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Beatty NL, Kaur H, Schlaffer K, Thompson K, Manavalan P, Rijos ZR, Raman AA, Droghini HR, O’Connell EM. Subarachnoid Neurocysticercosis Case Series Reveals a Significant Delay in Diagnosis-Requiring a High Index of Suspicion Among Those at Risk. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae176. [PMID: 38680612 PMCID: PMC11055394 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis can be challenging to recognize, which often leads to a delay in diagnosis. We report 3 cases presenting as chronic headache disorders that highlight the unique manifestations seen with this form of neurocysticercosis and the role that the infectious diseases consultant can play in ensuring a timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Schlaffer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Preeti Manavalan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zulmarie R Rijos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Abhinandan A Raman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - H Richard Droghini
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise M O’Connell
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Zhu HX, Li YC, Yang XP, Chu YH, Guo W, Chen RX, Guo DD, Cheng LJ, Li Y. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Neurocysticercosis: A Retrospective Study from Dali, China. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 11:283-291. [PMID: 37970452 PMCID: PMC10634465 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_298_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a predominant parasitic disease that affects the central nervous system and presents with diverse clinical manifestations, is a major contributor to acquired epilepsy worldwide, particularly in low-, middle-, and upper middle-income nations, such as China. In China, the Yunnan Province bears a significant burden of this disease. Objective To describe the demographic, clinical, and radiological features as well as serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to cysticercus in patients with NCC from Dali, Yunnan Province, China. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients who were diagnosed with NCC at The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University between January 2018 and May 2023 and were residing in Dali, Yunnan Province, China. Results A total of 552 patients with NCC were included, of which 33.3% belonged to Bai ethnicity. The clinical presentation of NCC exhibited variability that was influenced by factors such as the number, location, and stage of the parasites. Epilepsy/seizure (49.9%) was the most prevalent symptom, with higher occurrence in the degenerative stage of cysts (P < 0.001). Compared with other locations, cysticerci located in the brain parenchyma are more likely to lead to seizures/epilepsy (OR = 17.45, 95% CI: 7.96-38.25) and headaches (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.23-7.41). Seizures/epilepsy are more likely in patients with cysts in the vesicular (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.12-6.61) and degenerative (OR = 102.38, 95% CI: 28.36-369.60) stages than those in the calcified stage. Seizures was not dependent on the number of lesions. All NCC patients underwent anthelminthic therapy, with the majority receiving albendazole (79.7%). Conclusion This study provides valuable clinical insights into NCC patients in Dali and underscores the significance of NCC as a leading preventable cause of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang-Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Ping Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Hao Chu
- Clinical Medical College, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Wang Guo
- Clinical Medical College, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruo-Xia Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Corda M, Sciurba J, Blaha J, Mahanty S, Paredes A, Garcia HH, Nash TE, Nutman TB, O’Connell EM. A recombinant monoclonal-based Taenia antigen assay that reflects disease activity in extra-parenchymal neurocysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010442. [PMID: 35617367 PMCID: PMC9176767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen tests for diagnosis and disease monitoring in some types of neurocysticercosis (NCC) are useful but access to testing has been limited by availability of proprietary reagents and/or kits. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three previously identified IgM-secreting hybridomas whose IgM products demonstrated specificity to Taenia solium underwent variable heavy and light chain sequencing and isotype conversion to mouse IgG. Screening of these recombinantly expressed IgG anti-Ts hybridomas, identified one (TsG10) with the highest affinity to crude Taenia antigen. TsG10 was then used as a capture antibody in a sandwich antigen detection immunoassay in combination with either a high titer polyclonal anti-Ts antibody or with biotinylated TsG10 (termed TsG10*bt). Using serum, plasma, and CSF samples from patients with active NCC and those from NCC-uninfected patients, ROC curve analyses demonstrated that the TsG10-TsG10-*bt assay achieved a 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity in detecting samples known to be antigen positive and outperformed the polyclonal based assay (sensitivity of 93% with 100% specificity). By comparing levels of Ts antigen (Ag) in paired CSF (n = 10) or plasma/serum (n = 19) samples from well-characterized patients with extra-parenchymal NCC early in infection and at the time of definitive cure, all but 2 (1 from CSF and 1 from plasma) became undetectable. There was a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98) between the Ag levels detected by this new assay and levels found by a commercial assay. Pilot studies indicate that this antigen can be detected in the urine of patients with active NCC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A newly developed recombinant monoclonal antibody-based Ts Ag detection immunoassay is extremely sensitive in the detection of extra-parenchymal NCC and can be used to monitor the success of treatment in the CSF, serum/plasma and urine. The ability to produce recombinant TsG10 at scale should enable use of this antigen detection immunoassay wherever NCC is endemic. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00001205 - & NCT00001645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelynn Corda
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Sciurba
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiana Blaha
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne & The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Theodore E. Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elise M. O’Connell
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Jiménez L, Castro-Nolasco NK, Fleury A, Díaz-Camacho SP, Ochoa-Sánchez A, Landa A. Evaluation of recombinant glutathione transferase 26 kDa, thioredoxin-1, and endophilin B1 of Taenia solium in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106294. [PMID: 34963579 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium larvae is a neglected disease that persists in several countries, including Mexico, and causes a high disability-adjusted life year burden. Neuroimaging tools such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the most efficient for its detection, but low availability and high costs in most endemic regions limit their use. Serological methods such as lentil lectin-purified glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot antibody detection and monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for HP10 antigen detection have been useful in supporting the diagnosis of this disease. We evaluated three T. solium recombinant antigens: glutathione transferase of 26 kDa (Ts26GST); thioredoxin-1 (TsTrx-1), and endophilin B1 (TsMEndoB1) by EITB. These are antigenic proteins antigenic, abundant in excretion/secretion products of the parasite, and do not cross-react with homologous host proteins. Ts26GST and TsTrx-1 showed sensitivity of 79 and 88%, specificity of 86 and 97%, PPV of 83 and 97% and NPV of 82 and 91%, respectively, for neurocysticercosis diagnosis. The recombinant antigens allowed the diagnosis of 70% (Ts26GST) and 80% (TsTrx-1) of patients having only one cysticercus. Further studies on specific regions of these proteins could improve T. solium diagnostics.
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Veeravigrom M, Thampratankul L. Neurocysticercosis in Children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2022; 69:115-127. [PMID: 34794669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is one of the most common parasitic infections in the central nervous system in children. The usual clinical manifestation is new-onset focal seizure. However, there are other multiple clinical manifestations, such as increased intracranial pressure, meningoencephalitis, spinal cord syndrome, and blindness. The diagnosis needs high index of suspicion with clinical history, physical examination, neuroimaging, and immunologic studies. Recent advances in neuroimaging and serology facilitate the accurate diagnosis. Management of neurocysticercosis should focus on critical symptoms first, such as the use of antiepileptic drugs and medical or surgical therapy for increased intracranial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montida Veeravigrom
- Section of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Room C-526, MC 3055, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Lunliya Thampratankul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (SUBNCC) is caused by a morphologically unique proliferative form of Taenia solium involving the subarachnoid spaces. Prolonged therapy based upon the pathophysiology of SUBNCC and long-term follow-up have shed light on the course of disease and led to highly improved outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS SUBNCC has a prolonged incubation period of between 10 and 25 years characterized by cyst proliferation and growth and invasion of contiguous spaces leading to mass effect (Stage 1). With induction of the host-immune responses, cysts degenerate leading to a predominately inflammatory arachnoiditis (Stage 2) causing hydrocephalus, infarcts, and other inflammatory based neurological manifestations. Inactive disease (Stage 3) may occur naturally but mostly is a result of successful treatment, which generally requires prolonged intensive anthelminthic and antiinflammatory treatments. Cerebral spinal fluid cestode antigen or cestode DNA falling to nondetectable levels predicts effective treatment. Prolonged treatment with extended follow-up has resulted in moderate disability and no mortality. Repeated short intensive 8-14-day courses of treatment are also used, but long-term outcomes and safety using this strategy are not reported. SUMMARY SUBNCC gives rise to a chronic arachnoiditis. Its unique ability to proliferate and induce inflammatory responses requires long-term anthelmintic and antiinflammatory medications.
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Butala C, Brook TM, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Neurocysticercosis: Current Perspectives on Diagnosis and Management. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615703. [PMID: 34041288 PMCID: PMC8141574 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cysticercosis, human taeniasis, and (neuro)cysticercosis are endemic in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where they present a significant health burden to affected communities. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the leading causes of human epilepsy in many hyperendemic regions in Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an estimated 2.5-8.3 million cases of NCC annually with a disability-adjusted life year (DALY) burden of 2.8 million, but as for all neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), these values are likely to be underestimated. Diagnosis of NCC is complex and most accurately diagnosed using clinical neuroimaging that is unavailable in most hyperendemic regions in LMIC. On January 28, 2021, WHO will launch its road map for the NTDs' "Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030." Taeniasis/cysticercosis is targeted for control success considered as steady increase in the number of countries with intensified control in hyperendemic areas [increasing from 2 (3%) in 2020 to 4 (6%) in 2023, to 9 (14%) by 2025, and to 17 (27%) by 2030]. Cross-cutting targets that include 100% access to at least basic water supply, sanitation, and hygiene in areas endemic for NTDs and 75% integrated treatment coverage for preventative chemotherapy will additionally impact on the taeniasis/cysticercosis/NCC complex. With no vaccine available for humans, prevention of infection depends on communication to the public of the life cycle of a complex zoonosis to promote behavior change, underpinned by practical control measures including treatment of human taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis with albendazole and praziquantel [widely used as part of the mass drug administration (MDA) deworming programs], surgery where appropriate, and effective vaccination and deworming for pigs supported by meat inspection. Here, we review recent advances in tools and implementation for Taenia solium taeniasis/(neuro)cysticercosis (TSTC) control and milestones on the onward path to elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Butala
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T. M. Brook
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ayodele O. Majekodunmi
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ouma E, Dione M, Mtimet N, Lule P, Colston A, Adediran S, Grace D. Demand for Taenia solium Cysticercosis Vaccine: Lessons and Insights From the Pig Production and Trading Nodes of the Uganda Pig Value Chain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:611166. [PMID: 33987216 PMCID: PMC8110731 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis disease remains a key challenge to the pig sector in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South East Asia, resulting in both economic losses and public health impacts. The World Health Organization has ranked it first on the global scale of foodborne parasites. A One Health approach has been recommended for reduction of infection pressure and eradication in the longer term. A new vaccine TSOL18 (Cysvax™), applied in combination with oxfendazole (Paranthic 10%™), a dewormer drug has been developed and field tested for the control of T. solium cysticercosis, with high potential to break the disease cycle. It is however unclear whether the products can be marketed through a market driven approach, and if smallholder pig farmers would be willing to take up and pay for the vaccine–oxfendazole combination. A choice experiment methodology was used to assess the potential demand and willingness to pay for the vaccine—oxfendazole combination by Ugandan smallholder pig farmers, and demand for vaccinated pigs by pig traders. The results showed that farmers highly valued quality assurance attributes and were not keen on the vaccine if there were no associated returns in the form of premium price for vaccinated pigs during sales. They were willing to pay US$ 2.31 for the vaccine if it resulted in a premium price for vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, they preferred an accompanying vaccine viability detector as part of its quality assurance. The pig traders on the other hand preferred high carcass weight of pigs, potentially achieved by using oxfendazole. The results show that unless the pig market systems pay a premium price for vaccinated pigs, and quality assurance systems guarantee quality vaccine, uptake of the TSOL18 vaccine and oxfendazole by farmers through market mechanisms may be unsuccessful. The current pig marketing system does not reward food safety, the focus is mainly on carcass weight. Alternative delivery mechanisms for the vaccine through a mix of private–public investments needs to be explored, as the benefits of vaccinated pigs are societal and include reduction and elimination of neurocysticercosis in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ouma
- Policies, Institutions and Livelihood Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nadhem Mtimet
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter Lule
- Policies, Institutions and Livelihood Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Angie Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Adediran
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Nairobi, Kenya.,Impact at Scale Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Food Safety Systems, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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O'Connell EM, Harrison S, Dahlstrom E, Nash T, Nutman TB. A Novel, Highly Sensitive Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Subarachnoid and Ventricular Neurocysticercosis and for Assessing Responses to Treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1875-1881. [PMID: 31232448 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (NCC) is complicated, and assays that can guide treatment are not widely available. The reproducibility and scalability of molecular-based biomarkers would be of great use. METHODS The Taenia solium genome was mined and primers and probes were designed to target repeats with the highest coverage; the most sensitive, specific, and efficient repeat (TsolR13) was selected for clinical testing. We tested 46 plasma samples and 36 cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples taken from patients with subarachnoid or ventricular disease using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS The analytic sensitivity of TsolR13 was 97.3% at 240 attograms (ag) of T. solium genomic DNA and 100% analytic specificity. The clinical sensitivity in detecting active subarachnoid or ventricular disease in symptomatic patients was 100% in CSF and 81.3% in plasma. The predictive ability to distinguish active from cured disease was better for CSF (94.4% of those cured had negative qPCR results) than for plasma (86.7% of those cured tested negative). Some subjects also had plasma DNA detectable intermittently for years after being cured. Overall, the test performance was equivalent to T. solium antigen detection. CONCLUSIONS A qPCR test for the detection of the highly repetitive Tsol13 sequence has been developed and shown to be highly sensitive and specific for NCC, but also useful as a test of cure in CSF and for the definitive diagnosis of NCC in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M O'Connell
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah Harrison
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Extraparenchymal human neurocysticercosis induces autoantibodies against brain tubulin and MOG35–55 in cerebral spinal fluid. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mendlovic F, Fleury A, Flisser A. Zoonotic Taenia infections with focus on cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in swine and humans. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:69-77. [PMID: 33321377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic taeniasis caused by the adult stage of Taenia solium, Taenia saginata or Taenia asiatica are considered neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. The life cycle of these 3 metazoan species is very similar and includes an intermediate host: pigs in the case of T. solium and T. asiatica, and cattle in the case of T. saginata. By eating meat (pork/T. solium, T. asiatica; beef/T. saginata) containing live cysticerci, humans develop taeniasis, which is practically asymptomatic but is the main risk factor for intermediate hosts to become infected. T. saginata causes bovine cysticercosis, while T. solium and T. asiatica cause swine cysticercosis, of veterinary and economic importance. T. solium cysticerci cause neurological disease in humans: neurocysticercosis. Cysticerci develop after ingesting microscopic eggs released from a human tapeworm carrier. Here we describe the life stages of the parasites, diagnosis, pathogenesis, symptomatology of neurocysticercosis, and prevention and control measures. Highlighting the need to validate diagnostic tools, treatments and vaccination in endemic areas, with the challenge of addressing the most vulnerable populations that lack resources. If people understand the transmission route, avoid eating uncooked or insufficiently cooked meat and have adequate hygienic habits, the life cycle of the 3 zoonotic Taenia species may be interrupted. In addition, we describe the growing field of immune response and immunomodulation elicited by the parasites, which may provide essential tools for diagnosis, treatment, control of taeniasis/cysticercosis, as well as for identification of parasite-derived immunomodulators that could aid in the treatment of emerging inflammatory diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fela Mendlovic
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suárez", SSA, Av. Insurgentes sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Parkhouse RME, Carpio A, Cortez MM, von Kriegsheim A, Fesel C. Anti-brain protein autoantibodies are detectable in extraparenchymal but not parenchymal neurocysticercosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Nash TE, O'Connell EM, Hammoud DA, Wetzler L, Ware JM, Mahanty S. Natural History of Treated Subarachnoid Neurocysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:78-89. [PMID: 31642423 PMCID: PMC6947806 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (SUBNCC) is usually caused by an aberrant proliferative form of Taenia solium causing mass effect and arachnoiditis. Thirty of 34 SUBNCC patients were treated with extended cysticidal and anti-inflammatory regimens and followed up a median of 4.2 years posttreatment (range: 15 for ≥ 4 years, 20 ≥ 2 years, 26 > 1 year, and 3 < 1 year). The median ages at the time of first symptom, diagnosis, and enrollment were 29.7, 35.6, and 37.9 years, respectively; 58.8% were male and 82.4% were Hispanic. The median time from immigration to symptoms (minimum incubation) was 10 years and the estimated true incubation period considerably greater. Fifty percent also had other forms of NCC. Common complications were hydrocephalus (56%), shunt placement (41%), infarcts (18%), and symptomatic spinal disease (15%). Thirty patients (88.2%) required prolonged treatment with albendazole (88.2%, median 0.55 year) and/or praziquantel (61.8%; median 0.96 year), corticosteroids (88.2%, median 1.09 years), methotrexate (50%, median 1.37 years), and etanercept (34.2%, median 0.81 year), which led to sustained inactive disease in 29/30 (96.7%) patients. Three were treated successfully for recurrences and one has continuing infection. Normalization of cerebral spinal fluid parameters and cestode antigen levels guided treatment decisions. All 15 patients with undetectable cestode antigen values have sustained inactive disease. There were no deaths and moderate morbidity posttreatment. Corticosteroid-related side effects were common, avascular necrosis of joints being the most serious (8/33, 24.2%). Prolonged cysticidal treatment and effective control of inflammation led to good clinical outcomes and sustained inactive disease which is likely curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise M O'Connell
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lauren Wetzler
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - JeanAnne M Ware
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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14
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White AC, Coyle CM. Diagnosis and Management of Neurocysticercosis: Will Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Help? Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:1882-1883. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Christina M Coyle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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15
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White AC, Fleury A. Optimal Treatment for Subarachnoid Neurocysticercosis: Closer, but Not There yet. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1-2. [PMID: 31674300 PMCID: PMC6947791 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses select helminthic parasitic infections that may affect the central nervous system and reviews the epidemiology, neurologic presentation, recommended diagnostic testing, and treatment approach to these infections. RECENT FINDINGS Emigration from and travel to areas endemic for helminthic infections that affect the nervous system has led to increased incidence of parasitic neurologic disease in developed countries, necessitating that neurologists be familiar with the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to these diseases. Evidence is emerging on the optimal treatment for neurocysticercosis, which varies based on the form of the disease in the nervous system. SUMMARY Parenchymal neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, and extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis is responsible for many cases of hydrocephalus. Recognition of the different stages and locations of neurocysticercosis is essential for proper management. Similarly, schistosomiasis constitutes a major cause of myelopathy in endemic areas and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to avoid permanent deficits.
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17
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Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Carpio A, Van den Enden E, Benítez-Ortiz W. Monitoring treatment of Taenia solium- neurocysticercosis by detection of circulating antigens: a case report. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:52. [PMID: 30943908 PMCID: PMC6446330 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenchymal neurocysticercosis is a frequent cause of seizures in areas endemic for Taenia solium. At present there is scarce data on the evolution of the levels of circulating metacestodal antigen before, during and after treatment with anthelmintic drugs. CASE PRESENTATION A patient with paucisymptomatic neurocysticercosis (NCC) diagnosed by Ag-ELISA, and confirmed by MRI images, was treated with praziquantel, albendazole and dexamethasone. The level of circulating T. solium antigen was determined weekly. Circulating antigen disappeared from his blood within 14 days after the start of the treatment and correlated with the involution of the cysticerci in the brain shown by imaging. Seventeen years later, the patient has not shown any side effect nor symptoms related to the treatment or to NCC. CONCLUSIONS If this encouraging finding is confirmed in a larger series of patients, this technique could be used to determine parasitological cure after treatment and might complement or sometimes replace sequential MRI-imaging of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Arturo Carpio
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Erwin Van den Enden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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18
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Osorio R, Carrillo-Mezo R, Romo ML, Toledo A, Matus C, González-Hernández I, Jung H, Fleury A. Factors Associated With Cysticidal Treatment Response in Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 59:548-556. [PMID: 30476351 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis is the most severe form of cysticercosis, and response to treatment is suboptimal. We sought to determine how demographic and clinical characteristics and albendazole sulfoxide concentrations were related to cysticidal treatment response. We conducted a longitudinal study of 31 participants with extraparenchymal vesicular parasites who received the same treatment, albendazole 30 mg/kg/day for 10 days with dexamethasone 0.4 mg/kg/day for 13 days, followed by a prednisone taper. Response to treatment was determined by parasite volumes before and 6 months after treatment. Eight participants (25.8%) had a complete treatment response, 16 (51.6%) had a treatment response > 50% but < 100%, and 7 (22.6%) had a treatment response < 50%. Complete treatment response was significantly associated with higher concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide (P = .032), younger age (P = .032), fewer cysts (P = .049) and lower pretreatment parasite volume (P = .037). Higher number of previous cysticidal treatment courses was associated with a noncomplete treatment response (P = .023). Although the large proportion of participants with less than a complete response emphasizes the need to develop more efficacious pharmacologic regimens, the association of albendazole sulfoxide concentrations with treatment response highlights the importance of optimizing existing therapeutic regimens. In addition, the association of treatment response with parasite volume emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Osorio
- Neuroinflammation Unit, IIBM-UNAM/INNN/Facultad de Medicina- UNAM, Ciudad de México, México.,Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roger Carrillo-Mezo
- Neuroradiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Matthew L Romo
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Andrea Toledo
- Neuroinflammation Unit, IIBM-UNAM/INNN/Facultad de Medicina- UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Matus
- Neuroinflammation Unit, IIBM-UNAM/INNN/Facultad de Medicina- UNAM, Ciudad de México, México.,Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Iliana González-Hernández
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Helgi Jung
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Neuroinflammation Unit, IIBM-UNAM/INNN/Facultad de Medicina- UNAM, Ciudad de México, México.,Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
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19
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Parkhouse RME, Carpio A, Campoverde A, Sastre P, Rojas G, Harrison LJS, Cortez MM. A modified lateral flow assay, using serum, for the rapid identification of human and bovine cysticercosis in the absence of false positives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 113:101-104. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Carpio
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril y Av. Loja. Cuenca, Ecuador
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfredo Campoverde
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril y Av. Loja. Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - Glenda Rojas
- Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Dr. Francisco J. Triana-Alonso’ Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela
| | - Leslie J S Harrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria Milagros Cortez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Dr. Francisco J. Triana-Alonso’ Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela
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20
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21
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Symeonidou I, Arsenopoulos K, Tzilves D, Soba B, Gabriël S, Papadopoulos E. Human taeniasis/cysticercosis: a potentially emerging parasitic disease in Europe. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:406-412. [PMID: 29991885 PMCID: PMC6033766 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia saginata (T. saginata)/Taenia solium (T. solium) taeniasis/cysticercosis disease complexes remain a significant challenge for food safety and public health. Human taeniasis is an infectious disease caused by the ingestion of the metacestode larval stage, the cysticerci of T. saginata in beef or T. solium in pork. Humans can also become infected via the ingestion of T. solium eggs. In this case, the cysticerci can establish in the central nervous system, causing the infection called neurocysticercosis. T. solium is of higher importance than T. saginata because the former species can cause neurocysticercosis in humans, a major cause of neurological morbidity in the world. The taeniasis/cysticercosis complex is included in the list of neglected zoonotic diseases by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, with T. solium being the number one foodborne parasite; it occurs mostly in developing countries, such as regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America, where the disease remains endemic. Long absent in Western Europe and other developed countries, cysticercosis has been recently re-emerged as a result of immigration, travel and commerce. In this review, cysticercosis is presented with special emphasis on some aspects of this neglected disease: the main clinical manifestations, risk factors and epidemiology. In addition, any recent advances in diagnostic approaches and treatment are discussed. Finally, the complexities involved in the control of the disease and the need to revise current management strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
| | - Konstantinos Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
| | - Dimitrios Tzilves
- Gastroenterology Department, Theageneio Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece (Dimitrios Tzilves)
| | - Barbara Soba
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia (Barbara Soba)
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium (Sarah Gabriël)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
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22
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Abstract
The normal physiologic changes during pregnancy contribute to nutritional, metabolic, and immunologic adjustments, which can have an impact on the presentation of several diseases. New onset seizures during pregnancy and the postpartum can be attributed to several etiologies. Patient demographic data as well as personal and social histories are key in determining the etiology of new onset seizures. Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a commonly overlooked etiology, must be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with new onset seizures coming from NCC endemic areas. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, exposure history, imaging, and serology. We present two cases of patients with NCC that became symptomatic during pregnancy or postpartum period. We will review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of NCC in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Webb
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mauricio La Rosa
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gayle Olson
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Miguel Cabada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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23
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Parkhouse RME, Carpio A, Campoverde A, Sastre P, Rojas G, Cortez MM. Reciprocal contribution of clinical studies and the HP10 antigen ELISA for the diagnosis of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop 2018; 178:119-123. [PMID: 29155204 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate diagnosis of active neurocysticercosis, paired cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 24 neurocysticercosis (NCC) patients and 17 control neurological patients were assayed in the HP10 Taenia antigen (Ag) ELISA. The CSF samples were also tested with an HP10 Lateral Flow Assay (LFA). The HP10 Ag was detected by ELISA in the CSF of 5/5 patients with Definitive extraparenchymal NCC, and in 4/5 of the corresponding sera. In the Definitive parenchymal group, on the other hand, the HP10 Ag was absent in 2/3 CSF (with a very low value in the one positive sample) and all the corresponding serum samples. Samples of CSF from 4/7 patients in the Probable parenchymal group, were also significantly HP10 Ag positive, suggesting the presence of extraparenchymal cysts not identified by the imaging studies. With the possible exception of one patient, the corresponding serum samples of the Probable parenchymal NCC group, were all HP10 Ag negative. Samples of CSF from 9 NCC patients diagnosed with Mixed parenchymal and extraparenchymal NCC were all significantly HP10 Ag positive, confirming the presence of extraparenchymal cysts, with only 7/9 of the corresponding serum samples being HP10 positive. Thus detection of the HP10 Ag indicates extraparenchymal and not parenchymal cyst localization and is more sensitive with CSF than serum. Three neurological patients clinically diagnosed as subarachnoid cyst, hydrocephalus and tuberculoma, respectively, were clearly positive for HP10 Ag. Of these, two were confirmed as NCC by subsequent imaging; the third died prior to further examination. Thus, a total of 8 patients had their clinical diagnosis questioned. Finally, there was good agreement between the HP10 Ag ELISA and LFA with CSF samples giving an optical density ≥0.4 in the ELISA assay. In conclusion, the HP10 Ag assay should provide a valuable and reciprocal tool in the clinical diagnosis and follow up of extraparenchymal NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael E Parkhouse
- Institute Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Arturo Carpio
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril y Av. Loja, Ecuador; GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alfredo Campoverde
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril y Av. Loja, Ecuador.
| | | | - Glenda Rojas
- Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela; Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana-Alonso" Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela.
| | - María Milagros Cortez
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana-Alonso" Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela.
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24
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Brizzi K, Pelden S, Tshokey T, Nirola DK, Diamond MB, Klein JP, Tshering L, Deki S, Nidup D, Bruno V, Dorny P, Garcia HH, Mateen FJ. Neurocysticercosis in Bhutan: a cross-sectional study in people with epilepsy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 110:517-526. [PMID: 27794094 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to provide an assessment of the burden of neurocysticercosis among people with epilepsy (PWE) in Bhutan and evaluate the yield of various tests for Taenia solium. METHODS PWE were enrolled at the National Referral Hospital in Thimphu (2014-2015). Serum was tested for anti-Taenia solium IgG using ELISA (Ab-ELISA), enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB), and parasite antigen. Results were compared to brain MRI. Participants were categorized as definite neurocysticercosis (MRI and EITB positive), probable neurocysticercosis (MRI or EITB positive), or without neurocysticercosis. Logistic regression models were constructed to explore clinicodemographic associations. RESULTS There were 12/205 (6%, 95% CI 2%, 9%) definite and 40/205 (20%, 95% CI 14%, 25%) probable neurocysticercosis cases. 25/205 (12%) with positive EITB did not have neurocysticercosis on MRI, and 15/205 (7%) participants with positive MRI had negative EITB. Participants with neurocysticercosis-suggestive lesions on MRI had an average of 1.2 cysts (parenchymal 26/27; nodular/calcified stage 21/27). In a multivariable analysis, present age (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01,1.09, p=0.025) was positively associated with (combined probable or definite) neurocysticercosis while mesial temporal sclerosis on MRI (OR 0.294, 95% CI 0.144, 0.598, p=0.001) was negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS Neurocysticercosis was associated with 6-25% of epilepsy in a Bhutanese cohort. Combining EITB and MRI would aid the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis among PWE since no test identified all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Brizzi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonam Pelden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan
| | - Tshokey Tshokey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan
| | - Damber K Nirola
- Department of Psychiatry, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan
| | | | - Joshua P Klein
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lhab Tshering
- Department of Psychiatry, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan
| | - Sonam Deki
- Department of Psychiatry, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan
| | - Dechen Nidup
- Department of Radiology, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan
| | | | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hector Hugo Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto de Ciencias Neurologicas, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetan Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Farrah J Mateen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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The HP10 Taenia monoclonal antibody-based ELISA detects a similar protein in the vesicular fluid of Taenia hydatigena. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:697-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Gómez-Morales MA, Gárate T, Blocher J, Devleesschauwer B, Smit GSA, Schmidt V, Perteguer MJ, Ludovisi A, Pozio E, Dorny P, Gabriël S, Winkler AS. Present status of laboratory diagnosis of human taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:2029-2040. [PMID: 28669015 PMCID: PMC5653711 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human cysticercosis (CC) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage (cyst) of the Taenia solium. Cysts can establish in the human central nervous system (neurocysticercosis, NCC) and other organs and tissues; they also develop in pigs, the natural intermediate host. Human taeniosis may be caused by T. solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica tapeworms; these infections are usually asymptomatic, but show a significant relevance as they perpetuate the parasites’ life cycle, and, in the case of T. solium, they are the origin of (N)CC. In European Union (EU) member states and associated countries, the occurrence of autochthonous T. solium cases is debated, and imported cases have significantly increased lately; the status of T. asiatica has been never reported, whereas T. saginata is prevalent and causes an economic impact due to condemned carcasses. Based on their effects on the EU society, the specific diagnosis of these pathologies is relevant for their prevention and control. The aims of this study were to know the diagnostic tests used in European laboratories for human taeniosis/cysticercosis by means of a questionnaire, to determine potential gaps in their detection, and to obtain preliminary data on the number of diagnosed taeniosis/CC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gómez-Morales
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - T Gárate
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Blocher
- Institute of Acute Neurology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - B Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G S A Smit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - M J Perteguer
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - P Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A S Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo, Norway.
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Hernández-González A, Noh J, Perteguer MJ, Gárate T, Handali S. Comparison of T24H-his, GST-T24H and GST-Ts8B2 recombinant antigens in western blot, ELISA and multiplex bead-based assay for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:237. [PMID: 28506245 PMCID: PMC5433036 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, the reference standard assay for the serodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the lentil lectin-bound glycoproteins/enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (LLGP-EITB). The main disadvantage of this technique is the complexity of obtaining and purifying the LLGP extract. This could be solved by replacement with highly specific recombinant antigens from Taenia solium. Based on previous studies, we selected and produced the recombinant Ts8B2 and T24H proteins and applied them to three diagnostic techniques: western blot (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the multiplex bead-based assay (MBA). Methods The Ts8B2 and T24H cDNA sequences were expressed in a prokaryotic system and the corresponding expression products purified; three recombinant proteins were further characterized: T24H-his, GST-T24H and GST-Ts8B2. The proteins on WB, ELISA and MBA were tested against 149 sera from patients with NCC confirmed by brain imaging, 40 sera from patients with other parasitic diseases, and 131 sera from US. individuals without evidence of neurocysticercosis (clinical/serological/brain imaging). The sensitivity and specificity of each antigen by WB were calculated by counting the number of true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative results. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the cut-off values for the ELISA and MBA were established as well as the sensitivity and specificity of each assay. Results All three antigens showed a high sensitivity on WB in active NCC cases with two or more viable cysts and low sensitivity for cases with single viable cyst or calcified lesions and inactive NCC. WB showed the highest specificity and sensitivity out of the three diagnostic techniques. The recombinant T24H-his was the best diagnostic reagent in WB (100% sensitivity, 99.4% specificity), exhibiting similar results to the LLGP-EITB, against the same panel of NCC sera. The GST-T24H antigen worked better than the others in ELISA and MBA protocols (88.3 and 96.1% sensitivity, respectively and 96.5% specificity). Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity that we obtained were similar to results from a previous study using a similar recombinant antigen (rT24H), suggesting that recombinant antigens may be good alternatives to crude extracts in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, these antigens can be applied in the development of point-of-care tests which would be useful in NCC field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-González
- Helminth Unit, Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Crtra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - John Noh
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30329, GA, USA
| | - María Jesús Perteguer
- Helminth Unit, Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Crtra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Helminth Unit, Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Crtra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30329, GA, USA
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Carabin H, Winkler AS, Dorny P. Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniosis: Achievements from the past 10 years and the way forward. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005478. [PMID: 28426664 PMCID: PMC5398508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Carabin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Unit of Veterinary Helminthology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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29
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Fleury A, Sastre P, Sciutto E, Correia S, Monedero A, Toledo A, Hernandez M, Harrison LJS, Parkhouse RME. A lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid detection of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis using cerebrospinal fluid. Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:S0014-4894(16)30277-6. [PMID: 27983954 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A lateral flow assay (LFA) for the diagnosis and monitoring of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis, has been developed. The assay is based on the use of the monoclonal antibody HP10, and when applied to cerebrospinal fluid, correctly identified 34 cases of active extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis, but was negative with 26 samples from treated and cured neurocysticercosis patients and with 20 samples from unrelated neurological diseases. There was complete agreement between the HP10 Ag-ELISA results and the HP10-LFA. The HP10-LFA thus has utility for diagnosis and treatment of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis, frequently a more dangerous form of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Fleury
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia, Facultad de Médicina-UNAM), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, delegación Tlalpan, Mexico D.F, Mexico; Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia, Mexico D.F, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Sastre
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (INGENASA), C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Silvia Correia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Alejandro Monedero
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (INGENASA), C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Toledo
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia, Facultad de Médicina-UNAM), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, delegación Tlalpan, Mexico D.F, Mexico.
| | - Maricela Hernandez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Leslie J S Harrison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, ROSLIN, Midlothian, EH259RG Scotland, UK.
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is an important cause of seizures worldwide and is endemic in most of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, India, and China. Neurocysticercosis has profoundly different disease manifestations varying from asymptomatic presentation to life-threatening hydrocephalus. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and optimal treatment vary with the location, number of lesions, and host response. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, history of exposure, and serologic testing. Initial therapy should be focused on symptom management including seizure control and management of increased intracranial pressure. Emerging data are demonstrating that the optimal management approach varies with stage. Single enhancing or cystic lesions should be treated with albendazole and steroids. Patients with more than two cystic lesions should be treated with combination therapy with albendazole and praziquantel, whereas patients with hydrocephalus benefit from surgical management, especially with minimally invasive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Webb
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Rt 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555-0435, USA
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Rt 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555-0435, USA.
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31
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Carpio A, Fleury A, Romo ML, Sander JW. Reply. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:954. [PMID: 27730673 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Carpio
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Secretaría de Salud, México, DF, México.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma, México, DF, México
| | - Matthew L Romo
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.,CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
| | - Josemir W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
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Paredes A, Sáenz P, Marzal MW, Orrego MA, Castillo Y, Rivera A, Mahanty S, Guerra-Giraldez C, García HH, Nash TE. Anti-Taenia solium monoclonal antibodies for the detection of parasite antigens in body fluids from patients with neurocysticercosis. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:37-43. [PMID: 27018063 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), an infection of the brain by Taenia solium (Ts) cysts, is the most common cause of adult-onset epilepsy in developing countries. Serological testing consists primarily of varying methods to detect antibodies in body fluids and more recently antigen (Ag) detection assays to identify individuals or animals with viable parasites. Antigen assays currently in use employ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against T. saginata, which have known cross reactivity to animal cestodes but are highly specific in human samples. We produced, characterized and tested 21 mAbs raised against T. solium whole cyst antigens, vesicular fluid or excretory secretory products. Reactivity of the TsmAbs against specific cyst structures was determined using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry on histological sections of Ts muscle cysts. Four TsmAbs reacted to vesicular space alone, 9 to the neck and cyst wall, one to the neck and vesicular space and 7 to the neck, cyst wall and vesicular space. An in-house ELISA assay to detect circulating Ts antigen, using the TsmAbs as capture antibodies and a rabbit polyclonal anti-Ts whole cyst antibody as a detector antibody demonstrated that eight of the 21 TsmAbs detected antigens in known NCC-positive human sera and three of these also in urine samples. Reactivity was expressed as normalized ratios of optical densities (OD positive control/OD negative control). Three TsmAbs had ratios >10 and five between 2 and 10. The TsmAbs have potential utility for the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of patients with viable NCC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Paredes
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel W Marzal
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel A Orrego
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Yesenia Castillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrea Rivera
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Guerra-Giraldez
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Hector H García
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Unidad de Cisticercosis, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Theodore E Nash
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologia en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Carpio A, Romo ML, Parkhouse RME, Short B, Dua T. Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system: lessons for clinicians and policy makers. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:401-14. [PMID: 26894629 PMCID: PMC4926779 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1155454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system are associated with high mortality and morbidity, especially in resource-limited settings. The burden of these diseases is amplified as survivors are often left with neurologic sequelae affecting mobility, sensory organs, and cognitive functions, as well as seizures/epilepsy. These diseases inflict suffering by causing lifelong disabilities, reducing economic productivity, and causing social stigma. The complexity of parasitic life cycles and geographic specificities, as well as overlapping clinical manifestations in the host reflecting the diverse pathogenesis of parasites, can present diagnostic challenges. We herein provide an overview of these parasitic diseases and summarize clinical aspects, diagnosis, therapeutic strategies and recent milestones, and aspects related to prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Carpio
- a Escuela de Medicina , Universidad de Cuenca , Cuenca , Ecuador.,b GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,c Consultorios Sta Inés, F. Proaño y D. Cordova (esquina) , Cuenca , Ecuador
| | - Matthew L Romo
- d Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, CUNY School of Public Health, Hunter College , New York , NY , USA.,e Dirección de Investigación , Universidad de Cuenca , Cuenca , Ecuador
| | | | - Brooke Short
- g World Health Organization (WHO Geneva) , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Tarun Dua
- g World Health Organization (WHO Geneva) , Geneva , Switzerland
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34
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Carrillo Mezo R, Lara García J, Arroyo M, Fleury A. Relevance of 3D magnetic resonance imaging sequences in diagnosing basal subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop 2015; 152:60-65. [PMID: 26327445 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imagenological diagnosis of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis is usually difficult when classical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences are used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advantages of 3D MRI sequences (Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition (FIESTA) and Spoiled Gradient Recalled Echo (SPGR)) with respect to classical sequences (Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) and T1) in visualizing Taenia solium cyst in these locations. Forty-seven T. solium cysts located in the basal cisterns of the subarachnoid space were diagnosed in eighteen Mexican patients. A pre-treatment MRI was performed on all patients, and all four sequences (FIESTA, FLAIR, T1 SPGR, and T2) were evaluated independently by two neuroradiologists. The sensitivity of each sequence to detect the parasite membrane and scolex was evaluated, along with its capacity to detect differences in signal intensity between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cysts. FIESTA sequences allowed the visualization of cyst membrane in 87.2% of the parasites evaluated, FLAIR in 38.3%, SPGR in 23.4%, and T2 in 17.0%. The superiority of FIESTA sequences over the other three imaging methods was statistically significant (P<0.001). Scolices were detected by FIESTA twice as much as the other sequences did, although this difference was not significant (P>0.05). Differences in signal intensity between CSF and parasite cysts were significant in FIESTA (P<0.0001), SPGR (P<0.0001), and FLAIR (P=0.005) sequences. For the first time, the usefulness of 3D MRI sequences to diagnose T. solium cysts located in the basal cisterns of the subarachnoid space was demonstrated. The routine use of these sequences could favor an earlier diagnosis and greatly improve the prognosis of patients affected by this severe form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Carrillo Mezo
- Neuroradiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Javier Lara García
- Neuroradiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Mariana Arroyo
- Peripheral Unit of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, DF, Mexico; Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Peripheral Unit of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, DF, Mexico; Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, DF, Mexico.
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35
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Gonzalez AE, Bustos JA, Garcia HH, Rodriguez S, Zimic M, Castillo Y, Praet N, Gabriël S, Gilman RH, Dorny P. Successful Antiparasitic Treatment for Cysticercosis is Associated with a Fast and Marked Reduction of Circulating Antigen Levels in a Naturally Infected Pig Model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1305-10. [PMID: 26392159 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection of humans and pigs. We evaluated the posttreatment evolution of circulating parasite-specific antigen titers in 693 consecutive blood samples from 50 naturally infected cysticercotic pigs, which received different regimes of antiparasitic drugs (N = 39, 7 groups), prednisone (N = 5), or controls (N = 6). Samples were collected from baseline to week 10 after treatment, when pigs were euthanized and carefully dissected at necropsy. Antigen levels decreased proportionally to the efficacy of treatment and correlated with the remaining viable cysts at necropsy (Pearson's p = 0.67, P = 0.000). A decrease of 5 times in antigen levels (logarithmic scale) compared with baseline was found in 20/26 pigs free of cysts at necropsy, compared with 1/24 of those who had persisting viable cysts (odds ratio [OR] = 76.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.1-3308.6, P < 0.001). Antigen monitoring reflects the course of infection in the pig. If a similar correlation exists in infected humans, this assay may provide a minimally invasive and easy monitoring assay to assess disease evolution and efficacy of antiparasitic treatment in human neurocysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Javier A Bustos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hector H Garcia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Silvia Rodriguez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mirko Zimic
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yesenia Castillo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicolas Praet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert H Gilman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Instituto Peruano de Parasitología Clínica y Experimental, Lima, Perú; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Sako Y, Takayanagui OM, Odashima NS, Ito A. Comparative Study of Paired Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Neurocysticercosis Patients for the Detection of Specific Antibody to Taenia solium Immunodiagnostic Antigen. Trop Med Health 2015; 43:171-6. [PMID: 26543392 PMCID: PMC4612706 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2015-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an important disease of the central nervous system caused by infection with Taenia solium metacestodes. In addition to the clinical findings and the imaging analysis, the results of immunological tests are informative for the diagnosis of NCC. To compare the usefulness of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for antibody detection, paired serum and CSF samples from patients with NCC and other neurological diseases were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with low-molecular-weight antigens purified from T. solium cyst fluid in a blinded fashion. The sensitivity of both serum and CSF samples was 25.0% in inactive NCC cases (n = 4) and 90.9% in active NCC cases (n = 33), and the specificity of serum and CSF was 100% and 95.8%, respectively. When the serum and CSF samples were combined, the sensitivity in active NCC cases became 100%. There was no difference in test performance between serum and CSF samples. Based on these results, we recommend the detection of specific antibodies in serum for the diagnosis of active NCC because of the ease of collection. When the antibody test is negative, however, CSF should be used to confirm NCC and to rule out other medical disorders of the central nervous system. Antibody detection test using only serum or CSF has a limited diagnostic value and cannot be recommended for the diagnosis of suspected inactive NCC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Osvaldo M Takayanagui
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Newton S Odashima
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
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Abstract
The infection of the nervous system by the cystic larvae of Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis) is a frequent cause of seizure disorders. Neurocysticercosis is endemic or presumed to be endemic in many low-income countries. The lifecycle of the worm and the clinical manifestations of neurocysticercosis are well established, and CT and MRI have substantially improved knowledge of the disease course. Improvements in immunodiagnosis have further advanced comprehension of the pathophysiology of this disease. This knowledge has led to individualised treatment approaches that account for the involvement of parenchymal or extraparenchymal spaces, the number and form of parasites, and the extent of degeneration and associated inflammation. Clinical investigations are focused on development of effective treatments and reduction of side-effects induced by treatment, such as seizures, hydrocephalus, infarcts, and neuroinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru; Centre for Global Health-Tumbes and Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Theodore E Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oscar H Del Brutto
- School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Neurological Sciences, Hospital-Clínica Kennedy, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Pediatric neurocysticercosis: usefulness of antibody response in cysticidal treatment follow-up. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:904046. [PMID: 25215297 PMCID: PMC4158118 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serum and urine samples were collected from 33 NCC patients before the albendazole treatment, 3-6 and 12 months PT. At 3 months PT, 24 (72.7%) patients had no detectable CT/MRI lesions and 9 (27.2%) patients had persistent lesions. Antibody response to crude soluble extract (CSE), excretory secretory (ES), and lower molecular mass (LMM) (10-30 KDa) antigenic fraction of T. solium cysticerci was detected in serum and urine samples by ELISA. Before the treatment, out of 33 NCC children, 14 (42.4%), 22 (66.6%), and 11 (33.3%) serum samples were found positive with the use of CSE, ES, and LMM antigen, respectively. At 3-6 months PT, positivity rate was 5 (15.1%), 2 (6%), and 4 (12.1%) and at 12 months PT, positivity rate was 5 (15.1%), 0, and 3 (9%) with the use of CSE, ES, and LMM antigen, respectively. There was no significant difference in the positivity with the use of three antigens in pretreatment and PT urine samples. The study suggests that the use of ES antigen to detect antibody in serum samples may serve better purpose to evaluate the therapeutic response in patients with NCC.
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Development of specific scFv antibodies to detect neurocysticercosis antigens and potential applications in immunodiagnosis. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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