1
|
Ding J, Peng S. All-dielectric super-lattice metasurfaces with fivefold spatial resolution enhancement for structured illumination microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3230-3233. [PMID: 38824370 DOI: 10.1364/ol.524514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a promising imaging technique for high-resolution imaging with a wide field of view. Although a periodic nanostructure is a versatile platform for engineering the spatial frequency of structured illumination patterns in SIM, challenges remain, including artifacts from Fourier space gaps. We designed an all-dielectric super-lattice metasurface (ADSLM) to generate structured illumination patterns with enhanced spatial frequency and broadened spatial frequency coverage with no intermediate frequency gaps. Our numerical simulations reveal that ADSLM-based image reconstruction is capable of producing high-contrast, artifact-free images, resulting in enhanced spatial resolution up to 5.7-fold for coherent SIM at 450 nm. Our results show that the ADSLM-SIM technique may facilitate high-resolution imaging using CMOS-compatible substrates, offering potential for compact miniaturized imaging applications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sha J, Qiu W, He G, Luo Z, Huang B. Improving the resolution of Fourier ptychographic imaging using an a priori neural network. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:6316-6319. [PMID: 38039256 DOI: 10.1364/ol.508134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a dual-structured prior neural network model that independently restores both the amplitude and phase image using a random latent code for Fourier ptychography (FP). We demonstrate that the inherent prior information within the neural network can generate super-resolution images with a resolution that exceeds the combined numerical aperture of the FP system. This method circumvents the need for a large labeled dataset. The training process is guided by an appropriate forward physical model. We validate the effectiveness of our approach through simulations and experimental data. The results suggest that integrating image prior information with system-collected data is a potentially effective approach for improving the resolution of FP systems.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ortkrass H, Wiebusch G, Linnenbrügger J, Schürstedt J, Szafranska K, McCourt P, Huser T. Grazing incidence to total internal reflection fluorescence structured illumination microscopy enabled by a prism telescope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40210-40220. [PMID: 38041327 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) the separation between opposing laser spots in the back focal plane of the objective lens affects the pattern periodicity, and, thus, the resulting spatial resolution. Here, we introduce a novel hexagonal prism telescope which allows us to seamlessly change the separation between parallel laser beams for 3 pairs of beams, simultaneously. Each end of the prism telescope is composed of 6 Littrow prisms, which are custom-ground so they can be grouped together in the form of a tight hexagon. By changing the distance between the hexagons, the beam separation can be adjusted. This allows us to easily control the position of opposing laser spots in the back focal plane and seamlessly adjust the spatial frequency of the resulting interference pattern. This also enables the seamless transition from 2D-SIM to total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) excitation using objective lenses with a high numerical aperture. In linear SR-SIM the highest spatial resolution can be achieved for extreme TIRF angles. The prism telescope allows us to investigate how the spatial resolution and contrast depend on the angle of incidence near, at, and beyond the critical angle. We demonstrate this by imaging the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, which have a characteristic morphology consisting of thousands of small, transcellular pores that can only be observed by super-resolution microscopy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Zhong S, Hou Y, Cao R, Wang W, Li D, Dai Q, Kim D, Xi P. Superresolution structured illumination microscopy reconstruction algorithms: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:172. [PMID: 37433801 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has become the standard for next-generation wide-field microscopy, offering ultrahigh imaging speed, superresolution, a large field-of-view, and long-term imaging. Over the past decade, SIM hardware and software have flourished, leading to successful applications in various biological questions. However, unlocking the full potential of SIM system hardware requires the development of advanced reconstruction algorithms. Here, we introduce the basic theory of two SIM algorithms, namely, optical sectioning SIM (OS-SIM) and superresolution SIM (SR-SIM), and summarize their implementation modalities. We then provide a brief overview of existing OS-SIM processing algorithms and review the development of SR-SIM reconstruction algorithms, focusing primarily on 2D-SIM, 3D-SIM, and blind-SIM. To showcase the state-of-the-art development of SIM systems and assist users in selecting a commercial SIM system for a specific application, we compare the features of representative off-the-shelf SIM systems. Finally, we provide perspectives on the potential future developments of SIM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Suyi Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruijie Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multidimension & Multiscale Computational Photography, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Intelligence, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin C, Peñaranda JSD, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Schaubroeck D, Boon N, Baets R, Le Thomas N. UV photonic integrated circuits for far-field structured illumination autofluorescence microscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4360. [PMID: 35896536 PMCID: PMC9329385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-violet (UV) light has still a limited scope in optical microscopy despite its potential advantages over visible light in terms of optical resolution and of interaction with a wide variety of biological molecules. The main challenge is to control in a robust, compact and cost-effective way UV light beams at the level of a single optical spatial mode and concomitantly to minimize the light propagation loss. To tackle this challenge, we present here photonic integrated circuits made of aluminum oxide thin layers that are compatible with both UV light and high-volume manufacturing. These photonic circuits designed at a wavelength of 360 nm enable super-resolved structured illumination microscopy with conventional wide-field microscopes and without modifying the usual protocol for handling the object to be imaged. As a biological application, we show that our UV photonic chips enable to image the autofluorescence of yeast cells and reveal features unresolved with standard wide-field microscopy. Here, the authors develop a UV-compatible photonic integrated circuit for structured illumination microscopy on a conventional wide-field microscope. Operating at a wavelength of 360 nm, they generate switchable far-field fringe patterns, and demonstrate autofluorescence imaging of yeast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chupao Lin
- Photonics Research Group, INTEC Department, Ghent University-imec, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - David Schaubroeck
- Centre of Microsystems Technology (CMST), imec and Ghent University, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Roel Baets
- Photonics Research Group, INTEC Department, Ghent University-imec, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Le Thomas
- Photonics Research Group, INTEC Department, Ghent University-imec, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grossman EN, Feldkhun D, McComb S, Wagner K. Terahertz imaging using optically controlled Fourier-basis structured illumination. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:5980-5990. [PMID: 36255843 DOI: 10.1364/ao.455226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a new type of structured-illumination imaging may be migrated from the optical to the terahertz domain. This Fourier-basis technique involves illuminating a target with rapidly moving sinusoidal fringes of controllable spatial frequency and orientation, while measuring the scattered radiation on a single fast detector. This initial proof-of-concept demonstration is purely one-dimensional since the fringe orientation is fixed, but the technique is readily extensible to two dimensions. The fringes are first generated in the near-infrared (808 nm) by passing a high-power laser beam through an acousto-optic Bragg cell driven by a superposition of two RF signals slightly offset in frequency, blocking the undeflected beam, and refocusing the two diffracted beams onto a metal-backed semiconductor wafer. The laser can be amplitude modulated to slow down the moving fringes to accommodate the semiconductor's temporal response. The semiconductor acts as an optically addressed spatiotemporal modulator for a THz beam illuminating the same area. The periodic optical fringes effectively transform the semiconductor into a reflective THz diffraction grating with a programmable period. The diffracted THz radiation is then imaged onto the remote target plane, where the diffraction orders interfere pairwise to create traveling THz fringes. Scattered radiation from the target is collected by a simple receiver operating in "light bucket" mode, which produces an output signal consisting of a superposition of sinusoidal tones, one for each spatial Fourier component of the target. We present measurements of the THz fringe projector's performance and compare with a model of the semiconductor modulator's operation. Finally, we present Fourier-reconstructed images of pairs of point targets as an initial demonstration of THz Fourier-basis agile structured illumination sensing imaging.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lauriola A, Davalli P, Marverti G, Caporali A, Mai S, D’Arca D. Telomere Dysfunction Is Associated with Altered DNA Organization in Trichoplein/Tchp/Mitostatin (TpMs) Depleted Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071602. [PMID: 35884905 PMCID: PMC9312488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we highlighted a novel role for the protein Trichoplein/TCHP/Mitostatin (TpMs), both as mitotic checkpoint regulator and guardian of chromosomal stability. TpMs-depleted cells show numerical and structural chromosome alterations that lead to genomic instability. This condition is a major driving force in malignant transformation as it allows for the cells acquiring new functional capabilities to proliferate and disseminate. Here, the effect of TpMs depletion was investigated in different TpMs-depleted cell lines by means of 3D imaging and 3D Structured illumination Microscopy. We show that TpMs depletion causes alterations in the 3D architecture of telomeres in colon cancer HCT116 cells. These findings are consistent with chromosome alterations that lead to genomic instability. Furthermore, TpMs depletion changes the spatial arrangement of chromosomes and other nuclear components. Modified nuclear architecture and organization potentially induce variations that precede the onset of genomic instability and are considered as markers of malignant transformation. Our present observations connect the tumor suppression ability of TpMs with its novel functions in maintaining the proper chromosomal segregation as well as the proper telomere and nuclear architecture. Further investigations will investigate the connection between alterations in telomeres and nuclear architecture with the progression of human tumors with the aim of developing personalized therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lauriola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Pierpaola Davalli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Andrea Caporali
- The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 4AH, UK;
| | - Sabine Mai
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (D.D.); Tel.: +1-204-272-3174 (S.M.); +39-059-205-5610 (D.D.)
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.D.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (D.D.); Tel.: +1-204-272-3174 (S.M.); +39-059-205-5610 (D.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manton JD. Answering some questions about structured illumination microscopy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210109. [PMID: 35152757 PMCID: PMC8841787 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) provides images of fluorescent objects at an enhanced resolution greater than that of conventional epifluorescence wide-field microscopy. Initially demonstrated in 1999 to enhance the lateral resolution twofold, it has since been extended to enhance axial resolution twofold (2008), applied to live-cell imaging (2009) and combined with myriad other techniques, including interferometric detection (2008), confocal microscopy (2010) and light sheet illumination (2012). Despite these impressive developments, SIM remains, perhaps, the most poorly understood 'super-resolution' method. In this article, we provide answers to the 13 questions regarding SIM proposed by Prakash et al. along with answers to a further three questions. After providing a general overview of the technique and its developments, we explain why SIM as normally used is still diffraction-limited. We then highlight the necessity for a non-polynomial, and not just nonlinear, response to the illuminating light in order to make SIM a true, diffraction-unlimited, super-resolution technique. In addition, we present a derivation of a real-space SIM reconstruction approach that can be used to process conventional SIM and image scanning microscopy (ISM) data and extended to process data with quasi-arbitrary illumination patterns. Finally, we provide a simple bibliometric analysis of SIM development over the past two decades and provide a short outlook on potential future work. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Manton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
sCMOS Noise-Corrected Superresolution Reconstruction Algorithm for Structured Illumination Microscopy. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is widely applied due to its high temporal and spatial resolution imaging ability. sCMOS cameras are often used in SIM due to their superior sensitivity, resolution, field of view, and frame rates. However, the unique single-pixel-dependent readout noise of sCMOS cameras may lead to SIM reconstruction artefacts and affect the accuracy of subsequent statistical analysis. We first established a nonuniform sCMOS noise model to address this issue, which incorporates the single-pixel-dependent offset, gain, and variance based on the SIM imaging process. The simulation indicates that the sCMOS pixel-dependent readout noise causes artefacts in the reconstructed SIM superresolution (SR) image. Thus, we propose a novel sCMOS noise-corrected SIM reconstruction algorithm derived from the imaging model, which can effectively suppress the sCMOS noise-related reconstruction artefacts and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Collapse
|
10
|
Saavedra G, Gimeno-Gómez A, Martínez-Corral M, Sola J, Sánchez-Ortiga E. Three-dimensional imaging through patterned type-1 microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:511-521. [PMID: 35201227 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a scanning non-confocal fluorescence microscopy scheme that provides images with optical sectioning and with a lateral resolution that surpasses by a factor of two the diffraction resolution limit. This technique is based on the type-1 microscopy concept combined with patterned illumination. The method does not require the application of phase-shifting or post-processing algorithms and provides artifact-free superresolved 3D images. We have validated the theory by means of experimental data.
Collapse
|
11
|
Song Y, Ling L, Westerhoff P, Shang C. Evanescent waves modulate energy efficiency of photocatalysis within TiO 2 coated optical fibers illuminated using LEDs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4101. [PMID: 34215737 PMCID: PMC8253814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling photocatalyst-coated optical fibers (P-OFs) with LEDs shows potential in environmental applications. Here we report a strategy to maximize P-OF light usage and quantify interactions between two forms of light energy (refracted light and evanescent waves) and surface-coated photocatalysts. Different TiO2-coated quartz optical fibers (TiO2-QOFs) are synthesized and characterized. An energy balance model is then developed by correlating different nano-size TiO2 coating structures with light propagation modes in TiO2-QOFs. By reducing TiO2 patchiness on optical fibers to 0.034 cm2/cm2 and increasing the average interspace distance between fiber surfaces and TiO2 coating layers to 114.3 nm, refraction is largely reduced when light is launched into TiO2-QOFs, and 91% of light propagated on the fiber surface is evanescent waves. 24% of the generated evanescent waves are not absorbed by nano-TiO2 and returned to optical fibers, thus increasing the quantum yield during degradation of a refractory pollutant (carbamazepine) in water by 32%. Our model also predicts that extending the TiO2-QOF length could fully use the returned light to double the carbamazepine degradation and quantum yield. Therefore, maximizing evanescent waves to activate photocatalysts by controlling photocatalyst coating structures emerges as an effective strategy to improve light usage in photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. .,Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manton JD, Ströhl F, Fiolka R, Kaminski CF, Rees EJ. Concepts for structured illumination microscopy with extended axial resolution through mirrored illumination. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2098-2108. [PMID: 32341869 PMCID: PMC7173891 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wide-field fluorescence microscopy, while much faster than confocal microscopy, suffers from a lack of optical sectioning and poor axial resolution. 3D structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has been demonstrated to provide optical sectioning and to double the resolution limit both laterally and axially, but even with this the axial resolution is still worse than the lateral resolution of unmodified wide-field microscopy. Interferometric schemes using two high numerical aperture objectives, such as 4Pi confocal and I5M microscopy, have improved the axial resolution beyond that of the lateral, but at the cost of a significantly more complex optical setup. Here, we theoretically and numerically investigate a simpler dual-objective scheme which we propose can be easily added to an existing 3D-SIM microscope, providing lateral and axial resolutions in excess of 125 nm with conventional fluorophores and without the need for interferometric detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Manton
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Florian Ströhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- Present address: Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Eric J. Rees
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zou W, Wang D. Hybrid representations of asymmetrically excited surface plasmon self-interference at a planar dielectric/metal interface. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:1727-1734. [PMID: 31674438 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a hybrid representation to describe asymmetrically excited surface plasmon (SP) self-interference at a planar dielectric/metal interface. The hybrid representation combines a ray model, angular spectrum representation, near-field spatial frequency analysis, and parameter characterization to investigate the incidence coupling and spatial resolution degradation of the SP self-interference. We also propose SP numerical aperture for self-interference virtual probe imaging. We explain the shift in the main peak in asymmetrical excitation. Individual models are used to study the various characteristic features in detail, and physical insights are gained. We examine the consistency of the results obtained using the different models and demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid representation for describing the asymmetrically excited SP self-interference.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sola-Pikabea J, Garcia-Rius A, Saavedra G, Garcia-Sucerquia J, Martínez-Corral M, Sánchez-Ortiga E. Fast and robust phase-shift estimation in two-dimensional structured illumination microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221254. [PMID: 31419247 PMCID: PMC6697343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method of determining unknown phase-shifts between elementary images in two-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (2D-SIM) is presented. The proposed method is based on the comparison of the peak intensity of spectral components. These components correspond to the inherent structured illumination spectral content and the residual component that appears from wrongly estimated phase-shifts. The estimation of the phase-shifts is carried out by finding the absolute maximum of a function defined as the normalized peak intensity difference in the Fourier domain. This task is performed by an optimization method providing a fast estimation of the phase-shift. The algorithm stability and robustness are tested for various levels of noise and contrasts of the structured illumination pattern. Furthermore, the proposed approach reduces the number of computations compared to other existing techniques. The method is supported by the theoretical calculations and validated by means of simulated and experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sola-Pikabea
- Department of Optics, 3D Imaging and Display Laboratory, Universitat of València, Valencia (Burjassot), Spain
| | - Arcadi Garcia-Rius
- Department of Optics, 3D Imaging and Display Laboratory, Universitat of València, Valencia (Burjassot), Spain
| | - Genaro Saavedra
- Department of Optics, 3D Imaging and Display Laboratory, Universitat of València, Valencia (Burjassot), Spain
| | | | - Manuel Martínez-Corral
- Department of Optics, 3D Imaging and Display Laboratory, Universitat of València, Valencia (Burjassot), Spain
| | - Emilio Sánchez-Ortiga
- Department of Optics, 3D Imaging and Display Laboratory, Universitat of València, Valencia (Burjassot), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meng F, Du L, Yang A, Zhang C, Yuan X. Low-loss metal-dielectric waveguide mode enabled structured illumination microscopy with 0.18λ 0 resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9250-9257. [PMID: 31052732 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a powerful super-resolved imaging technique which enables to perform fast and in vivo imaging of bio-samples. In order to achieve a better resolution of a SIM system, evanescent waves with larger in-plane wave-vector are preferred for SIM, among which the total internal reflection (TIRF-SIM) and the plasmonic SIM (pSIM) configurations are widely studied. Here, we demonstrated a metal-dielectric waveguide (MDW) based SIM system - termed as MDW-SIM, which can achieve a good compromise between TIRF-SIM and pSIM. The MDW can support a low-loss waveguide mode at an aqueous environment, with an evanescent tail existing above the water/dielectric interface for SIM. A proof-of-concept imaging experiment was performed on fluorescent beads, where a spatial resolution of 86nm was achieved at a 473nm illumination wavelength and a 1.45 numerical aperture objective lens. The proposed MDW-SIM has a great potential for the bio-imaging applications.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Liu W, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Huang Y, Cao R, Zhu D, Xu L, Zhang M, Zhang YH, Fan J, Jin L, Xu Y, Kuang C, Liu X. Multi-color live-cell super-resolution volume imaging with multi-angle interference microscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4818. [PMID: 30446673 PMCID: PMC6240104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging and tracking of near-surface three-dimensional volumetric nanoscale dynamic processes of live cells remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a multi-color live-cell near-surface-volume super-resolution microscopy method that combines total internal reflection fluorescence structured illumination microscopy with multi-angle evanescent light illumination. We demonstrate that our approach of multi-angle interference microscopy is perfectly adapted to studying subcellular dynamics of mitochondria and microtubule architectures during cell migration. 3D super-resolution imaging of dynamic processes in live cells is still challenging, especially in a large field of view. Here the authors combine SIM with multi-angle evanescent light illumination and achieve improved lateral and axial resolution, with stack acquisition time in the range of 1–2 s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Biomedical Imaging and Big Data, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030051, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yujia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Ruizhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Dazhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yu-Hui Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiannan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Luhong Jin
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingke Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cao R, Chen Y, Liu W, Zhu D, Kuang C, Xu Y, Liu X. Inverse matrix based phase estimation algorithm for structured illumination microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5037-5051. [PMID: 30319920 PMCID: PMC6179402 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fast imaging speed and low-intensity requirement of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) have made it one of the most widely used imaging tools in live cell imaging. In order to obtain a high fidelity reconstructed image, a precise estimation of the phase of the illumination pattern is required, especially in those structured illumination based techniques that rely on high-order harmonics to improve the resolution. This can be achieved in one of two fundamental ways. The first is to build a high-end control system capable of shifting a sinusoidal pattern with high precision, while the second is to apply estimation algorithms to determine how patterns shift during post-processing. The latter method is preferred in low-cost super-resolution imaging systems; however, existing algorithms are either time-consuming or fail due to noise and a low modulation depth. In this paper, we introduce additional matrixes into the phase estimation algorithm and propose an inverse matrix based phase estimation method with which analytical solutions of the phases can be determined without iteration. The proposed algorithm was validated via simulation and experiments using a home-made total internal reflection fluorescent SIM system (TIRF-SIM). When tested, the method obtained the true phase even when the modulation depth was low. The source code is now available for download by researchers and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Youhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement of Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dazhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yingke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular
Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department
of Internal Medicine and NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Otosu T, Yamaguchi S. Communication: Development of standing evanescent-wave fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and its application to the lateral diffusion of lipids in a supported lipid bilayer. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:041101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Otosu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shoichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zou W, Wang D, Li R, Zhao C. Paraxial models for the surface plasmon self- interference at off-axis excitation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:3534-3544. [PMID: 28241567 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface plasmon self-interference excited by a strongly focused, linearly polarized vortex beam at off-axis illumination in a paraxial regime is analytically studied. The off-axis excitation is investigated using a geometrical model. The combination of an angular spectrum representation and homogeneous transformation is applied to derive the integral expressions of the surface plasmon polariton fields for off-axis directions both parallel and perpendicular to polarization plane, and an off-axis convergence angle is used to compute the integral. The surface plasmon excitation is represented by the relative peak intensity of the longitudinal field, while its standing wave is characterized by the full width at half-maximum of the transmitted field intensity distribution profile. Both models consistently show that even in ideal Gaussian microscopic imaging systems, self-interference degradation exists. When the off-axis angle increases, the surface plasmon interference disappears and the fields detune out of surface plasmon resonance.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This review describes the growing partnership between super-resolution imaging and plasmonics, by describing the various ways in which the two topics mutually benefit one another to enhance our understanding of the nanoscale world. First, localization-based super-resolution imaging strategies, where molecules are modulated between emissive and nonemissive states and their emission localized, are applied to plasmonic nanoparticle substrates, revealing the hidden shape of the nanoparticles while also mapping local electromagnetic field enhancements and reactivity patterns on their surface. However, these results must be interpreted carefully due to localization errors induced by the interaction between metallic substrates and single fluorophores. Second, plasmonic nanoparticles are explored as image contrast agents for both superlocalization and super-resolution imaging, offering benefits such as high photostability, large signal-to-noise, and distance-dependent spectral features but presenting challenges for localizing individual nanoparticles within a diffraction-limited spot. Finally, the use of plasmon-tailored excitation fields to achieve subdiffraction-limited spatial resolution is discussed, using localized surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons to create confined excitation volumes or image magnification to enhance spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Padmanabh B Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fiolka R. Clearer view for TIRF and oblique illumination microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29556-29567. [PMID: 28059342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, the sample is illuminated with an evanescent field that yields a thin optical section. However, its widefield detection has no rejection mechanism against out-of-focus blur from scattered light that can compromise TIRF images. Here I demonstrate that via structured illumination, out-of-focus blur can be effectively suppressed in TIRF microscopy, yielding strikingly clearer images. The same mechanism can also be applied to oblique illumination schemes that extend the reach of TIRF microscopy beyond the basal surface of the cell. The two imaging modes are used to image a biosensor, clathrin coated vesicles and the actin cytoskeleton in different cell types with improved contrast.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chakrova N, Canton AS, Danelon C, Stallinga S, Rieger B. Adaptive illumination reduces photobleaching in structured illumination microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4263-4274. [PMID: 27867730 PMCID: PMC5102519 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photobleaching is a major factor limiting the observation time in fluorescence microscopy. We achieve photobleaching reduction in structured illumination microscopy (SIM) by locally adjusting the illumination intensities according to the sample. Adaptive SIM is enabled by a digital micro-mirror device (DMD), which provides a projection of the grayscale illumination patterns. We demonstrate a reduction in photobleaching by a factor of three in adaptive SIM compared to the non-adaptive SIM based on a spot grid scanning approach. Our proof-of-principle experiments show great potential for DMD-based microscopes to become a more useful tool in live-cell SIM imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Chakrova
- Imaging Physics Department, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Alicia Soler Canton
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Christophe Danelon
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Stallinga
- Imaging Physics Department, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The
Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bernd Rieger
- Imaging Physics Department, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The
Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blau Y, Shterman D, Bartal G, Gjonaj B. Double moiré structured illumination microscopy with high-index materials. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3455-3458. [PMID: 27472592 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy utilizes illumination of periodic light patterns to allow reconstruction of high spatial frequencies, conventionally doubling the microscope's resolving power. This Letter presents a structured illumination microscopy scheme with the ability to achieve 60 nm resolution by using total internal reflection of a double moiré pattern in high-index materials. We propose a realization that provides dynamic control over relative amplitudes and phases of four coherently interfering beams in gallium phosphide and numerically demonstrate its capability.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chakrova N, Rieger B, Stallinga S. Deconvolution methods for structured illumination microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:B12-20. [PMID: 27409703 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.000b12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We compare two recently developed multiple-frame deconvolution approaches for the reconstruction of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) data: the pattern-illuminated Fourier ptychography algorithm (piFP) and the joint Richardson-Lucy deconvolution (jRL). The quality of the images reconstructed by these methods is compared in terms of the achieved resolution improvement, noise enhancement, and inherent artifacts. Furthermore, we study the issue of object-dependent resolution improvement by considering the modulation transfer functions derived from different types of objects. The performance of the considered methods is tested in experiments and benchmarked with a commercial SIM microscope. We find that the piFP method resolves periodic and isolated structures equally well, whereas the jRL method provides significantly higher resolution for isolated objects compared to periodic ones. Images reconstructed by the piFP and jRL algorithms are comparable to the images reconstructed using the generalized Wiener filter applied in most commercial SIM microscopes. An advantage of the discussed algorithms is that they allow the reconstruction of SIM images acquired under different types of illumination, such as multi-spot or random illumination.
Collapse
|
26
|
Young LJ, Ströhl F, Kaminski CF. A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27285848 PMCID: PMC4927749 DOI: 10.3791/53988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical super-resolution imaging with structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a key technology for the visualization of processes at the molecular level in the chemical and biomedical sciences. Although commercial SIM systems are available, systems that are custom designed in the laboratory can outperform commercial systems, the latter typically designed for ease of use and general purpose applications, both in terms of imaging fidelity and speed. This article presents an in-depth guide to building a SIM system that uses total internal reflection (TIR) illumination and is capable of imaging at up to 10 Hz in three colors at a resolution reaching 100 nm. Due to the combination of SIM and TIRF, the system provides better image contrast than rival technologies. To achieve these specifications, several optical elements are used to enable automated control over the polarization state and spatial structure of the illumination light for all available excitation wavelengths. Full details on hardware implementation and control are given to achieve synchronization between excitation light pattern generation, wavelength, polarization state, and camera control with an emphasis on achieving maximum acquisition frame rate. A step-by-step protocol for system alignment and calibration is presented and the achievable resolution improvement is validated on ideal test samples. The capability for video-rate super-resolution imaging is demonstrated with living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge;
| | - Florian Ströhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo B, Huang Y, Røstad A, Schuster G. Far-field super-resolution imaging of resonant multiples. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501439. [PMID: 27386521 PMCID: PMC4928974 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time that seismic resonant multiples, usually considered as noise, can be used for super-resolution imaging in the far-field region of sources and receivers. Tests with both synthetic data and field data show that resonant multiples can image reflector boundaries with resolutions more than twice the classical resolution limit. Resolution increases with the order of the resonant multiples. This procedure has important applications in earthquake and exploration seismology, radar, sonar, LIDAR (light detection and ranging), and ultrasound imaging, where the multiples can be used to make high-resolution images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Guo
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anders Røstad
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerard Schuster
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Righolt CH, Knecht H, Mai S. DNA Superresolution Structure of Reed-Sternberg Cells Differs Between Long-Lasting Remission Versus Relapsing Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1633-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H. Righolt
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology; CancerCare Manitoba; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Hans Knecht
- Department of Medicine; Jewish General Hospital; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Sabine Mai
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology; CancerCare Manitoba; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chakrova N, Heintzmann R, Rieger B, Stallinga S. Studying different illumination patterns for resolution improvement in fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:31367-83. [PMID: 26698763 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.031367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Various types of non-uniform illumination can be used for resolution improvement in fluorescence microscopy. Here we study the differences between several types of incoherent illumination patterns, such as multi-spot, line and pseudo-random patterns. This requires an imaging setup and an image reconstruction algorithm that are flexible enough to incorporate any type of illumination pattern. We employ fluorescence microscope with structured illumination generated by a Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD) and the pattern-illuminated Fourier Ptychography reconstruction algorithm (piFP) to this end. The piFP method is modified and improved by identifying the algorithm as steepest descent optimization of a least squares function. We find that illumination patterns with regular structure are superior to those with irregular structure in terms of resolution enhancement and noise level in the reconstructed images.
Collapse
|
30
|
Righolt CH, Guffei A, Knecht H, Young IT, Stallinga S, van Vliet LJ, Mai S. Differences in nuclear DNA organization between lymphocytes, Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells revealed by structured illumination microscopy. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1441-8. [PMID: 24590512 PMCID: PMC4231252 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in light microscopy have enabled the visualization of DNA in the interphase nucleus with more detail than is visible with conventional light microscopy. The nuclear architecture is assumed to be different in cancer cells compared to normal cells. In this paper we have studied, for the first time, the organization of nuclear DNA and that of DNA-free space in control lymphocytes, Hodgkin cells and Reed–Sternberg cells using 3D structured illumination microscopy (SIM). We have observed detail in these SIM images that was not observed in conventional widefield images. We have measured the size distribution of the DNA structure using granulometry and noted a significant, progressive increase in the amount of sub-micron structures from control lymphocytes to Hodgkin cells to Reed–Sternberg cells. The DNA-free space changes as well; “holes” in the DNA distribution start to appear in the malignant cells. We have studied whether these “holes” are nucleoli by staining for upstream binding factor (UBF), a protein associated with the nucleolus. We have found that the relative UBF content progressively and significantly decreases—or is absent—in the DNA-free space when measured as either the Pearson correlation coefficient with the DNA-free space or as the number of “holes” that contain UBF. Similar differences exist within the population of Reed–Sternberg cells between binucleated and multinucleated cells with four or more subnuclei. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the changes of the nuclear DNA structure in any disease with superresolution light microscopy. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1441–1448, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H Righolt
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, R3E 0V9, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628, CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Righolt CH, Mai S, van Vliet LJ, Stallinga S. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy using Lukosz bound apodization reduces pixel negativity at no resolution cost. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:11215-11227. [PMID: 24921819 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.011215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the reconstructed image in structured illumination microscopy (SIM) depends on various aspects of the image filtering process. To optimize the trade-off between resolution and ringing artifacts, which lead to negative intensities, we extend Lukosz-bound filtering to 3D SIM and derive the parametrization of the 3D SIM cut-off. We compare the use of the Lukosz-bound as apodization filter to triangular apodization and find a tenfold reduction in the most negative pixel value with a minimal resolution loss. We test this algorithm on experimental SIM images of tubulin filaments and DAPI stained DNA structure in cancer cells and find a substantial reduction in the most negative pixel value and the percentage of pixels with a negative value. This means that there is no longer a need to clip the final image to avoid these negative pixel values.
Collapse
|
32
|
Brunstein M, Wicker K, Hérault K, Heintzmann R, Oheim M. Full-field dual-color 100-nm super-resolution imaging reveals organization and dynamics of mitochondrial and ER networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:26162-73. [PMID: 24216840 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.026162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most structured illumination microscopes use a physical or synthetic grating that is projected into the sample plane to generate a periodic illumination pattern. Albeit simple and cost-effective, this arrangement hampers fast or multi-color acquisition, which is a critical requirement for time-lapse imaging of cellular and sub-cellular dynamics. In this study, we designed and implemented an interferometric approach allowing large-field, fast, dual-color imaging at an isotropic 100-nm resolution based on a sub-diffraction fringe pattern generated by the interference of two colliding evanescent waves. Our all-mirror-based system generates illumination pat-terns of arbitrary orientation and period, limited only by the illumination aperture (NA = 1.45), the response time of a fast, piezo-driven tip-tilt mirror (10 ms) and the available fluorescence signal. At low µW laser powers suitable for long-period observation of life cells and with a camera exposure time of 20 ms, our system permits the acquisition of super-resolved 50 µm by 50 µm images at 3.3 Hz. The possibility it offers for rapidly adjusting the pattern between images is particularly advantageous for experiments that require multi-scale and multi-color information. We demonstrate the performance of our instrument by imaging mitochondrial dynamics in cultured cortical astrocytes. As an illustration of dual-color excitation dual-color detection, we also resolve interaction sites between near-membrane mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Our TIRF-SIM microscope provides a versatile, compact and cost-effective arrangement for super-resolution imaging, allowing the investigation of co-localization and dynamic interactions between organelles--important questions in both cell biology and neurophysiology.
Collapse
|
33
|
Righolt CH, Slotman JA, Young IT, Mai S, van Vliet LJ, Stallinga S. Image filtering in structured illumination microscopy using the Lukosz bound. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:24431-24451. [PMID: 24150288 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.024431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Various aspects of image filtering affect the final image quality in Structured Illumination Microscopy, in particular the regularization parameter and type of regularization function, the relative height of the side bands, and the shape of the apodization function. We propose an apodization filter without adjustable parameters based on the application of the Lukosz bound in order to guarantee a non-negative point spread function. Simulations of digital resolution charts and experimental data of chromatin structures and of actin filaments show artefact free reconstructions for a wide range of filter parameters. In general, a trade-off is observed between sharpness and noise suppression.
Collapse
|
34
|
Biteen J. Intracellular Dynamics of Bacterial Proteins Are Revealed by Super-resolution Microscopy. Biophys J 2013; 105:1547-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
35
|
Zou W, Huang P, Ma W, Guo F. Theoretical analysis of obliquely excited surface plasmon self-interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:18572-18581. [PMID: 23938729 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.018572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the theoretical analysis of surface plasmon polaritons induced by a tightly focused light beam at oblique incidence. Firstly, we propose a geometrical model to explain the evolution of SPPs effect as light deviating from normal incidence, and introduce a concept of critical oblique angle (θ(co)) which is one of the key factors affecting the stability, efficiency and lateral resolution of SPPs. Secondly, the integral expressions for the transmitted SPP field excited by a linearly polarized vortex beam are derived, using angular spectrum representation and rotation matrix trans-formation, for the oblique directions as parallel and perpendicular to polarization plane. An interesting finding is that the system completely goes out of SPP self-interference resonance at an incident angle smaller than θ(co) at parallel obliquity, while larger than θ(co) at perpendicular obliquity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Frank MJ, Walter MS, Lyngstadaas SP, Wintermantel E, Haugen HJ. Hydrogen content in titanium and a titanium–zirconium alloy after acid etching. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1282-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
37
|
Lauterbach MA. Finding, defining and breaking the diffraction barrier in microscopy – a historical perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/2192-2853-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
38
|
Feldkhun D, Wagner KH. Doppler encoded excitation pattern tomographic optical microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:H47-H63. [PMID: 21124527 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.000h47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Most far-field optical imaging systems rely on lenses and spatially resolved detection to probe distinct locations on the object. We describe and demonstrate a high-speed wide-field approach to imaging that instead measures the complex spatial Fourier transform of the object by detecting its spatially integrated response to dynamic acousto-optically synthesized structured illumination. Tomographic filtered backprojection is applied to reconstruct the object in two or three dimensions. This technique decouples depth of field and working distance from resolution, in contrast to conventional imaging, and can be used to image biological and synthetic structures in fluoresced or scattered light employing coherent or broadband illumination. We discuss the electronically programmable transfer function of the optical system and its implications for imaging dynamic processes. We also explore wide-field fluorescence imaging in scattering media by coherence gating. Finally, we present two-dimensional high-resolution tomographic image reconstructions in both scattered and fluoresced light demonstrating a thousandfold improvement in the depth of field compared to conventional lens-based microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feldkhun
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Campus Box 425, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shroff SA, Fienup JR, Williams DR. Lateral superresolution using a posteriori phase shift estimation for a moving object: experimental results. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2010; 27:1770-82. [PMID: 20686581 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.27.001770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination imaging uses multiple images of an object having different phase shifts in the sinusoidally patterned illumination to obtain lateral superresolution in stationary specimens in microscopy. In our recent work we have discussed a method to estimate these phase shifts a posteriori, allowing us to apply this technique to non-stationary objects such as in vivo tissue. Here we show experimental verification of our earlier simulations for phase shift estimation a posteriori. We estimated phase shifts in fluorescence microscopy images for an object having unknown, random translational motion and used them to obtain an artifact-free reconstruction having the expected superresolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna A Shroff
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Sentenac A, Belkebir K, Giovannini H, Chaumet PC. High-resolution total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy using periodically nanostructured glass slides. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2009; 26:2550-2557. [PMID: 19956323 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We compare the performance of a total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscope under varying illumination and substrate conditions. The samples are deposited on a standard homogeneous glass slide or on a grating and illuminated by one or two interfering beams at various incident angles. A conjugate gradient with positivity a priori information is used to reconstruct the fluorophore density from the images. Numerical studies demonstrate that when the sample lies on an optimized grating, the lateral resolution of the microscope is greatly improved, up to fourfold, the best result being obtained when the grating is illuminated by two interfering beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sentenac
- Institut Fresnel (UMR 6133), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Saint Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Arkhipov A, Schulten K. Limits for reduction of effective focal volume in multiple-beam light microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:2861-2870. [PMID: 19219190 PMCID: PMC3160275 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Employing interference patterns for illumination has been shown to reduce the focal volume in fluorescence microscopy. For example, the 4Pi technique employs two interfering laser beams and significantly decreases the focal volume, as compared to conventional microscopy. We study theoretically the effect of using multiple interfering laser beams on the focal volume. In realistic setups with three or four beams, the focal volume is about half of that from the 4Pi case. This improvement reaches a limit quickly as more beams are added, and for the idealized case of an infinite number of beams the focal volume is rather close to the three- or four-beam cases. Thus, our study suggests a limit for the possible reduction of the focal volume in a purely optical far-field setup.
Collapse
|
44
|
Shroff SA, Fienup JR, Williams DR. Phase-shift estimation in sinusoidally illuminated images for lateral superresolution. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2009; 26:413-24. [PMID: 19183696 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sinusoidally patterned illumination has been used to obtain lateral superresolution and axial sectioning in images. In both of these techniques multiple images are taken with the object illuminated by a sinusoidal pattern, the phase of the sinusoidal illumination being shifted differently in each image. The knowledge of these phase shifts is critical for image reconstruction. We discuss a method to estimate this phase shift with no prior knowledge of the shifts. In postprocessing we estimate randomly introduced, unknown phase shifts and process the images to obtain a superresolved image. Results of computer simulations are shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna A Shroff
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Neumann A, Kuznetsova Y, Brueck SRJ. Optical resolution below lambda/4 using synthetic aperture microscopy and evanescent-wave illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:20477-20483. [PMID: 19065186 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evanescent-wave illumination is applied to synthetic-aperture microscopy on a transparent solid substrate to extend the resolution limit to lambda/2(n+1) (where n is the substrate refractive index) independent of the lens NA. Using a 633 nm source and a 0.4 NA lens, a resolution to 150 nm (lambda/4.2) is demonstrated on a glass (n = 1.5) substrate. Further extension to approximately 74-nm resolution (lambda/8.6) is projected with a higher index substrate (n = 3.3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neumann
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics, University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan PS, Yuan XC, Lin J, Wang Q, Burge RE. Analysis of surface plasmon interference pattern formed by optical vortex beams. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:18451-18456. [PMID: 18958124 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.018451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Following our recent experimental approach to excitation of surface plasmon polaritons induced by optical vortex beams [5], we report further analysis and verification of the surface plasmon interference pattern formed by locally excited standing surface plasmon polaritons in a metal/dielectric film. Our simulation model can be demonstrated by using angular spectrum representation. The generated standing interference pattern has potential as a resolution enhancement technique for sub-diffraction imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Tan
- Photonics Research Centre, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
BECK M, ASCHWANDEN M, STEMMER A. Sub-100-nanometre resolution in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. J Microsc 2008; 232:99-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
48
|
Stemmer A, Beck M, Fiolka R. Widefield fluorescence microscopy with extended resolution. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:807-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
49
|
Fiolka R, Beck M, Stemmer A. Structured illumination in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy using a spatial light modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:1629-31. [PMID: 18628820 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In wide-field fluorescence microscopy, illuminating the specimen with evanescent standing waves increases lateral resolution more than twofold. We report a versatile setup for standing-wave illumination in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. An adjustable diffraction grating written on a phase-only spatial light modulator controls the illumination field. Selecting appropriate diffraction orders and displaying a sheared (tilted) diffraction grating allows one to tune the penetration depth in very fine steps. The setup achieves 91 nm lateral resolution for green emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Fiolka
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Beversluis MR, Bryant GW, Stranick SJ. Effects of inhomogeneous fields in superresolving structured-illumination microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2008; 25:1371-1377. [PMID: 18516147 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.25.001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased resolution attained by structured illumination is based on the degree to which high spatial frequencies can be down converted into the passband of the imaging system. To effectively do this, a high contrast high-frequency illumination pattern is required. We show how the use of high numerical aperture (1.42 NA and 1.65 NA) microscope objectives in structured-illumination microscopy can provide relatively high-frequency illumination patterns. However, a consequence of this is that the resulting illumination pattern can become evanescently decaying and thus becomes inhomogeneous within a microscopically extended sample medium. We demonstrate how these inhomogeneous fields impact the superresolved imaging of the microscope and how these adverse effects can be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Beversluis
- The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|