid sample preparation and imaging allows studies of multiple whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana B Peckys
- 1 Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Niels de Jonge
- 1 Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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19
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Nawa Y, Inami W, Miyake A, Ono A, Kawata Y, Lin S, Terakawa S. Dynamic autofluorescence imaging of intracellular components inside living cells using direct electron beam excitation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:378-86. [PMID: 24575334 PMCID: PMC3920870 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-resolution fluorescence microscope in which fluorescent materials are directly excited using a focused electron beam. Electron beam excitation enables detailed observations on the nanometer scale. Real-time live-cell observation is also possible using a thin film to separate the environment under study from the vacuum region required for electron beam propagation. In this study, we demonstrated observation of cellular components by autofluorescence excited with a focused electron beam and performed dynamic observations of intracellular granules. Since autofluorescence is associated with endogenous substances in cells, this microscope can also be used to investigate the intrinsic properties of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Wataru Inami
- Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Aki Miyake
- Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328011, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328011, Japan
| | - Sheng Lin
- Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561, Japan
| | - Susumu Terakawa
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
- Photon Medical Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi, Hamamatsu 4313192, Japan
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20
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Nawa Y, Inami W, Lin S, Kawata Y, Terakawa S, Fang CY, Chang HC. Multi-color imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds in living HeLa cells using direct electron-beam excitation. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:721-6. [PMID: 24403210 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multi-color, high spatial resolution imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in living HeLa cells has been performed with a direct electron-beam excitation-assisted fluorescence (D-EXA) microscope. In this technique, fluorescent materials are directly excited with a focused electron beam and the resulting cathodoluminescence (CL) is detected with nanoscale resolution. Green- and red-light-emitting FNDs were employed for two-color imaging, which were observed simultaneously in the cells with high spatial resolution. This technique could be applied generally for multi-color immunostaining to reveal various cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 53-471-1128; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 1020083 (Japan)
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21
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de Jonge N, Pfaff M, Peckys DB. Practical Aspects of Transmission Electron Microscopy in Liquid. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800264-3.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Narváez AC, Weppelman IGC, Moerland RJ, Liv N, Zonnevylle AC, Kruit P, Hoogenboom JP. Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of nanostructures on glass substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:29968-29978. [PMID: 24514548 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.029968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy is an emerging analysis technique in the fields of biology and photonics, where it is used for the characterization of nanometer sized structures. For these applications, the use of transparent substrates might be highly preferred, but the detection of CL from nanostructures on glass is challenging because of the strong background generated in these substrates and the relatively weak CL signal from the nanostructures. We present an imaging system for highly efficient CL detection through the substrate using a high numerical aperture objective lens. This system allows for detection of individual nano-phosphors down to thirty nanometer in size as well as the up to ninth order plasmon resonance modes of a gold nanowire on ITO coated glass. We analyze the CL signal-to-background dependence on the primary electron beam energy and discuss different approaches to minimize its influence on the measurement.
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23
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Miyazaki HT, Kasaya T, Takemura T, Hanagata N, Yasuda T, Miyazaki H. Diffraction-unlimited optical imaging of unstained living cells in liquid by electron beam scanning of luminescent environmental cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:28198-28218. [PMID: 24514332 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.028198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An environmental cell with a 50-nm-thick cathodoluminescent window was attached to a scanning electron microscope, and diffraction-unlimited near-field optical imaging of unstained living human lung epithelial cells in liquid was demonstrated. Electrons with energies as low as 0.8 - 1.2 kV are sufficiently blocked by the window without damaging the specimens, and form a sub-wavelength-sized illumination light source. A super-resolved optical image of the specimen adhered to the opposite window surface was acquired by a photomultiplier tube placed below. The cells after the observation were proved to stay alive. The image was formed by enhanced dipole radiation or energy transfer, and features as small as 62 nm were resolved.
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Furukawa T, Niioka H, Ichimiya M, Nagata T, Ashida M, Araki T, Hashimoto M. High-resolution microscopy for biological specimens via cathodoluminescence of Eu- and Zn-doped Y2O3 nanophosphors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:25655-25663. [PMID: 24216790 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.025655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution microscopy for biological specimens was performed using cathodoluminescence (CL) of Y(2)O(3):Eu, Zn nanophosphors, which have high CL intensity due to the incorporation of Zn. The intensity of Y(2)O(3):Eu nanophosphors at low acceleration voltage (3 kV) was increased by adding Zn. The CL intensity was high enough for imaging even with a phosphor size as small as about 30 nm. The results show the possibility of using CL microscopy for biological specimens at single-protein-scale resolution. CL imaging of HeLa cells containing laser-ablated Y(2)O(3):Eu, Zn nanophosphors achieved a spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. Y(2)O(3):Eu, Zn nanophosphors in HeLa cells were also imaged with 254 nm ultraviolet light excitation. The results suggest that correlative microscopy using CL, secondary electrons and fluorescence imaging could enable multi-scale investigation of molecular localization from the nanoscale to the microscale.
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Hoshino T, Mabuchi K. Closed-looped in situ nano processing on a culturing cell using an inverted electron beam lithography system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:345-9. [PMID: 23396058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The beam profile of an electron beam (EB) can be focused onto less than a nanometer spot and scanned over a wide field with extremely high speed sweeping. Thus, EB is employed for nano scale lithography in applied physics research studies and in fabrication of semiconductors. We applied a scanning EB as a control system for a living cell membrane which is representative of large scale complex systems containing nanometer size components. First, we designed the opposed co-axial dual optics containing inverted electron beam lithography (I-EBL) system and a fluorescent optical microscope. This system could provide in situ nano processing for a culturing living cell on a 100-nm-thick SiN nanomembrane, which was placed between the I-EBL and the fluorescent optical microscope. Then we demonstrated the EB-induced chemical direct nano processing for a culturing cell with hundreds of nanometer resolution and visualized real-time images of the scanning spot of the EB-induced luminescent emission and chemical processing using a high sensitive camera mounted on the optical microscope. We concluded that our closed-loop in situ nano processing would be able to provide a nanometer resolution display of virtual molecule environments to study functional changes of bio-molecule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoshino
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Electron Tweezers as a Tool for High-Precision Manipulation of Nanoobjects. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407700-3.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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