1
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Lu X, Zhou C, Delima RS, Lees EW, Soni A, Dvorak DJ, Ren S, Ji T, Bahi A, Ko F, Berlinguette CP. Visualization of CO 2 electrolysis using optical coherence tomography. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01465-5. [PMID: 38429344 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrolysers offer an appealing technology for conversion of CO2 into high-value chemicals. However, there are few tools available to track the reactions that occur within electrolysers. Here we report an electrolysis optical coherence tomography platform to visualize the chemical reactions occurring in a CO2 electrolyser. This platform was designed to capture three-dimensional images and videos at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We recorded 12 h of footage of an electrolyser containing a porous electrode separated by a membrane, converting a continuous feed of liquid KHCO3 to reduce CO2 into CO at applied current densities of 50-800 mA cm-2. This platform visualized reactants, intermediates and products, and captured the strikingly dynamic movement of the cathode and membrane components during electrolysis. It also linked CO production to regions of the electrolyser in which CO2 was in direct contact with both membrane and catalyst layers. These results highlight how this platform can be used to track reactions in continuous flow electrochemical reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roxanna S Delima
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric W Lees
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abhishek Soni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Dvorak
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shaoxuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tengxiao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Addie Bahi
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frank Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Qiao Z, Huang Y, Hao Q. Multi-shaping sparse-continuous reconstruction for an optical coherence tomography sidelobe suppression. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5679-5682. [PMID: 37910732 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images are commonly affected by sidelobe artifacts due to spectral non-uniformity and spectral leakage. Conventional frequency domain spectral shaping methods widen the mainlobe and compromise axial resolution. While image-domain deconvolution techniques can address the trade-off between axial resolution and artifact suppression, their reconstruction quality relies on accurate measurement or estimation of system point spread function (PSF). Inaccurate PSF estimation leads to loss of details in the reconstructed images. In this Letter, we introduce multi-shaping sparse-continuous reconstruction (MSSCR) for an OCT image, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, framework that combines spectral multi-shaping and iterative image reconstruction with sparse-continuous priors. The MSSCR achieves sidelobe suppression without requiring any PSF measurement or estimation and effectively preserving the axial resolution. The experimental results demonstrate that the MSSCR achieves sidelobe suppression of more than 8 dB. We believe that the MSSCR holds potential for addressing sidelobe artifacts in OCT.
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Huang J, Fan J, He Y, Shi G. Physical compensation method for dispersion of multiple materials in swept source optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300167. [PMID: 37378423 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
An ophthalmic swept source-optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system based on a high-speed scanning laser at 1060 nm with a scanning rate of 100 KHz is constructed. Since the sample arm of the interferometer is comprised of multiple glass materials, the ensuing dispersion severely degrades imaging quality. In this article, second-order dispersion simulation analysis for various materials was performed first, and dispersion equilibrium was implemented utilizing physical compensation methods. After dispersion compensation, an imaging depth in air of 4.013 mm was achieved in model eye experiments, and signal-to-noise ratio was enhanced by 11.6%, with a value of 53.8 dB. In vivo imaging of the human retina was performed to demonstrate structurally distinguishable retinal images, characterized by an axial resolution improvement of 19.8%, with a value of 7.7 μm close to the theoretical value of 7.5 μm. The proposed physical dispersion compensation method enhances imaging performance in SS-OCT systems, enabling visualization of several low scattering mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjie Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Guohua Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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4
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Bonnier F, Pedrazzani M, Fischman S, Viel T, Lavoix A, Pegoud D, Nili M, Jimenez Y, Ralambondrainy S, Cauchard JH, Korichi R. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography coupled with artificial intelligence algorithms to identify quantitative biomarkers of facial skin ageing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13881. [PMID: 37620374 PMCID: PMC10449778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative biomarkers of facial skin ageing were studied from one hundred healthy Caucasian female volunteers, aged 20-70 years, using in vivo 3D Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT) imaging coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based quantification algorithms. Layer metrics, i.e. stratum corneum thickness (SC), viable epidermal thickness and Dermal-Epidermal Junction (DEJ) undulation, as well as cellular metrics were measured for the temple, cheekbone and mandible. For all three investigated facial areas, minimal age-related variations were observed in the thickness of the SC and viable epidermis layers. A flatter and more homogeneous epidermis (decrease in the standard deviation of the number of layers means), a less dense cellular network with fewer cells per layer (decrease in cell surface density), and larger and more heterogeneous nuclei within each layer (increase in nuclei volume and their standard deviation) were found with significant variations with age. The higher atypia scores further reflected the heterogeneity of nuclei throughout the viable epidermis. The 3D visualisation of fine structures in the skin at the micrometric resolution and the 1200 µm × 500 µm field of view achieved with LC-OCT imaging enabled to compute relevant quantitative biomarkers for a better understanding of skin biology and the ageing process in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Bonnier
- LVMH Recherche, 185 Avenue de Verdun, 45804, Saint Jean de Braye, France.
| | | | | | - Théo Viel
- DAMAE Medical, 14 Rue Sthrau, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Lavoix
- DERMATECH, 8 Rue Jacqueline Auriol, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Pegoud
- DERMATECH, 8 Rue Jacqueline Auriol, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Meryem Nili
- DERMATECH, 8 Rue Jacqueline Auriol, 69008, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Rodolphe Korichi
- LVMH Recherche, 185 Avenue de Verdun, 45804, Saint Jean de Braye, France
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5
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Revin DG, Byers RA, Duan MQ, Li W, Matcher SJ. Visible-light optical coherence tomography platform for the characterization of the skin barrier. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3914-3923. [PMID: 37799680 PMCID: PMC10549730 DOI: 10.1364/boe.494356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a free-space, trolley-mountable Fourier domain visible-light optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for studying the stratum corneum in non-palmar human skin. An axial resolution of 1 µm in tissue and at least -75 dB sensitivity have been achieved. High-quality B-scans, containing 1600 A-scans, are acquired at a rate of 39 Hz. Images from the dorsal hand, ventral wrist and ventral forearm areas are obtained, with a clearly resolved stratum corneum layer (typically 5-15 µm thick) presenting as a hypoechogenic dark layer below the bright entrance signal, similar to that found in palmar skin with traditional OCT systems. We find that the appearance of the stratum corneum layer strongly depends on its water content, becoming brighter after occlusive hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry G. Revin
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Robert A. Byers
- Dermatology Research, Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Meng Q. Duan
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
- Currently with the Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510627, Guangdong, China
| | - Stephen J. Matcher
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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Zheng W, Kou SS, Sheppard CJR, Roy M. Advancing full-field metrology: rapid 3D imaging with geometric phase ferroelectric liquid crystal technology in full-field optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3433-3445. [PMID: 37497495 PMCID: PMC10368045 DOI: 10.1364/boe.488806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a variant of OCT in which a high-numerical aperture lens is used. Full-field OCM (FF-OCM) is an emerging non-invasive, label-free, interferometric technique for imaging of surface structures or semi-transparent biomedical subjects with micron-scale resolutions. Different approaches to three dimensional full-field optical metrology are reviewed. The usual method for the phase-shifting technique in FF-OCM involves mechanically moving a mirror to change the optical path difference for obtaining en-face OCM images. However, with the use of a broadband source in FF-OCM, the phase shifts of different spectral components are not the same, resulting in the ambiguities in 3D image reconstruction. In this study, we demonstrate, by imaging tissues and cells, a unique geometric phase-shifter based on ferroelectric liquid crystal technology, to realize achromatic phase-shifting for rapid three-dimensional imaging in a FF-OCM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shan S. Kou
- Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Colin J. R. Sheppard
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83 Edificio B, 16152 Genova, Italy
- Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Maitreyee Roy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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7
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Phase retardation and corneal sublayer thickness repeatability using ultrahigh-resolution polarization-sensitive OCT. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49:76-83. [PMID: 36026712 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess phase retardation and corneal sublayer thickness repeatability using ultrahigh-resolution polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). SETTING Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore. DESIGN Observational. METHODS In this study, all eyes were imaged using a custom-built ultrahigh-resolution PS-OCT and high-resolution hybrid OCT (MS-39). The repeatability of phase retardation en face maps and corneal sublayer thickness profiles was evaluated. The reflectivity and phase retardation were calculated from the 2 orthogonal polarization channels to generate en face maps of phase retardation and corneal sublayer thicknesses. 3 consecutive measurements of all participants were acquired for each eye. For each measurement, the participant was asked to sit back and was realigned again. The repeatability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The study included 20 healthy eyes of 20 participants. The phase retardation en face maps showed preferential arrangement of collagen fibrils with least retardation in the apex and maximum retardation in the periphery. The phase retardation showed excellent repeatability (ICC >0.95) in all zones. The Bowman layer and stromal layer thicknesses were measured with excellent repeatability (ICC >0.93 and >0.99, respectively). Significant differences ( P < .05) in stromal layer thickness were observed between MS-39 and PS-OCT. The repeatability of epithelial thickness measurements was better with PS-OCT than MS-39. CONCLUSIONS The combinational assessment of corneal birefringence and sublayer thicknesses shows the advanced potential of ultrahigh-resolution PS-OCT in routine clinical practice over current OCT devices.
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8
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Self-supervised patient-specific features learning for OCT image classification. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2851-2863. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Wada I, Nakao S, Arima M, Ishikawa K, Yamaguchi M, Kaizu Y, Sekiryu H, Mori K, Kiyohara K, Takeda A, Ishibashi T, Sadda SR, Sonoda KH. Hyperreflective Membrane at the Vitreoretinal Interface in Diabetic Macular Edema: A Finding in Ultra-High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:21. [PMID: 36149646 PMCID: PMC9520517 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Detecting subtle vitreoretinal interface (VRI) findings, such as a posterior hyaloid membrane, is difficult with conventional retinal imaging. We compared ultra-high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (UHR-SD-OCT) with standard-resolution OCT (SD-OCT) for the imaging of VRI abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods This prospective cross-sectional study included 113 consecutive patients (91 patients with diabetes and 22 healthy controls). The VRI was evaluated, and the results were compared between the conventional SD-OCT and UHR-SD-OCT images. VRI findings were also investigated before and after internal limiting membrane peeling during vitrectomy for proliferative DR. Results A total of 159 eyes (87.4%) of 91 patients with diabetes were analyzed. UHR-SD-OCT could detect a hyperreflective layer at the VRI, in which en face OCT showed a membrane-like structure, termed the hyperreflective membrane (HRMe). The preoperative HRMe could not be detected in all patients with proliferative DR who underwent internal limiting membrane peeling during vitrectomy. Although the HRMe did not correlate with the DR stage, eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) (64.5%) showed a significant HRMe with UHR-SD-OCT more frequently than those without DME (35.8%) (P = 0.005). Conclusions UHR-SD-OCT can detect the HRMe at the VRI in DR eyes, particularly in eyes with DME. The HRMe may present a thickened posterior hyaloid membrane that contributes to DME development. Translational Relevance UHR-SD-OCT detects slight changes in the VRI in DR eyes. In the future, it may help to elucidate the mechanism of DME formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruka Sekiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kiyohara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Doheny Image Reading Research Lab, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Li Z, Poon W, Ye Z, Qi F, Park BH, Yin Y. Magnetic Field-Modulated Plasmonic Scattering of Hybrid Nanorods for FFT-Weighted OCT Imaging in NIR-II. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12738-12746. [PMID: 35925674 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for fast Fourier transform (FFT)-weighted optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the second biological tissue transparency window by actively modulating the plasmonic scattering of Fe3O4@Au hybrid nanorods using magnetic fields. Instead of tracking the nanoparticles' lateral displacement in conventional magnetomotive OCT imaging, we monitor the nanorod rotation and optical signal changes under an alternating magnetic field in real time. The coherent rotation of the nanorods with the field produces periodic OCT signals, and the FFT is then used to convert the periodic OCT signals in the time domain to a single peak in the frequency domain. This allows automatic screening of nanorod signals from the random biological noises and reconstruction of FFT-weighted images using a computer program based on a time-sequence image set. Compared with conventional magnetomotive OCT, the FFT-weighted imaging technique creates enhanced OCT images with dB-scale contrast over an order of magnitude higher than the original images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wesley Poon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Fenglian Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - B Hyle Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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11
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Lin YC, Yang TI, Huang SL. Ultra-broadband wavelength-swept Ti:sapphire crystal fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2778-2781. [PMID: 35648928 DOI: 10.1364/ol.459072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-broadband wavelength-swept laser (WSL) was generated using glass-clad Ti:sapphire crystal fiber as the gain media. Due to the low signal propagation loss of the crystal fiber, the swept laser has a tuning bandwidth of 250 nm (i.e., 683 nm to 933 nm) at a repetition rate of 1200 Hz. The steady-state and pulsed dynamics of the WSL were analyzed. The 0.018-nm instantaneous linewidth corresponds to a 3-dB coherence roll-off of 7 mm. When using the laser for swept-source optical coherence tomography, an estimated axial resolution of 1.8 µm can be achieved.
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12
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Wang J, Wohlberg B, Adamson RBA. Convolutional dictionary learning for blind deconvolution of optical coherence tomography images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1834-1854. [PMID: 35519239 PMCID: PMC9045938 DOI: 10.1364/boe.447394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a sparsity-regularized, complex, blind deconvolution method for removing sidelobe artefacts and stochastic noise from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Our method estimates the complex scattering amplitude of tissue on a line-by-line basis by estimating and deconvolving the complex, one-dimensional axial point spread function (PSF) from measured OCT A-line data. We also present a strategy for employing a sparsity weighting mask to mitigate the loss of speckle brightness within tissue-containing regions caused by the sparse deconvolution. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that this approach suppresses sidelobe artefacts and background noise better than traditional spectral reshaping techniques, with negligible loss of tissue structure. The technique is particularly useful for emerging OCT applications where OCT images contain strong specular reflections at air-tissue boundaries that create large sidelobe artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brendt Wohlberg
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - R. B. A. Adamson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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13
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Civera M, Surace C. Non-Destructive Techniques for the Condition and Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbines: A Literature Review of the Last 20 Years. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22041627. [PMID: 35214529 PMCID: PMC8874634 DOI: 10.3390/s22041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A complete surveillance strategy for wind turbines requires both the condition monitoring (CM) of their mechanical components and the structural health monitoring (SHM) of their load-bearing structural elements (foundations, tower, and blades). Therefore, it spans both the civil and mechanical engineering fields. Several traditional and advanced non-destructive techniques (NDTs) have been proposed for both areas of application throughout the last years. These include visual inspection (VI), acoustic emissions (AEs), ultrasonic testing (UT), infrared thermography (IRT), radiographic testing (RT), electromagnetic testing (ET), oil monitoring, and many other methods. These NDTs can be performed by human personnel, robots, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); they can also be applied both for isolated wind turbines or systematically for whole onshore or offshore wind farms. These non-destructive approaches have been extensively reviewed here; more than 300 scientific articles, technical reports, and other documents are included in this review, encompassing all the main aspects of these survey strategies. Particular attention was dedicated to the latest developments in the last two decades (2000-2021). Highly influential research works, which received major attention from the scientific community, are highlighted and commented upon. Furthermore, for each strategy, a selection of relevant applications is reported by way of example, including newer and less developed strategies as well.
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14
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Kim G, Kim J, Choi WJ, Kim C, Lee S. Integrated deep learning framework for accelerated optical coherence tomography angiography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1289. [PMID: 35079046 PMCID: PMC8789830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has become a premium imaging tool in clinics to obtain structural and functional information of microvasculatures. One primary technical drawback for OCTA, however, is its imaging speed. The current protocols require high sampling density and multiple acquisitions of cross-sectional B-scans to form one image frame, resulting in low acquisition speed. Recently, deep learning (DL)-based methods have gained attention in accelerating the OCTA acquisition process. They achieve faster acquisition using two independent reconstructing approaches: high-quality angiograms from a few repeated B-scans and high-resolution angiograms from undersampled data. While these approaches have shown promising results, they provide limited solutions that only partially account for the OCTA scanning mechanism. Herein, we propose an integrated DL method to simultaneously tackle both factors and further enhance the reconstruction performance in speed and quality. We designed an end-to-end deep neural network (DNN) framework with a two-staged adversarial training scheme to reconstruct fully-sampled, high-quality (8 repeated B-scans) angiograms from their corresponding undersampled, low-quality (2 repeated B-scans) counterparts by successively enhancing the pixel resolution and the image quality. Using an in-vivo mouse brain vasculature dataset, we evaluate our proposed framework through quantitative and qualitative assessments and demonstrate that our method can achieve superior reconstruction performance compared to the conventional means. Our DL-based framework can accelerate the OCTA imaging speed from 16 to 256[Formula: see text] while preserving the image quality, thus enabling a convenient software-only solution to enhance preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Convergence I.T. Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo June Choi
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of ICT Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Convergence I.T. Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Control of Surface Plasmon Resonance in Silver Nanocubes by CEP-Locked Laser Pulse. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoparticles has attracted increasing attention in surface-enhanced Raman scattering, chemical and biological sensing applications. In this article, we calculate the optical extinction spectra of a silver nanocube driven by an ultrashort carrier envelope phase (CEP)-locked laser pulse. Five LSPR modes are clearly excited in the optical spectra. We analyze the physical origin of each mode from the charge distribution on different parts of the cubic particle and the dipole and quadrupole excitation features at the LSPR peaks. The charge distribution follows a simple rule that when the charge concentrates from the face to the corners of the cubic particle, the resonant wavelength red-shifts. Then we modulate the LSPR spectra by changing CEP. The results show that CEP has selective plasmon mode excitation functionality and can act as a novel modulation role on LSPR modes. Our work suggests a novel means to regulate LSPR modes and the corresponding optical properties of metal nanoparticles via various freedoms of controlled optical field, which can be useful for optimized applications in chemical and biological sensors, single molecule detection, and so on.
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16
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El-Sadek IA, Miyazawa A, Shen LTW, Makita S, Mukherjee P, Lichtenegger A, Matsusaka S, Yasuno Y. Three-dimensional dynamics optical coherence tomography for tumor spheroid evaluation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6844-6863. [PMID: 34858684 PMCID: PMC8606131 DOI: 10.1364/boe.440444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a completely label-free three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based tissue dynamics imaging method for visualization and quantification of the metabolic and necrotic activities of tumor spheroid. Our method is based on a custom 3D scanning protocol that is designed to capture volumetric tissue dynamics tomography images only in a few tens of seconds. The method was applied to the evaluation of a tumor spheroid. The time-course viability alteration and anti-cancer drug response of the spheroid were visualized qualitatively and analyzed quantitatively. The similarity between the OCT-based dynamics images and fluorescence microscope images was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Abd El-Sadek
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta City, 34517, Damietta, Egypt
| | | | - Larina Tzu-Wei Shen
- Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Pradipta Mukherjee
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Antonia Lichtenegger
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Satoshi Matsusaka
- Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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17
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Jonnal RS. Toward a clinical optoretinogram: a review of noninvasive, optical tests of retinal neural function. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1270. [PMID: 34532407 PMCID: PMC8421939 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed rapid development of the optoretinogram—a noninvasive, optical measurement of neural function in the retina, and especially the photoreceptors (Ph). While its recent development has been rapid, it represents the culmination of hundreds of experiments spanning decades. Early work showed measurable and reproducible changes in the optical properties of retinal explants and suspensions of Ph, and uncovered some of the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms underlying them. That work thus provided critical motivation for more recent work based on clinical imaging platforms, whose eventual goal is the improvement of ophthalmic care and streamlining the discovery of novel therapeutics. The first part of this review consists of a selective summary of the early work, and identifies four kinds of stimulus-evoked optical signals that have emerged from it: changes in light scattered from the membranous discs of the Ph’s outer segment (OS), changes in light scattered by the front and back boundaries of the OS, rearrangement of scattering material in and near the OS, and changes in the OS length. In the past decade, all four of these signals have continued to be investigated using imaging systems already used in the clinic or intended for clinical and translational use. The second part of this review discusses these imaging modalities, their potential to detect and quantify the signals of interest, and other factors influencing their translational promise. Particular attention is paid to phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) with adaptive optics (AO), a method in which both the amplitude and the phase of light reflected from individual Ph is monitored as visible stimuli are delivered to them. The record of the light’s phase is decoded to reveal a reproducible pattern of deformation in the OS, while the amplitude reveals changes in scattering and structural rearrangements. The method has been demonstrated in a few labs and has been used to measure responses from both rods and cones. With the ability to detect responses to stimuli isomerizing less than 0.01% of photopigment, this technique may prove to be a quick, noninvasive, and objective way to measure subtle disease-related dysfunction at the cellular level, and thus to provide an entirely new and complementary biomarker for retinal disease and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Jonnal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Intensity correlation OCT is a classical mimic of quantum OCT providing up to twofold resolution improvement. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11403. [PMID: 34059774 PMCID: PMC8166980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum Optical Coherence Tomography (Q-OCT) uses quantum properties of light to provide several advantages over its classical counterpart, OCT: it achieves a twice better axial resolution with the same spectral bandwidth and it is immune to even orders of dispersion. Since these features are very sought-after in OCT imaging, many hardware and software techniques have been created to mimic the quantum behaviour of light and achieve these features using traditional OCT systems. The most recent, purely algorithmic scheme—an improved version of Intensity Correlation Spectral Domain OCT named ICA-SD-OCT—showed even-order dispersion cancellation and reduction of artefacts. The true capabilities of this method were unfortunately severely undermined, both in terms of its relation to Q-OCT and its main performance parameters. In this work, we provide experimental demonstrations as well as numerical and analytical arguments to show that ICA-SD-OCT is a true classical equivalent of Q-OCT, more specifically its Fourier domain version, and therefore it enables a true two-fold axial resolution improvement. We believe that clarification of all the misconceptions about this very promising algorithm will highlight the great value of this method for OCT and consequently lead to its practical applications for resolution- and quality-enhanced OCT imaging.
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19
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Brunet J, Pierrat B, Badel P. Review of Current Advances in the Mechanical Description and Quantification of Aortic Dissection Mechanisms. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 14:240-255. [PMID: 31905148 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2019.2950140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening event associated with a very poor outcome. A number of complex phenomena are involved in the initiation and propagation of the disease. Advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms leading to dissection have been made these last decades, thanks to improvements in imaging and experimental techniques. However, the micro-mechanics involved in triggering such rupture events remains poorly described and understood. It constitutes the primary focus of the present review. Towards the goal of detailing the dissection phenomenon, different experimental and modeling methods were used to investigate aortic dissection, and to understand the underlying phenomena involved. In the last ten years, research has tended to focus on the influence of microstructure on initiation and propagation of the dissection, leading to a number of multiscale models being developed. This review brings together all these materials in an attempt to identify main advances and remaining questions.
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20
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Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Clyne AM. Preclinical techniques to investigate exercise training in vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1566-H1600. [PMID: 33385323 PMCID: PMC8260379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00719.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process starting with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and eventually leading to life-threatening arterial plaques. Exercise generally improves endothelial function in a dose-dependent manner by altering hemodynamics, specifically by increased arterial pressure, pulsatility, and shear stress. However, athletes who regularly participate in high-intensity training can develop arterial plaques, suggesting alternative mechanisms through which excessive exercise promotes vascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis in sedentary versus exercise states may lead to novel rehabilitative methods aimed at improving exercise compliance and physical activity. Preclinical tools, including in vitro cell assays, in vivo animal models, and in silico computational methods, broaden our capabilities to study the mechanisms through which exercise impacts atherogenesis, from molecular maladaptation to vascular remodeling. Here, we describe how preclinical research tools have and can be used to study exercise effects on atherosclerosis. We then propose how advanced bioengineering techniques can be used to address gaps in our current understanding of vascular pathophysiology, including integrating in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies across multiple tissue systems and size scales. Improving our understanding of the antiatherogenic exercise effects will enable engaging, targeted, and individualized exercise recommendations to promote cardiovascular health rather than treating cardiovascular disease that results from a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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21
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Qin J, An L. Optical Coherence Tomography for Ophthalmology Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 3233:197-216. [PMID: 34053029 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7627-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a depth-resolved imaging modality, which is able to achieve micrometer-scale resolution within biological tissue noninvasively. In the past 30 years, researchers all around the world had made several essential efforts on techniques relevant to OCT. OCT has become a routine process for eye diseases with different types. In this chapter, the three important stages in the development of OCT are briefly illustrated, including the time domain OCT (TD-OCT), the frequency domain OCT (FD-OCT) and the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Each of the technique has made great progress for use on living human eye imaging in clinical applications. TD-OCT was first proposed and commercialized, which is able to achieve acceptable 2D depth-resolved cross-sectional images of human retina in vivo. FD-OCT was the upgraded OCT technique compared with TD-OCT. By capturing the coherent signal within the Fourier space, the FD-OCT could improve the image sensitivity compared with TD-OCT, and achieve dozens of kilo hertz imaging speed. OCTA is the newest developments of OCT technique, which is able to visualize the micro vasculature networks of human retina in vivo. With OCTA technique, the newest ophthalmologic OCT system is able to achieve detailed diagnosis for both micro-structure and vasculature abnormalities for clinical applications. The further development of OCT technique on imaging speed, contrast, resolution, field of view, and so on will make OCT to be a more powerful tool for clinical usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qin
- Innovation and Entrepreneurship Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program, Guangdong Weiren Meditech Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin An
- Innovation and Entrepreneurship Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program, Guangdong Weiren Meditech Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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22
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Atalar O, Millar DS, Wang P, Koike-Akino T, Kojima K, Orlik PV, Parsons K. Spectrally sparse optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37798-37810. [PMID: 33379608 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) typically relies on expensive and complex swept-source lasers, the cost of which currently limits the suitability of OCT for new applications. In this work, we demonstrate spectrally sparse OCT utilizing randomly spaced low-bandwidth optical chirps, suitable for low-cost implementation with telecommunications grade devices. Micron scale distance estimation accuracy with a resolution of 40 μm at a standoff imaging distance greater than 10 cm is demonstrated using a stepped chirp approach with approximately 23% occupancy of 4 THz bandwidth. For imaging of sparse scenes, comparable performance to full bandwidth occupancy is verified for metallic targets.
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23
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Ling Y, Wang M, Yao X, Gan Y, Schmetterer L, Zhou C, Su Y. Effect of spectral leakage on the image formation of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6394-6397. [PMID: 33258820 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the investigation of spectral leakage's impact on the reconstruction of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). We discuss the shift-variant nature introduced by the spectral leakage and develop a novel spatial-domain FD-OCT image formation model. A proof-of-concept phantom experiment is conducted to validate our model. Compared with previous models, the proposed framework could better describe the image formation process, especially when the fineness of the axial structure approaches the theoretical resolution limit.
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24
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Ogien J, Daures A, Cazalas M, Perrot JL, Dubois A. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for three-dimensional skin imaging. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:381-392. [PMID: 36641566 PMCID: PMC9743950 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the latest advances in line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT), a recently invented imaging technology that now allows the generation of either horizontal (x × y) section images at an adjustable depth or vertical (x × z) section images at an adjustable lateral position, as well as three-dimensional images. For both two-dimensional imaging modes, images are acquired in real-time, with real-time control of the depth and lateral positions. Three-dimensional (x × y × z) images are acquired from a stack of horizontal section images. The device is in the form of a portable probe. The handle of the probe has a button and a scroll wheel allowing the user to control the imaging modes. Using a supercontinuum laser as a broadband light source and a high numerical microscope objective, an isotropic spatial resolution of ∼1 µm is achieved. The field of view of the three-dimensional images is 1.2 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm (x × y × z). Images of skin tissues are presented to demonstrate the potential of the technology in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Perrot
- CHU St-Etienne, Service Dermatologie, Saint-Etienne, 42055, France
| | - Arnaud Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, 91127, France.
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25
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Kolenderska SM, Vanholsbeeck F, Kolenderski P. Fourier domain quantum optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29576-29589. [PMID: 33114855 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum optical coherence tomography (Q-OCT) is the non-classical counterpart of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a high-resolution 3D imaging technique based on white-light interferometry. Because Q-OCT uses a source of frequency-entangled photon pairs, not only is the axial resolution not affected by dispersion mismatch in the interferometer but is also inherently improved by a factor of two. Unfortunately, practical applications of Q-OCT are hindered by image-scrambling artefacts and slow acquisition times. Here, we present a theoretical analysis of a novel approach that is free of these problems: Fourier domain Q-OCT (Fd-Q-OCT). Based on a photon pair coincidence detection as in the standard Q-OCT configuration, it also discerns each photon pair by their wavelength. We show that all the information about the internal structures of the object is encoded in the joint spectrum and can be easily retrieved through Fourier transformation. No depth scanning is required, making our technique potentially faster than standard Q-OCT. Finally, we show that the data available in the joint spectrum enables artefact removal and discuss prospective algorithms for doing so.
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26
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Huang Z, Jiang Z, Hu Y, Zou D, Yu Y, Ren Q, Liu G, Lu Y. Retinal choroidal vessel imaging based on multi-wavelength fundus imaging with the guidance of optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5212-5224. [PMID: 33014609 PMCID: PMC7510854 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A multispectral fundus camera (MSFC), as a novel noninvasive technology, uses an extensive range of monochromatic light sources that enable the view of different sectional planes of the retinal and choroidal structures. However, MSFC imaging involves complex processes affected by various factors, and the recognized theory based on light absorption above the choroid is not sufficient. In an attempt to supplement the relevant explanations, in this study, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT), a three-dimensional tomography modality, to analyze MSFC results at the retina and choroid. The swept-source OCT system at 1060 nm wavelength with a 200 kHz A-scan rate and an MSFC with 11 bands at 470 to 845 nm are employed. A quantitative evaluation procedure is proposed to compare MSFC and OCT en face images. The comparative study shows that 1) the MSFC images with the illumination wavelength of less than 605 nm could mainly provide the retinal structure information; 2) Relative choroidal layer thickness information could be inferred from the MSFC images, especially the image acquiring under the wavelength more than 605 nm. According to the results, further investigation revealed the contribution of the perivascular tissue and the sclera scattering in the difference of vascular brightness in MSFC images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yicheng Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Da Zou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanye Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Li X, Zhang W, Wang WY, Wu X, Li Y, Tan X, Matera DL, Baker BM, Paulus YM, Fan X, Wang X. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescence microscopy dual-modality imaging for in vivo single-cell tracking with nanowire lasers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3659-3672. [PMID: 33014558 PMCID: PMC7510899 DOI: 10.1364/boe.395369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging cell-based therapies such as stem cell therapy and immunotherapy have attracted broad attention in both biological research and clinical practice. However, a long-standing technical gap of cell-based therapies is the difficulty of directly assessing treatment efficacy via tracking therapeutically administered cells. Therefore, imaging techniques to follow the in vivo distribution and migration of cells are greatly needed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a clinically available imaging technology with ultrahigh-resolution and excellent imaging depth. It also shows great potential for in vivo cellular imaging. However, due to the homogeneity of current OCT cell labeling contrast agents (such as gold and polymer nanoparticles), only the distribution of entire cell populations can be observed. Precise tracking of the trajectory of individual single cells is not possible with such conventional contrast agents. Microlasers may provide a route to track unique cell identifiers given their small size, high emission intensities, rich emission spectra, and narrow linewidths. Here, we demonstrate that nanowire lasers internalized by cells provide both OCT and fluorescence signal. In addition, cells can be individually identified by the unique lasing emission spectra of the nanowires that they carry. Furthermore, single cell migration trajectories can be monitored both in vitro and in vivo with OCT and fluorescence microscopy dual-modality imaging system. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of nanowire lasers combined with the dual-modality imaging system for in vivo single cell tracking with a high spatial resolution and identity verification, an approach with great utility for stem cell and immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhou Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Xuzhou Li and Wei Zhang contributed equally to this work
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Xuzhou Li and Wei Zhang contributed equally to this work
| | - William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanxiu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Xiaotian Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel L Matera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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28
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Ni G, Zhang J, Liu L, Wang X, Du X, Liu J, Liu Y. Detection and compensation of dispersion mismatch for frequency-domain optical coherence tomography based on A-scan's spectrogram. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19229-19241. [PMID: 32672204 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Balanced dispersion between reference and sample arms is critical in frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) to perform imaging with the optimal axial resolution, and the spectroscopic analysis of each voxel in FD-OCT can provide the metric of the spectrogram. Here we revisited dispersion mismatch in the spectrogram view using the spectroscopic analysis of voxels in FD-OCT and uncovered that the dispersion mismatch disturbs the A-scan's spectrogram and reshapes the depth-resolved spectra in the spectrogram. Based on this spectroscopic effect of dispersion mismatch on A-scan's spectrogram, we proposed a numerical method to detect dispersion mismatch and perform dispersion compensation for FD-OCT. The proposed method can visually and quantitatively detect and compensate for dispersion mismatch in FD-OCT, with visualization, high sensitivity, and independence from sample structures. Experimental results of tape and mouse eye suggest that this technique can be an effective method for the detection and compensation of dispersion mismatch in FD-OCT.
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29
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Lee KS, Hur H, Kim IJ, Kim DU, Bae JY, Je S, Chang KS. Estimation and compensation of phase errors induced by axial bulk motion of a sample in wavelength-sweeping parallel Fourier domain OCT. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3200-3203. [PMID: 32538942 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach to correct image blurring due to the axial bulk motion of a sample in wavelength-sweeping Fourier domain parallel optical coherence tomography (OCT). This approach can estimate phase errors changing rapidly in time through direct measurements of the apparent axial shift during the sampling interval using common phase changes in parallel detection without additional hardware. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a single reflection and scattering sample were imaged with wavelength-sweeping parallel OCT implemented by scanning a spectrally dispersed line-field along the line direction. In addition, we quantitatively demonstrated that even a small axial movement of the sample could cause serious image blur at a high nonlinear degree of movement.
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30
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Lee B, Chen S, Moult EM, Yu Y, Alibhai AY, Mehta N, Baumal CR, Waheed NK, Fujimoto JG. High-Speed, Ultrahigh-Resolution Spectral-Domain OCT with Extended Imaging Range Using Reference Arm Length Matching. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:12. [PMID: 32832219 PMCID: PMC7414734 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.7.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop high-speed, extended-range, ultrahigh-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (UHR SD-OCT) and demonstrate scan protocols for clinical retinal imaging. Methods A UHR SD-OCT operating at 840-nm with 150-nm bandwidths was developed. The axial imaging range was extended by dynamically matching reference arm length to the retinal contour during acquisition. Two scan protocols were demonstrated for imaging healthy participants and patients with dry age-related macular degeneration. A high-definition raster protocol with intra–B-scan reference arm length matching (ReALM) was used for high-quality cross-sectional imaging. A cube volume scan using horizontal and vertical rasters with inter–B-scan ReALM and software motion correction was used for en face and cross-sectional imaging. Linear OCT signal display enhanced visualization of outer retinal features. Results UHR SD-OCT was demonstrated at 128- and 250-kHz A-scan rates with 2.7 µm axial resolution and a 1.2-mm, 6-dB imaging range in the eye. Dynamic ReALM was used to maintain the retina within the 6-dB imaging range over wider fields of view. Outer retinal features, including the rod and cone interdigitation zones, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane were visualized and alterations observed in age-related macular degeneration eyes. Conclusions Technological advances and dynamic ReALM improve the imaging performance and clinical usability of UHR SD-OCT. Translational Relevance These advances should simplify clinical imaging workflow, reduce imaging session times, and improve yield of high quality images. Improved visualization of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane may facilitate diagnosis and monitoring of age-related macular degeneration and other retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- ByungKun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Moult
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Yasin Alibhai
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nihaal Mehta
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline R Baumal
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadia K Waheed
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James G Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Haindl R, Duelk M, Gloor S, Dahdah J, Ojeda J, Sturtzel C, Deng S, Joyce Deloria A, Li Q, Liu M, Distel M, Drexler W, Leitgeb R. Ultra-high-resolution SD-OCM imaging with a compact polarization-aligned 840 nm broadband combined-SLED source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3395-3406. [PMID: 32637262 PMCID: PMC7316001 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the influence of intrinsic polarization alignment on image quality and axial resolution employing a broadband 840 nm light source with an optical bandwidth of 160 nm and an output power of 12 mW tailored for spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy (SD-OCM) applications. Three superluminescent diodes (SLEDs) are integrated into a 14-pin butterfly module using a free-space micro-optical bench architecture, maintaining a constant polarization state across the full spectral output. We demonstrate superior imaging performance in comparison to traditionally coupled-SLED broadband light sources in a teleost model organism in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Haindl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Duelk
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Gloor
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jean Dahdah
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jose Ojeda
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- Innovative Cancer Models, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Joyce Deloria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- Innovative Cancer Models, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Dubois A, Xue W, Levecq O, Bulkin P, Coutrot AL, Ogien J. Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7918-7927. [PMID: 32225427 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an imaging technique in which A-scans are acquired in parallel through line illumination with a broadband laser and line detection with a line-scan camera. B-scan imaging at high spatial resolution is achieved by dynamic focusing in a Linnik interferometer. This paper presents an LC-OCT device based on a custom-designed Mirau interferometer that offers similar spatial resolution and detection sensitivity. The device has the advantage of being more compact and lighter. In vivo imaging of human skin with a resolution of 1.3 µm × 1.1 µm (lateral × axial) is demonstrated over a field of 0.9 mm × 0.4 mm (lateral × axial) at 12 frames per second.
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33
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Ogien J, Levecq O, Azimani H, Dubois A. Dual-mode line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh-resolution vertical and horizontal section imaging of human skin in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1327-1335. [PMID: 32206413 PMCID: PMC7075601 DOI: 10.1364/boe.385303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a recently introduced technique for ultrahigh-resolution vertical section (B-scan) imaging of human skin in vivo. This work presents a new implementation of the LC-OCT technique to obtain horizontal section images (C-scans) in addition to B-scans. C-scan imaging is achieved with this dual-mode LC-OCT system using a mirror galvanometer for lateral scanning along with a piezoelectric chip for modulation of the interferometric signal. A quasi-identical spatial resolution of ∼ 1 µm is measured for both B-scans and C-scans. The images are acquired in both modes at a rate of 10 frames per second. The horizontal field of view of the C-scans is 1.2 × 0.5 mm2, identical to the vertical field of view of the B-scans. The user can switch between the two modes by clicking a button. In vivo cellular-resolution imaging of human skin is demonstrated in both B-scan and C-scan modes, with the possibility to navigate within the skin tissues in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ogien
- DAMAE Medical, 28 rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Arnaud Dubois
- DAMAE Medical, 28 rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
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34
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Jiang Z, Huang Z, Qiu B, Meng X, You Y, Liu X, Liu G, Zhou C, Yang K, Maier A, Ren Q, Lu Y. Comparative study of deep learning models for optical coherence tomography angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1580-1597. [PMID: 32206430 PMCID: PMC7075619 DOI: 10.1364/boe.387807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a promising imaging modality for microvasculature studies. Meanwhile, deep learning has achieved rapid development in image-to-image translation tasks. Some studies have proposed applying deep learning models to OCTA reconstruction and have obtained preliminary results. However, current studies are mostly limited to a few specific deep neural networks. In this paper, we conducted a comparative study to investigate OCTA reconstruction using deep learning models. Four representative network architectures including single-path models, U-shaped models, generative adversarial network (GAN)-based models and multi-path models were investigated on a dataset of OCTA images acquired from rat brains. Three potential solutions were also investigated to study the feasibility of improving performance. The results showed that U-shaped models and multi-path models are two suitable architectures for OCTA reconstruction. Furthermore, merging phase information should be the potential improving direction in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Xiangxi Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yunfei You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Chuangqing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, No. 2666 Qiyidong Road, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yanye Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yihe Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, No. 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory 5F, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Li Q, Karnowski K, Untracht G, Noble PB, Cense B, Villiger M, Sampson DD. Vectorial birefringence imaging by optical coherence microscopy for assessing fibrillar microstructures in the cornea and limbus. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1122-1138. [PMID: 32206403 PMCID: PMC7041478 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The organization of fibrillar tissue on the micrometer scale carries direct implications for health and disease but remains difficult to assess in vivo. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography measures birefringence, which relates to the microscopic arrangement of fibrillar tissue components. Here, we demonstrate a critical improvement in leveraging this contrast mechanism by employing the improved spatial resolution of focus-extended optical coherence microscopy (1.4 µm axially in air and 1.6 µm laterally, over more than 70 µm depth of field). Vectorial birefringence imaging of sheep cornea ex vivo reveals its lamellar organization into thin sections with distinct local optic axis orientations, paving the way to resolving similar features in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gavrielle Untracht
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter B. Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Villiger
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Surrey Biophotonics, School of Physics and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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36
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Hu Y, Tang C, Xu M, Lei Z. Selective retinex enhancement based on the clustering algorithm and block-matching 3D for optical coherence tomography images. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:9861-9869. [PMID: 31873631 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.009861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is important to enhance the contrast and remove the speckle noise for optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. In this paper, we propose a selective retinex enhancement method based on the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm to enhance only the structure part in OCT images and combines with the block-matching 3D (BM3D) algorithm for filtering. In the proposed selective retinex enhancement method, we first calculate the feature image of the original image, which includes the mean value and standard deviation of each pixel in the original image and its correlation image. Second, by applying the FCM clustering algorithm to the feature image, a mask is generated that can distinguish the structure part from the background part in the OCT image. Then, the mask is applied to the multi-scale retinex algorithm, and only the structure part in the OCT image is enhanced. Moreover, the BM3D method is applied to filter the enhanced image. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs impressively in improving the contrast and removing the speckle noise of OCT images, and it provides better quantitative performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, equivalent number of looks, and the edge preservation parameter $ \beta $β.
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37
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Liu X, Huang Z, Wang Z, Wen C, Jiang Z, Yu Z, Liu J, Liu G, Huang X, Maier A, Ren Q, Lu Y. A deep learning based pipeline for optical coherence tomography angiography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900008. [PMID: 31168927 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a relatively new imaging modality that generates microvasculature map. Meanwhile, deep learning has been recently attracting considerable attention in image-to-image translation, such as image denoising, super-resolution and prediction. In this paper, we propose a deep learning based pipeline for OCTA. This pipeline consists of three parts: training data preparation, model learning and OCTA predicting using the trained model. To be mentioned, the datasets used in this work were automatically generated by a conventional system setup without any expert labeling. Promising results have been validated by in-vivo animal experiments, which demonstrate that deep learning is able to outperform traditional OCTA methods. The image quality is improved in not only higher signal-to-noise ratio but also better vasculature connectivity by laser speckle eliminating, showing potential in clinical use. Schematic description of the deep learning based optical coherent tomography angiography pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyao Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zekuan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanye Lu
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Enhanced Grid-Based Visual Analysis of Retinal Layer Thickness with Optical Coherence Tomography. INFORMATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/info10090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography enables high-resolution 3D imaging of retinal layers in the human eye. The thickness of the layers is commonly assessed to understand a variety of retinal and systemic disorders. Yet, the thickness data are complex and currently need to be considerably reduced prior to further processing and analysis. This leads to a loss of information on localized variations in thickness, which is important for early detection of certain retinal diseases. We propose an enhanced grid-based reduction and exploration of retinal thickness data. Alternative grids are computed, their representation quality is rated, and best fitting grids for given thickness data are suggested. Selected grids are then visualized, adapted, and compared at different levels of granularity. A visual analysis tool bundles all computational, visual, and interactive means in a flexible user interface. We demonstrate the utility of our tool in a complementary analysis procedure, which eases the evaluation of ophthalmic study data. Ophthalmologists successfully applied our solution to study localized variations in thickness of retinal layers in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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39
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Amiot CG, Ryczkowski P, Friberg AT, Dudley JM, Genty G. Ghost optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:24114-24122. [PMID: 31510305 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.024114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally ghost optical coherence tomography using a broadband incoherent supercontinuum light source with shot-to-shot random spectral fluctuations. The technique is based on ghost imaging in the spectral domain where the object is the spectral interference pattern generated from an optical coherence tomography interferometer in which a physical sample is placed. The axial profile of the sample is obtained from the Fourier transform of the correlation between the spectrally resolved intensity fluctuations of the supercontinuum and the integrated signal measured at the output of the interferometer. The results are in excellent agreement with measurements obtained from a conventional optical coherence tomography system.
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40
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Zhao Y, Chu KK, Jelly ET, Wax A. Origin of improved depth penetration in dual-axis optical coherence tomography: a Monte Carlo study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800383. [PMID: 30701684 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that extended imaging depth can be achieved using dual-axis optical coherence tomography (DA-OCT). By illuminating and collecting at an oblique angle, multiple forward scattered photons from large probing depths are preferentially detected. However, the mechanism behind the enhancement of imaging depth needs further illumination. Here, the signal of a DA-OCT system is studied using a Monte Carlo simulation. We modeled light transport in tissue and recorded the spatial and angular distribution of photons exiting the tissue surface. Results indicate that the spatial separation and offset angle created by the non-telecentric scanning configuration promote the collection of more deeply propagating photons than conventional on-axis OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Evan T Jelly
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adam Wax
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
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41
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Photiou C, Pitris C. Comparison of tissue dispersion measurement techniques based on optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31025558 PMCID: PMC6990061 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.4.046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dispersion on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images have long been documented. The imbalance of spectral broadening, caused by dispersion mismatches in the two arms of the OCT interferometer, can result in significant resolution degradation. Efforts to correct this phenomenon have resulted in improved image quality using various techniques. However, dispersion is also present and varies in tissues. As a result, group velocity dispersion (GVD) can be used to detect changes in tissues and provide useful information for diagnosis. Several methods can be utilized to measure the GVD from OCT images: (i) the degradation of the point spread function (PSF), (ii) the shift (walk-off) between images taken at different wavelengths, (iii) the changes in the second derivative of the spectral phase, as well as two new methods, which do not require a reflector and are applicable in intact tissues, i.e., using (iv) the speckle degradation, and (v) the speckle cross correlation. A systematic, experimental, evaluation of these methods is presented to elucidate the capabilities, the limitations, and the accuracy of each technique when attempting to estimate the GVD in scattering samples. The most precise values were obtained from the estimation of the PSF degradation, whereas using the phase derivative method was only applicable to minimally scattering samples. Speckle broadening appears to be the most robust method for tissue GVD measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Photiou
- University of Cyprus, KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Costas Pitris
- University of Cyprus, KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Address all correspondence to Costas Pitris, E-mail:
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42
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Li K, Liang W, Mavadia-Shukla J, Park HC, Li D, Yuan W, Wan S, Li X. Super-achromatic optical coherence tomography capsule for ultrahigh-resolution imaging of esophagus. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800205. [PMID: 30302923 PMCID: PMC6416074 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive technology allowing for imaging of tissue microanatomies of luminal organs in real time. Conventional endoscopic OCT operates at 1300 nm wavelength region with a suboptimal axial resolution limited to 8-20 μm. In this paper, we present the first ultrahigh-resolution tethered OCT capsule operating at 800 nm and offering about 3- to 4-fold improvement of axial resolution (plus enhanced imaging contrast). The capsule uses diffractive optics to manage chromatic aberration over a full ~200 nm spectral bandwidth centering around 830 nm, enabling to achieve super-achromaticity and an axial resolution of ~2.6 μm in air. The performance of the OCT capsule is demonstrated by volumetric imaging of swine esophagus ex vivo and sheep esophagus in vivo, where fine anatomic structures including the sub-epithelial layers are clearly identified. The ultrahigh resolution and excellent imaging contrast at 800 nm of the tethered capsule suggest the potential of the technology as an enabling tool for surveillance of early esophageal diseases on awake patients without the need for sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenxuan Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21205
| | - Jessica Mavadia-Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21205
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21205
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21205
| | - Wu Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21205
| | - Suiren Wan
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210096
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21205
- Corresponding author.
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Davis A, Levecq O, Azimani H, Siret D, Dubois A. Simultaneous dual-band line-field confocal optical coherence tomography: application to skin imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:694-706. [PMID: 30800509 PMCID: PMC6377879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) operating in two distinct spectral bands centered at 770 nm and 1250 nm is reported, using a single supercontinuum light source and two different line-scan cameras. B-scans are acquired simultaneously in the two bands at 4 frames per second. Greyscale representation and color fusion of the images are performed to either produce a single image with both high resolution (1.3 µm × 1.2 µm, lateral × axial, measured at the surface) in the superficial part of the image and deep penetration, or to highlight the spectroscopic properties of the sample. In vivo images of fair and dark skin are presented with a penetration depth of ∼700 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Davis
- DAMAE Medical, 28 rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | | | - David Siret
- DAMAE Medical, 28 rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Dubois
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Dubois A, Levecq O, Azimani H, Davis A, Ogien J, Siret D, Barut A. Line-field confocal time-domain optical coherence tomography with dynamic focusing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33534-33542. [PMID: 30650800 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A time-domain optical coherence tomography technique is introduced for high-resolution B-scan imaging in real-time. The technique is based on a two-beam interference microscope with line illumination and line detection using a broadband spatially coherent light source and a line-scan camera. Multiple (2048) A-scans are acquired in parallel by scanning the sample depth while adjusting the focus. Quasi-isotropic spatial resolution of 1.3 µm × 1.1 µm (lateral × axial) is achieved. In vivo cellular-level resolution imaging of human skin is demonstrated at 10 frames per second with a penetration depth of ∼500 µm.
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Wells WA, Thrall M, Sorokina A, Fine J, Krishnamurthy S, Haroon A, Rao B, Shevchuk MM, Wolfsen HC, Tearney GJ, Hariri LP. In Vivo and Ex Vivo Microscopy: Moving Toward the Integration of Optical Imaging Technologies Into Pathology Practice. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 143:288-298. [PMID: 30525931 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0298-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The traditional surgical pathology assessment requires tissue to be removed from the patient, then processed, sectioned, stained, and interpreted by a pathologist using a light microscope. Today, an array of alternate optical imaging technologies allow tissue to be viewed at high resolution, in real time, without the need for processing, fixation, freezing, or staining. Optical imaging can be done in living patients without tissue removal, termed in vivo microscopy, or also in freshly excised tissue, termed ex vivo microscopy. Both in vivo and ex vivo microscopy have tremendous potential for clinical impact in a wide variety of applications. However, in order for these technologies to enter mainstream clinical care, an expert will be required to assess and interpret the imaging data. The optical images generated from these imaging techniques are often similar to the light microscopic images that pathologists already have expertise in interpreting. Other clinical specialists do not have this same expertise in microscopy, therefore, pathologists are a logical choice to step into the developing role of microscopic imaging expert. Here, we review the emerging technologies of in vivo and ex vivo microscopy in terms of the technical aspects and potential clinical applications. We also discuss why pathologists are essential to the successful clinical adoption of such technologies and the educational resources available to help them step into this emerging role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Wells
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Michael Thrall
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Anastasia Sorokina
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jeffrey Fine
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Attiya Haroon
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Babar Rao
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Maria M Shevchuk
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Herbert C Wolfsen
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lida P Hariri
- From the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Wells); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Thrall); the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Sorokina); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Fine); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Krishnamurthy); the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey (Drs Haroon and Rao); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (Dr Shevchuk); the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Wolfsen); and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine (Dr Tearney) and the Department of Pathology (Drs Tearney and Hariri), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Ramakonar H, Quirk BC, Kirk RW, Li J, Jacques A, Lind CRP, McLaughlin RA. Intraoperative detection of blood vessels with an imaging needle during neurosurgery in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaav4992. [PMID: 30585293 PMCID: PMC6300404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial hemorrhage can be a devastating complication associated with needle biopsies of the brain. Hemorrhage can occur to vessels located adjacent to the biopsy needle as tissue is aspirated into the needle and removed. No intraoperative technology exists to reliably identify blood vessels that are at risk of damage. To address this problem, we developed an "imaging needle" that can visualize nearby blood vessels in real time. The imaging needle contains a miniaturized optical coherence tomography probe that allows differentiation of blood flow and tissue. In 11 patients, we were able to intraoperatively detect blood vessels (diameter, >500 μm) with a sensitivity of 91.2% and a specificity of 97.7%. This is the first reported use of an optical coherence tomography needle probe in human brain in vivo. These results suggest that imaging needles may serve as a valuable tool in a range of neurosurgical needle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Ramakonar
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bryden C. Quirk
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jiawen Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher R. P. Lind
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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New clinical ultrahigh-resolution SD-OCT using A-scan matching algorithm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:255-263. [PMID: 30406274 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A new clinical ultrahigh-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (UHR-SD-OCT) system using an original averaging technique named "A-scan matching algorithm" was developed. The aim of this study was to determine whether our new UHR-SD-OCT system can obtain clearer sectional images of the retina than conventional standard resolution SD-OCT systems (SR-SD-OCT). METHODS We recorded horizontal B-scan images of 42 normal eyes using our new UHR-SD-OCT device (Bi-μ, Kowa) and a conventional SR-SD-OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg). To evaluate the clarity of the interdigitation zone (IZ) subjectively, the integrity of IZ was divided into three types by two raters. To evaluate the clarity of the IZ objectively, a peak height score (PHS) was calculated at five different points of the macula using the longitudinal reflectivity profile. RESULTS The mean (± SD) of the subjective visibility score of the IZ in the UHR-SD-OCT images was 2.64 ± 0.54 which was significantly higher than the 2.46 ± 0.46 in the SR-SD-OCT images (P = 0.02). The PHS was also significantly higher for the UHR-SD-OCT than for the SR-SD-OCT images at all five locations (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results indicate that the newly developed clinical UHR-SD-OCT instrument using the A-scan matching algorithm can obtain clearer images of the IZ, and they suggest that this device should be clinically useful in detecting finer structural abnormalities of the outer retina.
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Dubois A, Levecq O, Azimani H, Siret D, Barut A, Suppa M, Del Marmol V, Malvehy J, Cinotti E, Rubegni P, Perrot JL. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for high-resolution noninvasive imaging of skin tumors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30353716 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.10.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An optical technique called line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is introduced for high-resolution, noninvasive imaging of human skin in vivo. LC-OCT combines the principles of time-domain optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy with line illumination and detection using a broadband laser and a line-scan camera. LC-OCT measures the echo-time delay and amplitude of light backscattered from cutaneous microstructures through low-coherence interferometry associated with confocal spatial filtering. Multiple A-scans are acquired simultaneously while dynamically adjusting the focus. The resulting cross-sectional B-scan image is produced in real time at 10 frame / s. With an isotropic spatial resolution of ∼1 μm, the LC-OCT images reveal a comprehensive structural mapping of skin at the cellular level down to a depth of ∼500 μm. LC-OCT has been applied to the imaging of various skin lesions, in vivo, including carcinomas and melanomas. LC-OCT images are found to strongly correlate with conventional histopathological images. The use of LC-OCT as an adjunct tool in medical practice could significantly improve clinical diagnostic accuracy while reducing the number of biopsies of benign lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariano Suppa
- Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josep Malvehy
- University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Cinotti
- University of Siena, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Dermatology Unit, Si, Italy
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- University of Siena, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Dermatology Unit, Si, Italy
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Pahlevaninezhad H, Khorasaninejad M, Huang YW, Shi Z, Hariri LP, Adams DC, Ding V, Zhu A, Qiu CW, Capasso F, Suter MJ. Nano-optic endoscope for high-resolution optical coherence tomography in vivo. NATURE PHOTONICS 2018; 12:540-547. [PMID: 30713581 PMCID: PMC6350822 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-018-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of high-resolution images from within internal organs using endoscopic optical imaging has numerous clinical applications. However, difficulties associated with optical aberrations and the trade-off between transverse resolution and depth-of-focus significantly limit the scope of applications. Here, we integrate a metalens, with the ability to modify the phase of incident light at sub-wavelength level, into the design of an endoscopic optical coherence tomography catheter (termed nano-optic endoscope) to achieve near diffraction-limited imaging through negating non-chromatic aberrations. Remarkably, the tailored chromatic dispersion of the metalens in the context of spectral interferometry is utilized to maintain high-resolution imaging beyond the input field Rayleigh range, easing the trade-off between transverse resolution and depth-of-focus. We demonstrate endoscopic imaging both in resected human lung specimens and in sheep airways in vivo. The combination of the superior resolution and higher imaging depth-of-focus of the nano-optic endoscope will likely increase the clinical utility of endoscopic optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Pahlevaninezhad
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States
| | - Mohammadreza Khorasaninejad
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Lida P. Hariri
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, United States
| | - David C. Adams
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, United States
| | - Vivien Ding
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander Zhu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Capasso
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, United States
- Corresponding author: ,
| | - Melissa J. Suter
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, United States
- Corresponding author: ,
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Smirni S, MacDonald MP, Robertson CP, McNamara PM, O'Gorman S, Leahy MJ, Khan F. Application of cmOCT and continuous wavelet transform analysis to the assessment of skin microcirculation dynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-13. [PMID: 29992798 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.076006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Correlation mapping optical coherence tomography (cmOCT) is a powerful technique for the imaging of skin microvessels structure, based on the discrimination of the static and dynamic regions of the tissue. Although the suitability of cmOCT to visualize the microcirculation has been proved in humans and animal models, less evidence has been provided about its application to examine functional dynamics. Therefore, the goal of this research was validating the cmOCT method for the investigation into microvascular function and vasomotion. A spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device was employed to image 90 sequential three-dimensional (3-D) OCT volumes from the forearm of 12 volunteers during a 25-min postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test. The volumes were processed using cmOCT to generate blood flow maps at selected cutaneous depths. The maps clearly trace flow variations during the PORH response for both capillaries and arterioles/venules microvascular layers. Continuous blood flow signals were reconstructed from cmOCT maps to study vasomotion by applying wavelet transform spectral analysis, which revealed fluctuations of flow during PORH, reflecting the regulation of microvascular tone mediated by endothelial cells and sympathetic nerves. The results clearly demonstrate that cmOCT allows the generation of functional information that may be used for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Smirni
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P MacDonald
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Nethergate, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine P Robertson
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M McNamara
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sean O'Gorman
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin J Leahy
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faisel Khan
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
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