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Lotze G, Iyer AHS, Bäcke O, Kalbfleisch S, Colliander MH. In situ characterization of stresses, deformation and fracture of thin films using transmission X-ray nanodiffraction microscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:42-54. [PMID: 38095669 PMCID: PMC10833435 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of hard X-ray transmission nano- and microdiffraction to perform in situ stress and strain measurements during deformation has recently been demonstrated and used to investigate many thin film systems. Here a newly commissioned sample environment based on a commercially available nanoindenter is presented, which is available at the NanoMAX beamline at the MAX IV synchrotron. Using X-ray nanoprobes of around 60-70 nm at 14-16 keV and a scanning step size of 100 nm, we map the strains, stresses, plastic deformation and fracture during nanoindentation of industrial coatings with thicknesses in the range of several micrometres, relatively strong texture and large grains. The successful measurements of such challenging samples illustrate broad applicability. The sample environment is openly accessible for NanoMAX beamline users through the MAX IV sample environment pool, and its capability can be further extended for specific purposes through additional available modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Lotze
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund, Sweden
- LINXS Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anand H. S. Iyer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Bäcke
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Eschen W, Liu C, Penagos Molina DS, Klas R, Limpert J, Rothhardt J. High-speed and wide-field nanoscale table-top ptychographic EUV imaging and beam characterization with a sCMOS detector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:14212-14224. [PMID: 37157290 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present high-speed and wide-field EUV ptychography at 13.5 nm wavelength using a table-top high-order harmonic source. Compared to previous measurements, the total measurement time is significantly reduced by up to a factor of five by employing a scientific complementary metal oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) detector that is combined with an optimized multilayer mirror configuration. The fast frame rate of the sCMOS detector enables wide-field imaging with a field of view of 100 µm × 100 µm with an imaging speed of 4.6 Mpix/h. Furthermore, fast EUV wavefront characterization is employed using a combination of the sCMOS detector with orthogonal probe relaxation.
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3
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Kahnt M, Kalbfleisch S, Björling A, Malm E, Pickworth L, Johansson U. Complete alignment of a KB-mirror system guided by ptychography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42308-42322. [PMID: 36366687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the individual mirrors of a high-quality Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system can be aligned to each other to create an optimally focused beam, through minimizing aberrations in the phase of the ptychographically reconstructed pupil function. Different sources of misalignment and the distinctive phase artifacts they create are presented via experimental results from the alignment of the KB mirrors at the NanoMAX diffraction endstation. The catalog of aberration artifacts can be used to easily identify which parameter requires further tuning in the alignment of any KB mirror system.
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4
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Hu L, Wang H, Fox O, Sawhney K. Fast wavefront sensing for X-ray optics with an alternating speckle tracking technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:33259-33273. [PMID: 36242370 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advances in accelerator technologies have enabled the continuous development of synchrotron radiation and X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources. At the same time, it has been critical to perform in-situ wavefront sensing to aid delivery of high-quality X-ray beams to the end users of these facilities. The speckle-based scanning technique has obtained popularity due to its high spatial resolution and superior sensitivity compared to other wavefront sensing methods. However, these advantages often come at the expense of longer data acquisition times since multiple images have to be collected to derive the necessary wavefront information. Whereas initial speckle tracking techniques could obtain wavefront information relatively quickly, the installation of additional hardware was routinely required to do so. Here, we propose a novel speckle-based approach, termed Alternating Speckle Tracking (AST), to perform fast wavefront sensing within a conventional beamline setup. The wavefront information derived from the new technique has proven to be valuable for many applications that require temporal resolution. Importantly, both horizontal and vertical wavefront information can be simultaneously derived by moving the speckle generator along the diagonal direction. We expect this method will be widely used by the synchrotron radiation and XFEL community in the future.
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5
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Moxham TEJ, Dhamgaye V, Laundy D, Fox OJL, Khosroabadi H, Sawhney K, Korsunsky AM. Two-dimensional wavefront characterization of adaptable corrective optics and Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror system using ptychography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19185-19198. [PMID: 36221703 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrations introduced during fabrication degrade the performance of X-ray optics and their ability to achieve diffraction limited focusing. Corrective optics can counteract these errors by introducing wavefront perturbations prior to the optic which cancel out the distortions. Here we demonstrate two-dimensional wavefront correction of an aberrated Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror pair using adaptable refractive structures. The resulting two-dimensional wavefront is measured using hard X-ray ptychography to recover the complex probe wavefield with high spatial resolution and model the optical performance under coherent conditions. The optical performance including the beam caustic, focal profile and wavefront error is examined before and after correction with both mirrors found to be diffraction limited after correcting. The results will be applicable to a wide variety of high numerical aperture X-ray optics aiming to achieve diffraction limited focussing using low emittance sources.
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6
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Carbone D, Kalbfleisch S, Johansson U, Björling A, Kahnt M, Sala S, Stankevic T, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Bring B, Matej Z, Bell P, Erb D, Hardion V, Weninger C, Al-Sallami H, Lidon-Simon J, Carlson S, Jerrebo A, Norsk Jensen B, Bjermo A, Åhnberg K, Roslund L. Design and performance of a dedicated coherent X-ray scanning diffraction instrument at beamline NanoMAX of MAX IV. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:876-887. [PMID: 35511021 PMCID: PMC9070697 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The diffraction endstation of the NanoMAX beamline is designed to provide high-flux coherent X-ray nano-beams for experiments requiring many degrees of freedom for sample and detector. The endstation is equipped with high-efficiency Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror focusing optics and a two-circle goniometer supporting a positioning and scanning device, designed to carry a compact sample environment. A robot is used as a detector arm. The endstation, in continued development, has been in user operation since summer 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Stankevic
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Microsoft Danmark ApS, Tuborg Boulevard 12, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Angel Rodriguez-Fernandez
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Björn Bring
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Axis Communications, Gränden 1, 22369 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zdenek Matej
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Bell
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Erb
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anders Bjermo
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Åhnberg
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linus Roslund
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Sala S, Zhang Y, De La Rosa N, Dreier T, Kahnt M, Langer M, Dahlin LB, Bech M, Villanueva-Perez P, Kalbfleisch S. Dose-efficient multimodal microscopy of human tissue at a hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:807-815. [PMID: 35511013 PMCID: PMC9070709 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence microscopy performed at nanofocusing synchrotron beamlines produces quantitative elemental distribution maps at unprecedented resolution (down to a few tens of nanometres), at the expense of relatively long measuring times and high absorbed doses. In this work, a method was implemented in which fast low-dose in-line holography was used to produce quantitative electron density maps at the mesoscale prior to nanoscale X-ray fluorescence acquisition. These maps ensure more efficient fluorescence scans and the reduction of the total absorbed dose, often relevant for radiation-sensitive (e.g. biological) samples. This multimodal microscopy approach was demonstrated on human sural nerve tissue. The two imaging modes provide complementary information at a comparable resolution, ultimately limited by the focal spot size. The experimental setup presented allows the user to swap between them in a flexible and reproducible fashion, as well as to easily adapt the scanning parameters during an experiment to fine-tune resolution and field of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathaly De La Rosa
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Till Dreier
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
- Excillum AB, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Max Langer
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lars B. Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine – Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Bech
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pablo Villanueva-Perez
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Lyubomirskiy M, Wittwer F, Kahnt M, Koch F, Kubec A, Falch KV, Garrevoet J, Seyrich M, David C, Schroer CG. Multi-beam X-ray ptychography using coded probes for rapid non-destructive high resolution imaging of extended samples. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6203. [PMID: 35418587 PMCID: PMC9008058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging large areas of a sample non-destructively and with high resolution is of great interest for both science and industry. For scanning coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy, i. e., ptychography, the achievable scan area at a given spatial resolution is limited by the coherent photon flux of modern X-ray sources. Multibeam X-ray ptychography can improve the scanning speed by scanning the sample with several parallel mutually incoherent beams, e. g., generated by illuminating multiple focusing optics in parallel by a partially coherent beam. The main difficulty with this scheme is the robust separation of the superimposed signals from the different beams, especially when the beams and the illuminated sample areas are quite similar. We overcome this difficulty by encoding each of the probing beams with its own X-ray phase plate. This helps the algorithm to robustly reconstruct the multibeam data. We compare the coded multibeam scans to uncoded multibeam and single beam scans, demonstrating the enhanced performance on a microchip sample with regular and repeating structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lyubomirskiy
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frieder Koch
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI), Forschungsstr. 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adam Kubec
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI), Forschungsstr. 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,XRnanotech GmbH, Forschungsstr. 111,ODRA 117, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ken Vidar Falch
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian David
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI), Forschungsstr. 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Li Y, Zatterin E, Conroy M, Pylypets A, Borodavka F, Björling A, Groenendijk DJ, Lesne E, Clancy AJ, Hadjimichael M, Kepaptsoglou D, Ramasse QM, Caviglia AD, Hlinka J, Bangert U, Leake SJ, Zubko P. Electrostatically Driven Polarization Flop and Strain-Induced Curvature in Free-Standing Ferroelectric Superlattices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106826. [PMID: 35064954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of strain and electrostatic engineering in epitaxial heterostructures of ferroelectric oxides offers many possibilities for inducing new phases, complex polar topologies, and enhanced electrical properties. However, the dominant effect of substrate clamping can also limit the electromechanical response and often leaves electrostatics to play a secondary role. Releasing the mechanical constraint imposed by the substrate can not only dramatically alter the balance between elastic and electrostatic forces, enabling them to compete on par with each other, but also activates new mechanical degrees of freedom, such as the macroscopic curvature of the heterostructure. In this work, an electrostatically driven transition from a predominantly out-of-plane polarized to an in-plane polarized state is observed when a PbTiO3 /SrTiO3 superlattice with a SrRuO3 bottom electrode is released from its substrate. In turn, this polarization rotation modifies the lattice parameter mismatch between the superlattice and the thin SrRuO3 layer, causing the heterostructure to curl up into microtubes. Through a combination of synchrotron-based scanning X-ray diffraction imaging, Raman scattering, piezoresponse force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the crystalline structure and domain patterns of the curved superlattices are investigated, revealing a strong anisotropy in the domain structure and a complex mechanism for strain accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Edoardo Zatterin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Michele Conroy
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0HA, UK
| | - Anastasiia Pylypets
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Fedir Borodavka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dirk J Groenendijk
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft, GA 2600, The Netherlands
| | - Edouard Lesne
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft, GA 2600, The Netherlands
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Marios Hadjimichael
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Demie Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
- Schools of Chemical and Process Engineering, & Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea D Caviglia
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft, GA 2600, The Netherlands
| | - Jiri Hlinka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ursel Bangert
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Steven J Leake
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Pavlo Zubko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0HA, UK
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10
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Li P, Allain M, Grünewald TA, Rommel M, Campos A, Carbone D, Chamard V. 4 th generation synchrotron source boosts crystalline imaging at the nanoscale. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 35338112 PMCID: PMC8956681 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New 4th-generation synchrotron sources, with their increased brilliance, promise to greatly improve the performances of coherent X-ray microscopy. This perspective is of major interest for crystal microscopy, which aims at revealing the 3D crystalline structure of matter at the nanoscale, an approach strongly limited by the available coherent flux. Our results, based on Bragg ptychography experiments performed at the first 4th-generation synchrotron source, demonstrate the possibility of retrieving a high-quality image of the crystalline sample, with unprecedented quality. Importantly, the larger available coherent flux produces datasets with enough information to overcome experimental limitations, such as strongly deteriorated scanning conditions. We show this achievement would not be possible with 3rd-generation sources, a limit that has inhibited the development of this otherwise powerful microscopy method, so far. Hence, the advent of next-generation synchrotron sources not only makes Bragg ptychography suitable for high throughput studies but also strongly relaxes the associated experimental constraints, making it compatible with a wider range of experimental set-ups at the new synchrotrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Marc Allain
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Tilman A Grünewald
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Marcus Rommel
- Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Campos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), CP2M, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Fotongatan 2, 225 94, Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginie Chamard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France.
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11
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Miniaturized Sulfite-Based Gold Bath for Controlled Electroplating of Zone Plate Nanostructures. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030452. [PMID: 35334744 PMCID: PMC8955819 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray zone plates made from gold are common optical components used in X-ray imaging experiments. These nanostructures are normally fabricated using a combination of electron-beam lithography and gold electroplating with cyanide gold baths. In this study, we present a gold electroplating process in a miniaturized gold-suplphite bath. The miniaturization is enabled by on-chip reference plating areas with well defined sizes, offering a reliable way to control the height of the structures by carefully choosing the plating time at a given current density in accordance with a calibration curve. Fabricated gold zone plates were successfully used in X-ray imaging experiments with synchrotron radiation. Although gold electroplating of nanostructures is a well-established method, details about the actual process are often missing in the literature. Therefore, we think that our detailed descriptions and explanations will be helpful for other researchers that would like to fabricate similar structures.
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12
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Defect-driven antiferromagnetic domain walls in CuMnAs films. Nat Commun 2022; 13:724. [PMID: 35132068 PMCID: PMC8821625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient manipulation of antiferromagnetic (AF) domains and domain walls has opened up new avenues of research towards ultrafast, high-density spintronic devices. AF domain structures are known to be sensitive to magnetoelastic effects, but the microscopic interplay of crystalline defects, strain and magnetic ordering remains largely unknown. Here, we reveal, using photoemission electron microscopy combined with scanning X-ray diffraction imaging and micromagnetic simulations, that the AF domain structure in CuMnAs thin films is dominated by nanoscale structural twin defects. We demonstrate that microtwin defects, which develop across the entire thickness of the film and terminate on the surface as characteristic lines, determine the location and orientation of 180∘ and 90∘ domain walls. The results emphasize the crucial role of nanoscale crystalline defects in determining the AF domains and domain walls, and provide a route to optimizing device performance. Antiferromagnets offer the potential for higher speed and density than ferromagnetic materials for spintronic devices. Here, Reimers et al study the domain structure of CuMnAs, demonstrating the role of defects in stabilizing the location and orientation of antiferromagnetic domain walls.
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13
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Kalbfleisch S, Zhang Y, Kahnt M, Buakor K, Langer M, Dreier T, Dierks H, Stjärneblad P, Larsson E, Gordeyeva K, Chayanun L, Söderberg D, Wallentin J, Bech M, Villanueva-Perez P. X-ray in-line holography and holotomography at the NanoMAX beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:224-229. [PMID: 34985439 PMCID: PMC8733976 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Coherent X-ray imaging techniques, such as in-line holography, exploit the high brilliance provided by diffraction-limited storage rings to perform imaging sensitive to the electron density through contrast due to the phase shift, rather than conventional attenuation contrast. Thus, coherent X-ray imaging techniques enable high-sensitivity and low-dose imaging, especially for low-atomic-number (Z) chemical elements and materials with similar attenuation contrast. Here, the first implementation of in-line holography at the NanoMAX beamline is presented, which benefits from the exceptional focusing capabilities and the high brilliance provided by MAX IV, the first operational diffraction-limited storage ring up to approximately 300 eV. It is demonstrated that in-line holography at NanoMAX can provide 2D diffraction-limited images, where the achievable resolution is only limited by the 70 nm focal spot at 13 keV X-ray energy. Also, the 3D capabilities of this instrument are demonstrated by performing holotomography on a chalk sample at a mesoscale resolution of around 155 nm. It is foreseen that in-line holography will broaden the spectra of capabilities of MAX IV by providing fast 2D and 3D electron density images from mesoscale down to nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Khachiwan Buakor
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Max Langer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Till Dreier
- Department for Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Excillum AB, Jan Stenbecks Torg 17, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Hanna Dierks
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Philip Stjärneblad
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuel Larsson
- Division of Solid Mechanics and LUNARC, Department of Construction Sciences, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Korneliya Gordeyeva
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lert Chayanun
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Söderberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Wallentin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Bech
- Department for Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pablo Villanueva-Perez
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Johansson U, Carbone D, Kalbfleisch S, Björling A, Kahnt M, Sala S, Stankevic T, Liebi M, Rodriguez Fernandez A, Bring B, Paterson D, Thånell K, Bell P, Erb D, Weninger C, Matej Z, Roslund L, Åhnberg K, Norsk Jensen B, Tarawneh H, Mikkelsen A, Vogt U. NanoMAX: the hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1935-1947. [PMID: 34738949 PMCID: PMC8570223 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
NanoMAX is the first hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV laboratory. It utilizes the unique properties of the world's first operational multi-bend achromat storage ring to provide an intense and coherent focused beam for experiments with several methods. In this paper we present the beamline optics design in detail, show the performance figures, and give an overview of the surrounding infrastructure and the operational diffraction endstation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Stankevic
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne Liebi
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Bring
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Karina Thånell
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Bell
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Erb
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clemens Weninger
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zdenek Matej
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linus Roslund
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Åhnberg
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Lund University, Synchrotron Radiation Research, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Vogt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Diaz A, Iyer AHS, Verezhak M, Wakonig K, Colliander MH, Carbone D. Imaging Ultrafast Dynamical Diffraction Wave Fronts in Strained Si with Coherent X Rays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:157402. [PMID: 34677993 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.157402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical diffraction effects in thin single crystals produce highly monochromatic parallel x-ray beams with a mutual separation of a few microns and a time delay of a few femtoseconds-the so-called echoes. This ultrafast diffraction effect is used at X-Ray Free Electron Lasers in self-seeding schemes to improve beam monochromaticity. Here, we present a coherent x-ray imaging measurement of echoes from Si crystals and demonstrate that a small surface strain can be used to tune their temporal delay. These results represent a first step toward the ambitious goal of strain tailoring new x-ray optics and, conversely, open up the possibility of using ultrafast dynamical diffraction effects to study strain in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Switzerland CH-5232
| | - Anand H S Iyer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden SE-41296
| | - Mariana Verezhak
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Switzerland CH-5232
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Switzerland CH-5232
| | - Magnus H Colliander
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden SE-41296
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden SE-22100
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16
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Björling A, Weninger C, Kahnt M, Kalbfleisch S, Johansson U, Sala S, Lenrick F, Thånell K. Contrast - a lightweight Python framework for beamline orchestration and data acquisition. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1253-1260. [PMID: 34212891 PMCID: PMC8284407 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521005269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of fourth-generation synchrotrons is prompting the development of new systems for experimental control and data acquisition. However, as general control systems are designed to cover a wide set of instruments and techniques, they tend to become large and complicated, at the cost of experimental flexibility. Here we present Contrast, a simple Python framework for interacting with beamline components, orchestrating experiments and managing data acquisition. The system is presented and demonstrated via its application at the NanoMAX beamline of the MAX IV Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Filip Lenrick
- Production and Materials Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Vicente R, Neckel IT, Sankaranarayanan SKS, Solla-Gullon J, Fernández PS. Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging for In Situ Studies in Electrocatalysis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6129-6146. [PMID: 33793205 PMCID: PMC8155327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis is at the heart of a broad range of physicochemical applications that play an important role in the present and future of a sustainable economy. Among the myriad of different electrocatalysts used in this field, nanomaterials are of ubiquitous importance. An increased surface area/volume ratio compared to bulk makes nanoscale catalysts the preferred choice to perform electrocatalytic reactions. Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) was introduced in 2006 and since has been applied to obtain 3D images of crystalline nanomaterials. BCDI provides information about the displacement field, which is directly related to strain. Lattice strain in the catalysts impacts their electronic configuration and, consequently, their binding energy with reaction intermediates. Even though there have been significant improvements since its birth, the fact that the experiments can only be performed at synchrotron facilities and its relatively low resolution to date (∼10 nm spatial resolution) have prevented the popularization of this technique. Herein, we will briefly describe the fundamentals of the technique, including the electrocatalysis relevant information that we can extract from it. Subsequently, we review some of the computational experiments that complement the BCDI data for enhanced information extraction and improved understanding of the underlying nanoscale electrocatalytic processes. We next highlight success stories of BCDI applied to different electrochemical systems and in heterogeneous catalysis to show how the technique can contribute to future studies in electrocatalysis. Finally, we outline current challenges in spatiotemporal resolution limits of BCDI and provide our perspectives on recent developments in synchrotron facilities as well as the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael
A. Vicente
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, 13083-841 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itamar T. Neckel
- Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian
Center for Research in Energy and Materials, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Subramanian K.
R. S. Sankaranarayanan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - José Solla-Gullon
- Institute
of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo S. Fernández
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, 13083-841 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Nukala P, Ahmadi M, Wei Y, de Graaf S, Stylianidis E, Chakrabortty T, Matzen S, Zandbergen HW, Björling A, Mannix D, Carbone D, Kooi B, Noheda B. Reversible oxygen migration and phase transitions in hafnia-based ferroelectric devices. Science 2021; 372:630-635. [PMID: 33858991 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional ferroelectricity exhibited by hafnia-based thin films-robust at nanoscale sizes-presents tremendous opportunities in nanoelectronics. However, the exact nature of polarization switching remains controversial. We investigated a La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 capacitor interfaced with various top electrodes while performing in situ electrical biasing using atomic-resolution microscopy with direct oxygen imaging as well as with synchrotron nanobeam diffraction. When the top electrode is oxygen reactive, we observe reversible oxygen vacancy migration with electrodes as the source and sink of oxygen and the dielectric layer acting as a fast conduit at millisecond time scales. With nonreactive top electrodes and at longer time scales (seconds), the dielectric layer also acts as an oxygen source and sink. Our results show that ferroelectricity in hafnia-based thin films is unmistakably intertwined with oxygen voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Nukala
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. .,Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.,CogniGron (Groningen Cognitive Systems and Materials Center), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yingfen Wei
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.,CogniGron (Groningen Cognitive Systems and Materials Center), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sytze de Graaf
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Evgenios Stylianidis
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tuhin Chakrabortty
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Sylvia Matzen
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Henny W Zandbergen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Dan Mannix
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France.,European Spallation Source, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bart Kooi
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.,CogniGron (Groningen Cognitive Systems and Materials Center), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Noheda
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. .,CogniGron (Groningen Cognitive Systems and Materials Center), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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19
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Bikondoa O, Carbone D. On Compton scattering as a source of background in coherent diffraction imaging experiments. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:538-549. [PMID: 33650567 PMCID: PMC7941292 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compton scattering is generally neglected in diffraction experiments because the incoherent radiation it generates does not give rise to interference effects and therefore is negligible at Bragg peaks. However, as the scattering volume is reduced, the difference between the Rayleigh (coherent) and Compton (incoherent) contributions at Bragg peaks diminishes and the incoherent part may become substantial. The consequences can be significant for coherent diffraction imaging at high scattering angles: the incoherent radiation produces background that smears out the secondary interference fringes, affecting thus the achievable resolution of the technique. Here, a criterion that relates the object shape and the resolution is introduced. The Compton contribution for several object shapes is quantified, and it is shown that the maximum achievable resolution along different directions has a strong dependence on the crystal shape and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Bikondoa
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- XMaS – The UK Materials Science Facility, ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Fotongatan 2, 225 94 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Björling A, Marçal LAB, Solla-Gullón J, Wallentin J, Carbone D, Maia FRNC. Three-Dimensional Coherent Bragg Imaging of Rotating Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:246101. [PMID: 33412038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bragg coherent diffraction imaging is a powerful strain imaging tool, often limited by beam-induced sample instability for small particles and high power densities. Here, we devise and validate an adapted diffraction volume assembly algorithm, capable of recovering three-dimensional datasets from particles undergoing uncontrolled and unknown rotations. We apply the method to gold nanoparticles which rotate under the influence of a focused coherent x-ray beam, retrieving their three-dimensional shapes and strain fields. The results show that the sample instability problem can be overcome, enabling the use of fourth generation synchrotron sources for Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas A B Marçal
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - José Solla-Gullón
- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesper Wallentin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filipe R N C Maia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Marçal LB, Oksenberg E, Dzhigaev D, Hammarberg S, Rothman A, Björling A, Unger E, Mikkelsen A, Joselevich E, Wallentin J. In Situ Imaging of Ferroelastic Domain Dynamics in CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanowires by Nanofocused Scanning X-ray Diffraction. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15973-15982. [PMID: 33074668 PMCID: PMC7690043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interest in metal halide perovskites has grown as impressive results have been shown in solar cells, light emitting devices, and scintillators, but this class of materials have a complex crystal structure that is only partially understood. In particular, the dynamics of the nanoscale ferroelastic domains in metal halide perovskites remains difficult to study. An ideal in situ imaging method for ferroelastic domains requires a challenging combination of high spatial resolution and long penetration depth. Here, we demonstrate in situ temperature-dependent imaging of ferroelastic domains in a single nanowire of metal halide perovskite, CsPbBr3. Scanning X-ray diffraction with a 60 nm beam was used to retrieve local structural properties for temperatures up to 140 °C. We observed a single Bragg peak at room temperature, but at 80 °C, four new Bragg peaks appeared, originating in different real-space domains. The domains were arranged in periodic stripes in the center and with a hatched pattern close to the edges. Reciprocal space mapping at 80 °C was used to quantify the local strain and lattice tilts, revealing the ferroelastic nature of the domains. The domains display a partial stability to further temperature changes. Our results show the dynamics of nanoscale ferroelastic domain formation within a single-crystal perovskite nanostructure, which is important both for the fundamental understanding of these materials and for the development of perovskite-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas
A. B. Marçal
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eitan Oksenberg
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dmitry Dzhigaev
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanna Hammarberg
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Amnon Rothman
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Eva Unger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, PO Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ernesto Joselevich
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jesper Wallentin
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Chayanun L, Hrachowina L, Björling A, Borgström MT, Wallentin J. Direct Three-Dimensional Imaging of an X-ray Nanofocus Using a Single 60 nm Diameter Nanowire Device. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8326-8331. [PMID: 33084341 PMCID: PMC7662902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale X-ray detectors could allow higher resolution in imaging and diffraction experiments than established systems but are difficult to design due to the long absorption length of X-rays. Here, we demonstrate X-ray detection in a single nanowire in which the nanowire axis is parallel to the optical axis. In this geometry, X-ray absorption can occur along the nanowire length, while the spatial resolution is limited by the diameter. We use the device to make a high-resolution 3D image of the 88 nm diameter X-ray nanofocus at the Nanomax beamline, MAX IV synchrotron, by scanning the single pixel device in different planes along the optical axis. The images reveal fine details of the beam that are unattainable with established detectors and show good agreement with ptychography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lert Chayanun
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Lukas Hrachowina
- Solid
state physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jesper Wallentin
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
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23
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Kahnt M, Sala S, Johansson U, Björling A, Jiang Z, Kalbfleisch S, Lenrick F, Pikul JH, Thånell K. First ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment on the NanoMAX beamline. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:1444-1451. [PMID: 33304222 PMCID: PMC7710494 DOI: 10.1107/s160057672001211x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Documentation is presented for the first ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment on the NanoMAX beamline, along with a quantitative analysis of the reconstruction quality and a discussion of possibilities for future improvements. Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography is a quantitative three-dimensional imaging technique offered to users of multiple synchrotron radiation sources. Its dependence on the coherent fraction of the available X-ray beam makes it perfectly suited to diffraction-limited storage rings. Although MAX IV is the first, and so far only, operating fourth-generation synchrotron light source, none of its experimental stations is currently set up to offer this technique to its users. The first ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment has therefore been performed on the NanoMAX beamline. From the results, information was gained about the current limitations of the experimental setup and where attention should be focused for improvement. The extracted parameters in terms of scanning speed, size of the imaged volume and achieved resolutions should provide a baseline for future users designing nano-tomography experiments on the NanoMAX beamline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Zhimin Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Filip Lenrick
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Production and Materials Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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24
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Eschen W, Tadesse G, Peng Y, Steinert M, Pertsch T, Limpert J, Rothhardt J. Single-shot characterization of strongly focused coherent XUV and soft X-ray beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4798-4801. [PMID: 32870860 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, single-shot method for characterizing focused coherent beams. We utilize a dedicated amplitude-only mask, in combination with an iterative phase retrieval algorithm, to reconstruct the amplitude and phase of a focused beam from a single measured far-field diffraction pattern alone. In a proof-of-principle experiment at a wavelength of 13.5 nm, we demonstrate our new method and obtain an RMS phase error of better than λ/70. This method will find applications in the alignment of complex optical systems, real-time feedback to adaptive optics, and single-shot beam characterization, e.g., at free-electron lasers or high-order harmonic beamlines.
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25
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X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy with Coherent Nanobeams: A Numerical Study. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy accesses a wide variety of dynamic phenomena at the nanoscale by studying the temporal correlations among photons that are scattered by a material in dynamical equilibrium when it is illuminated with a coherent X-ray beam. The information that is obtained is averaged over the illuminated area, which is generally of the order of several square microns. We propose here that more local information can be obtained by using nanobeams with great potential for the study of heterogeneous systems and show the feasibility of this approach with the support of numerical simulations.
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