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Liu K, Li L, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu J, Li J, Deng F, Zhang R, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Zhong W, Wang M, Guo C. Discovery of baloxavir sodium as a novel anti-CCHFV inhibitor: Biological evaluation of in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105890. [PMID: 38657838 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a highly pathogenic bunyavirus with a fatality rate of up to 40%. Currently, there are no licensed antiviral drugs for the treatment of CCHF; thus, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed the disease as a priority. A unique viral transcription initiation mechanism called "cap-snatching" is shared by influenza viruses and bunyaviruses. Thus, we tested whether baloxavir (an FDA-approved anti-influenza drug that targets the "cap-snatching" mechanism) could inhibit CCHFV infection. In cell culture, baloxavir acid effectively inhibited CCHFV infection and targeted CCHFV RNA transcription/replication. However, it has weak oral bioavailability. Baloxavir marboxil (the oral prodrug of baloxavir) failed to protect mice against a lethal dose challenge of CCHFV. To solve this problem, baloxavir sodium was synthesized owing to its enhanced aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. It consistently and significantly improved survival rates and decreased tissue viral loads. This study identified baloxavir sodium as a novel scaffold structure and mechanism of anti-CCHF compound, providing a promising new strategy for clinical treatment of CCHF after further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liushuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Geng J, Ren N, Yang C, Wang F, Huang D, Rodriguez S, Yuan Z, Xia H. Favipiravir Treatment Prolongs Survival in a Lethal BALB/c Mouse Model of Ebinur Lake Virus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:631. [PMID: 38675972 PMCID: PMC11054260 DOI: 10.3390/v16040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyavirus is the largest and most diverse genus in the family Peribunyaviridae. Orthobunyaviruses are widely distributed globally and pose threats to human and animal health. Ebinur Lake virus (EBIV) is a newly classified Orthobunyavirus detected in China, Russia, and Kenya. This study explored the antiviral effects of two broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, favipiravir and ribavirin, in a BALB/c mouse model. Favipiravir significantly improved the clinical symptoms of infected mice, reduced viral titer and RNA copies in serum, and extended overall survival. The median survival times of mice in the vehicle- and favipiravir-treated groups were 5 and 7 days, respectively. Favipiravir significantly reduced virus titers 10- to 100-fold in sera at all three time points compared to vehicle-treated mice. And favipiravir treatment effectively reduced the virus copies by approximately 10-fold across the three time points, relative to vehicle-treated mice. The findings expand the antiviral spectrum of favipiravir for orthobunyaviruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Geng
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Nanjie Ren
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Cihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Doudou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551, USA
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430207, China
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3
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Chistov AA, Kolesanova EF, Agafonova LE. Pharmacogenomic Studies of Antiviral Drug Favipiravir. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:503. [PMID: 38675164 PMCID: PMC11053860 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we conducted a study of the interaction between DNA and favipiravir (FAV). This chemotherapeutic compound is an antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19 and other infections caused by RNA viruses. This paper examines the electroanalytical characteristics of FAV. The determined concentrations correspond to therapeutically significant ones in the range of 50-500 µM (R2 = 0.943). We have shown that FAV can be electro-oxidized around the potential of +0.96 V ÷ +0.98 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of FAV was proposed. The effect of the drug on DNA was recorded as changes in the intensity of electrochemical oxidation of heterocyclic nucleobases (guanine, adenine and thymine) using screen-printed graphite electrodes modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes and titanium oxide nanoparticles. In this work, the binding constants (Kb) of FAV/dsDNA complexes for guanine, adenine and thymine were calculated. The values of the DNA-mediated electrochemical decline coefficient were calculated as the ratio of the intensity of signals for the electrochemical oxidation of guanine, adenine and thymine in the presence of FAV to the intensity of signals for the electro-oxidation of these bases without drug (S, %). Based on the analysis of electrochemical parameters, values of binding constants and spectral data, intercalation was proposed as the principal mechanism of the antiviral drug FAV interaction with DNA. The interaction with calf thymus DNA also confirmed the intercalation mechanism. However, an additional mode of interaction, such as a damage effect together with electrostatic interactions, was revealed in a prolonged exposure of DNA to FAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Bulko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
| | - Alexey A. Chistov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
| | - Ekaterina F. Kolesanova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
| | - Lyubov E. Agafonova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
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4
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Vasmehjani AA, Pouriayevali MH, Shahmahmoodi S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever survivors. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29581. [PMID: 38572939 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) as a high-priority infectious disease and emphasized the performance of research studies and product development against it. Little information is available about the immune response due to natural CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection in humans. Here, we investigated the persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum samples collected from 61 Iranian CCHF survivors with various time points after recovery (<12, 12-60, and >60 months after disease). The ELISA results showed IgG seropositivity in all samples while a pseudotyped based neutralization assay findings revealed the presence of neutralizing antibody in 29 samples (46.77%). For both IgG and neutralizing antibodies, a decreasing trend of titer was observed with the increase in the time after recovery. Not only the mean titer of IgG (772.80 U/mL) was higher than mean neutralizing antibody (25.64) but also the IgG persistence was longer. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable information about the long-term persistence of humoral immune response in CCHF survivors indicating that IgG antibody can be detected at least 8 years after recovery and low titers of neutralizing antibody can be detected in CCHF survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Ariizumi T, Tabata K, Itakura Y, Kobayashi H, Hall WW, Sasaki M, Sawa H, Matsuno K, Orba Y. Establishment of a lethal mouse model of emerging tick-borne orthonairovirus infections. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012101. [PMID: 38502642 PMCID: PMC10980201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging tick-borne virus infections caused by orthonairoviruses (family Nairoviridae), which are genetically distinct from Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, have been recently reported in East Asia. Here, we have established a mouse infection model using type-I/II interferon receptor-knockout mice (AG129 mice) both for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections and validation of antiviral agents using Yezo virus (YEZV), a novel orthonairovirus causing febrile illnesses associated with tick bites in Japan and China. YEZV-inoculated AG129 mice developed hepatitis with body weight loss and died by 6 days post infection. Blood biochemistry tests showed elevated liver enzyme levels, similar to YEZV-infected human patients. AG129 mice treated with favipiravir survived lethal YEZV infection, demonstrating the anti-YEZV effect of this drug. The present mouse model will help us better understand the pathogenicity of the emerging tick-borne orthonairoviruses and the development of specific antiviral agents for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Ariizumi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Tabata
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukari Itakura
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - William W. Hall
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Li L, Chong T, Peng L, Liu Y, Rao G, Fu Y, Shu Y, Shen J, Xiao Q, Liu J, Li J, Deng F, Yan B, Hu Z, Cao S, Wang M. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the Gc fusion loop region of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011948. [PMID: 38300972 PMCID: PMC10863865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a highly pathogenic tick-borne virus, prevalent in more than 30 countries worldwide. Human infection by this virus leads to severe illness, with an average case fatality of 40%. There is currently no approved vaccine or drug to treat the disease. Neutralizing antibodies are a promising approach to treat virus infectious diseases. This study generated 37 mouse-derived specific monoclonal antibodies against CCHFV Gc subunit. Neutralization assays using pseudotyped virus and authentic CCHFV identified Gc8, Gc13, and Gc35 as neutralizing antibodies. Among them, Gc13 had the highest neutralizing activity and binding affinity with CCHFV Gc. Consistently, Gc13, but not Gc8 or Gc35, showed in vivo protective efficacy (62.5% survival rate) against CCHFV infection in a lethal mouse infection model. Further characterization studies suggested that Gc8 and Gc13 may recognize a similar, linear epitope in domain II of CCHFV Gc, while Gc35 may recognize a different epitope in Gc. Cryo-electron microscopy of Gc-Fab complexes indicated that both Gc8 and Gc13 bind to the conserved fusion loop region and Gc13 had stronger interactions with sGc-trimers. This was supported by the ability of Gc13 to block CCHFV GP-mediated membrane fusion. Overall, this study provides new therapeutic strategies to treat CCHF and new insights into the interaction between antibodies with CCHFV Gc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liushuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guibo Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiamei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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7
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de Sales-Neto JM, Madruga Carvalho DC, Arruda Magalhães DW, Araujo Medeiros AB, Soares MM, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S. Zika virus: Antiviral immune response, inflammation, and cardiotonic steroids as antiviral agents. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111368. [PMID: 38103408 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus first reported from humans in Nigeria in 1954. The first outbreak occurred in Micronesia followed by an outbreak in French Polynesia and another in Brazil when the virus was associated with numerous cases of severe neurological manifestations such as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital zika syndrome in fetuses, particularly congenital microcephaly. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against ZIKV through triggering an antiviral immune response. Along with innate immune responses, a sufficient balance between anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the amount of these cytokines are triggered to enhance the antiviral responses. Here, we reviewed the complex interplay between the mediators and signal pathways that coordinate antiviral immune response and inflammation as a key to understanding the development of the underlying diseases triggered by ZIKV. In addition, we summarize current and new therapeutic strategies for ZIKV infection, highlighting cardiotonic steroids as antiviral drugs for the development of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marreiro de Sales-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Mendonça Soares
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rodrigues-Mascarenhas
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. Favipiravir Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Combined Quantum Chemical Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2024; 29:441. [PMID: 38257352 PMCID: PMC10818557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study was motivated by the urgent need to develop or improve antivirals for effective therapy targeting RNA viruses. We hypothesized that analogues of favipiravir (FVP), an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), could provide more effective nucleic acid recognition and binding processes while reducing side effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. We proposed a set of FVP analogues together with their forms of triphosphate as new SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. The main aim of our study was to investigate changes in the mechanism and binding capacity resulting from these modifications. Using three different approaches, QTAIM, QSPR, and MD, the differences in the reactivity, toxicity, binding efficiency, and ability to be incorporated by RdRp were assessed. Two new quantum chemical reactivity descriptors, the relative electro-donating and electro-accepting power, were defined and successfully applied. Moreover, a new quantitative method for comparing binding modes was developed based on mathematical metrics and an atypical radar plot. These methods provide deep insight into the set of desirable properties responsible for inhibiting RdRp, allowing ligands to be conveniently screened. The proposed modification of the FVP structure seems to improve its binding ability and enhance the productive mode of binding. In particular, two of the FVP analogues (the trifluoro- and cyano-) bind very strongly to the RNA template, RNA primer, cofactors, and RdRp, and thus may constitute a very good alternative to FVP.
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9
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Tipih T, Meade-White K, Rao D, Bushmaker T, Lewis M, Shaia C, Feldmann H, Hawman DW. Favipiravir and Ribavirin protect immunocompetent mice from lethal CCHFV infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 218:105703. [PMID: 37611878 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in humans with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is neither an approved antiviral drug nor a vaccine against CCHFV. In this study, we describe a lethal model of CCHFV infection using a mouse-adapted strain of CCHFV (MA-CCHFV) in adult wild-type male mice. Infected mice developed high viral loads, tissue pathology, and inflammatory immune responses before ultimately succumbing to the infection. We used the model to evaluate the protective efficacy of nucleoside analogs monulpiravir, favipiravir, ribavirin, the antibiotic tigecycline and the corticosteroids dexamethasone and methylprednisolone against lethal CCHFV infection. Tigecycline, monulpiravir and the corticosteroids failed to protect mice from lethal MA-CCHFV infection. In contrast, favipiravir and ribavirin protected animals from clinical disease and death even when treatment was delayed. Despite demonstrating uniform protection, CCHFV RNA persisted in survivors treated with favipiravir and ribavirin. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated the anti-CCHFV efficacy of favipiravir and ribavirin in a model with intact innate immunity and establishes this model for continued development of CCHFV countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tipih
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Deepashri Rao
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Mathew Lewis
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Ojha D, Hill CS, Zhou S, Evans AB, Leung JM, Lewis CS, Amblard F, Schinazi RF, Baric RS, Peterson KE, Swanstrom R. N4 -Hydroxycytidine/Molnupiravir Inhibits RNA-Virus Induced Encephalitis by Producing Mutated Viruses with Reduced Fitness. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554316. [PMID: 37662274 PMCID: PMC10473592 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A diverse group of RNA viruses including Rabies, Polio, La Crosse, West Nile, Zika, Nipah, Eastern and Western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses have the ability to gain access to and replicate in the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe neurological disease. Current treatment for these patients is generally limited to supportive care. To address the need for a generalizable antiviral, we utilized a strategy of mutagenesis to limit virus replication. We evaluated ribavirin (RBV), favipiravir (FAV) and N 4 -hydroxycytidine (NHC) against La Crosse virus (LACV) which is the primary cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis cases in North America. NHC was more potent than RBV or FAV in neuronal cells. Oral administration of molnupiravir (MOV), the 5'-isobutyryl prodrug of NHC, decreased neurological disease development by 32% following intraperitoneal (IP) infection of LACV. MOV also reduced disease by 23% when virus was administered intranasally (IN). NHC and MOV produced less fit viruses by incorporating predominantly G-to-A or C-to-U mutations. Furthermore, NHC also inhibited two other orthobunyaviruses, Jamestown Canyon virus and Cache Valley virus. Collectively, these studies indicate that NHC/MOV has therapeutic potential to inhibit virus replication and subsequent neurological disease caused by this neurotropic RNA virus.
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Chakraborty S, Chauhan A. Fighting the flu: a brief review on anti-influenza agents. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-52. [PMID: 36946567 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2191081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus causes one of the most prevalent and lethal infectious viral diseases of the respiratory system; the disease progression varies from acute self-limiting mild fever to disease chronicity and death. Although both the preventive and treatment measures have been vital in protecting humans against seasonal epidemics or sporadic pandemics, there are several challenges to curb the influenza virus such as limited or poor cross-protection against circulating virus strains, moderate protection in immune-compromised patients, and rapid emergence of resistance. Currently, there are four US-FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs to treat flu infection, viz. Rapivab, Relenza, Tamiflu, and Xofluza. These drugs are classified based on their mode of action against the viral replication cycle with the first three being Neuraminidase inhibitors, and the fourth one targeting the viral polymerase. The emergence of the drug-resistant strains of influenza, however, underscores the need for continuous innovation towards development and discovery of new anti-influenza agents with enhanced antiviral effects, greater safety, and improved tolerability. Here in this review, we highlighted commercially available antiviral agents besides those that are at different stages of development including under clinical trials, with a brief account of their antiviral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwini Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Agartala, India
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12
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Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne illness with a wide geographical distribution and case fatality rates of 30% or higher. Caused by infection with the CCHF virus (CCHFV), cases are reported throughout Africa, the Middle East, Asia and southern and eastern Europe. The expanding range of the Hyalomma tick vector is placing new populations at risk for CCHF, and no licensed vaccines or specific antivirals exist to treat CCHF. Furthermore, despite cases of CCHF being reported annually, the host and viral determinants of CCHFV pathogenesis are poorly understood. CCHFV can productively infect a multitude of animal species, yet only humans develop a severe illness. Within human populations, subclinical infections are underappreciated and may represent a substantial proportion of clinical outcomes. Compared with other members of the Bunyavirales order, CCHFV has a more complex genomic organization, with many viral proteins having unclear functions in viral pathogenesis. In recent years, improved animal models have led to increased insights into CCHFV pathogenesis, and several antivirals and vaccines for CCHFV have shown robust efficacy in preclinical models. Translation of these insights and candidate therapeutics to the clinic will hopefully reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by CCHFV.
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Tyrrell BE, Kumar A, Gangadharan B, Alonzi D, Brun J, Hill M, Bharucha T, Bosworth A, Graham V, Dowall S, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Exploring the Potential of Iminosugars as Antivirals for Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Using the Surrogate Hazara Virus: Liquid-Chromatography-Based Mapping of Viral N-Glycosylation and In Vitro Antiviral Assays. Pathogens 2023; 12:399. [PMID: 36986321 PMCID: PMC10057787 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a pathogen of increasing public health concern, being a widely distributed arbovirus and the causative agent of the potentially fatal Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Hazara virus (HAZV) is a genetically and serologically related virus that has been proposed as a surrogate for antiviral and vaccine testing for CCHFV. Glycosylation analysis of HAZV has been limited; first, we confirmed for the first time the occupation of two N-glycosylation sites in the HAZV glycoprotein. Despite this, there was no apparent antiviral efficacy of a panel of iminosugars against HAZV, as determined by quantification of the total secretion and infectious virus titres produced following infection of SW13 and Vero cells. This lack of efficacy was not due to an inability of deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)-derivative iminosugars to access and inhibit endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases, as demonstrated by free oligosaccharide analysis in uninfected and infected SW13 and uninfected Vero cells. Even so, iminosugars may yet have potential as antivirals for CCHFV since the positions and importance of N-linked glycans may differ between the viruses, a hypothesis requiring further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice E. Tyrrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bevin Gangadharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Dominic Alonzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Juliane Brun
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michelle Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrew Bosworth
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Victoria Graham
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stuart Dowall
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Joanna L. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Expanded profiling of Remdesivir as a broad-spectrum antiviral and low potential for interaction with other medications in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3131. [PMID: 36823196 PMCID: PMC9950143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (GS-5734; VEKLURY) is a single diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog (GS-441524). Remdesivir is taken up by target cells and metabolized in multiple steps to form the active nucleoside triphosphate (GS-443902), which acts as a potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Remdesivir and GS-441524 have antiviral activity against multiple RNA viruses. Here, we expand the evaluation of remdesivir's antiviral activity to members of the families Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Hepadnaviridae. Using cell-based assays, we show that remdesivir can inhibit infection of flaviviruses (such as dengue 1-4, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika viruses), picornaviruses (such as enterovirus and rhinovirus), and filoviruses (such as various Ebola, Marburg, and Sudan virus isolates, including novel geographic isolates), but is ineffective or is significantly less effective against orthomyxoviruses (influenza A and B viruses), or hepadnaviruses B, D, and E. In addition, remdesivir shows no antagonistic effect when combined with favipiravir, another broadly acting antiviral nucleoside analog, and has minimal interaction with a panel of concomitant medications. Our data further support remdesivir as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that has the potential to address multiple unmet medical needs, including those related to antiviral pandemic preparedness.
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15
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Hoste ACR, Djadjovski I, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Rueda P, Barr JN, Sastre P. Multiplex Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Antibodies against Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nucleocapsid Protein and Glycoproteins in Ruminants. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0260022. [PMID: 36815788 PMCID: PMC10101078 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a widespread tick-borne zoonotic virus that causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). CCHF is asymptomatic in infected animals but can develop into severe illness in humans, with high case-fatality rates. Due to complex environmental and socio-economic factors, the distribution of CCHFV vectors is changing, leading to disease occurrence in previously unaffected countries. Neither an effective treatment nor a vaccine has been developed against CCHFV; thus, surveillance programs are essential to limit and control the spread of the virus. Furthermore, the WHO highlighted the need of assays that can cover a range of CCHFV antigenic targets, DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) assays, or assays for future vaccine evaluation. Here, we developed a multiplex assay, based on a suspension microarray, able to detect specific antibodies in ruminants to three recombinantly produced CCHFV proteins: the nucleocapsid (N) protein and two glycoproteins, GN ectodomain (GNe), and GP38. This triplex assay was used to assess the antibody response in naturally infected animals. Out of the 29 positive field sera to the N protein, 40% showed antibodies against GNe or GP38, with 11 out of these 12 samples being positive to both glycoproteins. To determine the diagnostic specificity of the test, a total of 147 sera from Spanish farms free of CCHFV were included in the study. This multiplex assay could be useful to detect antibodies to different proteins of CCHFV as vaccine target candidates and to study the immune response to CCHFV in infected animals and for surveillance programs to prevent the further spread of the virus. IMPORTANCE Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, which is one of the most important tick-borne viral diseases of humans and has recently been found in previously unaffected countries such as Spain. The disease is asymptomatic in infected animals but can develop into severe illness in humans. As neither an effective treatment nor a vaccine has been developed against CCHFV, surveillance programs are essential to limit and control the spread of the virus. In this study, a multiplex assay detecting antibodies against different CCHFV antigens in a single sample and independent of the ruminant species has been developed. This assay could be very useful in surveillance studies, to control the spread of CCHFV and prevent future outbreaks, and to better understand the immune response induced by CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. R. Hoste
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA S.A.), Madrid, Spain
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA S.A.), Madrid, Spain
| | - John N. Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Sastre
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA S.A.), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Wen Y, Xu H, Wan W, Shang W, Jin R, Zhou F, Mei H, Wang J, Xiao G, Chen H, Wu X, Zhang L. Visualizing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in cells and living mice. iScience 2022; 25:105090. [PMID: 36185356 PMCID: PMC9519613 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenavirus are a large family of enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several agents responsible for severe hemorrhagic fevers. Until now, no FDA-licensed drug has been admitted for treating an arenavirus infection, and only few effective anti-arenavirus drugs have been tested in vivo. In this work, we designed a recombinant reporter arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus that stably expressed nanoluciferase (LCMV-Nluc). The LCMV-Nluc was proved to share similar biological properties with wild-type LCMV and the Nluc intensity reliably reflected viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Replication of the Nluc-encoding virus in living mice can be visualized by real-time bioluminescent imaging, and bioluminescence can be detected in a variety of organs of infected mice. This work provides a novel approach that enables real-time study of the arenavirus infection and is a convenient and valuable tool for screening of compounds that are active against arenaviruses in vitro and in living mice. LCMV-Nluc was constructed and shared similar biological properties with LCMV-WT Replication of the LCMV-Nluc can be visualized by real-time bioluminescent imaging LCMV-Nluc is a valuable tool for screening antiviral compounds in vitro LCMV-Nluc is successfully applied for screening antiviral compounds in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Haematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical and Research Centre of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingshi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory,Wuhan 430000, China
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17
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Design and evaluation of neutralizing and fusion inhibitory peptides to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Antiviral Res 2022; 207:105401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Repurposing drugs targeting epidemic viruses. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1874-1894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Sana M, Javed A, Babar Jamal S, Junaid M, Faheem M. Development of multivalent vaccine targeting M segment of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) using immunoinformatic approaches. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2372-2388. [PMID: 35531180 PMCID: PMC9072894 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral infection with no licensed vaccine or therapeutics available for its treatment. In the present study we have developed the first multi-epitope subunit vaccine effective against all the seven genotypes of CCHF virus (CCHFV). The vaccine contains five B-cell, two MHC-II (HTL), and three MHC-I (CTL) epitopes screened from two structural glycoproteins (Gc and Gn in M segment) of CCHFV with an N-terminus human β-defensin as an adjuvant, as well as an N-terminus EAAAK sequence. The epitopes were rigorously investigated for their antigenicity, allergenicity, IFN gamma induction, anti-inflammatory responses, stability, and toxicity. The three-dimensional structure of the vaccine was predicted and docked with TLR-3, TLR-8, and TLR-9 receptors to find the strength of the binding complexes via molecular dynamics simulation. After codon adaptation, the subunit vaccine construct was developed in a pDual-GC plasmid and has population coverage of 98.47% of the world's population (HLA-I & II combined). The immune simulation studies were carried out on the C-ImmSim in-silico interface showing a marked increase in the production of cellular and humoral response (B-cell and T-cell) as well as TGFβ, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-12 indicating that the proposed vaccine would be able to sufficiently provoke both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Thus, making it a new and promising vaccine candidate against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaza Sana
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Babar Jamal
- Deparment of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Abid Majeed Rd, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Precision Medicine Laboratory, Rehman Medical Institute, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KPK, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Deparment of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Abid Majeed Rd, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
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Hirano M, Sakurai Y, Urata S, Kurosaki Y, Yasuda J, Yoshii K. A screen of FDA-approved drugs with minigenome identified tigecycline as an antiviral targeting nucleoprotein of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Antiviral Res 2022; 200:105276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Wang Q, Cao R, Li L, Liu J, Yang J, Li W, Yan L, Wang Y, Yan Y, Li J, Deng F, Zhou Y, Wang M, Zhong W, Hu Z. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel nucleoside analog H44 against Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Antiviral Res 2022; 199:105273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Favipiravir Inhibits Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Human Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052631. [PMID: 35269774 PMCID: PMC8910232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a causative agent of acute hepatitis and can occasionally induce acute liver failure. However, specific potent anti-HAV drug is not available on the market currently. Thus, we investigated several novel therapeutic drugs through a drug repositioning approach, targeting ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. In the present study, we examined the anti-HAV activity of 18 drugs by measuring the HAV subgenomic replicon and HAV HA11-1299 genotype IIIA replication in human hepatoma cell lines, using a reporter assay and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Mutagenesis of the HAV 5’ untranslated region was also examined by next-generation sequencing. These specific parameters were explored because lethal mutagenesis has emerged as a novel potential therapeutic approach to treat RNA virus infections. Favipiravir inhibited HAV replication in both Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 cells, although ribavirin inhibited HAV replication in only Huh7 cells. Next-generation sequencing demonstrated that favipiravir could introduce nucleotide mutations into the HAV genome more than ribavirin. In conclusion, favipiravir could introduce nucleotide mutations into the HAV genome and work as an antiviral against HAV infection. Provided that further in vivo experiments confirm its efficacy, favipiravir would be useful for the treatment of severe HAV infection.
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23
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Eloy P, Laouénan C, Beavogui AH, Keita S, Manchon P, Etard JF, Sissoko D, Mentré F, Malvy D. Full title: High doses of favipiravir in two men survivors of Ebola virus disease carrying Ebola virus in semen in Guinea. IDCases 2022; 27:e01412. [PMID: 35127447 PMCID: PMC8808076 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in semen remains of deep concern, as sexual transmission of EBOV seems plausible up to 6 months after acute phase of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Favipiravir, a broad spectrum antiviral product, has been evaluated in reducing EVD mortality in Guinea in 2014–2015 in the JIKI trial, the pharmacokinetic results of which suggest that an increase of dose might be necessary to achieve a therapeutically relevant exposure. In FORCE trial, we aimed at evaluating the tolerance and activity of high doses of favipiravir in male EVD survivors with EBOV RNA detection in semen in Guinea. Case In 2016, we launched a phase IIa open-labeled multicenter dose escalation study. Male survivors of EVD with EBOV RT-PCR positive on semen received a loading dose of 2400 mg BID of favipiravir on day 1 then a maintenance dose of 1800 mg BID from day 2–14. The primary outcome was the tolerance, assessed daily during period treatment and up to day 90. Unfortunately only two participants were included and the trial was stopped for lack of recruitment. No clinical adverse event of grade 3/4 was reported for both patients. One patient experienced a grade 3 hypocalcemia at day 10 and 14. Conclusions High doses of favipiravir were well tolerated in these two participants. Better characterized tolerance and pharmacokinetics of high doses of favipiravir are of utmost importance considering that favipiravir is a candidate treatment for a variety of emerging severe viral diseases with poor prognosis. Ebola virus (EBOV) RNA in semen of survivors of EBOV disease up to 17 months after disease onset. High doses of Favipiravir were well tolerated in EBOV disease survivors. No QTc interval prolongation of grade 2, 3 or 4 with high doses of Favipiravir.
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24
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Matsuno K, Saijo M. [Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]. Uirusu 2022; 72:19-30. [PMID: 37899226 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.72.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute febrile illness with a high case fatality rate caused by the infection with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). The disease is endemic to a wide regions from the African continent to Asia through Europe. CCHFV is maintained in nature between Hyalomma species ticks and some species of animals. Humans are infected with CCHFV from CCHFV-positive tick bite or through a close contact with viremic animals in clucling hum am patients with CCHF. The CCHF-endemic regions depend on the distribution of the species of ticks such as Hyalomma species ticks, main vectors for CCHFV. There have been no confirmed cases of CCHF patients in Japan so far. CCHF is one of the zoonotic virus infections. Main clinical signs of the disease in humans are fever with nonspecific symptoms, and hemorrhage and deterioration in consciousness appear in severe cases. CCHF is classified in the disease category of viral hemorrhagic fevers, which include ebolavirus disease. Viral tick-borne diseases including tick-borne encephalitis, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, and Yezo virus infection, which has recently been discovered as a novel bunyavirus infection in Hokkaido, Japan, are becoming major concerns for public health in Japan. Trends of CCHF in terms of epidemiology should closely be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Sapporo City Public Health Office
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Shuster A, Pechalrieu D, Jackson CB, Abegg D, Choe H, Adibekian A. Clinical Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Infection by SARS-CoV-2 and Variants through Direct Binding to the Spike Protein. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2845-2851. [PMID: 34792325 PMCID: PMC8610013 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Arbidol (ARB) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug approved in Russia and China for the treatment of influenza. ARB was tested in patients as a drug candidate for the treatment at the early onset of COVID-19 caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite promising clinical results and multiple ongoing trials, preclinical data are lacking and the molecular mechanism of action of ARB against SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ARB binds to the spike viral fusion glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain as well as its more virulent variants from the United Kingdom (strain B.1.1.7) and South Africa (strain B.1.351). We pinpoint the ARB binding site on the S protein to the S2 membrane fusion domain and use an infection assay with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) pseudoviruses (PVs) pseudotyped with the S proteins of the Wuhan strain and the new variants to show that this interaction is sufficient for the viral cell entry inhibition by ARB. Finally, our experiments reveal that the ARB interaction leads to a significant destabilization and eventual lysosomal degradation of the S protein in cells. Collectively, our results identify ARB as the first clinically approved small molecule drug binder of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and place ARB among the more promising drug candidates for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Shuster
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | - Dany Pechalrieu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | - Cody B Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology,
The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter,
Florida 33458, United States
| | - Daniel Abegg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology,
The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter,
Florida 33458, United States
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
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Santos GC, Martins LM, Bregadiolli BA, Moreno VF, Silva‐Filho LC, Silva BHST. Heterocyclic compounds as antiviral drugs: Synthesis, structure–activity relationship and traditional applications. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vitor Fernandes Moreno
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Bauru Brazil
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Hong Z, Pauloski JG, Ward L, Chard K, Blaiszik B, Foster I. Models and Processes to Extract Drug-like Molecules From Natural Language Text. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:636077. [PMID: 34527701 PMCID: PMC8435623 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.636077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers worldwide are seeking to repurpose existing drugs or discover new drugs to counter the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A promising source of candidates for such studies is molecules that have been reported in the scientific literature to be drug-like in the context of viral research. However, this literature is too large for human review and features unusual vocabularies for which existing named entity recognition (NER) models are ineffective. We report here on a project that leverages both human and artificial intelligence to detect references to such molecules in free text. We present 1) a iterative model-in-the-loop method that makes judicious use of scarce human expertise in generating training data for a NER model, and 2) the application and evaluation of this method to the problem of identifying drug-like molecules in the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19) corpus of 198,875 papers. We show that by repeatedly presenting human labelers only with samples for which an evolving NER model is uncertain, our human-machine hybrid pipeline requires only modest amounts of non-expert human labeling time (tens of hours to label 1778 samples) to generate an NER model with an F-1 score of 80.5%-on par with that of non-expert humans-and when applied to CORD'19, identifies 10,912 putative drug-like molecules. This enriched the computational screening team's targets by 3,591 molecules, of which 18 ranked in the top 0.1% of all 6.6 million molecules screened for docking against the 3CLPro protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hong
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - J. Gregory Pauloski
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Logan Ward
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Kyle Chard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Globus, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ben Blaiszik
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Globus, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ian Foster
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Globus, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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28
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Chen R, Wang T, Song J, Pu D, He D, Li J, Yang J, Li K, Zhong C, Zhang J. Antiviral Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Bioactivity, Better Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4959-4984. [PMID: 34326637 PMCID: PMC8315226 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral drugs (AvDs) are the primary resource in the global battle against viruses, including the recent fight against corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most AvDs require multiple medications, and their use frequently leads to drug resistance, since they have poor oral bioavailability and low efficacy due to their low solubility/low permeability. Characterizing the in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics of AvDs may help to solve the problems associated with AvDs and enhance their efficacy. In this review of AvDs, we systematically investigated their structure-based metabolic reactions and related enzymes, their cellular pharmacology, and the effects of metabolism on AvD pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. We further assessed how delivery systems achieve better metabolism and pharmacology of AvDs. This review suggests that suitable nanosystems may help to achieve better pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetic behavior of AvDs by altering drug metabolism through the utilization of advanced nanotechnology and appropriate administration routes. Notably, such AvDs as ribavirin, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir have been confirmed to bind to the severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) receptor and thus may represent anti-COVID-19 treatments. Elucidating the metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of AvDs may help pharmacologists to identify new formulations with high bioavailability and efficacy and help physicians to better treat virus-related diseases, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Daojun Pu
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Southwest Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailing Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Cailing Zhong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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Kato H, Takayama-Ito M, Satoh M, Kawahara M, Kitaura S, Yoshikawa T, Fukushi S, Nakajima N, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Saijo M. Favipiravir treatment prolongs the survival in a lethal mouse model intracerebrally inoculated with Jamestown Canyon virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009553. [PMID: 34214091 PMCID: PMC8281987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus that causes acute febrile illness, meningitis, and meningoencephalitis, primarily in North American adults. Currently, there are no available vaccines or specific treatments against JCV infections. Methodology/Principal findings The antiviral efficacy of favipiravir (FPV) against JCV infection was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in comparison with that of ribavirin (RBV) and 2’-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine (2’-FdC). The in vitro inhibitory effect of these drugs on JCV replication was evaluated in Vero and Neuro-2a (N2A) cells. The efficacy of FPV in the treatment of JCV infection in vivo was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice inoculated intracerebrally with JCV, as per the survival, viral titers in the brain, and viral RNA load in the blood. The 90% inhibitory concentrations (IC90) of FPV, RBV, and 2’-FdC were 41.0, 61.8, and 13.6 μM in Vero cells and 20.7, 25.8, and 8.8 μM in N2A cells, respectively. All mice infected with 1.0×104 TCID50 died or were sacrificed within 10 days post-infection (dpi) without treatment. However, mice treated with FPV for 5 days [initiated either 2 days prior to infection (−2 dpi–2 dpi) or on the day of infection (0 dpi–4 dpi)] survived significantly longer than control mice, administered with PBS (p = 0.025 and 0.011, respectively). Moreover, at 1 and 3 dpi, the virus titers in the brain were significantly lower in FPV-treated mice (0 dpi–4 dpi) versus PBS-treated mice (p = 0.002 for both 1 and 3 dpi). Conclusions/Significance Although the intracerebral inoculation route is thought to be a challenging way to evaluate drug efficacy, FPV inhibits the in vitro replication of JCV and prolongs the survival of mice intracerebrally inoculated with JCV. These results will enable the development of a specific antiviral treatment against JCV infections and establishment of an effective animal model. Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) is a mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus) classified into the California serogroup. JCV is distributed widely throughout North America and is considered one of the potentially re-emerging viruses due to the recent spurt in JCV cases in the region. JCV infection often leads to an acute febrile illness, meningitis, and meningoencephalitis mainly among adults. Currently, no antiviral therapy against JCV is approved. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of favipiravir (FPV), ribavirin (RBV), and 2’-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine (2’-FdC) against JCV infection in cultured cells and mice. As a result, FPV, RBV, and 2’-FdC effectively inhibited JCV replication in Vero and Neuro-2a cells. Furthermore, FPV delayed the onset of neurological symptoms in mice intracerebrally inoculated with JCV. Notably, although most patients infected with JCV do not present severe disease, neuroinvasive cases are not rare and may result in residual neurological sequelae such as persisting cognitive deficits. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of a specific antiviral treatment for patients with JCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuyo Takayama-Ito
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kawahara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Dai S, Deng F, Wang H, Ning Y. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: Current Advances and Future Prospects of Antiviral Strategies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071195. [PMID: 34206476 PMCID: PMC8310003 DOI: 10.3390/v13071195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a widespread, tick-borne pathogen that causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) with high morbidity and mortality. CCHFV is transmitted to humans through tick bites or direct contact with patients or infected animals with viremia. Currently, climate change and globalization have increased the transmission risk of this biosafety level (BSL)-4 virus. The treatment options of CCHFV infection remain limited and there is no FDA-approved vaccine or specific antivirals, which urges the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the design of CCHF therapies with greater effort. In this article, we discuss the current progress and some future directions in the development of antiviral strategies against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (H.W.); (Y.N.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8719-8465 (F.D.); +86-27-8719-9353 (H.W.); +86-27-8719-7200 (Y.N.)
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (H.W.); (Y.N.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8719-8465 (F.D.); +86-27-8719-9353 (H.W.); +86-27-8719-7200 (Y.N.)
| | - Yunjia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (H.W.); (Y.N.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8719-8465 (F.D.); +86-27-8719-9353 (H.W.); +86-27-8719-7200 (Y.N.)
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31
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Matz K, Emanuel J, Callison J, Gardner D, Rosenke R, Mercado-Hernandez R, Williamson BN, Feldmann H, Marzi A. Favipiravir (T-705) Protects IFNAR -/- Mice against Lethal Zika Virus Infection in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061178. [PMID: 34072604 PMCID: PMC8227069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is an important human pathogen that has caused epidemics in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. No licensed treatments for ZIKV disease are currently available. Favipiravir (T-705; 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and ribavirin (1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) are nucleoside analogs that have exhibited antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, including some flaviviruses. In this study, we strengthened evidence for favipiravir and ribavirin inhibition of ZIKV replication in vitro. Testing in IFNAR−/− mice revealed that daily treatments of favipiravir were sufficient to provide protection against lethal ZIKV challenge in a dose-dependent manner but did not completely abrogate disease. Ribavirin, on the other hand, had no beneficial effect against ZIKV infection in this model and under the conditions examined. Combined treatment of ribavirin and favipiravir did not show improved outcomes over ribavirin alone. Surprisingly, outcome of favipiravir treatment was sex-dependent, with 87% of female but only 25% of male mice surviving lethal ZIKV infection. Since virus mutations were not associated with outcome, a sex-specific host response likely explains the observed sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha Matz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Julie Callison
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Don Gardner
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (D.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (D.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Reinaldo Mercado-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Li X, Peng T. Strategy, Progress, and Challenges of Drug Repurposing for Efficient Antiviral Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:660710. [PMID: 34017257 PMCID: PMC8129523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.660710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Li H, Jiang XM, Cui N, Yuan C, Zhang SF, Lu QB, Yang ZD, Xin QL, Song YB, Zhang XA, Liu HZ, Du J, Fan XJ, Yuan L, Yuan YM, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang DN, Wang ZB, Dai K, Bai JY, Hao ZN, Fan H, Fang LQ, Xiao G, Yang Y, Peng K, Wang HQ, Li JX, Zhang LK, Liu W. Clinical effect and antiviral mechanism of T-705 in treating severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:145. [PMID: 33859168 PMCID: PMC8050330 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne virus with high fatality and an expanding endemic. Currently, effective anti-SFTSV intervention remains unavailable. Favipiravir (T-705) was recently reported to show in vitro and in animal model antiviral efficacy against SFTSV. Here, we conducted a single-blind, randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of T-705 in treating SFTS (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website, number ChiCTR1900023350). From May to August 2018, laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients were recruited from a designated hospital and randomly assigned to receive oral T-705 in combination with supportive care or supportive care only. Fatal outcome occurred in 9.5% (7/74) of T-705 treated patients and 18.3% (13/71) of controls (odds ratio, 0.466, 95% CI, 0.174-1.247). Cox regression showed a significant reduction in case fatality rate (CFR) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.366 (95% CI, 0.142-0.944). Among the low-viral load subgroup (RT-PCR cycle threshold ≥26), T-705 treatment significantly reduced CFR from 11.5 to 1.6% (P = 0.029), while no between-arm difference was observed in the high-viral load subgroup (RT-PCR cycle threshold <26). The T-705-treated group showed shorter viral clearance, lower incidence of hemorrhagic signs, and faster recovery of laboratory abnormities compared with the controls. The in vitro and animal experiments demonstrated that the antiviral efficacies of T-705 were proportionally induced by SFTSV mutation rates, particularly from two transition mutation types. The mutation analyses on T-705-treated serum samples disclosed a partially consistent mutagenesis pattern as those of the in vitro or animal experiments in reducing the SFTSV viral loads, further supporting the anti-SFTSV effect of T-705, especially for the low-viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xia-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ning Cui
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Chun Yuan
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Lin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Bin Song
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Zhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Juan Fan
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yuan
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Mei Yuan
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Na Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Bo Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ke Dai
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ying Bai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Nian Hao
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hang Fan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Quan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xiong Li
- Department of Cancer, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Curley P, Neary M, Arshad U, Tatham L, Pertinez H, Box H, Rajoli RKR, Valentijn A, Sharp J, Rannard SP, Owen A. Development of a highly sensitive bioanalytical assay for the quantification of favipiravir. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.03.429628. [PMID: 33564761 PMCID: PMC7872349 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.03.429628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir (FAV; T-705) has been approved for use as an anti-influenza therapeutic and has reports against a wide range of viruses (e.g., Ebola virus, rabies and norovirus). Most recently FAV has been reported to demonstrate activity against SARS-CoV-2. Repurposing opportunities have been intensively studied with only limited success to date. If successful, repurposing will allow interventions to become more rapidly available than development of new chemical entities. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations of FAV require robust, reproducible and sensitive bioanalytical assay. Here, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay is presented which was linear from 0.78-200 ng/mL Accuracy and precision ranged between 89% and 110%, 101% and 106%, respectively. The presented assay here has applications in both pre-clinical and clinical research and may be used to facilitate further investigations into the application of FAV against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rajith KR Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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Mwaliko C, Nyaruaba R, Zhao L, Atoni E, Karungu S, Mwau M, Lavillette D, Xia H, Yuan Z. Zika virus pathogenesis and current therapeutic advances. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:21-39. [PMID: 33191867 PMCID: PMC7850325 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1845005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus that, upon infection, results in teratogenic effects and neurological disorders. ZIKV infections pose serious global public health concerns, prompting scientists to increase research on antivirals and vaccines against the virus. These efforts are still ongoing as the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of ZIKV have not yet been fully elaborated. Currently, no specific vaccines or drugs have been approved for ZIKV; however, some are undergoing clinical trials. Notably, several strategies have been used to develop antivirals, including drugs that target viral and host proteins. Additionally, drug repurposing is preferred since it is less costly and takes less time than other strategies because the drugs used have already been approved for human use. Likewise, different platforms have been evaluated for the design of vaccines, including DNA, mRNA, peptide, protein, viral vectors, virus-like particles (VLPSs), inactivated-virus, and live-attenuated virus vaccines. These vaccines have been shown to induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce viremia and viral RNA both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, most of these vaccines have entered clinical trials. Understanding the viral disease mechanism will provide better strategies for developing therapeutic agents against ZIKV. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the viral pathogenesis of ZIKV and current advancements in the development of vaccines and drugs against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Han Xia ; Zhiming Yuan Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Dülger AC, Yakarişik M, Uzun YE, Şahin AM. Treatment of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever by Favipiravir in a Patient with Novel Coronavirus Co-Infection. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2021; 7:002042. [PMID: 33457366 DOI: 10.12890/2020_002042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by an RNA virus that is a member of the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family from the arbovirus group. CCHF is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks through direct contact with the blood and other bodily fluids of patients or infected animals. Case description A 65-year-old man was admitted to the emergency unit with dry cough, myalgia and fever. He was treated with favipiravir. He had disseminated intravascular coagulopathy with thrombocytopenia in the setting of COVID-19 infection. He tested positive for both COVID-19 and CCHF. By the end of the fifth day of treatment, his laboratory parameters and clinical symptoms had normalized. Conclusion Favipiravir is currently on the market for treating COVID-19 infection worldwide. It has also been used to treat CCHF in laboratory animals. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of CCHF successfully treated with favipiravir, which could be a key drug for treating human CCHF. LEARNING POINTS Clinicians should be alert for concomitant viral infections such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, which share similar clinical and laboratory findings to COVID-19.The effectiveness of favipiravir for viral infections other than influenza and COVID-19, such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cumhur Dülger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Giresun State Hospital Affiliated to Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yakarişik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Giresun State Hospital Affiliated to Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Emre Uzun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dereli State Hospital, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Melih Şahin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Giresun State Hospital Affiliated to Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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Łagocka R, Dziedziejko V, Kłos P, Pawlik A. Favipiravir in Therapy of Viral Infections. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E273. [PMID: 33451007 PMCID: PMC7828521 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FPV) is a novel antiviral drug acting as a competitive inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), preventing viral transcription and replication. FPV was approved in Japan in 2014 for therapy of influenza unresponsive to standard antiviral therapies. FPV was also used in the therapy of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity, and adverse effects of FPV, as well as clinical studies evaluating the use of FPV in the therapy of influenza virus (IV) infection, EVD, and SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with its effectiveness in treating other human RNA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryta Łagocka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Patrycja Kłos
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
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Hawman DW, Meade-White K, Leventhal S, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Smith B, Scott D, Feldmann H. Immunocompetent mouse model for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. eLife 2021; 10:63906. [PMID: 33416494 PMCID: PMC7811403 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne febrile illness with wide geographic distribution. CCHF is caused by infection with the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and case fatality rates can be as high as 30%. Despite causing severe disease in humans, our understanding of the host and viral determinants of CCHFV pathogenesis are limited. A major limitation in the investigation of CCHF has been the lack of suitable small animal models. Wild-type mice are resistant to clinical isolates of CCHFV and consequently, mice must be deficient in type I interferon responses to study the more severe aspects of CCHFV. We report here a mouse-adapted variant of CCHFV that recapitulates in adult, immunocompetent mice the severe CCHF observed in humans. This mouse-adapted variant of CCHFV significantly improves our ability to study host and viral determinants of CCHFV-induced disease in a highly tractable mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Shanna Leventhal
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Brian Smith
- Texas Veterinary Pathology, Spring Branch, United States
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
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39
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Jia X, Ganter B, Meier C. Improving properties of the nucleobase analogs T-705/T-1105 as potential antiviral. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:1-47. [PMID: 34728864 PMCID: PMC8553380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this minireview we describe our work on the improvement of the nucleobase analogs Favipiravir (T-705) und its non-fluorinated derivative T-1105 as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 active compounds. Both nucleobases were converted into nucleotides and then included in our nucleotide prodrugs technologies cycloSal-monophosphates, DiPPro-nucleoside diphosphates and TriPPPro-nucleoside triphosphates. Particularly the DiPPro-derivatives of T-1105-RDP proved to be very active against influenza viruses. T-1105-derivatives in general were found to be more antivirally active as compared to their T-705 counterpart. This may be due to the low chemical stability of all ribosylated derivatives of T-705. The ribosyltriphosphate derivative of T-1105 was studied for the potential to act as a inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and was found to be an extremely potent compound causing lethal mutagenesis. The pronucleotide technologies, the chemical synthesis, the biophysical properties and the biological effects of the compounds will be addressed as well.
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40
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Hashemian SM, Farhadi T, Velayati AA. A review on favipiravir: the properties, function, and usefulness to treat COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:1029-1037. [PMID: 33372567 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1866545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At this time, there is no specific therapeutic or vaccine for treatment of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, available drugs for treatment of other viral infections may be useful to treat COVID-19. AREAS COVERED The focus of the current review was studying the main characteristics of favipiravir and its usefulness to treat COVID-19. An electronic search was done by using Pubmed and Google scholar. EXPERT OPINION Based on the mechanism of action and safety of favipiravir, the drug may be a promising candidate for compassionate use against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Favipiravir has a wide range of activity against many single-stranded RNA viruses, is well tolerated in humans and has a high barrier to resistance. However, high doses of the agent are necessary to obtain an efficient antiviral activity. Favipiravir is teratogen in pregnant women and associated with the hyperuricemia. Therefore, the administration of the drug should be well controlled. Investigating the antiviral prophylactic potency of favipiravir and search for its pro-drugs and/or analogs showing improved activity and/or safety are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed MohammadReza Hashemian
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Farhadi
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Tampere M, Pettke A, Salata C, Wallner O, Koolmeister T, Cazares-Körner A, Visnes T, Hesselman MC, Kunold E, Wiita E, Kalderén C, Lightowler M, Jemth AS, Lehtiö J, Rosenquist Å, Warpman-Berglund U, Helleday T, Mirazimi A, Jafari R, Puumalainen MR. Novel Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors Targeting Host Factors Essential for Replication of Pathogenic RNA Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E1423. [PMID: 33322045 PMCID: PMC7762994 DOI: 10.3390/v12121423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent RNA virus outbreaks such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola virus (EBOV) have caused worldwide health emergencies highlighting the urgent need for new antiviral strategies. Targeting host cell pathways supporting viral replication is an attractive approach for development of antiviral compounds, especially with new, unexplored viruses where knowledge of virus biology is limited. Here, we present a strategy to identify host-targeted small molecule inhibitors using an image-based phenotypic antiviral screening assay followed by extensive target identification efforts revealing altered cellular pathways upon antiviral compound treatment. The newly discovered antiviral compounds showed broad-range antiviral activity against pathogenic RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Target identification of the antiviral compounds by thermal protein profiling revealed major effects on proteostasis pathways and disturbance in interactions between cellular HSP70 complex and viral proteins, illustrating the supportive role of HSP70 on many RNA viruses across virus families. Collectively, this strategy identifies new small molecule inhibitors with broad antiviral activity against pathogenic RNA viruses, but also uncovers novel virus biology urgently needed for design of new antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tampere
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Aleksandra Pettke
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Olov Wallner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Armando Cazares-Körner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Torkild Visnes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Maria Carmen Hesselman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Elena Kunold
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Elisee Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Christina Kalderén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Molly Lightowler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Åsa Rosenquist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Ulrika Warpman-Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Marjo-Riitta Puumalainen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
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42
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A DNA-based vaccine protects against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus disease in a Cynomolgus macaque model. Nat Microbiol 2020; 6:187-195. [PMID: 33257849 PMCID: PMC7854975 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no specific prophylaxis or vaccine against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe febrile-illness transmitted by Hyalomma ticks in endemic areas, handling of infected livestock or care of infected patients. We report here the successful protection against CCHFV-mediated disease in a non-human primate disease model. Cynomolgus macaques were vaccinated with a DNA-based vaccine using in vivo electroporation-assisted delivery. The vaccine contained two plasmids encoding the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and the nucleoprotein (NP) of CCHFV. Animals received three vaccinations and we recorded potent antibody and T-cell responses after vaccination. While all sham-vaccinated animals developed viremia, high tissue viral loads and CCHF-induced disease, the NP + GPC vaccinated animals were significantly protected. In conclusion, this is the first evidence of a vaccine that can protect against CCHFV-induced disease in a non-human primate model. This supports clinical development of the vaccine to protect groups at risk for contracting the infection. A DNA-based vaccine confers significant protection from CCHFV infection in Cynomolgus macaques
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43
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An overview of the safety, clinical application and antiviral research of the COVID-19 therapeutics. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1405-1414. [PMID: 32684351 PMCID: PMC7357519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since a novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in late December 2019, coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) epidemic has gradually spread worldwide, becoming a major public health event. No specific antivirals are currently available for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The treatments for COVID-19 are mainly based on the experiences of similar virus such SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV and influenza viruses. Scientists have taken great efforts to investigate the effective methods for the treatment of COVID-19. Up to now, there are over 1000 clinical studies for COVID-19 all over the world. In this article, we reviewed the current options for COVID-19 therapy including small molecules such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir etc, peptide inhibitors of ACE2, Traditional Chinese Medicines and Biologics such as SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies, mesenchymal stem cells and vaccines etc. Meanwhile, we systematically reviewed their clinical safety, clinical applications and progress of antiviral researches. The therapeutic effect of these antiviral drugs is summarized and compared, hoping to provide some ideas for clinical options of COVID-19 treatment and also provide experiences for the life-threatening virus diseases in the future.
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44
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Serretiello E, Astorri R, Chianese A, Stelitano D, Zannella C, Folliero V, Santella B, Galdiero M, Franci G, Galdiero M. The emerging tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101871. [PMID: 32891725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an increasingly relevant viral zoonosis caused by the negative-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus (CCHFV) (Nairoviridae family, Bunyavirales order). The viral genome is divided into three segments (L-M-S) of distinct size and functions. The infection is generally mediated by a tick vector, in particular belonging to the Hyalomma genus, and the transmission follows a tick-vertebrate-tick ecologic cycle, with asymptomatic infected animals functioning as reservoirs and amplifiers for CCHFV. Human hosts could be infected primarily through infected ticks or by contact with infected hosts or their body fluids and tissues, also in a nosocomial way and in occupational contexts. Infected symptomatic patients generally manifest a nonspecific illness, which progresses across four stages, with possibly lethal outcomes. Disease outbreaks show a widespread geographic diffusion and a highly variable mortality rate, dramatically peaking in untreated patients. The lack of an adequate animal model and the elevated virus biological risk (only manageable under biosafety level 4 conditions) represent strongly limiting factors for a better characterization of the disease and for the development of specific therapies and vaccines. The present review discusses updated information on CCHFV-related disease, including details about the virus (taxonomy, structure, life cycle, transmission modalities) and considering CCHF pathogenesis, epidemiology and current strategies (diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Serretiello
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Astorri
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Stelitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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45
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Hawman DW, Haddock E, Meade-White K, Nardone G, Feldmann F, Hanley PW, Lovaglio J, Scott D, Komeno T, Nakajima N, Furuta Y, Gowen BB, Feldmann H. Efficacy of favipiravir (T-705) against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104858. [PMID: 32645335 PMCID: PMC11056077 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a widely distributed hemorrhagic fever virus found throughout Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It is spread through bites from infected ticks, animal husbandry and can also be acquired in the healthcare setting during care of infected patients. In humans, CCHFV can cause a sudden onset of a non-specific febrile illness that can rapidly progress to severe hemorrhagic manifestations. Currently, there is no widely available vaccine and although ribavirin has been suggested for the treatment of CCHFV, clinical efficacy in both animal models and humans is inconsistent suggesting more potent antivirals are needed for CCHFV. Favipiravir is approved in Japan for the treatment of influenza virus infections and has shown promise against other highly pathogenic RNA viruses including CCHFV with demonstrated efficacy in the type I interferon deficient mouse model. In this report we utilized the cynomolgus macaque model to evaluate the efficacy of once- and twice-daily favipiravir treatment against CCHFV infection. We found that favipiravir treatment suppressed viremia and viral shedding when treatment was initiated 24 h post-infection and viral burdens in key tissues trended lower in favipiravir-treated animals. Our data indicate that favipiravir has efficacy against CCHFV in vivo in a non-human primate model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hawman
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Glenn Nardone
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Heinz Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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46
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Ranadheera C, Valcourt EJ, Warner BM, Poliquin G, Rosenke K, Frost K, Tierney K, Saturday G, Miao J, Westover JB, Gowen BB, Booth S, Feldmann H, Wang Z, Safronetz D. Characterization of a novel STAT 2 knock-out hamster model of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12378. [PMID: 32704046 PMCID: PMC7378551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne pathogen causing a febrile illness in humans, which can progress to hemorrhagic manifestations, multi-organ failure, and death. Current mouse models of CCHFV infection reliably succumb to virus challenge but vary in their ability to reflect signs of disease similar to humans. In this study, we established a signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) knockout hamster model to expand the repertoire of animal models of CCHFV pathogenesis that can be used for therapeutic development. These hamsters demonstrated a systemic and lethal disease in response to infection. Hallmarks of human disease were observed including petechial rash, blood coagulation dysfunction, and various biochemistry and blood cell count abnormalities. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the utility of this model for anti-CCHFV therapeutic evaluation. The STAT2 knock-out hamster model of CCHFV infection may provide some further insights into clinical disease, viral pathogenesis, and pave the way for testing of potential drug and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Ranadheera
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Bioforensics Assay Development and Diagnostics, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emelissa J Valcourt
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bryce M Warner
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Guillaume Poliquin
- Office of the Scientific Director, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kathy Frost
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450066, People's Republic of China
| | - Jonna B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Stephanie Booth
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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47
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Tchesnokov EP, Bailey-Elkin BA, Mark BL, Götte M. Independent inhibition of the polymerase and deubiquitinase activities of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus full-length L-protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008283. [PMID: 32497085 PMCID: PMC7271988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a segmented negative-sense RNA virus that can cause severe human disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed CCHFVas a priority pathogen with an urgent need for enhanced research activities to develop effective countermeasures. Here we adopted a biochemical approach that targets the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The CCHFV RdRp activity is part of a multifunctional L protein that is unusually large with a molecular weight of ~450 kDa. The CCHFV L-protein also contains an ovarian tumor (OTU) domain that exhibits deubiquitinating (DUB) activity, which was shown to interfere with innate immune responses and viral replication. We report on the expression, characterization and inhibition of the CCHFV full-length L-protein and studied both RNA synthesis and DUB activity. Methodology/Principle findings Recombinant full-length CCHFV L protein was expressed in insect cells and purified to near homogeneity using affinity chromatography. RdRp activity was monitored with model primer/templates during elongation in the presence of divalent metal ions. We observed a 14-mer full length RNA product as well as the expected shorter products when omitting certain nucleotides from the reaction mixture. The D2517N mutation of the putative active site rendered the enzyme inactive. Inhibition of RNA synthesis was studies with the broad-spectrum antivirals ribavirin and favipiravir that mimic nucleotide substrates. The triphosphate form of these compounds act like ATP or GTP; however, incorporation of ATP or GTP is markedly favored over the inhibitors. We also studied the effects of bona fide nucleotide analogues 2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro-CTP (FdC) and 2’-deoxy-2’-amino-CTP and demonstrate increased inhibitory effects due to higher rates of incorporation. We further show that the CCHFV L full-length protein and the isolated OTU domain cleave Lys48- and Lys63-linked polyubiqutin chains. Moreover, the ubiquitin analogue CC.4 inhibits the CCHFV-associated DUB activity of the full-length L protein and the isolated DUB domain to a similar extent. Inhibition of DUB activity does not affect elongation of RNA synthesis, and inhibition of RNA synthesis does not affect DUB activity. Both domains are functionally independent under these conditions. Conclusions/Significance The requirements for high biosafety measures hamper drug discovery and development efforts with infectious CCHFV. The availability of full-length CCHFV L-protein provides an important tool in this regard. High-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns are now feasible. The same enzyme preparations can be employed to identify novel polymerase and DUB inhibitors. The tick-born Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes severe human disease with high fatality rates. Outbreaks have been documented in a large geographic area from Africa to Asia. Unfortunately, vaccines that would prevent infection with the virus or antiviral drugs that can be administered for disease treatment are not available. Biosafety requirements further impede research in this area. The development of biochemical tools could potentially address this problem. Here we have expressed recombinant viral L-protein in insect cells. The L-protein is unusually large and exhibits RNA synthesis and deubiquitinating activities that are required for efficient viral growth. We have demonstrated that two distinct activities can be monitored in biochemical assays. Inhibition of these activities was shown with prototypic compounds. Hence, the purified L-protein provides an attractive target and tool for future drug discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor P Tchesnokov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology at University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology at University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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48
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Kim SB, Huh K, Heo JY, Joo EJ, Kim YJ, Choi WS, Kim YJ, Seo YB, Yoon YK, Ku NS, Jeong SJ, Kim SH, Peck KR, Yeom JS. Interim Guidelines on Antiviral Therapy for COVID-19. Infect Chemother 2020; 52:281-304. [PMID: 32342676 PMCID: PMC7335642 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first case was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on December 12, 2019, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely to other countries since January 2020. As of April 16, 2020, 10635 confirmed cases have been reported, with 230 deaths in Korea. COVID-19 patients may be asymptomatic or show various clinical manifestations, including acute symptoms such as fever, fatigue, sore throat; pneumonia presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome; and multiple organ failure. As COVID-19 has such varied clinical manifestations and case fatality rates, no standard antiviral therapy regimen has been established other than supportive therapy. In the present guideline, we aim to introduce potentially helpful antiviral and other drug therapies based on in vivo and in vitro research and clinical experiences from many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Bean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Heo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University school of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Jeong Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Bin Seo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young Kyung Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Su Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Sup Yeom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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49
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Feasibility of Known RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050320. [PMID: 32357471 PMCID: PMC7281371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect humans and animals. Infection by CoVs such as HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43 and -HKU1 leads to the common cold, short lasting rhinitis, cough, sore throat and fever. However, CoVs such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newest SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) lead to severe and deadly diseases with mortality rates ranging between ~1 to 35% depending on factors such as age and pre-existing conditions. Despite continuous global health threats to humans, there are no approved vaccines or drugs targeting human CoVs, and the recent outbreak of COVID-19 emphasizes an urgent need for therapeutic interventions. Using computational and bioinformatics tools, here we present the feasibility of reported broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitors as anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting its main RNA polymerase, suggesting that investigational and approved nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitors have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. However, we note that it is also possible for SARS-CoV-2 to evolve and acquire drug resistance mutations against these nucleoside inhibitors.
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50
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Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Woolner E, Perry JK, Feng JY, Porter DP, Götte M. Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6785-6797. [PMID: 32284326 PMCID: PMC7242698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed to control this current pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Replication of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is the likely target of the investigational nucleotide analogue remdesivir (RDV). RDV shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses, and previous studies with RdRps from Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have revealed that delayed chain termination is RDV's plausible mechanism of action. Here, we expressed and purified active SARS-CoV-2 RdRp composed of the nonstructural proteins nsp8 and nsp12. Enzyme kinetics indicated that this RdRp efficiently incorporates the active triphosphate form of RDV (RDV-TP) into RNA. Incorporation of RDV-TP at position i caused termination of RNA synthesis at position i+3. We obtained almost identical results with SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 RdRps. A unique property of RDV-TP is its high selectivity over incorporation of its natural nucleotide counterpart ATP. In this regard, the triphosphate forms of 2′-C-methylated compounds, including sofosbuvir, approved for the management of hepatitis C virus infection, and the broad-acting antivirals favipiravir and ribavirin, exhibited significant deficits. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the target specificity of RDV, as RDV-TP was less efficiently incorporated by the distantly related Lassa virus RdRp, and termination of RNA synthesis was not observed. These results collectively provide a unifying, refined mechanism of RDV-mediated RNA synthesis inhibition in coronaviruses and define this nucleotide analogue as a direct-acting antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J Gordon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Egor P Tchesnokov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Emma Woolner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Jason K Perry
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Danielle P Porter
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada .,Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404
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