1
|
Wells A, Mendes CC, Castellanos F, Mountain P, Wright T, Wainwright SM, Stefana MI, Harris AL, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C. A Rab6 to Rab11 transition is required for dense-core granule and exosome biogenesis in Drosophila secondary cells. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010979. [PMID: 37844085 PMCID: PMC10602379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory cells in glands and the nervous system frequently package and store proteins destined for regulated secretion in dense-core granules (DCGs), which disperse when released from the cell surface. Despite the relevance of this dynamic process to diseases such as diabetes and human neurodegenerative disorders, our mechanistic understanding is relatively limited, because of the lack of good cell models to follow the nanoscale events involved. Here, we employ the prostate-like secondary cells (SCs) of the Drosophila male accessory gland to dissect the cell biology and genetics of DCG biogenesis. These cells contain unusually enlarged DCGs, which are assembled in compartments that also form secreted nanovesicles called exosomes. We demonstrate that known conserved regulators of DCG biogenesis, including the small G-protein Arf1 and the coatomer complex AP-1, play key roles in making SC DCGs. Using real-time imaging, we find that the aggregation events driving DCG biogenesis are accompanied by a change in the membrane-associated small Rab GTPases which are major regulators of membrane and protein trafficking in the secretory and endosomal systems. Indeed, a transition from trans-Golgi Rab6 to recycling endosomal protein Rab11, which requires conserved DCG regulators like AP-1, is essential for DCG and exosome biogenesis. Our data allow us to develop a model for DCG biogenesis that brings together several previously disparate observations concerning this process and highlights the importance of communication between the secretory and endosomal systems in controlling regulated secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wells
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cláudia C. Mendes
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Castellanos
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe Mountain
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tia Wright
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mark Wainwright
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Irina Stefana
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Y, Zhong Y, Chen W, Chang S, Cao Q, Wang Y, Yang L. Ocular and neural genes jointly regulate the visuospatial working memory in ADHD children. Behav Brain Funct 2023; 19:14. [PMID: 37658396 PMCID: PMC10472596 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Working memory (WM) deficits have frequently been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite previous studies suggested its high heritability, its genetic basis, especially in ADHD, remains unclear. The current study aimed to comprehensively explore the genetic basis of visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) in ADHD using wide-ranging genetic analyses. METHODS The current study recruited a cohort consisted of 802 ADHD individuals, all met DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria. VSWM was assessed by Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT), which is a widely used psychological test include four memory indexes: detail delayed (DD), structure delayed (SD), structure immediate (SI), detail immediate (DI). Genetic analyses were conducted at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene, pathway, polygenic and protein network levels. Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) were based on summary statistics of various psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and substance use disorder (SUD). RESULTS Analyses at the single-marker level did not yield significant results (5E-08). However, the potential signals with P values less than E-05 and their mapped genes suggested the regulation of VSWM involved both ocular and neural system related genes, moreover, ADHD-related genes were also involved. The gene-based analysis found RAB11FIP1, whose encoded protein modulates several neurodevelopment processes and visual system, as significantly associated with DD scores (P = 1.96E-06, Padj = 0.036). Candidate pathway enrichment analyses (N = 53) found that forebrain neuron fate commitment significantly enriched in DD (P = 4.78E-04, Padj = 0.025), and dopamine transport enriched in SD (P = 5.90E-04, Padj = 0.031). We also observed a significant negative relationship between DD scores and ADHD PRS scores (P = 0.0025, Empirical P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasized the joint contribution of ocular and neural genes in regulating VSWM. The study reveals a shared genetic basis between ADHD and VSWM, with GWAS indicating the involvement of ADHD-related genes in VSWM. Additionally, the PRS analysis identifies a significant relationship between ADHD-PRS and DD scores. Overall, our findings shed light on the genetic basis of VSWM deficits in ADHD, and may have important implications for future research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Suhua Chang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qingjiu Cao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wilson B, Flett C, Gemperle J, Lawless C, Hartshorn M, Hinde E, Harrison T, Chastney M, Taylor S, Allen J, Norman JC, Zacharchenko T, Caswell PT. Proximity labelling identifies pro-migratory endocytic recycling cargo and machinery of the Rab4 and Rab11 families. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260468. [PMID: 37232246 PMCID: PMC10323252 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic recycling controls the return of internalised cargoes to the plasma membrane to coordinate their positioning, availability and downstream signalling. The Rab4 and Rab11 small GTPase families regulate distinct recycling routes, broadly classified as fast recycling from early endosomes (Rab4) and slow recycling from perinuclear recycling endosomes (Rab11), and both routes handle a broad range of overlapping cargoes to regulate cell behaviour. We adopted a proximity labelling approach, BioID, to identify and compare the protein complexes recruited by Rab4a, Rab11a and Rab25 (a Rab11 family member implicated in cancer aggressiveness), revealing statistically robust protein-protein interaction networks of both new and well-characterised cargoes and trafficking machinery in migratory cancer cells. Gene ontological analysis of these interconnected networks revealed that these endocytic recycling pathways are intrinsically connected to cell motility and cell adhesion. Using a knock-sideways relocalisation approach, we were further able to confirm novel links between Rab11, Rab25 and the ESCPE-1 and retromer multiprotein sorting complexes, and identify new endocytic recycling machinery associated with Rab4, Rab11 and Rab25 that regulates cancer cell migration in the 3D matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Wilson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chloe Flett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jakub Gemperle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Hartshorn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Eleanor Hinde
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tess Harrison
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Megan Chastney
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jennifer Allen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Thomas Zacharchenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Patrick T. Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu M, Ye H, De-Paula RB, Mangleburg CG, Wu T, Lee TV, Li Y, Duong D, Phillips B, Cruchaga C, Allen GI, Seyfried NT, Al-Ramahi I, Botas J, Shulman JM. Functional screening of lysosomal storage disorder genes identifies modifiers of alpha-synuclein neurotoxicity. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010760. [PMID: 37200393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are common and potent risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA also causes the autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), Gaucher disease, and emerging evidence from human genetics implicates many other LSD genes in PD susceptibility. We have systemically tested 86 conserved fly homologs of 37 human LSD genes for requirements in the aging adult Drosophila brain and for potential genetic interactions with neurodegeneration caused by α-synuclein (αSyn), which forms Lewy body pathology in PD. Our screen identifies 15 genetic enhancers of αSyn-induced progressive locomotor dysfunction, including knockdown of fly homologs of GBA and other LSD genes with independent support as PD susceptibility factors from human genetics (SCARB2, SMPD1, CTSD, GNPTAB, SLC17A5). For several genes, results from multiple alleles suggest dose-sensitivity and context-dependent pleiotropy in the presence or absence of αSyn. Homologs of two genes causing cholesterol storage disorders, Npc1a / NPC1 and Lip4 / LIPA, were independently confirmed as loss-of-function enhancers of αSyn-induced retinal degeneration. The enzymes encoded by several modifier genes are upregulated in αSyn transgenic flies, based on unbiased proteomics, revealing a possible, albeit ineffective, compensatory response. Overall, our results reinforce the important role of lysosomal genes in brain health and PD pathogenesis, and implicate several metabolic pathways, including cholesterol homeostasis, in αSyn-mediated neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meigen Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruth B De-Paula
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carl Grant Mangleburg
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy Wu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tom V Lee
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yarong Li
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Duc Duong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bridget Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Genevera I Allen
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, and Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Botas
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sultana P, Novotny J. Rab11 and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221142360. [PMID: 36464817 PMCID: PMC9726856 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221142360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicles mediate the trafficking of membranes/proteins in the endocytic and secretory pathways. These pathways are regulated by small GTPases of the Rab family. Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of GTPases, which are significantly involved in various intracellular trafficking and signaling processes in the nervous system. Rab11 is known to play a key role especially in recycling many proteins, including receptors important for signal transduction and preservation of functional activities of nerve cells. Rab11 activity is controlled by GEFs (guanine exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase activating proteins), which regulate its function through modulating GTP/GDP exchange and the intrinsic GTPase activity, respectively. Rab11 is involved in the transport of several growth factor molecules important for the development and repair of neurons. Overexpression of Rab11 has been shown to significantly enhance vesicle trafficking. On the other hand, a reduced expression of Rab11 was observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. Current evidence appears to support the notion that Rab11 and its cognate proteins may be potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we briefly discuss the function of Rab11 and its related interaction partners in intracellular pathways that may be involved in neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Jiri Novotny, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu M, Zhang J, Zhao M, Zhang S, Dai L, Ouyang X, Yu Y, Wen B, Zhou D, Sun Y, Jiao J, Xiong X. Coxiella burnetii Plasmid Effector B Promotes LC3-II Accumulation and Contributes To Bacterial Virulence in a SCID Mouse Model. Infect Immun 2022;:e0001622. [PMID: 35587202 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00016-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of zoonotic Q fever, is characterized by replicating inside the lysosome-derived Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV) in host cells. Some effector proteins secreted by C. burnetii have been reported to be involved in the manipulation of autophagy to facilitate the development of CCVs and bacterial replication. Here, we found that the Coxiella plasmid effector B (CpeB) localizes on vacuole membrane targeted by LC3 and LAMP1 and promotes LC3-II accumulation. Meanwhile, the C. burnetii strain lacking the QpH1 plasmid induced less LC3-II accumulation, which was accompanied by smaller CCVs and lower bacterial loads in THP-1 cells. Expression of CpeB in the strain lacking QpH1 led to restoration in LC3-II accumulation but had no effect on the smaller CCV phenotype. In the severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mouse model, infections with the strain expressing CpeB led to significantly higher bacterial burdens in the spleen and liver than its parent strain devoid of QpH1. We also found that CpeB targets Rab11a to promote LC3-II accumulation. Intratracheally inoculated C. burnetii resulted in lower bacterial burdens and milder lung lesions in Rab11a conditional knockout (Rab11a-/- CKO) mice. Collectively, these results suggest that CpeB promotes C. burnetii virulence by inducing LC3-II accumulation via a pathway involving Rab11a.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Rab1 and Rab11 are essential regulators of the eukaryotic secretory and endocytic recycling pathways. The transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes activate these guanosine triphosphatases via nucleotide exchange using a shared set of core subunits. The basal specificity of the TRAPP core is toward Rab1, yet the TRAPPII complex is specific for Rab11. A steric gating mechanism has been proposed to explain TRAPPII counterselection against Rab1. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the 22-subunit TRAPPII complex from budding yeast, including a TRAPPII-Rab11 nucleotide exchange intermediate. The Trs130 subunit provides a "leg" that positions the active site distal to the membrane surface, and this leg is required for steric gating. The related TRAPPIII complex is unable to activate Rab11 because of a repulsive interaction, which TRAPPII surmounts using the Trs120 subunit as a "lid" to enclose the active site. TRAPPII also adopts an open conformation enabling Rab11 to access and exit from the active site chamber.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marcogliese PC, Deal SL, Andrews J, Harnish JM, Bhavana VH, Graves HK, Jangam S, Luo X, Liu N, Bei D, Chao YH, Hull B, Lee PT, Pan H, Bhadane P, Huang MC, Longley CM, Chao HT, Chung HL, Haelterman NA, Kanca O, Manivannan SN, Rossetti LZ, German RJ, Gerard A, Schwaibold EMC, Fehr S, Guerrini R, Vetro A, England E, Murali CN, Barakat TS, van Dooren MF, Wilke M, van Slegtenhorst M, Lesca G, Sabatier I, Chatron N, Brownstein CA, Madden JA, Agrawal PB, Keren B, Courtin T, Perrin L, Brugger M, Roser T, Leiz S, Mau-Them FT, Delanne J, Sukarova-Angelovska E, Trajkova S, Rosenhahn E, Strehlow V, Platzer K, Keller R, Pavinato L, Brusco A, Rosenfeld JA, Marom R, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S. Drosophila functional screening of de novo variants in autism uncovers damaging variants and facilitates discovery of rare neurodevelopmental diseases. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110517. [PMID: 35294868 PMCID: PMC8983390 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit an increased burden of de novo mutations (DNMs) in a broadening range of genes. While these studies have implicated hundreds of genes in ASD pathogenesis, which DNMs cause functional consequences in vivo remains unclear. We functionally test the effects of ASD missense DNMs using Drosophila through "humanization" rescue and overexpression-based strategies. We examine 79 ASD variants in 74 genes identified in the Simons Simplex Collection and find 38% of them to cause functional alterations. Moreover, we identify GLRA2 as the cause of a spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes beyond ASD in 13 previously undiagnosed subjects. Functional characterization of variants in ASD candidate genes points to conserved neurobiological mechanisms and facilitates gene discovery for rare neurodevelopmental diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samantha L Deal
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - V Hemanjani Bhavana
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hillary K Graves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sharayu Jangam
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Danqing Bei
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brooke Hull
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongling Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pradnya Bhadane
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Chu Huang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colleen M Longley
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hsiao-Tuan Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; McNair Medical Institute, The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sathiya N Manivannan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linda Z Rossetti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan J German
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Gerard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Sarah Fehr
- Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleina England
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chaya N Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke F van Dooren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Sabatier
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine A Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jill A Madden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Genetic Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Genetic Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Genetic Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP.Nord-Université de Paris, Paris 75019, France
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Roser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hospital Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Burgundy University, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Julian Delanne
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Burgundy University, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elena Sukarova-Angelovska
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetics, University Clinic for Children's Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Slavica Trajkova
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Erik Rosenhahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Center, Mental Health Department, Health Unit ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Ronit Marom
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ecovoiu AA, Ratiu AC, Micheu MM, Chifiriuc MC. Inter-Species Rescue of Mutant Phenotype—The Standard for Genetic Analysis of Human Genetic Disorders in Drosophila melanogaster Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052613. [PMID: 35269756 PMCID: PMC8909942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) is arguably a superstar of genetics, an astonishing versatile experimental model which fueled no less than six Nobel prizes in medicine. Nowadays, an evolving research endeavor is to simulate and investigate human genetic diseases in the powerful D. melanogaster platform. Such a translational experimental strategy is expected to allow scientists not only to understand the molecular mechanisms of the respective disorders but also to alleviate or even cure them. In this regard, functional gene orthology should be initially confirmed in vivo by transferring human or vertebrate orthologous transgenes in specific mutant backgrounds of D. melanogaster. If such a transgene rescues, at least partially, the mutant phenotype, then it qualifies as a strong candidate for modeling the respective genetic disorder in the fruit fly. Herein, we review various examples of inter-species rescue of relevant mutant phenotypes of the fruit fly and discuss how these results recommend several human genes as candidates to study and validate genetic variants associated with human diseases. We also consider that a wider implementation of this evolutionist exploratory approach as a standard for the medicine of genetic disorders would allow this particular field of human health to advance at a faster pace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Al. Ecovoiu
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Attila Cristian Ratiu
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-722250366
| | - Miruna Mihaela Micheu
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest and Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghosh B, Karmakar S, Prasad M, Mandal AK. Praja1 ubiquitin ligase facilitates degradation of polyglutamine proteins and suppresses polyglutamine-mediated toxicity. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1579-1593. [PMID: 34161122 PMCID: PMC8351749 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-11-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of chaperones and ubiquitin ligases sustain intracellular proteostasis and is integral in preventing aggregation of misfolded proteins associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Using cell-based studies of polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and Huntington's disease (HD), we aimed to identify crucial ubiquitin ligases that protect against polyQ aggregation. We report here that Praja1 (PJA1), a Ring-H2 ubiquitin ligase abundantly expressed in the brain, is diminished when polyQ repeat proteins (ataxin-3/huntingtin) are expressed in cells. PJA1 interacts with polyQ proteins and enhances their degradation, resulting in reduced aggregate formation. Down-regulation of PJA1 in neuronal cells increases polyQ protein levels vis-a-vis their aggregates, rendering the cells vulnerable to cytotoxic stress. Finally, PJA1 suppresses polyQ toxicity in yeast and rescues eye degeneration in a transgenic Drosophila model of SCA3. Thus, our findings establish PJA1 as a robust ubiquitin ligase of polyQ proteins and induction of which might serve as an alternative therapeutic strategy in handling cytotoxic polyQ aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baijayanti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Susnata Karmakar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohit Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Atin K Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hebbar S, Lehmann M, Behrens S, Hälsig C, Leng W, Yuan M, Winkler S, Knust E. Mutations in the splicing regulator Prp31 lead to retinal degeneration in Drosophila. Biol Open 2021; 10:10/1/bio052332. [PMID: 33495354 PMCID: PMC7860132 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically heterogeneous disease affecting 1.6 million people worldwide. The second-largest group of genes causing autosomal dominant RP in human encodes regulators of the splicing machinery. Yet, how defects in splicing factor genes are linked to the aetiology of the disease remains largely elusive. To explore possible mechanisms underlying retinal degeneration caused by mutations in regulators of the splicing machinery, we induced mutations in Drosophila Prp31, the orthologue of human PRPF31, mutations in which are associated with RP11. Flies heterozygous mutant for Prp31 are viable and develop normal eyes and retina. However, photoreceptors degenerate under light stress, thus resembling the human disease phenotype. Degeneration is associated with increased accumulation of the visual pigment rhodopsin 1 and increased mRNA levels of twinfilin, a gene associated with rhodopsin trafficking. Reducing rhodopsin levels by raising animals in a carotenoid-free medium not only attenuates rhodopsin accumulation, but also retinal degeneration. Given a similar importance of proper rhodopsin trafficking for photoreceptor homeostasis in human, results obtained in flies presented here will also contribute to further unravel molecular mechanisms underlying the human disease. This paper has an associated First Person interview with the co-first authors of the article. Summary: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a human disease resulting in blindness, which affects 1 in 4.000 people worldwide. So far >90 genes have been identified that are causally related to RP. Mutations in the splicing factor PRPF31 are linked to RP11. We induced mutations in the Drosophila orthologue Prp31 and show that flies heterozygous for Prp31 undergo light-dependent retinal degeneration. Degeneration is associated with increased accumulation of the light-sensitive molecule, rhodopsin 1. In fact, reducing rhodopsin levels by dietary intervention modifies the extent of retinal degeneration. This model will further contribute to better understand the aetiology of the human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Hebbar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Malte Lehmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Behrens
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Catrin Hälsig
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Weihua Leng
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Yuan
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang J, Su G, Wu Q, Liu J, Tian Y, Liu X, Zhou J, Gao J, Chen W, Chen D, Zhang Z. Rab11-mediated recycling endosome role in nervous system development and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:1012-1018. [PMID: 32329391 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1761354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY Membrane trafficking process is significant for the complex and precise regulatory of the nervous system. Rab11, as a small GTPase of the Rab superfamily, controls endocytic vesicular trafficking to the cell surface after sorting in recycling endosome (RE), coordinating with its receptors to maintain neurological function. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article reviewed the literature of Rab11 in nervous system. RESULTS Rab11-positive vesicles targeted transport growth-related molecules, such as integrins, protrudin, tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) A/B receptor and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) to membrane surface to promote the regeneration capacity of axon and dendrites and maintain synaptic plasticity. In addition, many studies have shown that the expression of Rab11 is decreased in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, which is highly correlated with the process of production, transport and clearance of disease-related pathological proteins. And overexpression or increased activity of Rab11 can greatly improve the defect of membrane trafficking and slow down the disease process. CONCLUSION With increasing research efforts on Rab11-dependent membrane trafficking mechanisms, a potential target for nerve regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases will be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qionghui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jifei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juanping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Deyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu Q, Wu J, Tian Y, Cheng S, Zhang ZC, Han J. Gαq splice variants mediate phototransduction, rhodopsin synthesis, and retinal integrity in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5554-5563. [PMID: 32198182 PMCID: PMC7186184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins mediate a variety of signaling processes by coupling G protein-coupled receptors to intracellular effector molecules. In Drosophila, the Gαq gene encodes several Gαq splice variants, with the Gαq1 isoform protein playing a major role in fly phototransduction. However, Gαq1 null mutant flies still exhibit a residual light response, indicating that other Gαq splice variants or additional Gq α subunits are involved in phototransduction. Here, we isolated a mutant fly with no detectable light responses, decreased rhodopsin (Rh) levels, and rapid retinal degeneration. Using electrophysiological and genetic studies, biochemical assays, immunoblotting, real-time RT-PCR, and EM analysis, we found that mutations in the Gαq gene disrupt light responses and demonstrate that the Gαq3 isoform protein is responsible for the residual light response in Gαq1 null mutants. Moreover, we report that Gαq3 mediates rhodopsin synthesis. Depletion of all Gαq splice variants led to rapid light-dependent retinal degeneration, due to the formation stable Rh1-arrestin 2 (Arr2) complexes. Our findings clarify essential roles of several different Gαq splice variants in phototransduction and retinal integrity in Drosophila and reveal that Gαq3 functions in rhodopsin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Gu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jinglin Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yao Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakamura Y, Ochi Y, Satoh T, Satoh AK. Rab10, Crag and Ehbp1 regulate the basolateral transport of Na +K +ATPase in Drosophila photoreceptors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238790. [PMID: 32041903 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in situ are often polarized and have multiple plasma membrane domains. To establish and maintain these domains, polarized transport is essential, and its impairment results in genetic disorders. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of polarized transport have not been elucidated. Drosophila photoreceptor offers an excellent model for studying this. We found that Rab10 impairment significantly reduced basolateral levels of Na+K+ATPase, mislocalizing it to the stalk membrane, which is a domain of the apical plasma membrane. Furthermore, the shrunken basolateral and the expanded stalk membranes were accompanied with abnormalities in the Golgi cisternae of Rab10-impaired retinas. The deficiencies of Rab10-GEF Crag or the Rab10 effector Ehbp1 phenocopied Rab10 deficiency, indicating that Crag, Rab10 and Ehbp1 work together for polarized trafficking of membrane proteins to the basolateral membrane. These phenotypes were similar to those seen upon deficiency of AP1 or clathrin, which are known to be involved in the basolateral transport in other systems. Additionally, Crag, Rab10 and Ehbp1 colocalized with AP1 and clathrin on the trans-side of Golgi stacks. Taken together, these results indicate that AP1 and clathrin, and Crag, Rab10 and Ehbp1 collaborate in polarized basolateral transport, presumably in the budding process in the trans-Golgi network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nakamura
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yuka Ochi
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwartz R, Guichard A, Franc NC, Roy S, Bier E. A Drosophila Model for Clostridium difficile Toxin CDT Reveals Interactions with Multiple Effector Pathways. iScience 2020; 23:100865. [PMID: 32058973 PMCID: PMC7011083 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) cause severe and occasionally life-threatening diarrhea. Hyper-virulent strains produce CDT, a toxin that ADP-ribosylates actin monomers and inhibits actin polymerization. We created transgenic Drosophila lines expressing the catalytic subunit CDTa to investigate its interaction with host signaling pathways in vivo. When expressed in the midgut, CDTa reduces body weight and fecal output and compromises survival, suggesting severe impairment of digestive functions. At the cellular level, CDTa induces F-actin network collapse, elimination of the intestinal brush border, and disruption of intercellular junctions. We confirm toxin-dependent re-distribution of Rab11 to enterocytes' apical surface and observe suppression of CDTa phenotypes by a Dominant-Negative form of Rab11 or RNAi of the dedicated Rab11GEF Crag (DENND4). We also report that Calmodulin (Cam) is required to mediate CDTa activity. In parallel, chemical inhibition of the Cam/Calcineurin pathway by Cyclosporin A or FK506 also reduces CDTa phenotypes, potentially opening new avenues for treating CDIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schwartz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0335, USA
| | - Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0335, USA; Tata Institute for Genetics and Society-UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0335, USA
| | - Nathalie C Franc
- Franc Consulting, San Diego, CA 92117-3314, USA; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sitara Roy
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0335, USA
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0335, USA; Tata Institute for Genetics and Society-UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0335, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sorvina A, Shandala T, Wang S, Sharkey DJ, Parkinson-Lawrence E, Selemidis S, Brooks DA. CDKI-73 is a Novel Pharmacological Inhibitor of Rab11 Cargo Delivery and Innate Immune Secretion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020372. [PMID: 32033486 PMCID: PMC7072129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical for host defence against pathogen and environmental challenge and this involves the production and secretion of immune mediators, such as antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, when dysregulated, innate immunity can contribute to multifactorial diseases, including inflammatory rheumatic disorders, type 2 diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and even septic shock. During an innate immune response, antimicrobial peptides and cytokines are trafficked via Rab11 multivesicular endosomes, and then sorted into Rab11 vesicles for traffic to the plasma membrane and secretion. In this study, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKI-73 was used to determine its effect on the innate immune response, based on previously identified targets for this compound. Our results showed that CDKI-73 inhibited the delivery of Rab11 vesicles to the plasma membrane, resulting in the accumulation of large multivesicular Rab11 endosomes near the cell periphery. In addition to the effect on endosome delivery, CDKI-73 down-regulated the amount of innate immune cargo, including the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). We concluded that CDKI-73 has the potential to regulate the delivery and secretion of certain innate immune cargo, which could be used to control inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sorvina
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Tetyana Shandala
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - David J. Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Emma Parkinson-Lawrence
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Douglas A. Brooks
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (D.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Otsuka Y, Satoh T, Nakayama N, Inaba R, Yamashita H, Satoh AK. Parcas is the predominant Rab11-GEF for rhodopsin transport in Drosophila photoreceptors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231431. [PMID: 31296556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. Here, we found that Parcas (Pcs), recently shown to have guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) activity toward Rab11, co-localizes with Rab11 on the trans-side of Golgi units and post-Golgi vesicles at the base of the rhabdomeres in pupal photoreceptors. Pcs fused with the electron micrography tag APEX2 localizes on 150-300 nm vesicles at the trans-side of Golgi units, which are presumably fly recycling endosomes. Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11 deficiency. In contrast, loss of Rab11-specific subunits of the TRAPPII complex, another known Rab11-GEF, does not cause any defects in eye development nor the transport of rhabdomere proteins; however, simultaneous loss of TRAPPII and Pcs results in severe defects in eye development. These results indicate that both TRAPPII and Pcs are required for eye development, but Pcs functions as the predominant Rab11-GEF for post-Golgi transport to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Otsuka
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakayama
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ryota Inaba
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamashita
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schopf K, Smylla TK, Huber A. Immunocytochemical Labeling of Rhabdomeric Proteins in Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells Is Compromised by a Light-dependent Technical Artifact. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:745-757. [PMID: 31246149 PMCID: PMC6764007 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419859870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila photoreceptor cells are employed as a model system
for studying membrane protein transport. Phototransduction proteins like
rhodopsin and the light-activated TRPL ion channel are transported within the
photoreceptor cell, and they change their subcellular distribution in a
light-dependent way. Investigating the transport mechanisms for rhodopsin and
ion channels requires accurate histochemical methods for protein localization.
By using immunocytochemistry the light-triggered translocation of TRPL has been
described as a two-stage process. In stage 1, TRPL accumulates at the rhabdomere
base and the adjacent stalk membrane a few minutes after onset of illumination
and is internalized in stage 2 by endocytosis after prolonged light exposure.
Here, we show that a commonly observed crescent shaped antibody labeling pattern
suggesting a fast translocation of rhodopsin, TRP, and TRPL to the rhabdomere
base is a light-dependent antibody staining artifact. This artifact is most
probably caused by the profound structural changes in the microvillar membranes
of rhabdomeres that result from activation of the signaling cascade. By using
alternative labeling methods, either eGFP-tags or the self-labeling SNAP-tag, we
show that light activation of TRPL transport indeed results in fast changes of
the TRPL distribution in the rhabdomere but not in the way described
previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystina Schopf
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas K Smylla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Huber
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goto-Ito S, Morooka N, Yamagata A, Sato Y, Sato K, Fukai S. Structural basis of guanine nucleotide exchange for Rab11 by SH3BP5. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201900297. [PMID: 30872413 PMCID: PMC6419104 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rab GTPase family is a major regulator of membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells. The Rab11 subfamily plays important roles in specific trafficking events such as exocytosis, endosomal recycling, and cytokinesis. SH3BP5 and SH3BP5-like (SH3BP5L) proteins have recently been found to serve as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for Rab11. Here, we report the crystal structures of the SH3BP5 GEF domain alone and its complex with Rab11a. SH3BP5 exhibits a V-shaped structure comprising two coiled coils. The coiled coil composed of α1, and α4 is solely responsible for the Rab11a binding and GEF activity. SH3BP5 pulls out and deforms switch I of Rab11a so as to facilitate the GDP release from Rab11a. SH3BP5 interacts with the N-terminal region, switch I, interswitch, and switch II of Rab11a. SH3BP5 and SH3BP5L localize to Rab11-positive recycling endosomes and show GEF activity for all of the Rab11 family but not for Rab14. Fluorescence-based GEF assays combined with site-directed mutagenesis reveal the essential interactions between SH3BP5 and Rab11 family proteins for the GEF reaction on recycling endosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Goto-Ito
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Morooka
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamagata
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan .,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deal SL, Yamamoto S. Unraveling Novel Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration Through a Large-Scale Forward Genetic Screen in Drosophila. Front Genet 2019; 9:700. [PMID: 30693015 PMCID: PMC6339878 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by progressive loss of neurons. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to demise of neurons, leading to diverse devastating cognitive and motor disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in humans. Over the past few decades, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become an integral tool to understand the molecular, cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Extensive tools and sophisticated technologies allow Drosophila geneticists to identify and study evolutionarily conserved genes that are essential for neural maintenance. In this review, we will focus on a large-scale mosaic forward genetic screen on the fly X-chromosome that led to the identification of a number of essential genes that exhibit neurodegenerative phenotypes when mutated. Most genes identified from this screen are evolutionarily conserved and many have been linked to human diseases with neurological presentations. Systematic electrophysiological and ultrastructural characterization of mutant tissue in the context of the Drosophila visual system, followed by a series of experiments to understand the mechanism of neurodegeneration in each mutant led to the discovery of novel molecular pathways that are required for neuronal integrity. Defects in mitochondrial function, lipid and iron metabolism, protein trafficking and autophagy are recurrent themes, suggesting that insults that eventually lead to neurodegeneration may converge on a set of evolutionarily conserved cellular processes. Insights from these studies have contributed to our understanding of known neurodegenerative diseases such as Leigh syndrome and Friedreich's ataxia and have also led to the identification of new human diseases. By discovering new genes required for neural maintenance in flies and working with clinicians to identify patients with deleterious variants in the orthologous human genes, Drosophila biologists can play an active role in personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Deal
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jenkins ML, Margaria JP, Stariha JTB, Hoffmann RM, McPhail JA, Hamelin DJ, Boulanger MJ, Hirsch E, Burke JE. Structural determinants of Rab11 activation by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SH3BP5. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3772. [PMID: 30217979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Rab11 plays key roles in receptor recycling, oogenesis, autophagosome formation, and ciliogenesis. However, investigating Rab11 regulation has been hindered by limited molecular detail describing activation by cognate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Here, we present the structure of Rab11 bound to the GEF SH3BP5, along with detailed characterization of Rab-GEF specificity. The structure of SH3BP5 shows a coiled-coil architecture that mediates exchange through a unique Rab-GEF interaction. Furthermore, it reveals a rearrangement of the switch I region of Rab11 compared with solved Rab-GEF structures, with a constrained conformation when bound to SH3BP5. Mutation of switch I provides insights into the molecular determinants that allow for Rab11 selectivity over evolutionarily similar Rab GTPases present on Rab11-positive organelles. Moreover, we show that GEF-deficient mutants of SH3BP5 show greatly decreased Rab11 activation in cellular assays of active Rab11. Overall, our results give molecular insight into Rab11 regulation, and how Rab-GEF specificity is achieved.
Collapse
|
22
|
Endler L, Gibert J, Nolte V, Schlötterer C. Pleiotropic effects of regulatory variation in tan result in correlation of two pigmentation traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3207-3218. [PMID: 29957826 PMCID: PMC6120501 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traits with a common genetic basis frequently display correlated phenotypic responses to selection or environmental conditions. In Drosophila melanogaster, pigmentation of the abdomen and a trident-shaped region on the thorax are genetically correlated. Here, we used a pooled replicated genomewide association approach (Pool-GWAS) to identify the genetic basis of variation in thoracic trident pigmentation in two Drosophila melanogaster populations. We confirmed the previously reported large effect of ebony and the association of the cosmopolitan inversion In(3R)Payne. For the first time, we identified tan as another major locus contributing to variation in trident pigmentation. Intriguingly, the regulatory variants of tan that were most strongly associated with female abdominal pigmentation also showed a strong association with trident pigmentation. We validated this common genetic basis in transgenic assays and found qualitatively similar effects on trident and abdominal pigmentation. Further work is required to determine whether this genetic correlation is favoured by natural selection or reflects a neutral by-product of a shared regulatory architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Endler
- Institute of PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni WienWienAustria
| | - Jean‐Michel Gibert
- CNRSBiologie du Développement Paris Seine‐Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD‐IBPS)Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Viola Nolte
- Institute of PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni WienWienAustria
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Synthesis and maturation of the light sensor, rhodopsin, are critical for the maintenance of light sensitivity and for photoreceptor homeostasis. In Drosophila, the main rhodopsin, Rh1, is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the rhabdomere through the secretory pathway. In an unbiased genetic screen for factors involved in rhodopsin homeostasis, we identified mutations in vha68-1, which encodes the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) catalytic subunit A isoform 1 of the V1 component. Loss of vha68-1 in photoreceptor cells disrupted post-Golgi anterograde trafficking of Rh1, reduced light sensitivity, increased secretory vesicle pH, and resulted in incomplete Rh1 deglycosylation. In addition, vha68-1 was required for activity-independent photoreceptor cell survival. Importantly, vha68-1 mutants exhibited phenotypes similar to those exhibited by mutations in the V0 component of V-ATPase, vha100-1. These data demonstrate that the V1 and V0 components of V-ATPase play key roles in post-Golgi trafficking of Rh1 and that Drosophila may represent an important animal model system for studying diseases associated with V-ATPase dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang K, Coyne AN, Lloyd TE. Drosophila models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with defects in RNA metabolism. Brain Res 2018; 1693:109-120. [PMID: 29752901 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster has been widely used to study neurodegenerative diseases. The conservation of nervous system biology coupled with the rapid life cycle and powerful genetic tools in the fly have enabled the identification of novel therapeutic targets that have been validated in vertebrate model systems and human patients. A recent example is in the study of the devastating motor neuron degenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in genes that regulate RNA metabolism are a major cause of inherited ALS, and functional analysis of these genes in the fly nervous system has shed light on how mutations cause disease. Importantly, unbiased genetic screens have identified key pathways that contribute to ALS pathogenesis such as nucleocytoplasmic transport and stress granule assembly. In this review, we will discuss the utilization of Drosophila models of ALS with defects in RNA metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alyssa N Coyne
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chua CEL, Tang BL. Rab 10-a traffic controller in multiple cellular pathways and locations. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6483-6494. [PMID: 29377137 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of eukaryotic membrane traffic, and their functions and activities are limited to particular intracellular transport steps and their membrane localization is by and large restricted. Some Rabs do participate in more than one transport steps, but broadly speaking, there is a clear demarcation between exocytic and endocytic Rabs. One Rab protein, Rab10, however, appears to be anomalous in this regard and has a diverse array of functions and subcellular localizations. Rab10 has been implicated in a myriad of activities ranging from polarized exocytosis and endosomal sorting in polarized cells, insulin-dependent Glut4 transport in adipocytes, axonal growth in neurons, and endo-phagocytic processes in macrophages. It's reported subcellular localizations include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi/TGN, the endosomes/phagosomes and the primary cilia. In this review, we summarize and discuss the multitude of known roles of Rab10 in cellular membrane transport and the molecular players and mechanisms associated with these roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle En Lin Chua
- Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bor L Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hauswirth AG, Ford KJ, Wang T, Fetter RD, Tong A, Davis GW. A postsynaptic PI3K-cII dependent signaling controller for presynaptic homeostatic plasticity. eLife 2018; 7:31535. [PMID: 29303480 PMCID: PMC5773188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic homeostatic plasticity stabilizes information transfer at synaptic connections in organisms ranging from insect to human. By analogy with principles of engineering and control theory, the molecular implementation of PHP is thought to require postsynaptic signaling modules that encode homeostatic sensors, a set point, and a controller that regulates transsynaptic negative feedback. The molecular basis for these postsynaptic, homeostatic signaling elements remains unknown. Here, an electrophysiology-based screen of the Drosophila kinome and phosphatome defines a postsynaptic signaling platform that includes a required function for PI3K-cII, PI3K-cIII and the small GTPase Rab11 during the rapid and sustained expression of PHP. We present evidence that PI3K-cII localizes to Golgi-derived, clathrin-positive vesicles and is necessary to generate an endosomal pool of PI(3)P that recruits Rab11 to recycling endosomal membranes. A morphologically distinct subdivision of this platform concentrates postsynaptically where we propose it functions as a homeostatic controller for retrograde, trans-synaptic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Hauswirth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kevin J Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Amy Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Notch signaling research dates back to more than one hundred years, beginning with the identification of the Notch mutant in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Since then, research on Notch and related genes in flies has laid the foundation of what we now know as the Notch signaling pathway. In the 1990s, basic biological and biochemical studies of Notch signaling components in mammalian systems, as well as identification of rare mutations in Notch signaling pathway genes in human patients with rare Mendelian diseases or cancer, increased the significance of this pathway in human biology and medicine. In the 21st century, Drosophila and other genetic model organisms continue to play a leading role in understanding basic Notch biology. Furthermore, these model organisms can be used in a translational manner to study underlying mechanisms of Notch-related human diseases and to investigate the function of novel disease associated genes and variants. In this chapter, we first briefly review the major contributions of Drosophila to Notch signaling research, discussing the similarities and differences between the fly and human pathways. Next, we introduce several biological contexts in Drosophila in which Notch signaling has been extensively characterized. Finally, we discuss a number of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes in the Notch signaling pathway in humans and we expand on how Drosophila can be used to study rare genetic variants associated with these and novel disorders. By combining modern genomics and state-of-the art technologies, Drosophila research is continuing to reveal exciting biology that sheds light onto mechanisms of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ramos-Nascimento A, Kellen B, Ferreira F, Alenquer M, Vale-Costa S, Raposo G, Delevoye C, Amorim MJ. KIF13A mediates trafficking of influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4038-4050. [PMID: 29061883 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is a rapidly evolving virus that is successful in provoking periodic epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans. Viral assembly is complex as the virus incorporates an eight-partite genome of RNA (in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins, vRNPs), and viral genome assembly - with its implications to public health - is not completely understood. It has previously been reported that vRNPs are transported to the cell surface on Rab11-containing vesicles by using microtubules but, so far, no molecular motor has been assigned to the process. Here, we have identified KIF13A, a member of the kinesin-3 family, as the first molecular motor to efficiently transport vRNP-Rab11 vesicles during infection with influenza A. Depletion of KIF13A resulted in reduced viral titers and less accumulation of vRNPs at the cell surface, without interfering with the levels of other viral proteins at sites of viral assembly. In addition, when overexpressed and following two separate approaches to displace vRNP-Rab11 vesicles, KIF13A increased levels of vRNP at the plasma membrane. Together, our results show that KIF13A plays an important role in the transport of influenza A vRNPs, a crucial step for viral assembly.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramos-Nascimento
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bárbara Kellen
- Science4U, MARL Espaços CC02 e CC03, São Julião do Tojal, 2660-421, Loures, Portugal
| | - Filipe Ferreira
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta Alenquer
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A programmable optical stimulator for Drosophila eyes is presented. The target application of the stimulator is to induce retinal degeneration in fly photoreceptor cells by exposing them to light in a controlled manner. The goal of this work is to obtain a reproducible system for studying age-related changes in susceptibility to environmental ocular stress. The stimulator uses light emitting diodes and an embedded computer to control illuminance, color (blue or red) and duration in two independent chambers. Further, the stimulator is equipped with per-chamber light and temperature sensors and a fan to monitor light intensity and to control temperature. An ON/OFF temperature control implemented on the embedded computer keeps the temperature from reaching levels that will induce the heat shock stress response in the flies. A custom enclosure was fabricated to house the electronic components of the stimulator. The enclosure provides a light-impermeable environment that allows air flow and lets users easily load and unload fly vials. Characterization results show that the fabricated stimulator can produce light at illuminances ranging from 0 to 16000 lux and power density levels from 0 to 7.2 mW/cm2 for blue light. For red light the maximum illuminance is 8000 lux which corresponds to a power density of 3.54 mW/cm2. The fans and the ON/OFF temperature control are able to keep the temperature inside the chambers below 28.17°C. Experiments with white-eye male flies were performed to assess the ability of the fabricated simulator to induce blue light-dependent retinal degeneration. Retinal degeneration is observed in flies exposed to 8 hours of blue light at 7949 lux. Flies in a control experiment with no light exposure show no retinal degeneration. Flies exposed to red light for the similar duration and light intensity (8 hours and 7994 lux) do not show retinal degeneration either. Hence, the fabricated stimulator can be used to create environmental ocular stress using blue light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Walter D. Leon-Salas
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, 401 North Grant Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Taylor Zigon
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, 401 North Grant Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Donald F. Ready
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Vikki M. Weake
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, 201 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guichard A, Jain P, Moayeri M, Schwartz R, Chin S, Zhu L, Cruz-Moreno B, Liu JZ, Aguilar B, Hollands A, Leppla SH, Nizet V, Bier E. Anthrax edema toxin disrupts distinct steps in Rab11-dependent junctional transport. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006603. [PMID: 28945820 PMCID: PMC5612732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various bacterial toxins circumvent host defenses through overproduction of cAMP. In a previous study, we showed that edema factor (EF), an adenylate cyclase from Bacillus anthracis, disrupts endocytic recycling mediated by the small GTPase Rab11. As a result, cargo proteins such as cadherins fail to reach inter-cellular junctions. In the present study, we provide further mechanistic dissection of Rab11 inhibition by EF using a combination of Drosophila and mammalian systems. EF blocks Rab11 trafficking after the GTP-loading step, preventing a constitutively active form of Rab11 from delivering cargo vesicles to the plasma membrane. Both of the primary cAMP effector pathways -PKA and Epac/Rap1- contribute to inhibition of Rab11-mediated trafficking, but act at distinct steps of the delivery process. PKA acts early, preventing Rab11 from associating with its effectors Rip11 and Sec15. In contrast, Epac functions subsequently via the small GTPase Rap1 to block fusion of recycling endosomes with the plasma membrane, and appears to be the primary effector of EF toxicity in this process. Similarly, experiments conducted in mammalian systems reveal that Epac, but not PKA, mediates the activity of EF both in cell culture and in vivo. The small GTPase Arf6, which initiates endocytic retrieval of cell adhesion components, also contributes to junctional homeostasis by counteracting Rab11-dependent delivery of cargo proteins at sites of cell-cell contact. These studies have potentially significant practical implications, since chemical inhibition of either Arf6 or Epac blocks the effect of EF in cell culture and in vivo, opening new potential therapeutic avenues for treating symptoms caused by cAMP-inducing toxins or related barrier-disrupting pathologies. Recent anthrax outbreaks in Zambia and northern Russia and biodefense preparedness highlight the need for new therapies to counteract fatal late-stage pathologies in patients infected with Bacillus anthracis. Indeed, two toxins secreted by this pathogen—edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT)—can cause death in face of effective antibiotic treatment. ET, a potent adenylate cyclase, severely impacts host cells and tissues through an overproduction of the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Previously, we identified Rab11 as a key host factor inhibited by ET. Blockade of Rab11-dependent endocytic recycling resulted in the disruption of intercellular junctions, likely contributing to life threatening vascular effusion observed in anthrax patients. Here we present a multi-system analysis of the mechanism by which EF inhibits Rab11 and exocyst-dependent trafficking. Epistasis experiments in Drosophila reveal that over-activation of the cAMP effectors PKA and Epac/Rap1 interferes with Rab11-mediated trafficking at two distinct steps. We further describe conserved roles of Epac and the small GTPase Arf6 in ET-mediated disruption of vesicular trafficking and show how chemical inhibition of either pathway greatly alleviates ET-induced edema. Thus, our study defines Epac and Arf6 as promising drug targets for the treatment of infectious diseases and other pathologies involving cAMP overload or related barrier disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Prashant Jain
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ruth Schwartz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen Chin
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Cruz-Moreno
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Janet Z. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Bernice Aguilar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hollands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang X, Mu Y, Sun M, Han J. Bidirectional regulation of fragile X mental retardation protein phosphorylation controls rhodopsin homoeostasis. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:104-116. [PMID: 27702760 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Homoeostatic regulation of the light sensor, rhodopsin, is critical for the maintenance of light sensitivity and survival of photoreceptors. The major fly rhodopsin, Rh1, undergoes light-induced endocytosis and degradation, but its protein and mRNA levels remain constant during light/dark cycles. It is not clear how translation of Rh1 is regulated. Here, we show that adult photoreceptors maintain a constant, abundant quantity of ninaE mRNA, which encodes Rh1. We demonstrate that the Fmr1 protein associates with ninaE mRNA and represses its translation. Further, light exposure triggers a calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of Fmr1, which relieves suppression of Rh1 translation. We demonstrate that Mts, the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), mediates light-induced Fmr1 dephosphorylation in a regulatory B subunit of PP2A (CKa)-dependent manner. Finally, we show that blocking light-induced Rh1 translation results in reduced light sensitivity. Our results reveal the molecular mechanism of Rh1 homoeostasis and physiological consequence of Rh1 dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yawen Mu
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mengshi Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jansen IE, Ye H, Heetveld S, Lechler MC, Michels H, Seinstra RI, Lubbe SJ, Drouet V, Lesage S, Majounie E, Gibbs JR, Nalls MA, Ryten M, Botia JA, Vandrovcova J, Simon-Sanchez J, Castillo-Lizardo M, Rizzu P, Blauwendraat C, Chouhan AK, Li Y, Yogi P, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Morris HR, Brice A, Singleton AB, David DC, Nollen EA, Jain S, Shulman JM, Heutink P. Discovery and functional prioritization of Parkinson's disease candidate genes from large-scale whole exome sequencing. Genome Biol 2017; 18:22. [PMID: 28137300 PMCID: PMC5282828 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has been successful in identifying genes that cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, until now this approach has not been deployed to study large cohorts of unrelated participants. To discover rare PD susceptibility variants, we performed WES in 1148 unrelated cases and 503 control participants. Candidate genes were subsequently validated for functions relevant to PD based on parallel RNA-interference (RNAi) screens in human cell culture and Drosophila and C. elegans models. RESULTS Assuming autosomal recessive inheritance, we identify 27 genes that have homozygous or compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants in PD cases. Definitive replication and confirmation of these findings were hindered by potential heterogeneity and by the rarity of the implicated alleles. We therefore looked for potential genetic interactions with established PD mechanisms. Following RNAi-mediated knockdown, 15 of the genes modulated mitochondrial dynamics in human neuronal cultures and four candidates enhanced α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Based on complementary analyses in independent human datasets, five functionally validated genes-GPATCH2L, UHRF1BP1L, PTPRH, ARSB, and VPS13C-also showed evidence consistent with genetic replication. CONCLUSIONS By integrating human genetic and functional evidence, we identify several PD susceptibility gene candidates for further investigation. Our approach highlights a powerful experimental strategy with broad applicability for future studies of disorders with complex genetic etiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris E. Jansen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081HZ The Netherlands
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sasja Heetveld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Marie C. Lechler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
- Graduate School of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, Tübingen, 72074 Germany
| | - Helen Michels
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700AD The Netherlands
| | - Renée I. Seinstra
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700AD The Netherlands
| | - Steven J. Lubbe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Valérie Drouet
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Majounie
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juan A. Botia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Javier Simon-Sanchez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melissa Castillo-Lizardo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Amit K. Chouhan
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yarong Li
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Puja Yogi
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | | | - Della C. David
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Ellen A. Nollen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700AD The Netherlands
| | - Shushant Jain
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, 1250 Moursund St., N.1150, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081HZ The Netherlands
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schopf K, Huber A. Membrane protein trafficking in Drosophila photoreceptor cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 96:391-401. [PMID: 27964885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane protein trafficking occurs throughout the lifetime of neurons and includes the initial protein synthesis and anterograde transport to the plasma membrane as well as internalization, degradation, and recycling of plasma membrane proteins. Defects in protein trafficking can result in neuronal degeneration and underlie blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa as well as other neuronal disorders. Drosophila photoreceptor cells have emerged as a model system for identifying the components and mechanisms involved in membrane protein trafficking in neurons. Here we summarize the current knowledge about trafficking of three Drosophila phototransduction proteins, the visual pigment rhodopsin and the two light-activated ion channels TRP (transient receptor potential) and TRPL (TRP-like). Despite some common requirements shared by rhodopsin and TRP, details in the trafficking of these proteins differ considerably, suggesting the existence of several trafficking pathways for these photoreceptor proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystina Schopf
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biosensorics, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Huber
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biosensorics, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rab protein family control intracellular vesicular trafficking to allow their communication and maintenance. It is a common strategy for intracellular bacteria to exploit these pathways to shape their respective niches for survival. The subversion of Rabs for the generation of an intracellular environment favoring the pathogen has been described almost exclusively for intracellular bacteria that reside within bacterial containing vacuoles (BCVs). However, less is known about Rab subversion for bacteria that rupture the BCV to reach the host cytoplasm. Here, we provide recent examples of Rab targeting by both groups of intracellular bacteria with a special focus on Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery. Shigella recruits Rab11, the hallmark of the perinuclear recycling compartment to in situ formed macropinosomes at the entry foci via the bacterial effector IpgD. This leads to efficient BCV rupture and cytosolic escape. We discuss the concept of diverted recycling through host Rab GTPases that emerges as a novel pathogen strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia López-Montero
- a Institut Pasteur, Research unit "Dynamics of host-pathogen interactions," Paris , France
| | - Jost Enninga
- a Institut Pasteur, Research unit "Dynamics of host-pathogen interactions," Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang M, Liang C, Swaminathan K, Herrlinger S, Lai F, Shiekhattar R, Chen JF. A C9ORF72/SMCR8-containing complex regulates ULK1 and plays a dual role in autophagy. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1601167. [PMID: 27617292 PMCID: PMC5010369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The intronic GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) is a prevalent genetic abnormality identified in both frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 (SMCR8) is a protein with unclear functions. We report that C9ORF72 is a component of a multiprotein complex containing SMCR8, WDR41, and ATG101 (an important regulator of autophagy). The C9ORF72 complex displays guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity and acts as a guanosine diphosphate-guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GDP-GTP) exchange factor (GEF) for RAB39B. We created Smcr8 knockout mice and found that Smcr8 mutant cells exhibit impaired autophagy induction, which is similarly observed in C9orf72 knockdown cells. Mechanistically, SMCR8/C9ORF72 interacts with the key autophagy initiation ULK1 complex and regulates expression and activity of ULK1. The complex has an additional role in regulating later stages of autophagy. Whereas autophagic flux is enhanced in C9orf72 knockdown cells, depletion of Smcr8 results in a reduced flux with an abnormal expression of lysosomal enzymes. Thus, C9ORF72 and SMCR8 have similar functions in modulating autophagy induction by regulating ULK1 and play distinct roles in regulating autophagic flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Herrlinger
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Fan Lai
- Department of Human Genetics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ramin Shiekhattar
- Department of Human Genetics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-F.C.); (R.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-F.C.); (R.S.); (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Román-Fernández A, Bryant DM. Complex Polarity: Building Multicellular Tissues Through Apical Membrane Traffic. Traffic 2016; 17:1244-1261. [PMID: 27281121 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of distinct subdomains of the cell surface is crucial for multicellular organism development. The most striking example of this is apical-basal polarization. What is much less appreciated is that underpinning an asymmetric cell surface is an equally dramatic intracellular endosome rearrangement. Here, we review the interplay between classical cell polarity proteins and membrane trafficking pathways, and discuss how this marriage gives rise to cell polarization. We focus on those mechanisms that regulate apical polarization, as this is providing a number of insights into how membrane traffic and polarity are regulated at the tissue level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Román-Fernández
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chouhan AK, Guo C, Hsieh YC, Ye H, Senturk M, Zuo Z, Li Y, Chatterjee S, Botas J, Jackson GR, Bellen HJ, Shulman JM. Uncoupling neuronal death and dysfunction in Drosophila models of neurodegenerative disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:62. [PMID: 27338814 PMCID: PMC4918017 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Common neurodegenerative proteinopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of toxic protein species, including the amyloid beta (Aß) peptide, microtubule-associated protein Tau (Tau), and alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein. These factors also show toxicity in Drosophila; however, potential limitations of prior studies include poor discrimination between effects on the adult versus developing nervous system and neuronal versus glial cell types. In addition, variable expression paradigms and outcomes hinder systematic comparison of toxicity profiles. Using standardized conditions and medium-throughput assays, we express human Tau, Aß or αSyn selectively in neurons of the adult Drosophila retina and monitor age-dependent changes in both structure and function, based on tissue histology and recordings of the electroretinogram (ERG), respectively. We find that each protein causes a unique profile of neurodegenerative pathology, demonstrating distinct and separable impacts on neuronal death and dysfunction. Strikingly, expression of Tau leads to progressive loss of ERG responses whereas retinal architecture and neuronal numbers are largely preserved. By contrast, Aß induces modest, age-dependent neuronal loss without degrading the retinal ERG. αSyn expression, using a codon-optimized transgene, is characterized by marked retinal vacuolar change, progressive photoreceptor cell death, and delayed-onset but modest ERG changes. Lastly, to address potential mechanisms, we perform transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal potential degenerative changes at the ultrastructural level. Surprisingly, Tau and αSyn each cause prominent but distinct synaptotoxic profiles, including disorganization or enlargement of photoreceptor terminals, respectively. Our findings highlight variable and dynamic properties of neurodegeneration triggered by these disease-relevant proteins in vivo, and suggest that Drosophila may be useful for revealing determinants of neuronal dysfunction that precede cell loss, including synaptic changes, in the adult nervous system.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an important human pathogen causative of yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. The ability to replicate within the host cell is a determinant of virulence, amplifying viral numbers for host-to-host transmission. This process requires multiple rounds of entering permissive cells, replication, and virion assembly at the plasma membrane, the site of viral budding and release. The assembly of influenza A virus involves packaging of several viral (and host) proteins and of a segmented genome, composed of 8 distinct RNAs in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The selective assembly of the 8-segment core remains one of the most interesting unresolved problems in virology. The recycling endosome regulatory GTPase Rab11 was shown to contribute to the process, by transporting vRNPs to the periphery, giving rise to enlarged cytosolic puncta rich in Rab11 and the 8 vRNPs. We recently reported that vRNP hotspots were formed of clustered vesicles harbouring protruding electron-dense structures that resembled vRNPs. Mechanistically, vRNP hotspots were formed as vRNPs outcompeted the cognate effectors of Rab11, the Rab11-Family-Interacting-Proteins (FIPs) for binding, and as a consequence impair recycling sorting at an unknown step. Here, we speculate on the impact that such impairment might have in host immunity, membrane architecture and viral assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vale-Costa
- a Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab , Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras , Portugal
| | - Maria João Amorim
- a Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab , Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The secretion of immune-mediators is a critical step in the host innate immune response to pathogen invasion, and Rab GTPases have an important role in the regulation of this process. Rab4/Rab11 recycling endosomes are involved in the sorting of immune-mediators into specialist Rab11 vesicles that can traffic this cargo to the plasma membrane; however, how this sequential delivery process is regulated has yet to be fully defined. Here, we report that Drosophila Pkaap, an orthologue of the human dual-specific A-kinase-anchoring protein 2 or D-AKAP2 (also called AKAP10), appeared to have a nucleotide-dependent localisation to Rab4 and Rab11 endosomes. RNAi silencing of pkaap altered Rab4/Rab11 recycling endosome morphology, suggesting that Pkaap functions in cargo sorting and delivery in the secretory pathway. The depletion of pkaap also had a direct effect on Rab11 vesicle exocytosis and the secretion of the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin at the plasma membrane. We propose that Pkaap has a dual role in antimicrobial peptide traffic and exocytosis, making it an essential component for the secretion of inflammatory mediators and the defence of the host against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sorvina
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Tetyana Shandala
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
David-Morrison G, Xu Z, Rui YN, Charng WL, Jaiswal M, Yamamoto S, Xiong B, Zhang K, Sandoval H, Duraine L, Zuo Z, Zhang S, Bellen HJ. WAC Regulates mTOR Activity by Acting as an Adaptor for the TTT and Pontin/Reptin Complexes. Dev Cell 2016; 36:139-51. [PMID: 26812014 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense energy status is crucial in the regulation of metabolism via the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1). The assembly of the TTT-Pontin/Reptin complex is responsive to changes in energy status. Under energy-sufficient conditions, the TTT-Pontin/Reptin complex promotes mTORC1 dimerization and mTORC1-Rag interaction, which are critical for mTORC1 activation. We show that WAC is a regulator of energy-mediated mTORC1 activity. In a Drosophila screen designed to isolate mutations that cause neuronal dysfunction, we identified wacky, the homolog of WAC. Loss of Wacky leads to neurodegeneration, defective mTOR activity, and increased autophagy. Wacky and WAC have conserved physical interactions with mTOR and its regulators, including Pontin and Reptin, which bind to the TTT complex to regulate energy-dependent activation of mTORC1. WAC promotes the interaction between TTT and Pontin/Reptin in an energy-dependent manner, thereby promoting mTORC1 activity by facilitating mTORC1 dimerization and mTORC1-Rag interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan-Ning Rui
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wu-Lin Charng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lita Duraine
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ishida M, E Oguchi M, Fukuda M. Multiple Types of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for Rab Small GTPases. Cell Struct Funct 2016; 41:61-79. [PMID: 27246931 DOI: 10.1247/csf.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab small GTPases are highly conserved master regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes. The same as the activation and inactivation of other small GTPases, the activation and inactivation of Rabs are tightly controlled by specific GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins), respectively. Although almost all Rab-GAPs reported thus far have a TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16)/Rab-GAP domain in common, recent accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of a number of structurally unrelated types of Rab-GEFs, including DENN proteins, VPS9 proteins, Sec2 proteins, TRAPP complexes, heterodimer GEFs (Mon1-Ccz1, HPS1-HPS4 (BLOC-3 complex), Ric1-Rgp1 and Rab3GAP1/2), and other GEFs (e.g., REI-1 and RPGR). In this review article we provide an up-to-date overview of the structures and functions of all putative Rab-GEFs in mammals, with a special focus on their substrate Rabs, interacting proteins, associations with genetic diseases, and intracellular localizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morié Ishida
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li T, Fan J, Blanco-Sánchez B, Giagtzoglou N, Lin G, Yamamoto S, Jaiswal M, Chen K, Zhang J, Wei W, Lewis MT, Groves AK, Westerfield M, Jia J, Bellen HJ. Ubr3, a Novel Modulator of Hh Signaling Affects the Degradation of Costal-2 and Kif7 through Poly-ubiquitination. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006054. [PMID: 27195754 PMCID: PMC4873228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates multiple aspects of metazoan development and tissue homeostasis, and is constitutively active in numerous cancers. We identified Ubr3, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel, positive regulator of Hh signaling in Drosophila and vertebrates. Hh signaling regulates the Ubr3-mediated poly-ubiquitination and degradation of Cos2, a central component of Hh signaling. In developing Drosophila eye discs, loss of ubr3 leads to a delayed differentiation of photoreceptors and a reduction in Hh signaling. In zebrafish, loss of Ubr3 causes a decrease in Shh signaling in the developing eyes, somites, and sensory neurons. However, not all tissues that require Hh signaling are affected in zebrafish. Mouse UBR3 poly-ubiquitinates Kif7, the mammalian homologue of Cos2. Finally, loss of UBR3 up-regulates Kif7 protein levels and decreases Hh signaling in cultured cells. In summary, our work identifies Ubr3 as a novel, evolutionarily conserved modulator of Hh signaling that boosts Hh in some tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongchao Li
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junkai Fan
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Nikolaos Giagtzoglou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kuchuan Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Many viruses exploit specific arms of the endomembrane system. The unique composition of each arm prompts the development of remarkably specific interactions between viruses and sub-organelles. This review focuses on the viral–host interactions occurring on the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), and mediated by its regulatory Ras-related in brain (Rab) GTPase Rab11. This protein regulates trafficking from the ERC and the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Such transport comprises intricate networks of proteins/lipids operating sequentially from the membrane of origin up to the cell surface. Rab11 is also emerging as a critical factor in an increasing number of infections by major animal viruses, including pathogens that provoke human disease. Understanding the interplay between the ERC and viruses is a milestone in human health. Rab11 has been associated with several steps of the viral lifecycles by unclear processes that use sophisticated diversified host machinery. For this reason, we first explore the state-of-the-art on processes regulating membrane composition and trafficking. Subsequently, this review outlines viral interactions with the ERC, highlighting current knowledge on viral-host binding partners. Finally, using examples from the few mechanistic studies available we emphasize how ERC functions are adjusted during infection to remodel cytoskeleton dynamics, innate immunity and membrane composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vale-Costa S, Alenquer M, Sousa AL, Kellen B, Ramalho J, Tranfield EM, Amorim MJ. Influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins modulate host recycling by competing with Rab11 effectors. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1697-710. [PMID: 26940915 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus assembly is an unclear process, whereby individual virion components form an infectious particle. The segmented nature of the influenza A genome imposes a problem to assembly because it requires packaging of eight distinct RNA particles (vRNPs). It also allows genome mixing from distinct parental strains, events associated with influenza pandemic outbreaks. It is important to public health to understand how segmented genomes assemble, a process that is dependent on the transport of components to assembly sites. Previously, it has been shown that vRNPs are carried by recycling endosome vesicles, resulting in a change of Rab11 distribution. Here, we describe that vRNP binding to recycling endosomes impairs recycling endosome function, by competing for Rab11 binding with family-interacting proteins, and that there is a causal relationship between Rab11 ability to recruit family-interacting proteins and Rab11 redistribution. This competition reduces recycling sorting at an unclear step, resulting in clustering of single- and double-membraned vesicles. These morphological changes in Rab11 membranes are indicative of alterations in protein and lipid homeostasis during infection. Vesicular clustering creates hotspots of the vRNPs that need to interact to form an infectious particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Marta Alenquer
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Ana Laura Sousa
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Kellen
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - José Ramalho
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Erin M Tranfield
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sakaguchi A, Sato M, Sato K, Gengyo-Ando K, Yorimitsu T, Nakai J, Hara T, Sato K, Sato K. REI-1 Is a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Regulating RAB-11 Localization and Function in C. elegans Embryos. Dev Cell 2016; 35:211-21. [PMID: 26506309 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab11 dynamically changes its location to regulate various cellular processes such as endocytic recycling, secretion, and cytokinesis. However, our knowledge of its upstream regulators is still limited. Here, we identify the RAB-11-interacting protein-1 (REI-1) as a unique family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for RAB-11 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Although REI-1 and its human homolog SH3-binding protein 5 do not contain any known Rab-GEF domains, they exhibited strong GEF activity toward Rab11 in vitro. In C. elegans, REI-1 is expressed in the germline and co-localizes with RAB-11 on the late-Golgi membranes. The loss of REI-1 specifically impaired the targeting of RAB-11 to the late-Golgi compartment and the recycling endosomes in embryos and further reduced the RAB-11 distribution to the cleavage furrow, which resulted in cytokinesis delay. These results suggest that REI-1 is a GEF specifically regulating the RAB-11 localization and functions in early embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisa Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- a Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University , Maebashi , Gunma , Japan
| | - Aisa Sakaguchi
- a Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University , Maebashi , Gunma , Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- b Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University , Maebashi , Gunma , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu Y, Wang T. CULD is required for rhodopsin and TRPL channel endocytic trafficking and survival of photoreceptor cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:394-405. [PMID: 26598556 PMCID: PMC4732287 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and associated channels contributes to desensitization and adaptation of a variety of signaling cascades. In Drosophila melanogaster, the main light-sensing rhodopsin (Rh1; encoded by ninaE) and the downstream ion channel, transient receptor potential like (TRPL), are endocytosed in response to light, but the mechanism is unclear. By using an RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach, we discovered a protein we named CULD, a photoreceptor-cell enriched CUB- and LDLa-domain transmembrane protein, that is required for endocytic trafficking of Rh1 and TRPL. CULD localized to endocytic Rh1-positive or TRPL-positive vesicles. Mutations in culd resulted in the accumulation of Rh1 and TRPL within endocytic vesicles, and disrupted the regular turnover of endocytic Rh1 and TRPL. In addition, loss of CULD induced light- and age-dependent retinal degeneration, and reduced levels of Rh1, but not of TRPL, suppressed retinal degeneration in culd-null mutant flies. Our data demonstrate that CULD plays an important role in the endocytic turnover of Rh1 and TRPL, and suggest that CULD-dependent rhodopsin endocytic trafficking is required for maintaining photoreceptor integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 100875 National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China, 102206
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cerny AC, Altendorfer A, Schopf K, Baltner K, Maag N, Sehn E, Wolfrum U, Huber A. The GTP- and Phospholipid-Binding Protein TTD14 Regulates Trafficking of the TRPL Ion Channel in Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005578. [PMID: 26509977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of signaling proteins is a common phenomenon in diverse signaling pathways. In photoreceptors of Drosophila, light absorption by rhodopsin triggers a phospholipase Cβ-mediated opening of the ion channels transient receptor potential (TRP) and TRP-like (TRPL) and generates the visual response. The signaling proteins are located in a plasma membrane compartment called rhabdomere. The major rhodopsin (Rh1) and TRP are predominantly localized in the rhabdomere in light and darkness. In contrast, TRPL translocates between the rhabdomeral plasma membrane in the dark and a storage compartment in the cell body in the light, from where it can be recycled to the plasma membrane upon subsequent dark adaptation. Here, we identified the gene mutated in trpl translocation defective 14 (ttd14), which is required for both TRPL internalization from the rhabdomere in the light and recycling of TRPL back to the rhabdomere in the dark. TTD14 is highly conserved in invertebrates and binds GTP in vitro. The ttd14 mutation alters a conserved proline residue (P75L) in the GTP-binding domain and abolishes binding to GTP. This indicates that GTP binding is essential for TTD14 function. TTD14 is a cytosolic protein and binds to PtdIns(3)P, a lipid enriched in early endosome membranes, and to phosphatidic acid. In contrast to TRPL, rhabdomeral localization of the membrane proteins Rh1 and TRP is not affected in the ttd14P75L mutant. The ttd14P75L mutation results in Rh1-independent photoreceptor degeneration and larval lethality suggesting that other processes are also affected by the ttd14P75L mutation. In conclusion, TTD14 is a novel regulator of TRPL trafficking, involved in internalization and subsequent sorting of TRPL into the recycling pathway that enables this ion channel to return to the plasma membrane. Protein trafficking in neurons occurs throughout the lifetime of a cell and includes the internalization and redistribution of plasma membrane proteins. Regulated protein trafficking controls the equipment of the plasma membrane with receptors and ion channels and thereby attenuates or enhances neuronal function. Defects in recycling of plasma membrane proteins can cause detrimental neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Down´s syndrome. In Drosophila photoreceptors, the TRPL ion channel, together with the TRP channel, mediates vision and light-dependently shuttles between an endomembrane storage compartment and the apical plasma membrane. Here, we report the identification of a mutation in the ttd14 gene that inhibits TRPL-trafficking in both directions and also results in photoreceptor degeneration. The TTD14 protein contains a region with weak homology to a PX-domain, which is also found in proteins that sort cargo in the endosome and enable protein recycling. We characterize TTD14 as a new regulator of photoreceptor maintenance and ion channel trafficking that binds to GTP and PtdIns(3)P, a phospholipid enriched in early endosomes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are sheetlike extracellular matrices found at the basal surfaces of epithelial tissues. The structural and functional diversity of these matrices within the body endows them with the ability to affect multiple aspects of cell behavior and communication; for this reason, BMs are integral to many developmental processes. The power of Drosophila genetics, as applied to the BM, has yielded substantial insight into how these matrices influence development. Here, we explore three facets of BM biology to which Drosophila research has made particularly important contributions. First, we discuss how newly synthesized BM proteins are secreted to and assembled exclusively on basal epithelial surfaces. Next, we examine how regulation of the structural properties of the BM mechanically supports and guides tissue morphogenesis. Finally, we explore how BMs influence development through the modulation of several major signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jaiswal M, Haelterman NA, Sandoval H, Xiong B, Donti T, Kalsotra A, Yamamoto S, Cooper TA, Graham BH, Bellen HJ. Impaired Mitochondrial Energy Production Causes Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration Independent of Oxidative Stress. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002197. [PMID: 26176594 PMCID: PMC4503542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two insults often underlie a variety of eye diseases including glaucoma, optic atrophy, and retinal degeneration—defects in mitochondrial function and aberrant Rhodopsin trafficking. Although mitochondrial defects are often associated with oxidative stress, they have not been linked to Rhodopsin trafficking. In an unbiased forward genetic screen designed to isolate mutations that cause photoreceptor degeneration, we identified mutations in a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene, ppr, a homolog of human LRPPRC. We found that ppr is required for protection against light-induced degeneration. Its function is essential to maintain membrane depolarization of the photoreceptors upon repetitive light exposure, and an impaired phototransduction cascade in ppr mutants results in excessive Rhodopsin1 endocytosis. Moreover, loss of ppr results in a reduction in mitochondrial RNAs, reduced electron transport chain activity, and reduced ATP levels. Oxidative stress, however, is not induced. We propose that the reduced ATP level in ppr mutants underlies the phototransduction defect, leading to increased Rhodopsin1 endocytosis during light exposure, causing photoreceptor degeneration independent of oxidative stress. This hypothesis is bolstered by characterization of two other genes isolated in the screen, pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Their loss also causes a light-induced degeneration, excessive Rhodopsin1 endocytosis and reduced ATP without concurrent oxidative stress, unlike many other mutations in mitochondrial genes that are associated with elevated oxidative stress and light-independent photoreceptor demise. Some mitochondrial disorders cause blindness through increased oxidative stress. This study shows that in other such disorders, light-activated photoreceptors degenerate because the shortfall in mitochondrial energy production impairs rhodopsin trafficking and induces toxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a number of metabolic and neurological diseases such as Leigh syndrome and progressive blindness. Increased oxidative stress, which is often associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, is thought to be a common cause of disease progression. Here, we identified nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins, whose loss causes the demise of photoreceptor neurons. Contrary to the common idea that this degeneration is triggered by elevated levels of oxidative stress, we find no change in the levels of oxidative stress. We show that activating photoreceptor neurons with light significantly increases energy production, and that this process is required to sustain their activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs this capacity and leads to a premature termination of the light response. This in turn impairs the cycling of the light-sensitive receptor Rhodopsin in photoreceptors, and Rhodopsin accumulates in the cell inducing toxicity. This distinct mechanism of degeneration suggests that different mitochondrial diseases may follow different paths of disease progression and would hence respond differently to treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nele A. Haelterman
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taraka Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Cooper
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brett H. Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|