1
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Li L, Liu Z. Genetic Approaches for Neural Circuits Dissection in Non-human Primates. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1561-1576. [PMID: 37258795 PMCID: PMC10533465 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic tools, which can be used for the morphology study of specific neurons, pathway-selective connectome mapping, neuronal activity monitoring, and manipulation with a spatiotemporal resolution, have been widely applied to the understanding of complex neural circuit formation, interactions, and functions in rodents. Recently, similar genetic approaches have been tried in non-human primates (NHPs) in neuroscience studies for dissecting the neural circuits involved in sophisticated behaviors and clinical brain disorders, although they are still very preliminary. In this review, we introduce the progress made in the development and application of genetic tools for brain studies on NHPs. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each approach and provide a perspective for using genetic tools to study the neural circuits of NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Afraz A. Behavioral optogenetics in nonhuman primates; a psychological perspective. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100101. [PMID: 38020813 PMCID: PMC10663131 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been a promising and developing technology in systems neuroscience throughout the past decade. It has been difficult though to reliably establish the potential behavioral effects of optogenetic perturbation of the neural activity in nonhuman primates. This poses a challenge on the future of optogenetics in humans as the concepts and technology need to be developed in nonhuman primates first. Here, I briefly summarize the viable approaches taken to improve nonhuman primate behavioral optogenetics, then focus on one approach: improvements in the measurement of behavior. I bring examples from visual behavior and show how the choice of method of measurement might conceal large behavioral effects. I will then discuss the "cortical perturbation detection" task in detail as an example of a sensitive task that can record the behavioral effects of optogenetic cortical stimulation with high fidelity. Finally, encouraged by the rich scientific landscape ahead of behavioral optogenetics, I invite technology developers to improve the chronically implantable devices designed for simultaneous neural recording and optogenetic intervention in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Afraz
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Cadoni S, Demené C, Alcala I, Provansal M, Nguyen D, Nelidova D, Labernède G, Lubetzki J, Goulet R, Burban E, Dégardin J, Simonutti M, Gauvain G, Arcizet F, Marre O, Dalkara D, Roska B, Sahel JA, Tanter M, Picaud S. Ectopic expression of a mechanosensitive channel confers spatiotemporal resolution to ultrasound stimulations of neurons for visual restoration. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:667-676. [PMID: 37012508 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Remote and precisely controlled activation of the brain is a fundamental challenge in the development of brain-machine interfaces for neurological treatments. Low-frequency ultrasound stimulation can be used to modulate neuronal activity deep in the brain, especially after expressing ultrasound-sensitive proteins. But so far, no study has described an ultrasound-mediated activation strategy whose spatiotemporal resolution and acoustic intensity are compatible with the mandatory needs of brain-machine interfaces, particularly for visual restoration. Here we combined the expression of large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channels with uncustomary high-frequency ultrasonic stimulation to activate retinal or cortical neurons over millisecond durations at a spatiotemporal resolution and acoustic energy deposit compatible with vision restoration. The in vivo sonogenetic activation of the visual cortex generated a behaviour associated with light perception. Our findings demonstrate that sonogenetics can deliver millisecond pattern presentations via an approach less invasive than current brain-machine interfaces for visual restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cadoni
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Charlie Demené
- Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM, CNRS, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI Paris), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Alcala
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Diep Nguyen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Dasha Nelidova
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jules Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Goulet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Emma Burban
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Gauvain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Marre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM, CNRS, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI Paris), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
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4
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Merlin S, Vidyasagar T. Optogenetics in primate cortical networks. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1193949. [PMID: 37284061 PMCID: PMC10239886 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1193949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of optogenetics in studies on non-human primates has generally proven quite difficult, but recent successes have paved the way for its rapid increase. Limitations in the genetic tractability in primates, have been somewhat overcome by implementing tailored vectors and promoters to maximize expression and specificity in primates. More recently, implantable devices, including microLED arrays, have made it possible to deliver light deeper into brain tissue, allowing targeting of deeper structures. However, the greatest limitation in applying optogenetics to the primate brain is the complex connections that exist within many neural circuits. In the past, relatively cruder methods such as cooling or pharmacological blockade have been used to examine neural circuit functions, though their limitations were well recognized. In some ways, similar shortcomings remain for optogenetics, with the ability to target a single component of complex neural circuits being the greatest challenge in applying optogenetics to systems neuroscience in primate brains. Despite this, some recent approaches combining Cre-expressing and Cre-dependent vectors have overcome some of these limitations. Here we suggest that optogenetics provides its greatest advantage to systems neuroscientists when applied as a specific tool to complement the techniques of the past, rather than necessarily replacing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Merlin
- Medical Science, School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Trichur Vidyasagar
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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5
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Ortiz-Rios M, Agayby B, Balezeau F, Haag M, Rima S, Cadena-Valencia J, Schmid MC. Optogenetic stimulation of the primary visual cortex drives activity in the visual association cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 4:100087. [PMID: 37397814 PMCID: PMC10313868 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing optogenetic methods for research in non-human primates (NHP) is important for translational neuroscience and for delineating brain function with unprecedented specificity. Here we assess, in macaque monkeys, the selectivity by which optogenetic stimulation of the primary visual cortex (V1) drives the local laminar and widespread cortical connectivity related to visual perception. Towards this end, we transfected neurons with light-sensitive channelrhodopsin in dorsal V1. fMRI revealed that optogenetic stimulation of V1 using blue light at 40 Hz increased functional activity in the visual association cortex, including areas V2/V3, V4, motion-sensitive area MT and frontal eye fields, although nonspecific heating and eye movement contributions to this effect could not be ruled out. Neurophysiology and immunohistochemistry analyses confirmed optogenetic modulation of spiking activity and opsin expression with the strongest expression in layer 4-B in V1. Stimulating this pathway during a perceptual decision task effectively elicited a phosphene percept in the receptive field of the stimulated neurons in one monkey. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the great potential of optogenetic methods to drive the large-scale cortical circuits of the primate brain with high functional and spatial specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ortiz-Rios
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ), Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beshoy Agayby
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fabien Balezeau
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marcus Haag
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Samy Rima
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Cadena-Valencia
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael C. Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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6
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Jendritza P, Klein FJ, Fries P. Multi-area recordings and optogenetics in the awake, behaving marmoset. Nat Commun 2023; 14:577. [PMID: 36732525 PMCID: PMC9895452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset has emerged as a key model in neuroscience. Marmosets are small in size, show great potential for genetic modification and exhibit complex behaviors. Thus, it is necessary to develop technology that enables monitoring and manipulation of the underlying neural circuits. Here, we describe a novel approach to record and optogenetically manipulate neural activity in awake, behaving marmosets. Our design utilizes a light-weight, 3D printed titanium chamber that can house several high-density silicon probes for semi-chronic recordings, while enabling simultaneous optogenetic stimulation. We demonstrate the application of our method in male marmosets by recording multi- and single-unit data from areas V1 and V6 with 192 channels simultaneously, and show that optogenetic activation of excitatory neurons in area V6 can influence behavior in a detection task. This method may enable future studies to investigate the neural basis of perception and behavior in the marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jendritza
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frederike J Klein
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Large-scale multimodal surface neural interfaces for primates. iScience 2022; 26:105866. [PMID: 36647381 PMCID: PMC9840154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the function of neural circuits can help with the understanding of brain function and treating neurological disorders. Progress toward this goal relies on the development of chronically stable neural interfaces capable of recording and modulating neural circuits with high spatial and temporal precision across large areas of the brain. Advanced innovations in designing high-density neural interfaces for small animal models have enabled breakthrough discoveries in neuroscience research. Developing similar neurotechnology for larger animal models such as nonhuman primates (NHPs) is critical to gain significant insights for translation to humans, yet still it remains elusive due to the challenges in design, fabrication, and system-level integration of such devices. This review focuses on implantable surface neural interfaces with electrical and optical functionalities with emphasis on the required technological features to realize scalable multimodal and chronically stable implants to address the unique challenges associated with nonhuman primate studies.
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8
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Zaraza D, Chernov MM, Yang Y, Rogers JA, Roe AW, Friedman RM. Head-mounted optical imaging and optogenetic stimulation system for use in behaving primates. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100351. [PMID: 36590689 PMCID: PMC9795332 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in optical technology have revolutionized studies of brain function in freely behaving mice. Here, we describe an optical imaging and stimulation device for use in primates that easily attaches to an intracranial chamber. It consists of affordable commercially available or 3D-printed components: a monochromatic camera, a small standard lens, a wireless μLED stimulator powered by an induction coil, and an LED array for illumination. We show that the intrinsic imaging performance of this device is comparable to a standard benchtop system in revealing the functional organization of the visual cortex for awake macaques in a primate chair or under anesthesia. Imaging revealed neural modulatory effects of wireless focal optogenetic stimulation aimed at identified functional domains. With a 1 to 2 cm field of view, 100× larger than previously used in primates without head restraint, our device permits widefield optical imaging and optogenetic stimulation for ethological studies in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Zaraza
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mykyta M. Chernov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anna W. Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Robert M. Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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9
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Chen B, Cui M, Wang Y, Shi P, Wang H, Wang F. Recent advances in cellular optogenetics for photomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114457. [PMID: 35843507 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful introduction of exogenous photosensitive proteins, channelrhodopsin, to neurons, optogenetics has enabled substantial understanding of profound brain function by selectively manipulating neural circuits. In an optogenetic system, optical stimulation can be precisely delivered to brain tissue to achieve regulation of cellular electrical activity with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution in living organisms. In recent years, the development of various optical actuators and novel light-delivery techniques has greatly expanded the scope of optogenetics, enabling the control of other signal pathways in non-neuronal cells for different biomedical applications, such as phototherapy and immunotherapy. This review focuses on the recent advances in optogenetic regulation of cellular activities for photomedicine. We discuss emerging optogenetic tools and light-delivery platforms, along with a survey of optogenetic execution in mammalian and microbial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Meihui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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10
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Brondi M, Bruzzone M, Lodovichi C, dal Maschio M. Optogenetic Methods to Investigate Brain Alterations in Preclinical Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111848. [PMID: 35681542 PMCID: PMC9180859 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the neuronal dynamics supporting brain functions and understanding how the alterations in these mechanisms result in pathological conditions represents a fundamental challenge. Preclinical research on model organisms allows for a multiscale and multiparametric analysis in vivo of the neuronal mechanisms and holds the potential for better linking the symptoms of a neurological disorder to the underlying cellular and circuit alterations, eventually leading to the identification of therapeutic/rescue strategies. In recent years, brain research in model organisms has taken advantage, along with other techniques, of the development and continuous refinement of methods that use light and optical approaches to reconstruct the activity of brain circuits at the cellular and system levels, and to probe the impact of the different neuronal components in the observed dynamics. These tools, combining low-invasiveness of optical approaches with the power of genetic engineering, are currently revolutionizing the way, the scale and the perspective of investigating brain diseases. The aim of this review is to describe how brain functions can be investigated with optical approaches currently available and to illustrate how these techniques have been adopted to study pathological alterations of brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brondi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council-CNR, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.L.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bruzzone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council-CNR, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.L.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco dal Maschio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Khateeb K, Bloch J, Zhou J, Rahimi M, Griggs DJ, Kharazia VN, Le MN, Wang RK, Yazdan-Shahmorad A. A versatile toolbox for studying cortical physiology in primates. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100183. [PMID: 35445205 PMCID: PMC9017216 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Lesioning and neurophysiological studies have facilitated the elucidation of cortical functions and mechanisms of functional recovery following injury. Clinical translation of such studies is contingent on their employment in non-human primates (NHPs), yet tools for monitoring and modulating cortical physiology are incompatible with conventional lesioning techniques. To address these challenges, we developed a toolbox validated in seven macaques. We introduce the photothrombotic method for inducing focal cortical lesions, a quantitative model for designing experiment-specific lesion profiles and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) for large-scale (~5 cm2) monitoring of vascular dynamics. We integrate these tools with our electrocorticographic array for large-scale monitoring of neural dynamics and testing stimulation-based interventions. Advantageously, this versatile toolbox can be incorporated into established chronic cranial windows. By combining optical and electrophysiological techniques in the NHP cortex, we can enhance our understanding of cortical functions, investigate functional recovery mechanisms, integrate physiological and behavioral findings, and develop neurorehabilitative treatments. MOTIVATION The primate neocortex encodes for complex functions and behaviors, the physiologies of which are yet to be fully understood. Such an understanding in both healthy and diseased states can be crucial for the development of effective neurorehabilitative strategies. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive and adaptable set of tools that enables the study of multiple physiological phenomena in healthy and injured brains. Therefore, we developed a toolbox with the capability to induce targeted cortical lesions, monitor dynamics of underlying cortical microvasculature, and record and stimulate neural activity. With this toolbox, we can enhance our understanding of cortical functions, investigate functional recovery mechanisms, test stimulation-based interventions, and integrate physiological and behavioral findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Khateeb
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julien Bloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmine Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mona Rahimi
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Devon J. Griggs
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Viktor N. Kharazia
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Minh N. Le
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Li M, Ju N, Jiang R, Liu F, Jiang H, Macknik S, Martinez-Conde S, Tang S. Perceptual hue, lightness, and chroma are represented in a multidimensional functional anatomical map in macaque V1. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 212:102251. [PMID: 35182707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans perceive millions of colors along three dimensions of color space: hue, lightness, and chroma. A major gap in knowledge is where the brain represents these specific dimensions in cortex, and how they relate to each other. Previous studies have shown that brain areas V4 and the posterior inferotemporal cortex (PIT) are central to computing color dimensions. To determine the contribution of V1 to setting up these downstream processing mechanisms, we studied cortical color responses in macaques-who share color vision mechanisms with humans. We used two-photon calcium imaging at both meso- and micro-scales and found that hue and lightness are laid out in orthogonal directions on the cortical map, with chroma represented by the strength of neuronal responses, as previously shown in PIT. These findings suggest that the earliest cortical stages of vision determine the three primary dimensions of human color perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China.
| | - Niansheng Ju
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rundong Jiang
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Stephen Macknik
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Shiming Tang
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Revisiting horizontal connectivity rules in V1: from like-to-like towards like-to-all. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1279-1295. [PMID: 35122520 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal connections in the primary visual cortex of carnivores, ungulates and primates organize on a near-regular lattice. Given the similar length scale for the regularity found in cortical orientation maps, the currently accepted theoretical standpoint is that these maps are underpinned by a like-to-like connectivity rule: horizontal axons connect preferentially to neurons with similar preferred orientation. However, there is reason to doubt the rule's explanatory power, since a growing number of quantitative studies show that the like-to-like connectivity preference and bias mostly observed at short-range scale, are highly variable on a neuron-to-neuron level and depend on the origin of the presynaptic neuron. Despite the wide availability of published data, the accepted model of visual processing has never been revised. Here, we review three lines of independent evidence supporting a much-needed revision of the like-to-like connectivity rule, ranging from anatomy to population functional measures, computational models and to theoretical approaches. We advocate an alternative, distance-dependent connectivity rule that is consistent with new structural and functional evidence: from like-to-like bias at short horizontal distance to like-to-all at long horizontal distance. This generic rule accounts for the observed high heterogeneity in interactions between the orientation and retinotopic domains, that we argue is necessary to process non-trivial stimuli in a task-dependent manner.
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14
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Fluorescence imaging of large-scale neural ensemble dynamics. Cell 2022; 185:9-41. [PMID: 34995519 PMCID: PMC8849612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across multiple brain areas and for extended durations in awake behaving mammals. We discuss advances in fluorescent indicators of neural activity, viral and genetic methods to express these indicators, chronic animal preparations for long-term imaging studies, and microscopes to monitor and manipulate the activity of large neural ensembles. Ca2+ imaging studies of neural activity can track brain area interactions and distributed information processing at cellular resolution. Across smaller spatial scales, high-speed voltage imaging reveals the distinctive spiking patterns and coding properties of targeted neuron types. Collectively, these innovations will propel studies of brain function and dovetail with ongoing neuroscience initiatives to identify new neuron types and develop widely applicable, non-human primate models. The optical toolkit's growing sophistication also suggests that "brain observatory" facilities would be useful open resources for future brain-imaging studies.
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15
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Chen SCY, Benvenuti G, Chen Y, Kumar S, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Geisler WS, Seidemann E. Similar neural and perceptual masking effects of low-power optogenetic stimulation in primate V1. eLife 2022; 11:e68393. [PMID: 34982033 PMCID: PMC8765749 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Can direct stimulation of primate V1 substitute for a visual stimulus and mimic its perceptual effect? To address this question, we developed an optical-genetic toolkit to 'read' neural population responses using widefield calcium imaging, while simultaneously using optogenetics to 'write' neural responses into V1 of behaving macaques. We focused on the phenomenon of visual masking, where detection of a dim target is significantly reduced by a co-localized medium-brightness mask (Cornsweet and Pinsker, 1965; Whittle and Swanston, 1974). Using our toolkit, we tested whether V1 optogenetic stimulation can recapitulate the perceptual masking effect of a visual mask. We find that, similar to a visual mask, low-power optostimulation can significantly reduce visual detection sensitivity, that a sublinear interaction between visual- and optogenetic-evoked V1 responses could account for this perceptual effect, and that these neural and behavioral effects are spatially selective. Our toolkit and results open the door for further exploration of perceptual substitutions by direct stimulation of sensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Chin-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickUnited States
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Giacomo Benvenuti
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Satwant Kumar
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | | | - Karl Deisseroth
- CNC Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wilson S Geisler
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, University of TexasAustinUnited States
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16
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Provansal M, Marazova K, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Vision Restoration by Optogenetic Therapy and Developments Toward Sonogenetic Therapy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:18. [PMID: 35024784 PMCID: PMC8762673 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After revolutionizing neuroscience, optogenetic therapy has entered successfully in clinical trials for restoring vision to blind people with degenerative eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa. These clinical trials still have to evaluate the visual acuity achieved by patients and to determine if it reaches its theoretical limit extrapolated from ex vivo experiments. Different strategies are developed in parallel to reduce required light levels and improve information processing by targeting various cell types. For patients with vision loss due to optic atrophy, as in the case of glaucoma, optogenetic cortical stimulation is hampered by light absorption and scattering by the brain tissue. By contrast, ultrasound waves can diffuse widely through the dura mater and the brain tissue as indicated by ultrasound imaging. Based on our recent results in rodents, we propose the sonogenetic therapy relying on activation of the mechanosensitive channel as a very promising vision restoration strategy with a suitable spatiotemporal resolution. Genomic approaches may thus provide efficient brain machine interfaces for sight restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Marazova
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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17
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Scott JT, Bourne JA. Modelling behaviors relevant to brain disorders in the nonhuman primate: Are we there yet? Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102183. [PMID: 34728308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a profound resurgence of activity with nonhuman primates (NHPs) to model human brain disorders. From marmosets to macaques, the study of NHP species offers a unique window into the function of primate-specific neural circuits that are impossible to examine in other models. Examining how these circuits manifest into the complex behaviors of primates, such as advanced cognitive and social functions, has provided enormous insights to date into the mechanisms underlying symptoms of numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric illnesses. With the recent optimization of modern techniques to manipulate and measure neural activity in vivo, such as optogenetics and calcium imaging, NHP research is more well-equipped than ever to probe the neural mechanisms underlying pathological behavior. However, methods for behavioral experimentation and analysis in NHPs have noticeably failed to keep pace with these advances. As behavior ultimately lies at the junction between preclinical findings and its translation to clinical outcomes for brain disorders, approaches to improve the integrity, reproducibility, and translatability of behavioral experiments in NHPs requires critical evaluation. In this review, we provide a unifying account of existing brain disorder models using NHPs, and provide insights into the present and emerging contributions of behavioral studies to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Scott
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Stamatakis AM, Resendez SL, Chen KS, Favero M, Liang-Guallpa J, Nassi JJ, Neufeld SQ, Visscher K, Ghosh KK. Miniature microscopes for manipulating and recording in vivo brain activity. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 70:399-414. [PMID: 34283242 PMCID: PMC8491619 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the development and application of miniature integrated microscopes (miniscopes) paired with microendoscopes that allow for the visualization and manipulation of neural circuits in superficial and subcortical brain regions in freely behaving animals. Over the past decade the miniscope platform has expanded to include simultaneous optogenetic capabilities, electrically-tunable lenses that enable multi-plane imaging, color-corrected optics, and an integrated data acquisition platform that streamlines multimodal experiments. Miniscopes have given researchers an unprecedented ability to monitor hundreds to thousands of genetically-defined neurons from weeks to months in both healthy and diseased animal brains. Sophisticated algorithms that take advantage of constrained matrix factorization allow for background estimation and reliable cell identification, greatly improving the reliability and scalability of source extraction for large imaging datasets. Data generated from miniscopes have empowered researchers to investigate the neural circuit underpinnings of a wide array of behaviors that cannot be studied under head-fixed conditions, such as sleep, reward seeking, learning and memory, social behaviors, and feeding. Importantly, the miniscope has broadened our understanding of how neural circuits can go awry in animal models of progressive neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Continued miniscope development, including the ability to record from multiple populations of cells simultaneously, along with continued multimodal integration of techniques such as electrophysiology, will allow for deeper understanding into the neural circuits that underlie complex and naturalistic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai-Siang Chen
- Inscopix Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Morgana Favero
- Inscopix Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | | | | | - Shay Q Neufeld
- Inscopix Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Koen Visscher
- Inscopix Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Kunal K Ghosh
- Inscopix Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
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19
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Oguchi M, Jiasen J, Yoshioka TW, Tanaka YR, Inoue K, Takada M, Kikusui T, Nomoto K, Sakagami M. Microendoscopic calcium imaging of the primary visual cortex of behaving macaques. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17021. [PMID: 34426639 PMCID: PMC8382832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo calcium imaging with genetically encoded indicators has recently been applied to macaque brains to monitor neural activities from a large population of cells simultaneously. Microendoscopic calcium imaging combined with implantable gradient index lenses captures neural activities from deep brain areas with a compact and convenient setup; however, this has been limited to rodents and marmosets. Here, we developed miniature fluorescent microscopy to image neural activities from the primary visual cortex of behaving macaques. We found tens of clear fluorescent signals from three of the six brain hemispheres. A subset of these neurons showed clear retinotopy and orientation tuning. Moreover, we successfully decoded the stimulus orientation and tracked the cells across days. These results indicate that microendoscopic calcium imaging is feasible and reasonable for investigating neural circuits in the macaque brain by monitoring fluorescent signals from a large number of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Oguchi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jiang Jiasen
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenichi Inoue
- Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensaku Nomoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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20
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Trautmann EM, O'Shea DJ, Sun X, Marshel JH, Crow A, Hsueh B, Vesuna S, Cofer L, Bohner G, Allen W, Kauvar I, Quirin S, MacDougall M, Chen Y, Whitmire MP, Ramakrishnan C, Sahani M, Seidemann E, Ryu SI, Deisseroth K, Shenoy KV. Dendritic calcium signals in rhesus macaque motor cortex drive an optical brain-computer interface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3689. [PMID: 34140486 PMCID: PMC8211867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium imaging is a powerful tool for recording from large populations of neurons in vivo. Imaging in rhesus macaque motor cortex can enable the discovery of fundamental principles of motor cortical function and can inform the design of next generation brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Surface two-photon imaging, however, cannot presently access somatic calcium signals of neurons from all layers of macaque motor cortex due to photon scattering. Here, we demonstrate an implant and imaging system capable of chronic, motion-stabilized two-photon imaging of neuronal calcium signals from macaques engaged in a motor task. By imaging apical dendrites, we achieved optical access to large populations of deep and superficial cortical neurons across dorsal premotor (PMd) and gyral primary motor (M1) cortices. Dendritic signals from individual neurons displayed tuning for different directions of arm movement. Combining several technical advances, we developed an optical BCI (oBCI) driven by these dendritic signalswhich successfully decoded movement direction online. By fusing two-photon functional imaging with CLARITY volumetric imaging, we verified that many imaged dendrites which contributed to oBCI decoding originated from layer 5 output neurons, including a putative Betz cell. This approach establishes new opportunities for studying motor control and designing BCIs via two photon imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Trautmann
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Xulu Sun
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - James H Marshel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ailey Crow
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Hsueh
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Vesuna
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Cofer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gergő Bohner
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Will Allen
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Kauvar
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean Quirin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuzhi Chen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew P Whitmire
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Maneesh Sahani
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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21
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Functional ultrasound imaging of the spreading activity following optogenetic stimulation of the rat visual cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12603. [PMID: 34131223 PMCID: PMC8206208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neurosciences by allowing fine control of neuronal activity. An important aspect for this control is assessing the activation and/or adjusting the stimulation, which requires imaging the entire volume of optogenetically-induced neuronal activity. An ideal technique for this aim is fUS imaging, which allows one to generate brain-wide activation maps with submesoscopic spatial resolution. However, optical stimulation of the brain with blue light might lead to non-specific activations at high irradiances. fUS imaging of optogenetic activations can be obtained at these wavelengths using lower light power (< 2mW) but it limits the depth of directly activatable neurons from the cortical surface. Our main goal was to report that we can detect specific optogenetic activations in V1 even in deep layers following stimulation at the cortical surface. Here, we show the possibility to detect deep optogenetic activations in anesthetized rats expressing the red-shifted opsin ChrimsonR in V1 using fUS imaging. We demonstrate the optogenetic specificity of these activations and their neuronal origin with electrophysiological recordings. Finally, we show that the optogenetic response initiated in V1 spreads to downstream (LGN) and upstream (V2) visual areas.
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22
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Bollimunta A, Santacruz SR, Eaton RW, Xu PS, Morrison JH, Moxon KA, Carmena JM, Nassi JJ. Head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in dorsal premotor cortex of behaving rhesus macaque. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109239. [PMID: 34133921 PMCID: PMC8236375 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microendoscopic calcium imaging with one-photon miniature microscopes enables unprecedented readout of neural circuit dynamics during active behavior in rodents. In this study, we describe successful application of this technology in the rhesus macaque, demonstrating plug-and-play, head-mounted recordings of cellular-resolution calcium dynamics from large populations of neurons simultaneously in bilateral dorsal premotor cortices during performance of a naturalistic motor reach task. Imaging is stable over several months, allowing us to longitudinally track individual neurons and monitor their relationship to motor behavior over time. We observe neuronal calcium dynamics selective for reach direction, which we could use to decode the animal's trial-by-trial motor behavior. This work establishes head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in macaques as a powerful approach for studying the neural circuit mechanisms underlying complex and clinically relevant behaviors, and it promises to greatly advance our understanding of human brain function, as well as its dysfunction in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Bollimunta
- Inscopix, Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Samantha R. Santacruz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 286 Li Ka Shing, MC #3370, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton Street, Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Ryan W. Eaton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 3141 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pei S. Xu
- Inscopix, Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - John H. Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen A. Moxon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 3141 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jose M. Carmena
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 286 Li Ka Shing, MC #3370, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Senior author
| | - Jonathan J. Nassi
- Inscopix, Inc., 2462 Embarcadero Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA,Senior author,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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23
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Gong H, Yuan N, Shen Z, Tang C, Shipp S, Qian L, Lu Y, Andolina IM, Zhang S, Wu J, Yang H, Wang W. Transduction catalysis: Doxorubicin amplifies rAAV-mediated gene expression in the cortex of higher-order vertebrates. iScience 2021; 24:102685. [PMID: 34195565 PMCID: PMC8233199 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient gene transduction via recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) is highly desirable across many basic and clinical research domains. Here, we report that vector co-infusion with doxorubicin, a clinical anti-cancer drug, markedly enhanced rAAV-mediated transgene expression in the cerebral cortex across mammalian species (cat, mouse, and macaque), acting throughout the time period examined and detectable at just three days after transfection. This enhancement showed serotype generality, being common to all rAAV serotypes tested (2, 8, 9, and PHP.eB) and was observed both locally and at remote locations consistent with doxorubicin undergoing retrograde axonal transport. All these effects were observed at doses matching human blood plasma levels in clinical therapy and lacked detectable cytotoxicity as assessed by cell morphology, activity, apoptosis, and behavioral testing. Altogether, this study identifies an effective means to improve the capability and scope of in vivo rAAV applications, amplifying cell transduction at doxorubicin concentrations paralleling medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nini Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhiming Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Stewart Shipp
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
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Griggs DJ, Khateeb K, Zhou J, Liu T, Wang R, Yazdan-Shahmorad A. Multi-modal artificial dura for simultaneous large-scale optical access and large-scale electrophysiology in non-human primate cortex. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/abf28d. [PMID: 33770770 PMCID: PMC8523212 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abf28d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Non-human primates (NHPs) are critical for development of translational neural technologies because of their neurological and neuroanatomical similarities to humans. Large-scale neural interfaces in NHPs with multiple modalities for stimulation and data collection poise us to unveil network-scale dynamics of both healthy and unhealthy neural systems. We aim to develop a large-scale multi-modal interface for NHPs for the purpose of studying large-scale neural phenomena including neural disease, damage, and recovery.Approach.We present a multi-modal artificial dura (MMAD) composed of flexible conductive traces printed into transparent medical grade polymer. Our MMAD provides simultaneous neurophysiological recordings and optical access to large areas of the cortex (∼3 cm2) and is designed to mitigate photo-induced electrical artifacts. The MMAD is the centerpiece of the interfaces we have designed to support electrocorticographic recording and stimulation, cortical imaging, and optogenetic experiments, all at the large-scales afforded by the brains of NHPs. We performed electrical and optical experiments bench-side andin vivowith macaques to validate the utility of our MMAD.Main results.Using our MMAD we present large-scale electrocorticography from sensorimotor cortex of three macaques. Furthermore, we validated surface electrical stimulation in one of our animals. Our bench-side testing showed up to 90% reduction of photo-induced artifacts with our MMAD. The transparency of our MMAD was confirmed both via bench-side testing (87% transmittance) and viain vivoimaging of blood flow from the underlying microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography.Significance.Our results indicate that our MMAD supports large-scale electrocorticography, large-scale cortical imaging, and, by extension, large-scale optical stimulation. The MMAD prepares the way for both acute and long-term chronic experiments with complimentary data collection and stimulation modalities. When paired with the complex behaviors and cognitive abilities of NHPs, these assets prepare us to study large-scale neural phenomena including neural disease, damage, and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Griggs
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Karam Khateeb
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Zhou
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ruikang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Nonhuman Primate Optogenetics: Current Status and Future Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:345-358. [PMID: 33398825 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have widely and crucially been utilized as model animals for understanding various higher brain functions and neurological disorders since their behavioral actions mimic both normal and disease states in humans. To know about how such behaviors emerge from the functions and dysfunctions of complex neural networks, it is essential to define the role of a particular pathway or neuron-type constituting these networks. Optogenetics is a potential technique that enables analyses of network functions. However, because of the large size of the NHP brain and the difficulty in creating genetically modified animal models, this technique is currently still hard to apply effectively and efficiently to NHP neuroscience. In this article, we focus on the issues that should be overcome for the development of NHP optogenetics, with special reference to the gene introduction strategy. We review the recent breakthroughs that have been made in NHP optogenetics to address these issues and discuss future prospects regarding more effective and efficient approaches to successful optogenetic manipulation in NHPs.
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Cramer SW, Carter RE, Aronson JD, Kodandaramaiah SB, Ebner TJ, Chen CC. Through the looking glass: A review of cranial window technology for optical access to the brain. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 354:109100. [PMID: 33600850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering neurologic function is a daunting task, requiring understanding the neuronal networks and emergent properties that arise from the interactions among single neurons. Mechanistic insights into neuronal networks require tools that simultaneously assess both single neuron activity and the consequent mesoscale output. The development of cranial window technologies, in which the skull is thinned or replaced with a synthetic optical interface, has enabled monitoring neuronal activity from subcellular to mesoscale resolution in awake, behaving animals when coupled with advanced microscopy techniques. Here we review recent achievements in cranial window technologies, appraise the relative merits of each design and discuss the future research in cranial window design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Cramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Mayo D429, MMC 96, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA.
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Mayo D429, MMC 96, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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27
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Fernández A, Straw A, Distel M, Leitgeb R, Baltuska A, Verhoef AJ. Dynamic real-time subtraction of stray-light and background for multiphoton imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:288-302. [PMID: 33659077 PMCID: PMC7899518 DOI: 10.1364/boe.403255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new approach to reduce uncorrelated background signals from fluorescence imaging data, using real-time subtraction of background light. This approach takes advantage of the short fluorescence lifetime of most popular fluorescent activity reporters, and the low duty-cycle of ultrafast lasers. By synchronizing excitation and recording, laser-induced multiphoton fluorescence can be discriminated from background light levels with each laser pulse. We demonstrate the ability of our method to - in real-time - remove image artifacts that in a conventional imaging setup lead to clipping of the signal. In other words, our method enables imaging under conditions that in a conventional setup would yield corrupted data from which no accurate information can be extracted. This is advantageous in experimental setups requiring additional light sources for applications such as optogenetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández
- IQSE and Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4242 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Centro Regional Universitario de Coclé, Universidad de Panamá, Penonomé, Coclé, Panama
| | - A Straw
- Institute of Biology I and Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Baltuska
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A J Verhoef
- IQSE and Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4242 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Centro Regional Universitario de Coclé, Universidad de Panamá, Penonomé, Coclé, Panama
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Tremblay S, Acker L, Afraz A, Albaugh DL, Amita H, Andrei AR, Angelucci A, Aschner A, Balan PF, Basso MA, Benvenuti G, Bohlen MO, Caiola MJ, Calcedo R, Cavanaugh J, Chen Y, Chen S, Chernov MM, Clark AM, Dai J, Debes SR, Deisseroth K, Desimone R, Dragoi V, Egger SW, Eldridge MAG, El-Nahal HG, Fabbrini F, Federer F, Fetsch CR, Fortuna MG, Friedman RM, Fujii N, Gail A, Galvan A, Ghosh S, Gieselmann MA, Gulli RA, Hikosaka O, Hosseini EA, Hu X, Hüer J, Inoue KI, Janz R, Jazayeri M, Jiang R, Ju N, Kar K, Klein C, Kohn A, Komatsu M, Maeda K, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Matsumoto M, Maunsell JHR, Mendoza-Halliday D, Monosov IE, Muers RS, Nurminen L, Ortiz-Rios M, O'Shea DJ, Palfi S, Petkov CI, Pojoga S, Rajalingham R, Ramakrishnan C, Remington ED, Revsine C, Roe AW, Sabes PN, Saunders RC, Scherberger H, Schmid MC, Schultz W, Seidemann E, Senova YS, Shadlen MN, Sheinberg DL, Siu C, Smith Y, Solomon SS, Sommer MA, Spudich JL, Stauffer WR, Takada M, Tang S, Thiele A, Treue S, Vanduffel W, Vogels R, Whitmire MP, Wichmann T, Wurtz RH, Xu H, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Shenoy KV, DiCarlo JJ, Platt ML. An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Optogenetics. Neuron 2020; 108:1075-1090.e6. [PMID: 33080229 PMCID: PMC7962465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has been mixed. To make evidence-based decisions in primate optogenetics, the scientific community would benefit from a centralized database listing all attempts, successful and unsuccessful, of using optogenetics in the primate brain. We contacted members of the community to ask for their contributions to an open science initiative. As of this writing, 45 laboratories around the world contributed more than 1,000 injection experiments, including precise details regarding their methods and outcomes. Of those entries, more than half had not been published. The resource is free for everyone to consult and contribute to on the Open Science Framework website. Here we review some of the insights from this initial release of the database and discuss methodological considerations to improve the success of optogenetic experiments in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tremblay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Leah Acker
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arash Afraz
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Albaugh
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Amita
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariana R Andrei
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Amir Aschner
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Puiu F Balan
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele A Basso
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giacomo Benvenuti
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Caiola
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Roberto Calcedo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - James Cavanaugh
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Spencer Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mykyta M Chernov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ji Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Samantha R Debes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Bioengineering, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Desimone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seth W Egger
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francesco Fabbrini
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Christopher R Fetsch
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience & Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michal G Fortuna
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert M Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Naotaka Fujii
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alexander Gail
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Supriya Ghosh
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc Alwin Gieselmann
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roberto A Gulli
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Hu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Janina Hüer
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rundong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Niansheng Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kohitij Kar
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carsten Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam Kohn
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Misako Komatsu
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeda
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - John H R Maunsell
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Neurosurgery and Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ross S Muers
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lauri Nurminen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, and Bio-X Institute, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sorin Pojoga
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rishi Rajalingham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Evan D Remington
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cambria Revsine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anna W Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Philip N Sabes
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development of Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LT, UK
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yann-Suhan Senova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, The Kavli Institute for Brain Science & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
| | - David L Sheinberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Caitlin Siu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Selina S Solomon
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John L Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William R Stauffer
- Systems Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shiming Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alexander Thiele
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Stefan Treue
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; MGH Martinos Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew P Whitmire
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Robert H Wurtz
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Haoran Xu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Neurobiology, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X Institute, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James J DiCarlo
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Marketing, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ju NS, Guan SC, Tao L, Tang SM, Yu C. Orientation Tuning and End-stopping in Macaque V1 Studied with Two-photon Calcium Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:2085-2097. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Orientation tuning is a fundamental response property of V1 neurons and has been extensively studied with single-/multiunit recording and intrinsic signal optical imaging. Long-term 2-photon calcium imaging allows simultaneous recording of hundreds of neurons at single neuron resolution over an extended time in awake macaques, which may help elucidate V1 orientation tuning properties in greater detail. We used this new technology to study the microstructures of orientation functional maps, as well as population tuning properties, in V1 superficial layers of 5 awake macaques. Cellular orientation maps displayed horizontal and vertical clustering of neurons according to orientation preferences, but not tuning bandwidths, as well as less frequent pinwheels than previous estimates. The orientation tuning bandwidths were narrower than previous layer-specific single-unit estimates, suggesting more precise orientation selectivity. Moreover, neurons tuned to cardinal and oblique orientations did not differ in quantities and bandwidths, likely indicating minimal V1 representation of the oblique effect. Our experimental design also permitted rough estimates of length tuning. The results revealed significantly more end-stopped cells at a more superficial 150 μm depth (vs. 300 μm), but unchanged orientation tuning bandwidth with different length tuning. These results will help construct more precise models of V1 orientation processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Sheng Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
| | - Shu-Chen Guan
- PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
| | - Louis Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
| | - Shi-Ming Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
- PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
- IDG-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
| | - Cong Yu
- PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
- IDG-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100181, China
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Picaud S, Sahel JA. [Vision restoration: science fiction or reality?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:1038-1044. [PMID: 33151850 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual prostheses aim at restoring useful vision to patients who have become blind. This useful vision should enable them to regain autonomy in society for navigation, face recognition or reading. Two retinal prostheses have already obtained market authorization for patients affected by retinal dystrophies while a new device is in clinical trials for patients affected by age-related macular degeneration. Various prostheses, in particular cortical prostheses, are currently in clinical trials for optic neuropathies (glaucoma). Optogenetic therapy, an alternative strategy, has now reached the stage of clinical trials at the retinal level while moving forward at the cortical level. Other innovating strategies have obtained proofs of concepts in rodents but require a further validation in large animals prior to their evaluation on patients. Restoring vision should therefore become a reality for many patients even if this vision will not be as extensive and perfect as natural vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Picaud
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm et CNRS, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm et CNRS, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France - Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, États-Unis - Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie (CHNO) des Quinze-Vingts, Département hospital-universitaire (DHU) Sight Restore, Inserm-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France - Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France
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31
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Ojemann WKS, Griggs DJ, Ip Z, Caballero O, Jahanian H, Martinez-Conde S, Macknik S, Yazdan-Shahmorad A. A MRI-Based Toolbox for Neurosurgical Planning in Nonhuman Primates. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/61098. [PMID: 32744531 PMCID: PMC8384434 DOI: 10.3791/61098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we outline a method for surgical preparation that allows for the practical planning of a variety of neurosurgeries in NHPs solely using data extracted from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This protocol allows for the generation of 3D printed anatomically accurate physical models of the brain and skull, as well as an agarose gel model of the brain modeling some of the mechanical properties of the brain. These models can be extracted from MRI using brain extraction software for the model of the brain, and custom code for the model of the skull. The preparation protocol takes advantage of state-of-the-art 3D printing technology to make interfacing brains, skulls, and molds for gel brain models. The skull and brain models can be used to visualize brain tissue inside the skull with the addition of a craniotomy in the custom code, allowing for better preparation for surgeries directly involving the brain. The applications of these methods are designed for surgeries involved in neurological stimulation and recording as well as injection, but the versatility of the system allows for future expansion of the protocol, extraction techniques, and models to a wider scope of surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K S Ojemann
- Bioengineering Department, University of Washington; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington
| | - Devon J Griggs
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Washington
| | - Zachary Ip
- Bioengineering Department, University of Washington; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington
| | - Olivya Caballero
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
| | | | | | - Stephen Macknik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Bioengineering Department, University of Washington; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Washington;
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Cushnie AK, El-Nahal HG, Bohlen MO, May PJ, Basso MA, Grimaldi P, Wang MZ, de Velasco Ezequiel MF, Sommer MA, Heilbronner SR. Using rAAV2-retro in rhesus macaques: Promise and caveats for circuit manipulation. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 345:108859. [PMID: 32668316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genetic technologies such as opto- and chemogenetics allow for the manipulation of brain circuits with unprecedented precision. Most studies employing these techniques have been undertaken in rodents, but a more human-homologous model for studying the brain is the nonhuman primate (NHP). Optimizing viral delivery of transgenes encoding actuator proteins could revolutionize the way we study neuronal circuits in NHPs. NEW METHOD: rAAV2-retro, a popular new capsid variant, produces robust retrograde labeling in rodents. Whether rAAV2-retro's highly efficient retrograde transport would translate to NHPs was unknown. Here, we characterized the anatomical distribution of labeling following injections of rAAV2-retro encoding opsins or DREADDs in the cortico-basal ganglia and oculomotor circuits of rhesus macaques. RESULTS rAAV2-retro injections in striatum, frontal eye field, and superior colliculus produced local labeling at injection sites and robust retrograde labeling in many afferent regions. In every case, however, a few brain regions with well-established projections to the injected structure lacked retrogradely labeled cells. We also observed robust terminal field labeling in downstream structures. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Patterns of labeling were similar to those obtained with traditional tract-tracers, except for some afferent labeling that was noticeably absent. CONCLUSIONS rAAV2-retro promises to be useful for circuit manipulation via retrograde transduction in NHPs, but caveats were revealed by our findings. Some afferently connected regions lacked retrogradely labeled cells, showed robust axon terminal labeling, or both. This highlights the importance of anatomically characterizing rAAV2-retro's expression in target circuits in NHPs before moving to manipulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana K Cushnie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Paul J May
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, United States
| | - Michele A Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, Univ. of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Piercesare Grimaldi
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, Univ. of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Maya Zhe Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | | | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Sarah R Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Kuner R, Kuner T. Cellular Circuits in the Brain and Their Modulation in Acute and Chronic Pain. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:213-258. [PMID: 32525759 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic, pathological pain remains a global health problem and a challenge to basic and clinical sciences. A major obstacle to preventing, treating, or reverting chronic pain has been that the nature of neural circuits underlying the diverse components of the complex, multidimensional experience of pain is not well understood. Moreover, chronic pain involves diverse maladaptive plasticity processes, which have not been decoded mechanistically in terms of involvement of specific circuits and cause-effect relationships. This review aims to discuss recent advances in our understanding of circuit connectivity in the mammalian brain at the level of regional contributions and specific cell types in acute and chronic pain. A major focus is placed on functional dissection of sub-neocortical brain circuits using optogenetics, chemogenetics, and imaging technological tools in rodent models with a view towards decoding sensory, affective, and motivational-cognitive dimensions of pain. The review summarizes recent breakthroughs and insights on structure-function properties in nociceptive circuits and higher order sub-neocortical modulatory circuits involved in aversion, learning, reward, and mood and their modulation by endogenous GABAergic inhibition, noradrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic pathways. The knowledge of neural circuits and their dynamic regulation via functional and structural plasticity will be beneficial towards designing and improving targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fredericks JM, Dash KE, Jaskot EM, Bennett TW, Lerchner W, Dold G, Ide D, Cummins AC, Der Minassian VH, Turchi JN, Richmond BJ, Eldridge MAG. Methods for mechanical delivery of viral vectors into rhesus monkey brain. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108730. [PMID: 32302596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern molecular tools make it possible to manipulate neural activity in a reversible and cell-type specific manner. For rhesus monkey research, molecular tools are generally introduced via viral vectors. New instruments designed specifically for use in monkey research are needed to enhance the efficiency and reliability of vector delivery. NEW METHOD A suite of multi-channel injection devices was developed to permit efficient and uniform vector delivery to cortical regions of the monkey brain. Manganese was co-infused with virus to allow rapid post-surgical confirmation of targeting accuracy using MRI. A needle guide was designed to increase the accuracy of sub-cortical targeting using stereotaxic co-ordinates. RESULTS The multi-channel injection devices produced dense, uniform coverage of dorsal surface cortex, ventral surface cortex, and intra-sulcal cortex, respectively. Co-infusion of manganese with the viral vector allowed for immediate verification of injection accuracy. The needle guide improved accuracy of targeting sub-cortical structures by preventing needle deflection. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The current methods, hand-held injections or single slow mechanical injection, for surface cortex transduction do not, in our hands, produce the density and uniformity of coverage provided by the injector arrays and associated infusion protocol. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency and reliability of vector delivery has been considerably improved by the development of new methods and instruments. This development should facilitate the translation of chemo- and optogenetic studies performed in smaller animals to larger animals such as rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Megan Fredericks
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Kiana E Dash
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emilia M Jaskot
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Walter Lerchner
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Dold
- Section on Instrumentation, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Ide
- Section on Instrumentation, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Janita N Turchi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Fallegger F, Schiavone G, Lacour SP. Conformable Hybrid Systems for Implantable Bioelectronic Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903904. [PMID: 31608508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conformable bioelectronic systems are promising tools that may aid the understanding of diseases, alleviate pathological symptoms such as chronic pain, heart arrhythmia, and dysfunctions, and assist in reversing conditions such as deafness, blindness, and paralysis. Combining reduced invasiveness with advanced electronic functions, hybrid bioelectronic systems have evolved tremendously in the last decade, pushed by progress in materials science, micro- and nanofabrication, system assembly and packaging, and biomedical engineering. Hybrid integration refers here to a technological approach to embed within mechanically compliant carrier substrates electronic components and circuits prepared with traditional electronic materials. This combination leverages mechanical and electronic performance of polymer substrates and device materials, respectively, and offers many opportunities for man-made systems to communicate with the body with unmet precision. However, trade-offs between materials selection, manufacturing processes, resolution, electrical function, mechanical integrity, biointegration, and reliability should be considered. Herein, prominent trends in manufacturing conformable hybrid systems are analyzed and key design, function, and validation principles are outlined together with the remaining challenges to produce reliable conformable, hybrid bioelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fallegger
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Schiavone
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie P Lacour
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
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36
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Hart WL, Richardson RT, Kameneva T, Thompson AC, Wise AK, Fallon JB, Stoddart PR, Needham K. Combined optogenetic and electrical stimulation of auditory neurons increases effective stimulation frequency-an in vitro study. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:016069. [PMID: 31923907 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab6a68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The performance of neuroprostheses, including cochlear and retinal implants, is currently constrained by the spatial resolution of electrical stimulation. Optogenetics has improved the spatial control of neurons in vivo but lacks the fast-temporal dynamics required for auditory and retinal signalling. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that combining optical and electrical stimulation in vitro could address some of the limitations associated with each of the stimulus modes when used independently. APPROACH The response of murine auditory neurons expressing ChR2-H134 to combined optical and electrical stimulation was characterised using whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology. MAIN RESULTS Optogenetic costimulation produces a three-fold increase in peak firing rate compared to optical stimulation alone and allows spikes to be evoked by combined subthreshold optical and electrical inputs. Subthreshold optical depolarisation also facilitated spiking in auditory neurons for periods of up to 30 ms without evidence of wide-scale Na+ inactivation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings may contribute to the development of spatially and temporally selective optogenetic-based neuroprosthetics and complement recent developments in 'fast opsins'.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Hart
- ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Rachael T Richardson
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Tatiana Kameneva
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
| | | | - Andrew K Wise
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - James B Fallon
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Paul R Stoddart
- ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Karina Needham
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Abstract
Developments of new strategies to restore vision and improving on current strategies by harnessing new advancements in material and electrical sciences, and biological and genetic-based technologies are of upmost health priorities around the world. Federal and private entities are spending billions of dollars on visual prosthetics technologies. This review describes the most current and state-of-the-art bioengineering technologies to restore vision. This includes a thorough description of traditional electrode-based visual prosthetics that have improved substantially since early prototypes. Recent advances in molecular and synthetic biology have transformed vision-assisted technologies; For example, optogenetic technologies that introduce light-responsive proteins offer excellent resolution but cortical applications are restricted by fiber implantation and tissue damage. Other stimulation modalities, such as magnetic fields, have been explored to achieve non-invasive neuromodulation. Miniature magnetic coils are currently being developed to activate select groups of neurons. Magnetically-responsive nanoparticles or exogenous proteins can significantly enhance the coupling between external electromagnetic devices and any neurons affiliated with these modifications. The need to minimize cytotoxic effects for nanoparticle-based therapies will likely restrict the number of usable materials. Nevertheless, advances in identifying and utilizing proteins that respond to magnetic fields may lead to non-invasive, cell-specific stimulation and may overcome many of the limitations that currently exist with other methods. Finally, sensory substitution systems also serve as viable visual prostheses by converting visual input to auditory and somatosensory stimuli. This review also discusses major challenges in the field and offers bioengineering strategies to overcome those.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Farnum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Galit Pelled
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Abstract
Monkeys are a premier model organism for neuroscience research. Activity in the central nervous systems of monkeys can be recorded and manipulated while they perform complex perceptual, motor, or cognitive tasks. Conventional techniques for manipulating neural activity in monkeys are too coarse to address many of the outstanding questions in primate neuroscience, but optogenetics holds the promise to overcome this hurdle. In this article, we review the progress that has been made in primate optogenetics over the past 5 years. We emphasize the use of gene regulatory sequences in viral vectors to target specific neuronal types, and we present data on vectors that we engineered to target parvalbumin-expressing neurons. We conclude with a discussion of the utility of optogenetics for treating sensorimotor hearing loss and Parkinson's disease, areas of translational neuroscience in which monkeys provide unique leverage for basic science and medicine.
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Macknik SL, Alexander RG, Caballero O, Chanovas J, Nielsen KJ, Nishimura N, Schaffer CB, Slovin H, Babayoff A, Barak R, Tang S, Ju N, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Alonso JM, Malinskiy E, Martinez-Conde S. Advanced Circuit and Cellular Imaging Methods in Nonhuman Primates. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8267-8274. [PMID: 31619496 PMCID: PMC6794937 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1168-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel genetically encoded tools and advanced microscopy methods have revolutionized neural circuit analyses in insects and rodents over the last two decades. Whereas numerous technical hurdles originally barred these methodologies from success in nonhuman primates (NHPs), current research has started to overcome those barriers. In some cases, methodological advances developed with NHPs have even surpassed their precursors. One such advance includes new ultra-large imaging windows on NHP cortex, which are larger than the entire rodent brain and allow analysis unprecedented ultra-large-scale circuits. NHP imaging chambers now remain patent for periods longer than a mouse's lifespan, allowing for long-term all-optical interrogation of identified circuits and neurons over timeframes that are relevant to human cognitive development. Here we present some recent imaging advances brought forth by research teams using macaques and marmosets. These include technical developments in optogenetics; voltage-, calcium- and glutamate-sensitive dye imaging; two-photon and wide-field optical imaging; viral delivery; and genetic expression of indicators and light-activated proteins that result in the visualization of tens of thousands of identified cortical neurons in NHPs. We describe a subset of the many recent advances in circuit and cellular imaging tools in NHPs focusing here primarily on the research presented during the corresponding mini-symposium at the 2019 Society for Neuroscience annual meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Macknik
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203,
| | - Robert G Alexander
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Olivya Caballero
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Jordi Chanovas
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Kristina J Nielsen
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hamutal Slovin
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Amit Babayoff
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Ravid Barak
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Shiming Tang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, and Peking University-International Data Group-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Niansheng Ju
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, and Peking University-International Data Group-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jose-Manuel Alonso
- State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036, and
| | | | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
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Kalaska JF. Emerging ideas and tools to study the emergent properties of the cortical neural circuits for voluntary motor control in non-human primates. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31275561 PMCID: PMC6544130 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17161.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, neurophysiological studies of the cerebral cortical mechanisms of voluntary motor control were limited to single-electrode recordings of the activity of one or a few neurons at a time. This approach was supported by the widely accepted belief that single neurons were the fundamental computational units of the brain (the “neuron doctrine”). Experiments were guided by motor-control models that proposed that the motor system attempted to plan and control specific parameters of a desired action, such as the direction, speed or causal forces of a reaching movement in specific coordinate frameworks, and that assumed that the controlled parameters would be expressed in the task-related activity of single neurons. The advent of chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays about 20 years ago permitted the simultaneous recording of the activity of many neurons. This greatly enhanced the ability to study neural control mechanisms at the population level. It has also shifted the focus of the analysis of neural activity from quantifying single-neuron correlates with different movement parameters to probing the structure of multi-neuron activity patterns to identify the emergent computational properties of cortical neural circuits. In particular, recent advances in “dimension reduction” algorithms have attempted to identify specific covariance patterns in multi-neuron activity which are presumed to reflect the underlying computational processes by which neural circuits convert the intention to perform a particular movement into the required causal descending motor commands. These analyses have led to many new perspectives and insights on how cortical motor circuits covertly plan and prepare to initiate a movement without causing muscle contractions, transition from preparation to overt execution of the desired movement, generate muscle-centered motor output commands, and learn new motor skills. Progress is also being made to import optical-imaging and optogenetic toolboxes from rodents to non-human primates to overcome some technical limitations of multi-electrode recording technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Kalaska
- Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
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Large Scale Double-Path Illumination System with Split Field of View for the All-Optical Study of Inter-and Intra-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity on Mice. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2010011. [PMID: 31164593 PMCID: PMC6481064 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent improvements in optical tools that can perturb brain activity and simultaneously reveal the elicited alterations in the associated regions offer an exceptional means to understand and map the connectivity of the brain. In this work, we exploit a combination of recently developed optical tools to monitor neural population at the meso-scale level and to mould the cortical patterns of targeted neuronal population. Our goal was to investigate the propagation of neuronal activity over the mouse cortex that is triggered by optogenetic stimulation in the contralateral hemisphere. Towards this aim, we developed a wide-field fluorescence microscope that is characterized by a double illumination path allowing for the optogenetic stimulation of the transfected area in the left hemisphere and the simultaneous recording of cortical activity in the right hemisphere. The microscope was further implemented with a custom shutter in order to split the LED illumination path, resulting in a half-obscured field of view. By avoiding the spectral crosstalk between GCaMP6f and channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), this system offered the possibility of simultaneous “pumping and probing” of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity on Thy1-GCaMP6f mice.
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