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Lu X, Jin J, Wu Y, Liu X, Liang X, Lin J, Sun Q, Qin J, Zhang W, Luan X. Progress in RAS-targeted therapeutic strategies: From small molecule inhibitors to proteolysis targeting chimeras. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:812-832. [PMID: 38009264 DOI: 10.1002/med.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
As a widely considerable target in chemical biology and pharmacological research, rat sarcoma (RAS) gene mutations play a critical driving factor in several fatal cancers. Despite the great progress of RAS subtype-specific inhibitors, rapid acquired drug resistance could limit their further clinical applications. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) has emerged as a powerful tool to handle "undruggable" targets and exhibited significant therapeutic benefit for the combat of drug resistance. Owing to unique molecular mechanism and binding kinetics, PROTAC is expected to become a feasible strategy to break the bottleneck of classical RAS inhibitors. This review aims to discuss the current advances of RAS inhibitors and especially focus on PROTAC strategy targeting RAS mutations and their downstream effectors for relevant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Deurloo MHS, Eide S, Turlova E, Li Q, Spijker S, Sun HS, Groffen AJA, Feng ZP. Rasal1 regulates calcium dependent neuronal maturation by modifying microtubule dynamics. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:13. [PMID: 38246997 PMCID: PMC10800070 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rasal1 is a Ras GTPase-activating protein which contains C2 domains necessary for dynamic membrane association following intracellular calcium elevation. Membrane-bound Rasal1 inactivates Ras signaling through its RasGAP activity, and through such mechanisms has been implicated in regulating various cellular functions in the context of tumors. Although highly expressed in the brain, the contribution of Rasal1 to neuronal development and function has yet to be explored. RESULTS We examined the contributions of Rasal1 to neuronal development in primary culture of hippocampal neurons through modulation of Rasal1 expression using molecular tools. Fixed and live cell imaging demonstrate diffuse expression of Rasal1 throughout the cell soma, dendrites and axon which localizes to the neuronal plasma membrane in response to intracellular calcium fluctuation. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrate direct interaction of Rasal1 with PKC, tubulin, and CaMKII. Consequently, Rasal1 is found to stabilize microtubules, through post-translational modification of tubulin, and accordingly inhibit dendritic outgrowth and branching. Through imaging, molecular, and electrophysiological techniques Rasal1 is shown to promote NMDA-mediated synaptic activity and CaMKII phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Rasal1 functions in two separate roles in neuronal development; calcium regulated neurite outgrowth and the promotion of NMDA receptor-mediated postsynaptic events which may be mediated both by interaction with direct binding partners or calcium-dependent regulation of down-stream pathways. Importantly, the outlined molecular mechanisms of Rasal1 may contribute notably to normal neuronal development and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H S Deurloo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Eide
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - E Turlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Q Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Spijker
- Department Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, VU University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H-S Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J A Groffen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z-P Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Zhang D, Chen X, Liu B, Yuan Y, Cui W, Zhu D, Zhu J, Duan S, Li C. The Temporal and Spatial Changes of Autophagy and PI3K Isoforms in Different Neural Cells After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5366-5377. [PMID: 37316758 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are limited therapeutic options for patient with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Phosphoinositide 3-kinase family (PI3Ks) are the key molecules for regulating cell autophagy, which is a possible way of treating SCI. As we know, PI3K family are composed of eight isoforms, which are distributed into three classes. While the role of PI3Ks in regulating autophagy is controversial and the effects may be in a cell-specific manner. Different isoforms do not distribute in neural cells consistently and it is not clear how the PI3K isoforms regulate and interact with autophagy. Therefore, we explored the distributions and expression of different PI3K isoforms in two key neural cells (PC12 cells and astrocytes). The results showed that the expression of LC3II/I and p62, which are the markers of autophagy, changed in different patterns in PC12 cells and astrocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (H/R). Furthermore, the mRNA level of eight PI3K isoforms did not change in the same way, and even for the same isoform the mRNA activities are different between PC12 cells and astrocytes. What is more, the results of western blot of PI3K isoforms after H/R were inconsistent with the relevant mRNA. Based on this study, the therapeutic effects of regulating autophagy on SCI are not confirmed definitely, and its molecular mechanisms may be related with different temporal and spatial patterns of activation and distributions of PI3K isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, 100073, China
| | - Baoge Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jichao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuo Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
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Safaroghli-Azar A, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) classes: From cell signaling to endocytic recycling and autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175827. [PMID: 37269974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid signaling is defined as any biological signaling action in which a lipid messenger binds to a protein target, converting its effects to specific cellular responses. In this complex biological pathway, the family of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) represents a pivotal role and affects many aspects of cellular biology from cell survival, proliferation, and migration to endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, metabolism, and autophagy. While yeasts have a single isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammals possess eight PI3K types divided into three classes. The class I PI3Ks have set the stage to widen research interest in the field of cancer biology. The aberrant activation of class I PI3Ks has been identified in 30-50% of human tumors, and activating mutations in PIK3CA is one of the most frequent oncogenes in human cancer. In addition to indirect participation in cell signaling, class II and III PI3Ks primarily regulate vesicle trafficking. Class III PI3Ks are also responsible for autophagosome formation and autophagy flux. The current review aims to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the latest discoveries regarding PI3Ks-mediated cell biological processes. Also, we unravel the mechanisms by which pools of the same phosphoinositides (PIs) derived from different PI3K types act differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Buijs TJ, Vilar B, Tan C, McNaughton PA. STIM1 and ORAI1 form a novel cold transduction mechanism in sensory and sympathetic neurons. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111348. [PMID: 36524441 PMCID: PMC9890232 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate coolness is sensed by TRPM8 ion channels in peripheral sensory nerves, but the mechanism by which noxious cold is detected remains elusive. Here, we show that somatosensory and sympathetic neurons express two distinct mechanisms to detect noxious cold. In the first, inhibition by cold of a background outward current causes membrane depolarization that activates an inward current through voltage-dependent calcium (CaV ) channels. A second cold-activated mechanism is independent of membrane voltage, is inhibited by blockers of ORAI ion channels and by downregulation of STIM1, and is recapitulated in HEK293 cells by co-expression of ORAI1 and STIM1. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy we found that cold causes STIM1 to aggregate with and activate ORAI1 ion channels, in a mechanism similar to that underlying store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), but directly activated by cold and not by emptying of calcium stores. This novel mechanism may explain the phenomenon of cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD), in which extreme cold increases blood flow in order to preserve the integrity of peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Buijs
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related DiseasesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of Synapse and Network DevelopmentNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Vilar
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related DiseasesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Chun‐Hsiang Tan
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of NeurologyKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Present address:
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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Woon EP, Butkovich LM, Peluso AA, Elbasheir A, Taylor K, Gourley SL. Medial orbitofrontal neurotrophin systems integrate hippocampal input into outcome-specific value representations. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111334. [PMID: 36103822 PMCID: PMC9799221 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, we mentally represent possible consequences of our behaviors and integrate specific outcome values into existing knowledge to inform decisions. The medial orbitofrontal cortex (MO) is necessary to adapt behaviors when outcomes are not immediately available-when they and their values need to be envisioned. Nevertheless, neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. We find that the neuroplasticity-associated neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) is necessary for mice to integrate outcome-specific value information into choice behavior. This function appears attributable to memory updating (and not retrieval) and the stabilization of dendritic spines on excitatory MO neurons, which led us to investigate inputs to the MO. Ventral hippocampal (vHC)-to-MO projections appear conditionally necessary for value updating, involved in long-term aversion-based value memory updating. Furthermore, vHC-MO-mediated control of choice is TrkB dependent. Altogether, we reveal a vHC-MO connection by which specific value memories are updated, and we position TrkB within this functional circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen P Woon
- Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Laura M Butkovich
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arianna A Peluso
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aziz Elbasheir
- Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kian Taylor
- Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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7
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Tariq K, Luikart BW. Striking a balance: PIP 2 and PIP 3 signaling in neuronal health and disease. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2022; 1:86-100. [PMID: 35098253 PMCID: PMC8797975 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2021.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are membrane phospholipids involved in a variety of cellular processes like growth, development, metabolism, and transport. This review focuses on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). The critical balance of these PIPs is crucial for regulation of neuronal form and function. The activity of PIP2 and PIP3 can be regulated through kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and cholesterol microdomains. PIP2 and PIP3 carry out their functions either indirectly through their effectors activating integral signaling pathways, or through direct regulation of membrane channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. Any perturbations to the balance between PIP2 and PIP3 signaling result in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss the upstream modulators and downstream effectors of the PIP2 and PIP3 signaling, in the context of neuronal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Tariq
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bryan W Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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8
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Serra I, Manusama OR, Kaiser FMP, Floriano II, Wahl L, van der Zalm C, IJspeert H, van Hagen PM, van Beveren NJM, Arend SM, Okkenhaug K, Pel JJM, Dalm VASH, Badura A. Activated PI3Kδ syndrome, an immunodeficiency disorder, leads to sensorimotor deficits recapitulated in a murine model. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100377. [PMID: 34786564 PMCID: PMC8579111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family plays a major role in cell signaling and is predominant in leukocytes. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the PIK3CD gene lead to the development of activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS), a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder. A subset of APDS patients also displays neurodevelopmental delay symptoms, suggesting a potential role of PIK3CD in cognitive and behavioural function. However, the extent and nature of the neurodevelopmental deficits has not been previously quantified. Here, we assessed the cognitive functions of two APDS patients, and investigated the causal role of the PIK3CD GOF mutation in neurological deficits using a murine model of this disease. We used p110δE1020K knock-in mice, harbouring the most common APDS mutation in patients. We found that APDS patients present with visuomotor deficits, exacerbated by autism spectrum disorder comorbidity, whereas p110δE1020K mice exhibited impairments in motor behaviour, learning and repetitive behaviour patterning. Our data indicate that PIK3CD GOF mutations increase the risk for neurodevelopmental deficits, supporting previous findings on the interplay between the nervous and the immune system. Further, our results validate the knock-in mouse model, and offer an objective assessment tool for patients that could be incorporated in diagnosis and in the evaluation of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Serra
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Fabian M P Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lucas Wahl
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hanna IJspeert
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra M Arend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Nieuwenhuis B, Eva R. Promoting axon regeneration in the central nervous system by increasing PI3-kinase signaling. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1172-1182. [PMID: 34782551 PMCID: PMC8643051 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has focused on the PI3-kinase and PTEN signaling pathway with the aim to stimulate repair of the injured central nervous system. Axons in the central nervous system fail to regenerate, meaning that injuries or diseases that cause loss of axonal connectivity have life-changing consequences. In 2008, genetic deletion of PTEN was identified as a means of stimulating robust regeneration in the optic nerve. PTEN is a phosphatase that opposes the actions of PI3-kinase, a family of enzymes that function to generate the membrane phospholipid PIP3 from PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate). Deletion of PTEN therefore allows elevated signaling downstream of PI3-kinase, and was initially demonstrated to promote axon regeneration by signaling through mTOR. More recently, additional mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the neuron-intrinsic control of regenerative ability. This review describes neuronal signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase and PIP3, and considers them in relation to both developmental and regenerative axon growth. We briefly discuss the key neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that govern regenerative ability, and describe how these are affected by signaling through PI3-kinase. We highlight the recent finding of a developmental decline in the generation of PIP3 as a key reason for regenerative failure, and summarize the studies that target an increase in signaling downstream of PI3-kinase to facilitate regeneration in the adult central nervous system. Finally, we discuss obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to generate a robust strategy for repairing the injured central nervous system through manipulation of PI3-kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Eva
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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PI3Kγ/AKT Signaling in High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan (HMWH)-Induced Anti-Hyperalgesia and Reversal of Nociceptor Sensitization. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8414-8426. [PMID: 34417329 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1189-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH), a well-established treatment for osteoarthritis pain, is anti-hyperalgesic in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia is mediated by its action at cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), the cognate hyaluronan receptor, which can signal via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), a large family of kinases involved in diverse cell functions. We demonstrate that intrathecal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) antisense to mRNA for PI3Kγ (a Class I PI3K isoform) expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), and intradermal administration of a PI3Kγ-selective inhibitor (AS605240), markedly attenuates HMWH-induced anti-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperalgesia, in male and female rats. Intradermal administration of inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; rapamycin) and protein kinase B (AKT; AKT Inhibitor IV), signaling molecules downstream of PI3Kγ, also attenuates HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia. In vitro patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments on cultured nociceptors from male rats demonstrate that some HMWH-induced changes in generation of action potentials (APs) in nociceptors sensitized by PGE2 are PI3Kγ dependent (reduction in AP firing rate, increase in latency to first AP and increase in slope of current ramp required to induce AP) and some are PI3Kγ independent [reduction in recovery rate of AP afterhyperpolarization (AHP)]. Our demonstration of a role of PI3Kγ in HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia and reversal of nociceptor sensitization opens a novel line of research into molecular targets for the treatment of diverse pain syndromes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have previously demonstrated that high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH) attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia, an effect mediated by its action at cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), the cognate hyaluronan receptor, and activation of its downstream signaling pathway, in nociceptors. In the present study, we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)γ and downstream signaling pathway, protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), are crucial for HMWH to induce anti-hyperalgesia.
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Mercurio L, Morelli M, Scarponi C, Scaglione GL, Pallotta S, Albanesi C, Madonna S. PI3Kδ Sustains Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation and Epithelial Inflammation: Implications for a Topically Druggable Target in Psoriasis. Cells 2021; 10:2636. [PMID: 34685616 PMCID: PMC8534452 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in psoriatic lesions and contributes to disease pathogenesis. Among PI3Ks enzymes, PI3Kα, β, and δ isoforms are known to bind the p85 regulatory subunit and mediate activation of AKT and other downstream effectors. In this study, we deepened our understanding of the expression and function of PI3Kδ in skin lesions of patients affected by psoriasis. For the first time, we found that PI3Kδ is overexpressed in psoriatic plaques, and its expression is not only confined to infiltrating immune cells but also accumulates in proliferating keratinocytes of the epidermal basal layer. We investigated the function of PI3Kδ in psoriatic skin by evaluating the impact of seletalisib, a newly developed selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models of psoriasis. Of note, we found that PI3Kδ sustains keratinocyte hyperproliferation and impaired terminal differentiation induced by IL-22, as well as induces epithelial inflammation and resistance to apoptosis mediated by TNF-α in human keratinocytes. Mechanistically, PI3Kδ promotes PDK1 phosphorylation and signals through AKT-dependent or -independent pathways. It is worth mentioning that PI3Kδ inhibition by seletalisib attenuates the severity of psoriasiform phenotype induced in the Imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis by restoring the physiological proliferation and differentiation programs in epidermal keratinocytes and contrasting the cutaneous inflammatory responses. Therefore, we suggest PI3Kδ as a potential topically druggable target in psoriasis and skin diseases characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercurio
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (C.S.); (G.L.S.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Martina Morelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (C.S.); (G.L.S.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Claudia Scarponi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (C.S.); (G.L.S.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Giovanni Luca Scaglione
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (C.S.); (G.L.S.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sabatino Pallotta
- Integrated Center for Research in Psoriasis (CRI-PSO), Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (C.S.); (G.L.S.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
- Integrated Center for Research in Psoriasis (CRI-PSO), Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Madonna
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (C.S.); (G.L.S.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
- Integrated Center for Research in Psoriasis (CRI-PSO), Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
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Vanhaesebroeck B, Perry MWD, Brown JR, André F, Okkenhaug K. PI3K inhibitors are finally coming of age. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:741-769. [PMID: 34127844 PMCID: PMC9297732 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overactive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in cancer and immune dysregulation has spurred extensive efforts to develop therapeutic PI3K inhibitors. Although progress has been hampered by issues such as poor drug tolerance and drug resistance, several PI3K inhibitors have now received regulatory approval - the PI3Kα isoform-selective inhibitor alpelisib for the treatment of breast cancer and inhibitors mainly aimed at the leukocyte-enriched PI3Kδ in B cell malignancies. In addition to targeting cancer cell-intrinsic PI3K activity, emerging evidence highlights the potential of PI3K inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. This Review summarizes key discoveries that aid the clinical translation of PI3Kα and PI3Kδ inhibitors, highlighting lessons learnt and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W D Perry
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- CLL Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabrice André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Oh J, Garabedian E, Fuleihan R, Cunningham-Rundles C. Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ Syndrome from the USIDNET Cohort. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:4095-4102. [PMID: 34352450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated phosphoinosidtide 3-kinase δ syndrome (APDS) is a combined primary immunodeficiency characterized by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD and PIK3R1. APDS demonstrates a large range of phenotypes including respiratory and herpesvirus infections, lymphadenopathy, autoimmunity, and developmental delay. OBJECTIVE This study describes clinical phenotypes and disease outcomes of a large APDS cohort from the USIDNET Registry. METHODS 38 patients were enrolled in USIDNET and 2 additional patients were obtained from the Clinical Immunology division at Mount Sinai Hospital. Each patient's demographics, disease complications, genetic studies, laboratory data, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS There was a high frequency of respiratory infections (70.0% pneumonia) and herpesvirus infections (37.5%). Bronchiectasis was observed in 45.0% of patients. Lymphadenopathy was common (52.5%) and 12.5% of patients developed lymphoma. Neurological and developmental findings were common: 20.0% had developmental delay, 15.0% had seizures, and 10.0% had dysmorphic features. Asthma was more common in PIK3CD compared to PIK3R1 patients (63.6% vs 14.3%). More subjects with PIK3CD had CD3 lymphopenia compared to the PIK3R1 cohort. Seven patients underwent hematopietic stem cell transplantation. One patient died from infectious complications. CONCLUSION This is the first cohort comparing clinical manifestations in PIK3CD and PIK3R1 patients from the USIDNET Registry. Similar frequencies of respiratory and herpesvirus infections, lymphadenopathy, and developmental delay were observed compared to prior cohort studies. However, a higher frequency of asthma and CD3 lymphopenia in the PIK3CD cohort compared to the PIK3R1 cohort was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Oh
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
| | - Elizabeth Garabedian
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health
| | - Ramsay Fuleihan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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Wang S, Wang W, Zhang X, Gui J, Zhang J, Guo Y, Liu Y, Han L, Liu Q, Li Y, Sun N, Liu Z, Du J, Tai J, Ni X. A somatic mutation in PIK3CD unravels a novel candidate gene for lymphatic malformation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:208. [PMID: 33964933 PMCID: PMC8106842 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are benign congenital malformations that stem from the abnormal development of the lymphatic vessels during early embryogenesis. Somatic PIK3CA gene mutations are conventional cause leading to LMs. Both macrocystic and microcystic LMs arise due to lymphatic endothelial cell-autonomous defects, depending on the time in development at which PIK3CA gene mutation occurs. Recent study finds a PIK3CA mutation in 79% of LMs. However, discovering new genetic events in this disease is crucial to identify the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis and further develop new targeted therapies. Results Here, we initially performed whole-exome sequencing in six children with LMs to find a new causal gene. Somatic mutations in PIK3CA (c.1633G > A [p. E545K] and PIK3CD (c.1997T > C [p.L666P]) were discovered in two different individuals. In vitro functional studies were conducted to demonstrate the pathogenicity of the novel mutation c.1997T > C in PIK3CD. We found that L666P promoted the cell proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and induced hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway. These findings indicate that the PIK3CD mutation affects downstream signalling in endothelial cells, which may impair normal lymphangiogenesis. Conclusions This study reveals a novel candidate gene associated with the development of LMs, which is consistent with previous researches. These findings in our study may offer a novel gene target for developing therapies, which acts in tight interaction with the previously known PIK3CA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01782-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xuexi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yuanhu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lin Han
- Running-Gene Inc., Health Valley 602, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Nian Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jiangnan Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jun Tai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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15
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Mercurio L, Albanesi C, Madonna S. Recent Updates on the Involvement of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Molecular Cascade in the Pathogenesis of Hyperproliferative Skin Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:665647. [PMID: 33996865 PMCID: PMC8119789 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.665647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PhosphoInositide-3 Kinase (PI3K) represents a family of different classes of kinases which control multiple biological processes in mammalian cells, such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Class IA PI3Ks, the main regulators of proliferative signals, consists of a catalytic subunit (α, β, δ) that binds p85 regulatory subunit and mediates activation of AKT and mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and regulation of downstream effectors. Dysregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in skin contributes to several pathological conditions characterized by uncontrolled proliferation, including skin cancers, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Among cutaneous cancers, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) display PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling hyperactivation, implicated in hyperproliferation, and tumorigenesis, as well as in resistance to apoptosis. Upregulation of mTOR signaling proteins has also been reported in psoriasis, in association with enhanced proliferation, defective keratinocyte differentiation, senescence-like growth arrest, and resistance to apoptosis, accounting for major parts of the overall disease phenotypes. On the contrary, PI3K/AKT/mTOR role in AD is less characterized, even though recent evidence demonstrates the relevant function for mTOR pathway in the regulation of epidermal barrier formation and stratification. In this review, we provide the most recent updates on the role and function of PI3K/AKT/mTOR molecular axis in the pathogenesis of different hyperproliferative skin disorders, and highlights on the current status of preclinical and clinical studies on PI3K-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercurio
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Madonna
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Liu C, Liu J, Liu C, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Saijilafu. The intrinsic axon regenerative properties of mature neurons after injury. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1-9. [PMID: 33258872 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of nerve injuries occur in the world each year. Axon regeneration is a very critical process for the restoration of the injured nervous system's function. However, the precise molecular mechanism or signaling cascades that control axon regeneration are not clearly understood, especially in mammals. Therefore, there is almost no ideal treatment method to repair the nervous system's injury until now. Mammalian axonal regeneration requires multiple signaling pathways to coordinately regulate gene expression in soma and assembly of the cytoskeleton protein in the growth cone. A better understanding of their molecular mechanisms, such as axon regeneration regulatory signaling cascades, will be helpful in developing new treatment strategies for promoting axon regeneration. In this review, we mainly focus on describing these regeneration-associated signaling cascades, which regulate axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jinlian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yaodong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Boyin Zhang
- Orthopedics Surgery Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China
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Bloomfield M, Klocperk A, Zachova R, Milota T, Kanderova V, Sediva A. Natural Course of Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Delta Syndrome in Childhood and Adolescence. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:697706. [PMID: 34350147 PMCID: PMC8326455 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.697706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS), caused by mutations in PI3Kδ catalytic p110δ (PIK3CD) or regulatory p85α (PIK3R1) subunits, is a primary immunodeficiency affecting both humoral and cellular immunity, which shares some phenotypic similarities with hyper-IgM syndromes and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Since its first description in 2013, over 200 patients have been reported worldwide. Unsurprisingly, many of the newly diagnosed patients were recruited later in life from previously long-standing unclassified immunodeficiencies and the early course of the disease is, therefore, often less well-described. In this study, we report clinical and laboratory features of eight patients followed for APDS, with particular focus on early warning signs, longitudinal development of their symptoms, individual variations, and response to therapy. The main clinical features shared by our patients included recurrent bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal disease, non-malignant lymphoproliferation, autoimmune thyroiditis, and susceptibility to EBV. All patients tolerated vaccination with both attenuated live and subunit vaccines with no adverse effects, although some failed to mount adequate antibody response. Laboratory findings were characterized by dysgammaglobulinaemia, elevated serum IgM, block in B-cell maturation with high transitional B cells, and low naïve T cells with CD8 T-cell activation. All patients benefited from immunoglobulin replacement therapy, whereas immunosuppression with mTOR pathway inhibitors was only partially successful. Therapy with specific PI3K inhibitor leniolisib was beneficial in all patients in the clinical trial. These vignettes, summary data, and particular tell-tale signs should serve to facilitate early recognition, referral, and initiation of outcome-improving therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Bloomfield
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Pediatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Adam Klocperk
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radana Zachova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Milota
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Kanderova
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czechia
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18
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Redenbaugh V, Coulter T. Disorders Related to PI3Kδ Hyperactivation: Characterizing the Clinical and Immunological Features of Activated PI3-Kinase Delta Syndromes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:702872. [PMID: 34422726 PMCID: PMC8374435 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.702872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) is found in immune cells and is part of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K signalling pathway essential to cell survival, growth and differentiation. Hyperactivation of PI3Kδ enzyme results in Activated PI3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS). This childhood onset, autosomal dominant, combined immunodeficiency, is caused by heterozygous gain of function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD (encodes PI3Kδ catalytic subunit p110δ), mutations in PIK3R1 (encodes PI3Kδ regulatory subunit p85α) or LOF mutations in PTEN (terminates PI3Kδ signalling) leading to APDS1, APDS2 and APDS-Like (APDS-L), respectively. APDS was initially described in 2013 and over 285 cases have now been reported. Prompt diagnosis of APDS is beneficial as targeted pharmacological therapies such as sirolimus and potentially PI3Kδ inhibitors can be administered. In this review, we provide an update on the clinical and laboratory features of this primary immunodeficiency. We discuss the common manifestations such as sinopulmonary infections, bronchiectasis, lymphoproliferation, susceptibility to herpesvirus, malignancy, as well as more rare non-immune features such as short stature and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Laboratory characteristics, such as antibody deficiency and B cell and T cell, phenotypes are also summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyanka Redenbaugh
- Regional Immunology Services of Northern Ireland, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Tanya Coulter
- Regional Immunology Services of Northern Ireland, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
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19
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Nieuwenhuis B, Barber AC, Evans RS, Pearson CS, Fuchs J, MacQueen AR, van Erp S, Haenzi B, Hulshof LA, Osborne A, Conceicao R, Khatib TZ, Deshpande SS, Cave J, Ffrench‐Constant C, Smith PD, Okkenhaug K, Eickholt BJ, Martin KR, Fawcett JW, Eva R. PI 3-kinase delta enhances axonal PIP 3 to support axon regeneration in the adult CNS. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11674. [PMID: 32558386 PMCID: PMC7411663 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons support axon regeneration into adulthood, whereas central nervous system (CNS) neurons lose regenerative ability after development. To better understand this decline whilst aiming to improve regeneration, we focused on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its product phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3 ). We demonstrate that adult PNS neurons utilise two catalytic subunits of PI3K for axon regeneration: p110α and p110δ. However, in the CNS, axonal PIP3 decreases with development at the time when axon transport declines and regenerative competence is lost. Overexpressing p110α in CNS neurons had no effect; however, expression of p110δ restored axonal PIP3 and increased regenerative axon transport. p110δ expression enhanced CNS regeneration in both rat and human neurons and in transgenic mice, functioning in the same way as the hyperactivating H1047R mutation of p110α. Furthermore, viral delivery of p110δ promoted robust regeneration after optic nerve injury. These findings establish a deficit of axonal PIP3 as a key reason for intrinsic regeneration failure and demonstrate that native p110δ facilitates axon regeneration by functioning in a hyperactive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Barber
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Craig S Pearson
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Amy R MacQueen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Susan van Erp
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lianne A Hulshof
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Raquel Conceicao
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tasneem Z Khatib
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joshua Cave
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Keith R Martin
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- OphthalmologyDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental MedicineCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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20
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Shorning BY, Dass MS, Smalley MJ, Pearson HB. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4507. [PMID: 32630372 PMCID: PMC7350257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that the complex crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and multiple interacting cell signaling cascades can further promote prostate cancer progression and influence the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to PI3K-AKT-mTOR-targeted therapies being explored in the clinic, as well as standard treatment approaches such as androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the full extent of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network during prostate tumorigenesis, invasive progression and disease recurrence remains to be determined. In this review, we outline the emerging diversity of the genetic alterations that lead to activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into the interplay between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and several key interacting oncogenic signaling cascades that can cooperate to facilitate prostate cancer growth and drug-resistance, specifically the androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and WNT signaling cascades. Ultimately, deepening our understanding of the broader PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is crucial to aid patient stratification for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-directed therapies, and to discover new therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer that improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (B.Y.S.); (M.S.D.); (M.J.S.)
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21
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p110δ PI3K as a therapeutic target of solid tumours. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1377-1397. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20190772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFrom the time of first characterization of PI3K as a heterodimer made up of a p110 catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, a wealth of evidence have placed the class IA PI3Ks at the forefront of drug development for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. The p110α isoform was quickly brought at the centre of attention in the field of cancer research by the discovery of cancer-specific gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA gene in a range of human solid tumours. In contrast, p110δ PI3K was placed into the spotlight of immunity, inflammation and haematologic malignancies because of the preferential expression of this isoform in leucocytes and the rare mutations in PIK3CD gene. The last decade, however, several studies have provided evidence showing that the correlation between the PIK3CA mutations and the response to PI3K inhibition is less clear than originally considered, whereas concurrently an unexpected role of p110δ PI3K in solid tumours has being emerging. While PIK3CD is mostly non-mutated in cancer, the expression levels of p110δ protein seem to act as an intrinsic cancer-causing driver in various solid tumours including breast, prostate, colorectal and liver cancer, Merkel-Cell carcinoma, glioblastoma and neurobalstoma. Furthermore, p110δ selective inhibitors are being studied as potential single agent treatments or as combination partners in attempt to improve cancer immunotherapy, with both strategies to shown great promise for the treatment of several solid tumours. In this review, we discuss the evidence implicating the p110δ PI3K in human solid tumours, their impact on the current state of the field and the potential of using p110δ-selective inhibitors as monotherapy or combined therapy in different cancer contexts.
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Hood VL, Berger R, Freedman R, Law AJ. Transcription of PIK3CD in human brain and schizophrenia: regulation by proinflammatory cytokines. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3188-3198. [PMID: 31211828 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PIK3CD encodes the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit, p110δ, a lipid kinase linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). PIK3CD is regulated at the transcript level through alternate use of 5' untranslated exons (UTRs), promoters, and proinflammatory cytokines. Increases in global PIK3CD expression and downregulation by neuroleptics are observed in SZ, and preclinical efficacy of a p110δ-selective inhibitor is seen in rodent models of risk. Here, we cloned PIK3CD alternative transcripts in human brain and evaluated temporal- and tissue-specific expression. We quantified PIK3CD transcripts in B-lymphoblastoid cells from patients with SZ and examined 5' UTR transcriptional regulation by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL1β) in patient-derived fibroblasts. We report that PIK3CD transcripts are differentially expressed in human brain in a developmental-specific manner. Transcripts encoding 5' UTRs -2A and alternative exon -1 (Alt1), P37 and AS1 and AS2 were increased in SZ. Alt1, P37, and AS2 were also preferentially expressed in fetal brain, and all transcripts were regulated by TNFα and IL1β. Our findings provide novel insight into the complexity of PIK3CD regulation in human brain, implicate PIK3CD in human neurodevelopment, and identify isoform-specific disruption in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry.,Department of Medicine.,Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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23
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Hood VL, Paterson C, Law AJ. PI3Kinase-p110δ Overexpression Impairs Dendritic Morphogenesis and Increases Dendritic Spine Density. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:29. [PMID: 32180704 PMCID: PMC7059765 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity and expression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic isoform, PIK3CD/p110δ, is increased in schizophrenia, autism, and intellectual delay and pro-cognitive preclinical efficacy of p110δ-inhibition has been demonstrated in pharmacological, genetic, and developmental rodent models of psychiatric disorders. Although PI3K signaling has been implicated in the development and function of neurons and glia; isoform-specific roles of the individual PI3Ks are less clear and the biological effects of increased p110δ on neuronal development are unknown. Since the pathobiological direction of p110δ changes in neurodevelopmental disorders are increased expression and activity, we hypothesized that overexpression of p110δ would impact measures of neuronal development and maturation relevant to connectivity and synaptic transmission. p110δ overexpression in primary rat hippocampal cultures significantly reduced dendritic morphogenesis and arborization and increased immature and mature dendritic spine densities, without impacting cell viability, soma size, or axon length. Together, our novel findings demonstrate the importance of homeostatic regulation of the p110δ isoform for normative neuronal development and highlight a potential pathophysiological mechanism of association to disorders of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Hood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clare Paterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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24
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Preite S, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. T and B-cell signaling in activated PI3K delta syndrome: From immunodeficiency to autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:154-173. [PMID: 31402502 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3K) are a family of lipid kinases that are activated by a variety of cell-surface receptors, and regulate a wide range of downstream readouts affecting cellular metabolism, growth, survival, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. The importance of these lipid kinases in lymphocyte signaling has recently been highlighted by genetic analyses, including the recognition that both activating and inactivating mutations of the catalytic subunit of PI3Kδ, p110δ, lead to human primary immunodeficiencies. In this article, we discuss how studies on the human genetic disorder "Activated PI3K-delta syndrome" and mouse models of this disease (Pik3cdE1020K/+ mice) have provided fundamental insight into pathways regulated by PI3Kδ in T and B cells and their contribution to lymphocyte function and disease, including responses to commensal bacteria and the development of autoimmunity and tumors. We highlight critical roles of PI3Kδ in T follicular helper cells and the orchestration of the germinal center reaction, as well as in CD8+ T-cell function. We further present data demonstrating the ability of the AKT-resistant FOXO1AAA mutant to rescue IgG1 class switching defects in Pik3cdE1020K/+ B cells, as well as data supporting a role for PI3Kδ in promoting multiple T-helper effector cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preite
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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25
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Rathinaswamy MK, Burke JE. Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) regulatory subunits and their roles in signaling and disease. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100657. [PMID: 31611073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a group of heterodimeric lipid kinases that regulate crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, growth, and metabolism. The diversity in functions controlled by the various catalytic isoforms (p110α, p110β, p110δ, and p110γ) depends on their abilities to be activated by distinct stimuli such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the Ras family of small G-proteins. A major factor determining the ability of each p110 enzyme to be activated is the presence of regulatory binding partners. Given the overwhelming evidence for the involvement of PI3Ks in diseases such as cancer, inflammation, immunodeficiency and diabetes, an understanding of how these regulatory proteins influence PI3K function is essential. This article highlights research deciphering the role of regulatory subunits in PI3K signaling and their involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Rathinaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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26
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Bilanges B, Posor Y, Vanhaesebroeck B. PI3K isoforms in cell signalling and vesicle trafficking. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:515-534. [PMID: 31110302 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PI3Ks are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate intracellular inositol lipids to regulate signalling and intracellular vesicular traffic. Mammals have eight isoforms of PI3K, divided into three classes. The class I PI3Ks generate 3-phosphoinositide lipids, which directly activate signal transduction pathways. In addition to being frequently genetically activated in cancer, similar mutations in class I PI3Ks have now also been found in a human non-malignant overgrowth syndrome and a primary immune disorder that predisposes to lymphoma. The class II and class III PI3Ks are regulators of membrane traffic along the endocytic route, in endosomal recycling and autophagy, with an often indirect effect on cell signalling. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the different PI3K classes and isoforms, focusing on recently uncovered biological functions and the mechanisms by which these kinases are activated. Deeper insight into the PI3K isoforms will undoubtedly continue to contribute to a better understanding of fundamental cell biological processes and, ultimately, of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Bilanges
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - York Posor
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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27
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p110δ PI3-Kinase Inhibition Perturbs APP and TNFα Trafficking, Reduces Plaque Burden, Dampens Neuroinflammation, and Prevents Cognitive Decline in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7976-7991. [PMID: 31363064 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0674-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce the toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Accumulation of Aβ, together with the concomitant inflammatory response, ultimately leads to neuronal death and cognitive decline. Despite AD progression being underpinned by both neuronal and immunological components, therapeutic strategies based on dual targeting of these systems remains unexplored. Here, we report that inactivation of the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) reduces anterograde axonal trafficking of APP in hippocampal neurons and dampens secretion of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglial cells in the familial AD APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model. Moreover, APP/PS1 mice with kinase-inactive PI3Kδ (δD910A) had reduced Aβ peptides levels and plaques in the brain and an abrogated inflammatory response compared with APP/PS1 littermates. Mechanistic investigations reveal that PI3Kδ inhibition decreases the axonal transport of APP by eliciting the formation of highly elongated tubular-shaped APP-containing carriers, reducing the levels of secreted Aβ peptide. Importantly, APP/PS1/δD910A mice exhibited no spatial learning or memory deficits. Our data highlight inhibition of PI3Kδ as a new approach to protect against AD pathology due to its dual action of dampening microglial-dependent neuroinflammation and reducing plaque burden by inhibition of neuronal APP trafficking and processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During Alzheimer's disease (AD), the accumulation of the toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in plaques is associated with a chronic excessive inflammatory response. Uncovering new drug targets that simultaneously reduce both Aβ plaque load and neuroinflammation holds therapeutic promise. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches, we found that the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is involved in anterograde trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein in neurons and in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from microglial cells. Genetic inactivation of PI3Kδ reduces Aβ plaque deposition and abrogates the inflammatory response, resulting in a complete rescue of the life span and spatial memory performance. We conclude that inhibiting PI3Kδ represents a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate AD pathology by dampening plaque accumulation and microglial-dependent neuroinflammation.
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28
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Lee CQE, Bailey A, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Okkenhaug K, Moffett A, Rossant J, Hemberger M. Inhibition of Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Signaling Promotes the Stem Cell State of Trophoblast. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1307-1318. [PMID: 31233251 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population despite the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFB) as key growth factors in standard culture conditions. To understand what other signaling cascades control the stem cell state of mouse TSCs, we performed a kinase inhibitor screen and identified several novel pathways that cause TSC differentiation. Surprisingly, inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling increased the mRNA and protein expression of stem cell markers instead, and resulted in a tighter epithelial colony morphology and fewer differentiated cells. PI3K inhibition could not substitute for FGF or TGFB and did not affect phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and thus acts independently of these pathways. Upon removal of PI3K inhibition, TSC transcription factor levels reverted to normal TSC levels, indicating that murine TSCs can reversibly switch between these two states. In summary, PI3K inhibition reduces the heterogeneity and seemingly heightens the stem cell state of TSCs as indicated by the simultaneous upregulation of multiple key marker genes and cell morphology. Stem Cells 2019;37:1307-1318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Q E Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Rho GTPases in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Peripheral Sensory Neurons. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060591. [PMID: 31208035 PMCID: PMC6627758 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental studies demonstrate that the Ras homolog family of guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (Rho GTPases) Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) are important regulators in somatosensory neurons, where they elicit changes in the cellular cytoskeleton and are involved in diverse biological processes during development, differentiation, survival and regeneration. This review summarizes the status of research regarding the expression and the role of the Rho GTPases in peripheral sensory neurons and how these small proteins are involved in development and outgrowth of sensory neurons, as well as in neuronal regeneration after injury, inflammation and pain perception. In sensory neurons, Rho GTPases are activated by various extracellular signals through membrane receptors and elicit their action through a wide range of downstream effectors, such as Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or mixed-lineage kinase (MLK). While RhoA is implicated in the assembly of stress fibres and focal adhesions and inhibits neuronal outgrowth through growth cone collapse, Rac1 and Cdc42 promote neuronal development, differentiation and neuroregeneration. The functions of Rho GTPases are critically important in the peripheral somatosensory system; however, their signalling interconnections and partially antagonistic actions are not yet fully understood.
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30
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Sánchez-Alegría K, Flores-León M, Avila-Muñoz E, Rodríguez-Corona N, Arias C. PI3K Signaling in Neurons: A Central Node for the Control of Multiple Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123725. [PMID: 30477115 PMCID: PMC6321294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling contributes to a variety of processes, mediating many aspects of cellular function, including nutrient uptake, anabolic reactions, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Less is known regarding its critical role in neuronal physiology, neuronal metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and the control of gene expression in the central nervous system in healthy and diseased states. The aim of the present work is to review cumulative evidence regarding the participation of PI3K pathways in neuronal function, focusing on their role in neuronal metabolism and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance and plasticity or on the expression of pathological hallmarks associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sánchez-Alegría
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Flores-León
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Evangelina Avila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Rodríguez-Corona
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
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31
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Torroba B, Herrera A, Menendez A, Pons S. PI3K regulates intraepithelial cell positioning through Rho GTP-ases in the developing neural tube. Dev Biol 2018; 436:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Du X, Li X, Chen L, Zhang M, Lei L, Gao W, Shi Z, Dong Y, Wang Z, Li X, Liu G. Hepatic miR-125b inhibits insulin signaling pathway by targeting PIK3CD. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6052-6066. [PMID: 29319168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of (T2D) type 2 diabetes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding short single-stranded RNAs that function as negative regulators in many physiological and pathological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the roles of miR-125b in the regulation of insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. We found that hepatic miR-125b levels were significantly increased in the patients with type 2 diabetes, high fat diet (HFD) mice, ob/ob and db/db mice. In vitro, miR-125b was also significantly up-regulated in tumor necrosis factor-alpha- (TNF-α) and glucosamine-induced insulin resistance conditions. Furthermore, miR-125b overexpression impaired the insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, L02c cells, and primary hepatocytes. Inhibition of miR-125b improved insulin sensitivity, especially in insulin-resistant cells induced by either TNF-α or glucosamine. We demonstrated that miR-125b targeted the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD) mRNA. The hepatic PIK3CD protein levels were markedly decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes, HFD, ob/ob, and db/db mice. Inhibition of PIK3CD markedly attenuated the improvement of insulin sensitivity induced by miR-125b inhibitors. More importantly, overexpressing miR-125b in mice causes insulin resistance and impairs glucose homeostasis. Together, these findings indicate that miR-125b inhibits insulin sensitivity by targeting PIK3CD in hepatocytes, supporting hepatic miR-125b, or PIK3CD are potential therapeutic target of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Heilongjiang Institute of Veterinary Science, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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33
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Uehara M, McGrath MM, Ohori S, Solhjou Z, Banouni N, Routray S, Evans C, DiNitto JP, Elkhal A, Turka LA, Strom TB, Tullius SG, Winkler DG, Azzi J, Abdi R. Regulation of T cell alloimmunity by PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ. Nat Commun 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29038423 PMCID: PMC5643371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are preferentially enriched in leukocytes, and defects in these signaling pathways have been shown to impair T cell activation. The effects of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ on alloimmunity remain underexplored. Here, we show that both PI3Kγ−/− and PI3KδD910A/D910A mice receiving heart allografts have suppression of alloreactive T effector cells and delayed acute rejection. However, PI3Kδ mutation also dampens regulatory T cells (Treg). After treatment with low dose CTLA4-Ig, PI3Kγ−/−, but not PI3ΚδD910A/D910A, recipients exhibit indefinite prolongation of heart allograft survival. PI3KδD910A/D910A Tregs have increased apoptosis and impaired survival. Selective inhibition of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ (using PI3Kδ and dual PI3Kγδ chemical inhibitors) shows that PI3Kγ inhibition compensates for the negative effect of PI3Kδ inhibition on long-term allograft survival. These data serve as a basis for future PI3K-based immune therapies for transplantation. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are key regulators of T cell signaling. Here the author show, using mouse heart allograft transplantation models, that PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ deficiency prolongs graft survival, but selective inhibition of PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ reveals alternative transplant survival outcomes post CTLA4-Ig treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Martina M McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhabiz Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sujit Routray
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Evans
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan P DiNitto
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital-East Charlestown Navy Yard Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2020, USA
| | - Terry B Strom
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS Room 607, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David G Winkler
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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34
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Chaudhari A, Ejeskär K, Wettergren Y, Kahn CR, Rotter Sopasakis V. Hepatic deletion of p110α and p85α results in insulin resistance despite sustained IRS1-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase activity. F1000Res 2017; 6:1600. [PMID: 29983910 PMCID: PMC6020741 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12418.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class IA phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) is an integral mediator of insulin signaling. The p110 catalytic and p85 regulatory subunits of PI3K are the products of separate genes, and while they come together to make the active heterodimer, they have opposing roles in insulin signaling and action. Deletion of hepatic p110α results in an impaired insulin signal and severe insulin resistance, whereas deletion of hepatic p85α results in improved insulin sensitivity due to sustained levels of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. Here, we created mice with combined hepatic deletion of p110α and p85α (L-DKO) to study the impact on insulin signaling and whole body glucose homeostasis. METHODS Six-week old male flox control and L-DKO mice were studied over a period of 18 weeks, during which weight and glucose levels were monitored, and glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance test and pyruvate tolerance test were performed. Fasting insulin, insulin signaling mediators, PI3K activity and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase activity were examined at 10 weeks. Liver, muscle and white adipose tissue weight was recorded at 10 weeks and 25 weeks. RESULTS The L-DKO mice showed a blunted insulin signal downstream of PI3K, developed markedly impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and had decreased liver and adipose tissue weights. Surprisingly, however, these mice displayed normal hepatic glucose production, normal insulin tolerance, and intact IRS1-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase activity without compensatory upregulated signaling of other classes of PI3K. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate an unexpectedly overall mild metabolic phenotype of the L-DKO mice, suggesting that lipid kinases other than PI3Ks might partially compensate for the loss of p110α/p85α by signaling through other nodes than Akt/Protein Kinase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chaudhari
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- Institute of Health and Education, Translational Medicine, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Wettergren
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Rotter Sopasakis
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, USA
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Chaudhari A, Ejeskär K, Wettergren Y, Kahn CR, Rotter Sopasakis V. Hepatic deletion of p110α and p85α results in insulin resistance despite sustained IRS1-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase activity. F1000Res 2017; 6:1600. [PMID: 29983910 PMCID: PMC6020741 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12418.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Class IA phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) is an integral mediator of insulin signaling. The p110 catalytic and p85 regulatory subunits of PI3K are the products of separate genes, and while they come together to make the active heterodimer, they have opposing roles in insulin signaling and action. Deletion of hepatic p110α results in an impaired insulin signal and severe insulin resistance, whereas deletion of hepatic p85α results in improved insulin sensitivity due to sustained levels of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. Here, we created mice with combined hepatic deletion of p110α and p85α (L-DKO) to study the impact on insulin signaling and whole body glucose homeostasis. Methods: Six-week old male flox control and L-DKO mice were studied over a period of 18 weeks, during which weight and glucose levels were monitored, and glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance test and pyruvate tolerance test were performed. Fasting insulin, insulin signaling mediators, PI3K activity and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase activity were examined at 10 weeks. Liver, muscle and white adipose tissue weight was recorded at 10 weeks and 25 weeks. Results: The L-DKO mice showed a blunted insulin signal downstream of PI3K, developed markedly impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and had decreased liver and adipose tissue weights. Surprisingly, however, these mice displayed normal hepatic glucose production, normal insulin tolerance, and intact IRS1-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase activity without compensatory upregulated signaling of other classes of PI3K. Conclusions: The data demonstrate an unexpectedly overall mild metabolic phenotype of the L-DKO mice, suggesting that lipid kinases other than PI3Ks might partially compensate for the loss of p110α/p85α by signaling through other nodes than Akt/Protein Kinase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chaudhari
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- Institute of Health and Education, Translational Medicine, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Wettergren
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Rotter Sopasakis
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, USA
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Sanders AR, Drigalenko EI, Duan J, Moy W, Freda J, Göring HHH, Gejman PV. Transcriptome sequencing study implicates immune-related genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia: new data and a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1093. [PMID: 28418402 PMCID: PMC5416689 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook an RNA sequencing (RNAseq)-based transcriptomic profiling study on lymphoblastoid cell lines of a European ancestry sample of 529 schizophrenia cases and 660 controls, and found 1058 genes to be differentially expressed by affection status. These differentially expressed genes were enriched for involvement in immunity, especially the 697 genes with higher expression in cases. Comparing the current RNAseq transcriptomic profiling to our previous findings in an array-based study of 268 schizophrenia cases and 446 controls showed a highly significant positive correlation over all genes. Fifteen (18%) of the 84 genes with significant (false discovery rate<0.05) expression differences between cases and controls in the previous study and analyzed here again were differentially expressed by affection status here at a genome-wide significance level (Bonferroni P<0.05 adjusted for 8141 analyzed genes in total, or P<~6.1 × 10-6), all with the same direction of effect, thus providing corroborative evidence despite each sample of fully independent subjects being studied by different technological approaches. Meta-analysis of the RNAseq and array data sets (797 cases and 1106 controls) showed 169 additional genes (besides those found in the primary RNAseq-based analysis) to be differentially expressed, and provided further evidence of immune gene enrichment. In addition to strengthening our previous array-based gene expression differences in schizophrenia cases versus controls and providing transcriptomic support for some genes implicated by other approaches for schizophrenia, our study detected new genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia. We highlight RNAseq-based differential expression of various genes involved in neurodevelopment and/or neuronal function, and discuss caveats of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. E-mail:
| | - E I Drigalenko
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Duan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Freda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - H H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Armijo-Weingart L, Gallo G. It takes a village to raise a branch: Cellular mechanisms of the initiation of axon collateral branches. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:36-47. [PMID: 28359843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of axon collateral branches from the pre-existing shafts of axons is an important aspect of neurodevelopment and the response of the nervous system to injury. This article provides an overview of the role of the cytoskeleton and signaling mechanisms in the formation of axon collateral branches. Both the actin filament and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton are required for the formation of axon branches. Recent work has begun to shed light on how these two elements of the cytoskeleton are integrated by proteins that functionally or physically link the cytoskeleton. While a number of signaling pathways have been determined as having a role in the formation of axon branches, the complexity of the downstream mechanisms and links to specific signaling pathways remain to be fully determined. The regulation of intra-axonal protein synthesis and organelle function are also emerging as components of signal-induced axon branching. Although much has been learned in the last couple of decades about the mechanistic basis of axon branching we can look forward to continue elucidating this complex biological phenomenon with the aim of understanding how multiple signaling pathways, cytoskeletal regulators and organelles are coordinated locally along the axon to give rise to a branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Armijo-Weingart
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Coulter TI, Chandra A, Bacon CM, Babar J, Curtis J, Screaton N, Goodlad JR, Farmer G, Steele CL, Leahy TR, Doffinger R, Baxendale H, Bernatoniene J, Edgar JDM, Longhurst HJ, Ehl S, Speckmann C, Grimbacher B, Sediva A, Milota T, Faust SN, Williams AP, Hayman G, Kucuk ZY, Hague R, French P, Brooker R, Forsyth P, Herriot R, Cancrini C, Palma P, Ariganello P, Conlon N, Feighery C, Gavin PJ, Jones A, Imai K, Ibrahim MAA, Markelj G, Abinun M, Rieux-Laucat F, Latour S, Pellier I, Fischer A, Touzot F, Casanova JL, Durandy A, Burns SO, Savic S, Kumararatne DS, Moshous D, Kracker S, Vanhaesebroeck B, Okkenhaug K, Picard C, Nejentsev S, Condliffe AM, Cant AJ. Clinical spectrum and features of activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome: A large patient cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:597-606.e4. [PMID: 27555459 PMCID: PMC5292996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome (APDS) is a recently described combined immunodeficiency resulting from gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ). OBJECTIVE We sought to review the clinical, immunologic, histopathologic, and radiologic features of APDS in a large genetically defined international cohort. METHODS We applied a clinical questionnaire and performed review of medical notes, radiology, histopathology, and laboratory investigations of 53 patients with APDS. RESULTS Recurrent sinopulmonary infections (98%) and nonneoplastic lymphoproliferation (75%) were common, often from childhood. Other significant complications included herpesvirus infections (49%), autoinflammatory disease (34%), and lymphoma (13%). Unexpectedly, neurodevelopmental delay occurred in 19% of the cohort, suggesting a role for PI3Kδ in the central nervous system; consistent with this, PI3Kδ is broadly expressed in the developing murine central nervous system. Thoracic imaging revealed high rates of mosaic attenuation (90%) and bronchiectasis (60%). Increased IgM levels (78%), IgG deficiency (43%), and CD4 lymphopenia (84%) were significant immunologic features. No immunologic marker reliably predicted clinical severity, which ranged from asymptomatic to death in early childhood. The majority of patients received immunoglobulin replacement and antibiotic prophylaxis, and 5 patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Five patients died from complications of APDS. CONCLUSION APDS is a combined immunodeficiency with multiple clinical manifestations, many with incomplete penetrance and others with variable expressivity. The severity of complications in some patients supports consideration of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe childhood disease. Clinical trials of selective PI3Kδ inhibitors offer new prospects for APDS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya I Coulter
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anita Chandra
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Lymphocyte Signalling & Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M Bacon
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Northern England Haemato-Oncology Diagnostic Service, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Babar
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Curtis
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Screaton
- Department of Radiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R Goodlad
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Timothy Ronan Leahy
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Papworth Hospital NHS trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jolanta Bernatoniene
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J David M Edgar
- Regional Immunology Service, The Royal Hospitals, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Sediva
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Milota
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Saul N Faust
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hayman
- Department of Immunology, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Yesim Kucuk
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rosie Hague
- Department of Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul French
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Brooker
- Royal Aberdeen Childrens' Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Herriot
- Royal Aberdeen Childrens' Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Ariganello
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Niall Conlon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conleth Feighery
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Gavin
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Jones
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Community Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad A A Ibrahim
- King's College London, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, School of Medicine, Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, Department of Immunological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gašper Markelj
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Abinun
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Unité d'Onco-hémato-immunologie Pédiatrique, CHU Angers, Angers, France; Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, AP-HP, Paris, France; Inserm UMR 892, Angers, France; CNRS UMR 6299, Angers, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, AP-HP, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France; Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Touzot
- Départment de Biothérapie, Centre d'Investigation Clinique intégré en Biothérapies, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, AP-HP, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md
| | - Anne Durandy
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sinisa Savic
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D S Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Moshous
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, AP-HP, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sven Kracker
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | | | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Lymphocyte Signalling & Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Capucine Picard
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, AP-HP, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France; Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, AP-HP, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sergey Nejentsev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew James Cant
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Matheny RW, Carrigan CT, Abdalla MN, Geddis AV, Leandry LA, Aguilar CA, Hobbs SS, Urso ML. RNA transcript expression of IGF-I/PI3K pathway components in regenerating skeletal muscle is sensitive to initial injury intensity. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 32:14-21. [PMID: 27647425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the coordinated input from multiple stimuli. Of these processes, actions of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways are vital; however, whether IGF-I or PI3K expression is modified during regeneration relative to initial damage intensity is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether mRNA expression of IGF-I/PI3K pathway components was differentially regulated during muscle regeneration in mice in response to traumatic injury induced by freezing of two different durations. DESIGN Traumatic injury was imposed by applying a 6-mm diameter cylindrical steel probe, cooled to the temperature of dry ice (-79°C), to the belly of the left tibialis anterior muscle of 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice for either 5s (5s) or 10s (10s). The right leg served as the uninjured control. RNA was obtained from injured and control muscles following 3, 7, and 21days recovery and examined by real-time PCR. Expression of transcripts within the IGF, PI3K, and Akt families, as well as for myogenic regulatory factors and micro-RNAs were studied. RESULTS Three days following injury, there was significantly increased expression of Igf1, Igf2, Igf1r, Igf2r, Pik3cb, Pik3cd, Pik3cg, Pik3r1, Pik3r5, Akt1, and Akt3 in response to either 5s or 10s injury compared to uninjured control muscle. There was a significantly greater expression of Pik3cb, Pik3cd, Pik3cg, Pik3r5, Akt1, and Akt3 in 10s injured muscle compared to 5s injured muscle. Seven days following injury, we observed significantly increased expression of Igf1, Igf2, Pik3cd, and Pik3cg in injured muscle compared to control muscle in response to 10s freeze injury. We also observed significantly reduced expression of Igf1r and miR-133a in response to 5s freeze injury compared to control muscle, and significantly reduced expression of Ckm, miR-1 and miR-133a in response to 10s freeze injury as compared to control. Twenty-one days following injury, 5s freeze-injured muscle exhibited significantly increased expression of Igf2, Igf2r, Pik3cg, Akt3, Myod1, Myog, Myf5, and miR-206 compared to control muscle, while 10s freeze-injured muscles showed significantly increased expression of Igf2, Igf2r, Pik3cb, Pik3cd, Pik3r5, Akt1, Akt3, and Myog compared to control. Expression of miR-1 was significantly reduced in 10s freeze-injured muscle compared to control muscle at this time. There were no significant differences in RNA expression between 5s and 10s injury at either 7d or 21d recovery in any transcript examined. CONCLUSIONS During early skeletal muscle regeneration in mice, transcript expressions for some components of the IGF-I/PI3K pathway are sensitive to initial injury intensity induced by freeze damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Matheny
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Mary N Abdalla
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Alyssa V Geddis
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Luis A Leandry
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Carlos A Aguilar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood St., Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - Stuart S Hobbs
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Maria L Urso
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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Mutation of the 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PDK1) Substrate-Docking Site in the Developing Brain Causes Microcephaly with Abnormal Brain Morphogenesis Independently of Akt, Leading to Impaired Cognition and Disruptive Behaviors. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2967-2982. [PMID: 27644329 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00230-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway plays essential roles during neuronal development. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) coordinates the PI 3-kinase signals by activating 23 kinases of the AGC family, including Akt. Phosphorylation of a conserved docking site in the substrate is a requisite for PDK1 to recognize, phosphorylate, and activate most of these kinases, with the exception of Akt. We exploited this differential mechanism of regulation by generating neuron-specific conditional knock-in mice expressing a mutant form of PDK1, L155E, in which the substrate-docking site binding motif, termed the PIF pocket, was disrupted. As a consequence, activation of all the PDK1 substrates tested except Akt was abolished. The mice exhibited microcephaly, altered cortical layering, and reduced circuitry, leading to cognitive deficits and exacerbated disruptive behavior combined with diminished motivation. The abnormal patterning of the adult brain arises from the reduced ability of the embryonic neurons to polarize and extend their axons, highlighting the essential roles that the PDK1 signaling beyond Akt plays in mediating the neuronal responses that regulate brain development.
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Gross C. Defective phosphoinositide metabolism in autism. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1161-1173. [PMID: 27376697 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are essential components of lipid membranes and crucial regulators of many cellular functions, including signal transduction, vesicle trafficking, membrane receptor localization and activity, and determination of membrane identity. These functions depend on the dynamic and highly regulated metabolism of phosphoinositides and require finely balanced activity of specific phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. There is increasing evidence from genetic and functional studies that these enzymes are often dysregulated or mutated in autism spectrum disorders; in particular, phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their regulatory subunits appear to be affected frequently. Examples of autism spectrum disorders with defective phosphoinositide metabolism are fragile X syndrome and autism disorders associated with mutations in the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), but recent genetic analyses also suggest that select nonsyndromic, idiopathic forms of autism may have altered activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. Isoform-specific inhibitors for some of the phosphoinositide kinases have already been developed for cancer research and treatment, and a few are being evaluated for use in humans. Altogether, this offers exciting opportunities to explore altered phosphoinositide metabolism as a therapeutic target in individuals with certain forms of autism. This review summarizes genetic and functional studies identifying defects in phosphoinositide metabolism in autism and related disorders, describes published preclinical work targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases in neurological diseases, and discusses the opportunities and challenges ahead to translate these findings from animal models and human cells into clinical application in humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Homs A, Codina-Solà M, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Villanueva CM, Monk D, Cuscó I, Pérez-Jurado LA. Genetic and epigenetic methylation defects and implication of the ERMN gene in autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e855. [PMID: 27404287 PMCID: PMC5545709 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and genetically complex conditions. Although highly penetrant mutations in multiple genes have been identified, they account for the etiology of <1/3 of cases. There is also strong evidence for environmental contribution to ASD, which can be mediated by still poorly explored epigenetic modifications. We searched for methylation changes on blood DNA of 53 male ASD patients and 757 healthy controls using a methylomic array (450K Illumina), correlated the variants with transcriptional alterations in blood RNAseq data, and performed a case-control association study of the relevant findings in a larger cohort (394 cases and 500 controls). We found 700 differentially methylated CpGs, most of them hypomethylated in the ASD group (83.9%), with cis-acting expression changes at 7.6% of locations. Relevant findings included: (1) hypomethylation caused by rare genetic variants (meSNVs) at six loci (ERMN, USP24, METTL21C, PDE10A, STX16 and DBT) significantly associated with ASD (q-value <0.05); and (2) clustered epimutations associated to transcriptional changes in single-ASD patients (n=4). All meSNVs and clustered epimutations were inherited from unaffected parents. Resequencing of the top candidate genes also revealed a significant load of deleterious mutations affecting ERMN in ASD compared with controls. Our data indicate that inherited methylation alterations detectable in blood DNA, due to either genetic or epigenetic defects, can affect gene expression and contribute to ASD susceptibility most likely in an additive manner, and implicate ERMN as a novel ASD gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Homs
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Codina-Solà
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - C M Villanueva
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Monk
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Cuscó
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain,Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain. E-mails: and
| | - L A Pérez-Jurado
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain,Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain. E-mails: and
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Schrötter S, Leondaritis G, Eickholt BJ. Capillary Isoelectric Focusing of Akt Isoforms Identifies Highly Dynamic Phosphorylation in Neuronal Cells and Brain Tissue. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10239-51. [PMID: 26945062 PMCID: PMC4858973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway has been established as a core signaling pathway that is crucial for the integration of neurons into neuronal circuits and the maintenance of the architecture and function of neurons in the adult brain. Akt1–3 kinases are specifically activated by two phosphorylation events on residues Thr308 and Ser473 upon growth factor signaling, which subsequently phosphorylate a vast cohort of downstream targets. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the complexity and regulation of isoform specificity within the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. We utilized a capillary-based isoelectric focusing method to study dynamics of Akt phosphorylation in neuronal cells and the developing brain and identify previously undescribed features of Akt phosphorylation and activation. First, we show that the accumulation of multiple phosphorylation events on Akt forms occur concurrently with Ser473 and Thr308 phosphorylation upon acute PI3K activation and provide evidence for uncoupling of Ser473 and Thr308 phosphorylation, as well as differential sensitivities of Akt1 forms upon PI3K inhibition. Second, we detect a transient shift in Akt isoform phosphorylation and activation pattern during early postnatal brain development, at stages corresponding to synapse development and maturation. Third, we show differential sensitivities of Ser473-Akt species to PTEN deletion in mature neurons, which suggests inherent differences in the Akt pools that are accessible to growth factors as compared with the pools that are controlled by PTEN. Our study demonstrates the presence of complex phosphorylation events of Akt in a time- and signal-dependent manner in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schrötter
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure and Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - George Leondaritis
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure and Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure and Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin 10117, Germany
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Poopal AC, Schroeder LM, Horn PS, Bassell GJ, Gross C. Increased expression of the PI3K catalytic subunit p110δ underlies elevated S6 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in an individual with autism from a multiplex family. Mol Autism 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26770665 PMCID: PMC4712554 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctions in the PI3K/mTOR pathway have gained a lot of attention in autism research. This was initially based on the discovery of several monogenic autism spectrum disorders with mutations or defects in PI3K/mTOR signaling components. Recent genetic studies corroborate that defective PI3K/mTOR signaling might be a shared pathomechanism in autism disorders of so far unknown etiology, but functional molecular analyses in human cells are rare. The goals of this study were to perform a functional screen of cell lines from patients with idiopathic autism for defects in PI3K/mTOR signaling, to test if further functional analyses are suitable to detect underlying molecular mechanisms, and to evaluate this approach as a biomarker tool to identify therapeutic targets. Methods We performed phospho-S6- and S6-specific ELISA experiments on 21 lymphoblastoid cell lines from the AGRE collection and on 37 lymphoblastoid cell lines from the Simons Simplex Collection and their healthy siblings. Cell lines from one individual with increased S6 phosphorylation and his multiplex family were analyzed in further detail to identify upstream defects in PI3K signaling associated with autism diagnosis. Results We detected significantly increased S6 phosphorylation in 3 of the 21 lymphoblastoid cell lines from AGRE compared to a healthy control and in 1 of the 37 lymphoblastoid cell lines from the Simons Simplex Collection compared to the healthy sibling. Further analysis of cells from one individual with elevated S6 phosphorylation showed increased expression of the PI3K catalytic subunit p110δ, which was also observed in lymphoblastoid cells from other autistic siblings but not unaffected members in his multiplex family. The p110δ-selective inhibitor IC87114 reduced elevated S6 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in this cell line. Conclusions Our results suggest that functional analysis of PI3K/mTOR signaling is a biomarker tool to identify disease-associated molecular defects that could serve as therapeutic targets in autism. Using this approach, we discovered impaired signaling and protein synthesis through the PI3K catalytic subunit p110δ as an underlying molecular defect and potential treatment target in select autism spectrum disorders. Increased p110δ activity was recently associated with schizophrenia, and our results suggest that p110δ may also be implicated in autism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0066-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini C Poopal
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University Medical School, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Lindsay M Schroeder
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Paul S Horn
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA ; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University Medical School, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Christina Gross
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University Medical School, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
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Vanhaesebroeck B, Whitehead MA, Piñeiro R. Molecules in medicine mini-review: isoforms of PI3K in biology and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:5-11. [PMID: 26658520 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K lipid kinases are involved in signal transduction and intracellular vesicular traffic, endowing these enzymes with multiple cellular functions and important roles in normal physiology and disease. In this mini-review, we aim to distill from the vast PI3K literature the key relevant concepts for successful targeting of this pathway in disease. Of the eight isoforms of PI3K, the class I PI3Ks have been implicated in the aetiology and maintenance of various diseases, most prominently cancer, overgrowth syndromes, inflammation and autoimmunity, with emerging potential roles in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The development of class I PI3K inhibitors, mainly for use in cancer and inflammation, is a very active area of drug development. In 2014, an inhibitor of the p110δ isoform of PI3K was approved for the treatment of specific human B cell malignancies. The key therapeutic indications of targeting each class I PI3K isoform are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Maria A Whitehead
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
Existing analgesics are not efficacious in treating all patients with chronic pain and have harmful side effects when used long term. A deeper understanding of pain signaling and sensitization could lead to the development of more efficacious analgesics. Nociceptor sensitization occurs under conditions of inflammation and nerve injury where diverse chemicals are released and signal through receptors to reduce the activation threshold of ion channels, leading to an overall increase in neuronal excitability. Drugs that inhibit specific receptors have so far been unsuccessful in alleviating pain, possibly because they do not simultaneously target the diverse receptors that contribute to nociceptor sensitization. Hence, the focus has shifted toward targeting downstream convergence points of nociceptive signaling. Lipid mediators, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), are attractive targets, as these molecules are required for signaling downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, PIP2 regulates the activity of various ion channels. Thus, PIP2 sits at a critical convergence point for multiple receptors, ion channels, and signaling pathways that promote and maintain chronic pain. Decreasing the amount of PIP2 in neurons was recently shown to attenuate pronociceptive signaling and could provide a novel approach for treating pain. Here, we review the lipid kinases that are known to regulate pain signaling and sensitization and speculate on which additional lipid kinases might regulate signaling in nociceptive neurons.
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Di Donato M, Bilancio A, D'Amato L, Claudiani P, Oliviero MA, Barone MV, Auricchio A, Appella E, Migliaccio A, Auricchio F, Castoria G. Cross-talk between androgen receptor/filamin A and TrkA regulates neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2858-72. [PMID: 26063730 PMCID: PMC4571344 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids and growth factors control neuronal development through their receptors under physiological and pathological conditions. We show that PC12 cells harbor endogenous androgen receptor (AR), whose inhibition or silencing strongly interferes with neuritogenesis stimulated by the nonaromatizable synthetic androgen R1881 or NGF. This implies a role for AR not only in androgen signaling, but also in NGF signaling. In turn, a pharmacological TrkA inhibitor interferes with NGF- or androgen-induced neuritogenesis. In addition, androgen or NGF triggers AR association with TrkA, TrkA interaction with PI3-K δ, and downstream activation of PI3-K δ and Rac in PC12 cells. Once associated with AR, filamin A (FlnA) contributes to androgen or NGF neuritogenesis, likely through its interaction with signaling effectors, such as Rac. This study thus identifies a previously unrecognized reciprocal cross-talk between AR and TrkA, which is controlled by β1 integrin. The contribution of FlnA/AR complex and PI3-K δ to neuronal differentiation by androgens and NGF is also novel. This is the first description of AR function in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana D'Amato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pamela Claudiani
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine and Medical Genetics and Translational Medicine Department, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Oliviero
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases and Medical Genetics and Translational Medicine Department, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine and Medical Genetics and Translational Medicine Department, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Bermúdez Brito M, Goulielmaki E, Papakonstanti EA. Focus on PTEN Regulation. Front Oncol 2015; 5:166. [PMID: 26284192 PMCID: PMC4515857 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) as a tumor suppressor has been for a long time attributed to its lipid phosphatase activity against PI(3,4,5)P3, the phospholipid product of the class I PI3Ks. Besides its traditional role as a lipid phosphatase at the plasma membrane, a wealth of data has shown that PTEN can function independently of its phosphatase activity and that PTEN also exists and plays a role in the nucleus, in cytoplasmic organelles, and extracellularly. Accumulating evidence has shed light on diverse physiological functions of PTEN, which are accompanied by a complex regulation of its expression and activity. PTEN levels and function are regulated transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, and post-translationally. PTEN is also sensitive to regulation by its interacting proteins and its localization. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on mechanisms that regulate the expression and enzymatic activity of PTEN and its role in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bermúdez Brito
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
| | - Evangelia Goulielmaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
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p110α Hot Spot Mutations E545K and H1047R Exert Metabolic Reprogramming Independently of p110α Kinase Activity. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3258-73. [PMID: 26169833 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00471-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit p110α is the most frequently mutated kinase in human cancer, and the hot spot mutations E542K, E545K, and H1047R are the most common mutations in p110α. Very little is known about the metabolic consequences of the hot spot mutations of p110α in vivo. In this study, we used adenoviral gene transfer in mice to investigate the effects of the E545K and H1047R mutations on hepatic and whole-body glucose metabolism. We show that hepatic expression of these hot spot mutations results in rapid hepatic steatosis, paradoxically accompanied by increased glucose tolerance, and marked glycogen accumulation. In contrast, wild-type p110α expression does not lead to hepatic accumulation of lipids or glycogen despite similar degrees of upregulated glycolysis and expression of lipogenic genes. The reprogrammed metabolism of the E545K and H1047R p110α mutants was surprisingly not dependent on altered p110α lipid kinase activity.
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Tsukamoto M, Niimi N, Sango K, Takaku S, Kanazawa Y, Utsunomiya K. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of exendin-4 in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons: involvement of insulin and RhoA. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:249-59. [PMID: 26026990 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is thought to preserve neurons and glia following axonal injury and neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of exendin (Ex)-4, a synthetic GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, on adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and PC12 cells. GLP-1R was predominantly localized on large and small peptidergic neurons in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the involvement of GLP-1 in both the large and small sensory fiber functions. Ex-4 dose-dependently (1 ≤ 10 ≤ 100 nM) promoted neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival at 2 and 7 days in culture, respectively. Treatment with 100 nM Ex-4 restored the reduced neurite outgrowth and viability of DRG neurons caused by the insulin removal from the medium and suppressed the activity of RhoA, an inhibitory regulator for peripheral nerve regeneration, in PC12 cells. Furthermore, these effects were attenuated by co-treatment with phosphatidylinositol-3'-phosphate kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. These findings imply that Ex-4 enhances neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival through the activation of PI3K signaling pathway, which negatively regulates RhoA activity. Ex-4 and other GLP-1R agonists may compensate for the reduced insulin effects on neurons, thereby being beneficial for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Tsukamoto
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project (Former Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Pathophysiology), Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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