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Danz JC, Degen M. Selective modulation of the bone remodeling regulatory system through orthodontic tooth movement-a review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2025; 6:1472711. [PMID: 40115506 PMCID: PMC11924204 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2025.1472711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how tissues mediate the ability to selectively form or resorb bone, as required during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), facial growth, continued tooth eruption and for healing after fractures, maxillofacial surgical repositioning or implant dentistry. OTM has the unique ability to selectively cause apposition, resorption or a combination of both at the alveolar periosteal surface and therefore, provides an optimal process to study the regulation of bone physiology at a tissue level. Our aim was to elucidate the mechanisms and signaling pathways of the bone remodeling regulatory system (BRRS) as well as to investigate its clinical applications in osteoporosis treatment, orthopedic surgery, fracture management and orthodontic treatment. OTM is restricted to a specific range in which the BRRS permits remodeling; however, surpassing this limit may lead to bone dehiscence. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, vibration or photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy have the potential to modify BRRS with the aim of reducing bone dehiscence and apical root resorption or accelerating OTM. Unloading of bone and periodontal compression promotes resorption via receptor activator of nuclear factor κB-ligand, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and suppression of anti-resorptive mediators. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandins exert a synergistic effect on bone resorption. While proinflammatory cytokines are associated with periodontal sequelae such as bone dehiscence and gingival recessions, they are not essential for OTM. Integrins mediate mechanotransduction by converting extracellular biomechanical signals into cellular responses leading to bone apposition. Active Wnt signaling allows β-catenin to translocate into the nucleus and to stimulate bone formation, consequently converging with integrin-mediated mechanotransductive signals. During OTM, periodontal fibroblasts secrete PTHrP, which inhibits sclerostin secretion in neighboring osteocytes via the PTH/PTHrP type 1 receptor interaction. The ensuing sclerostin-depleted region may enhance stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and subperiosteal osteoid formation. OTM-mediated BRRS modulation suggests that administering sclerostin-inhibiting antibodies in combination with PTHrP may have a synergistic bone-inductive effect. This approach holds promise for enhancing osseous wound healing, treating osteoporosis, bone grafting and addressing orthodontic treatments that are linked to periodontal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Danz
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine ZMK, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kiryaman G, Enabulele I, Banville ML, Divieti Pajevic P. The Evolving Role of PTH Signaling in Osteocytes. Endocrinology 2025; 166:bqaf034. [PMID: 39950982 PMCID: PMC12057396 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaf034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
Over the past decade, advancements in cell line development and genetic tools have led to a wealth of new insights into the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH), particularly on osteocytes-cells deeply embedded within the bone's mineral matrix. These cells were once believed to be inactive bystanders, with little, if any, role in skeletal and mineral homeostasis. This concept of passive osteocytes has been challenged in recent years and osteocytes are now recognized for their crucial functions in skeletal mechanotransduction, bone modeling and remodeling, mineral ion regulation, and hematopoiesis. Moreover, osteocytes are key targets of PTH, and studies utilizing genetically modified mice, in which the PTH receptor is either deleted or overexpressed, have shed light on the hormone's complex effects on these cells. Several signaling molecules, including salt kinase inhibitors and histone deacetylases, have been identified as part of PTH's intracellular signaling cascade. In addition to its effects on bone metabolism, PTH has also been implicated in regulating bone energy metabolism, skeletal aging, and hematopoiesis. This review summarizes both classical and emerging effects of PTH on osteocytes, highlights the limitations of current research, and offers perspectives for future investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokce Kiryaman
- Translational Dental Medicine, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Irobosa Enabulele
- Translational Dental Medicine, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Myra L Banville
- Translational Dental Medicine, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Translational Dental Medicine, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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3
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Yao GQ, Zhu M, Insogna K. PTH-dependent stabilization of RANKL mRNA is associated with increased phosphorylation of the KH-type splicing regulatory protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2025; 595:112412. [PMID: 39536935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor agonists promote bone formation but also increase osteoclastogenesis, in part by increasing expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL). In addition to activation of transcription, regulation of mRNA stability is another important molecular mechanism controlling mRNA abundance. PTH treatment for 6 h resulted in a 7.4-fold elevation in RANKL mRNA expression in UAMS-32P cells, despite prior inhibition of cellular transcription by thiophosphoryl (TPL). RANKL mRNA, like other TNF family members, contains AU-Rich Elements (AREs) in the 3' UTR. AU-Rich Element Binding Proteins (ABPs including KSRP, TTP, AUF1 and HuR) bind to AREs and regulate mRNA stability. There was significantly more KSRP bound to RANKL mRNA than any of the other ABPs. PTH did not increase the amount of ABPs bound to the RANKL transcript. However, the level of cellular phosphorylated KSRP was significantly increased in UAMS-32P cells pre-treated with TPL followed by PTH exposure, compared to cells treated with vehicle following TPL. The extent of phosphorylation of cellular AUF1, HuR, and TTP did not increase with PTH treatment. There were no significant changes in the cellular content of total Pin1 and phospho-Pin1 protein with PTH treatment. We conclude that increases in cellular phospho-KSRP following PTH treatment, together with fact that the total amount of the KSRP bound to the RANKL mRNA did not change with PTH-treatment, may indicate that phospho-KSRP plays some role in stabilizing the RANKL transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Qing Yao
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Meiling Zhu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Karl Insogna
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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4
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Marino S, Bellido T. PTH receptor signalling, osteocytes and bone disease induced by diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:661-672. [PMID: 39020007 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Basic, translational and clinical research over the past few decades has provided new understanding on the mechanisms by which activation of the receptor of parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R)) regulates bone physiology and pathophysiology. A fundamental change in the field emerged upon the recognition that osteocytes, which are permanent residents of bone and the most abundant cells in bone, are targets of the actions of natural and synthetic ligands of PTH1R (parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, respectively), and that these cells drive essential actions related to bone remodelling. Among the numerous genes regulated by PTH1R in osteocytes, SOST (which encodes sclerostin, the WNT signalling antagonist and inhibitor of bone formation) has a critical role in bone homeostasis and changes in its expression are associated with several bone pathologies. The bone fragility syndrome induced by diabetes mellitus is accompanied by increased osteocyte apoptosis and changes in the expression of osteocytic genes, including SOST. This Review will discuss advances in our knowledge of the role of osteocytes in PTH1R signalling and the new opportunities to restore bone health in diabetes mellitus by targeting the osteocytic PTH1R-sclerostin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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5
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Iwanowska M, Kochman M, Szatko A, Zgliczyński W, Glinicki P. Bone Disease in Primary Hyperparathyroidism-Changes Occurring in Bone Metabolism and New Potential Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11639. [PMID: 39519190 PMCID: PMC11546563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/27/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrinopathy, predominantly caused by a single parathyroid adenoma that is responsible for the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-the hallmark of disease. Excess of this hormone causes remarkable changes in bone metabolism, including an increased level of bone remodeling with a predominance of bone resorption. Those changes lead to deterioration of bone structure and density, especially in cortical bone. The main treatment for PHPT is surgical removal of the adenoma, which normalizes PTH levels and terminates the progression of bone disease and leads to its regeneration. However, because not all the patients are suitable candidates for surgery, alternative therapies are needed. Current non-surgical treatments targeting bone disease secondary to PHPT include bisphosphonates and denosumab. Those antiresorptives prevent further bone loss, but they lack the ability to regenerate already degraded bone. There is ongoing research to find targeted drugs capable of halting resorption alongside stimulating bone formation. This review presents the advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for bone disease in PHPT and assesses the efficacy of new potential therapeutic approaches (e.g., allosteric inhibitors of the PTH receptor, V-ATPase, or cathepsin inhibitors) aimed at mitigating bone loss and enhancing bone regeneration in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Iwanowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kochman
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Szatko
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- EndoLab Laboratory, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zgliczyński
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Glinicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- EndoLab Laboratory, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
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Li XX, Wang MT, Wu ZF, Sun Q, Ono N, Nagata M, Zang XL, Ono W. Etiological Mechanisms and Genetic/Biological Modulation Related to PTH1R in Primary Failure of Tooth Eruption. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 115:101-116. [PMID: 38833001 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a rare disorder that is characterized by the inability of a molar tooth/teeth to erupt to the occlusal plane or to normally react to orthodontic force. This condition is related to hereditary factors and has been extensively researched over many years. However, the etiological mechanisms of pathogenesis are still not fully understood. Evidence from studies on PFE cases has shown that PFE patients may carry parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) gene mutations, and genetic detection can be used to diagnose PFE at an early stage. PTH1R variants can lead to altered protein structure, impaired protein function, and abnormal biological activities of the cells, which may ultimately impact the behavior of teeth, as observed in PFE. Dental follicle cells play a critical role in tooth eruption and root development and are regulated by parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-PTH1R signaling in their differentiation and other activities. PTHrP-PTH1R signaling also regulates the activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and odontoclasts during tooth development and eruption. When interference occurs in the PTHrP-PTH1R signaling pathway, the normal function of dental follicles and bone remodeling are impaired. This review provides an overview of PTH1R variants and their correlation with PFE, and highlights that a disruption of PTHrP-PTH1R signaling impairs the normal process of tooth development and eruption, thus providing insight into the underlying mechanisms related to PTH1R and its role in driving PFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Man-Ting Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Mizuki Nagata
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Xiao-Long Zang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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7
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Jiménez-Ortega RF, Ortega-Meléndez AI, Patiño N, Rivera-Paredez B, Hidalgo-Bravo A, Velázquez-Cruz R. The Involvement of microRNAs in Bone Remodeling Signaling Pathways and Their Role in the Development of Osteoporosis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:505. [PMID: 39056698 PMCID: PMC11273958 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Bone remodeling, crucial for maintaining the balance between bone resorption and formation, relies on the coordinated activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. During osteoclastogenesis, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into the osteoclast lineage through the signaling pathways OPG/RANK/RANKL. On the other hand, during osteoblastogenesis, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into the osteoblast lineage through activation of the signaling pathways TGF-β/BMP/Wnt. Recent studies have shown that bone remodeling is regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs can regulate virtually all cellular processes through binding to miRNA-response elements (MRE) at the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the target mRNA. miRNAs are involved in controlling gene expression during osteogenic differentiation through the regulation of key signaling cascades during bone formation and resorption. Alterations of miRNA expression could favor the development of bone disorders, including osteoporosis. This review provides a general description of the miRNAs involved in bone remodeling and their significance in osteoporosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio F. Jiménez-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
- Unidad de Acupuntura Humana Rehabilitatoria, Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec (UNEVE), Ecatepec de Morelos 55210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra I. Ortega-Meléndez
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad ETAC Campus Coacalco, Coacalco de Berriozábal 55700, Mexico;
| | - Nelly Patiño
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo (UCiF), Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Hidalgo-Bravo
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
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8
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Abe M, Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Yamamoto T, Shi Y, Cui J, Liu X, Yao Q, Ishizu H, Maruoka H, Yoshino H, Haraguchi-Kitakamae M, Shimizu T, Amizuka N. Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Assessment on the Biological Function and Vascular Endothelial Cells in the Initial Process of Cortical Porosity in Mice With PTH Administration. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:309-327. [PMID: 38725403 PMCID: PMC11107436 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241247883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
To clarify the cellular mechanism of cortical porosity induced by intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration, we examined the femoral cortical bone of mice that received 40 µg/kg/day (four times a day) human PTH (hPTH) (1-34). The PTH-driven cortical porosity initiated from the metaphyseal region and chronologically expanded toward the diaphysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive osteoblasts in the control mice covered the cortical surface, and endomucin-positive blood vessels were distant from these osteoblasts. In PTH-administered mice, endomucin-reactive blood vessels with TRAP-positive penetrated the ALP-positive osteoblast layer, invading the cortical bone. Statistically, the distance between endomucin-positive blood vessels and the cortical bone surface abated after PTH administration. Transmission electron microscopic observation demonstrated that vascular endothelial cells often pass through the flattened osteoblast layer and accompanied osteoclasts in the deep region of the cortical bone. The cell layers covering mature osteoblasts thickened with PTH administration and exhibited ALP, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Within these cell layers, osteoclasts were found near endomucin-reactive blood vessels. In PTH-administered femora, osteocytes secreted Dkk1, a Wnt inhibitor that affects angiogenesis, and blood vessels exhibited plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein, an angiogenic molecule. In summary, endomucin-positive blood vessels, when accompanied by osteoclasts in the ALP/αSMA/VCAM1/RANKL-reactive osteoblastic cell layers, invade the cortical bone, potentially due to the action of osteocyte-derived molecules such as DKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Abe
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and Department of Dentistry, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Camp Shinmachi, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yan Shi
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Qi Yao
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Hotaka Ishizu
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Haruhi Maruoka
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Hirona Yoshino
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Mai Haraguchi-Kitakamae
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | | | - Norio Amizuka
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
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Maranduca MA, Cozma CT, Clim A, Pinzariu AC, Tudorancea I, Popa IP, Lazar CI, Moscalu R, Filip N, Moscalu M, Constantin M, Scripcariu DV, Serban DN, Serban IL. The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Systemic Effects Mediated by Parathormone in the Context of Chronic Kidney Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3877-3905. [PMID: 38785509 PMCID: PMC11120161 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stands as a prominent non-communicable ailment, significantly impacting life expectancy. Physiopathology stands mainly upon the triangle represented by parathormone-Vitamin D-Fibroblast Growth Factor-23. Parathormone (PTH), the key hormone in mineral homeostasis, is one of the less easily modifiable parameters in CKD; however, it stands as a significant marker for assessing the risk of complications. The updated "trade-off hypothesis" reveals that levels of PTH spike out of the normal range as early as stage G2 CKD, advancing it as a possible determinant of systemic damage. The present review aims to review the effects exhibited by PTH on several organs while linking the molecular mechanisms to the observed actions in the context of CKD. From a diagnostic perspective, PTH is the most reliable and accessible biochemical marker in CKD, but its trend bears a higher significance on a patient's prognosis rather than the absolute value. Classically, PTH acts in a dichotomous manner on bone tissue, maintaining a balance between formation and resorption. Under the uremic conditions of advanced CKD, the altered intestinal microbiota majorly tips the balance towards bone lysis. Probiotic treatment has proven reliable in animal models, but in humans, data are limited. Regarding bone status, persistently high levels of PTH determine a reduction in mineral density and a concurrent increase in fracture risk. Pharmacological manipulation of serum PTH requires appropriate patient selection and monitoring since dangerously low levels of PTH may completely inhibit bone turnover. Moreover, the altered mineral balance extends to the cardiovascular system, promoting vascular calcifications. Lastly, the involvement of PTH in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone axis highlights the importance of opting for the appropriate pharmacological agent should hypertension develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Aida Maranduca
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Cristian Tudor Cozma
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Andreea Clim
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Alin Constantin Pinzariu
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Ionut Tudorancea
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Irene Paula Popa
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Cristina Iuliana Lazar
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Roxana Moscalu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Nina Filip
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Constantin
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dragos Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of Surgery, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dragomir Nicolae Serban
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
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10
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Hughes L, Centner C. Idiosyncratic bone responses to blood flow restriction exercise: new insights and future directions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:283-297. [PMID: 37994414 PMCID: PMC11212818 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00723.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying blood flow restriction (BFR) during low-load exercise induces beneficial adaptations of the myotendinous and neuromuscular systems. Despite the low mechanical tension, BFR exercise facilitates a localized hypoxic environment and increase in metabolic stress, widely regarded as the primary stimulus for tissue adaptations. First evidence indicates that low-load BFR exercise is effective in promoting an osteogenic response in bone, although this has previously been postulated to adapt primarily during high-impact weight-bearing exercise. Besides studies investigating the acute response of bone biomarkers following BFR exercise, first long-term trials demonstrate beneficial adaptations in bone in both healthy and clinical populations. Despite the increasing number of studies, the physiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Moreover, heterogeneity in methodological approaches such as biomarkers of bone metabolism measured, participant and study characteristics, and time course of measurement renders it difficult to formulate accurate conclusions. Furthermore, incongruity in the methods of BFR application (e.g., cuff pressure) limits the comparability of datasets and thus hinders generalizability of study findings. Appropriate use of biomarkers, effective BFR application, and befitting study design have the potential to progress knowledge on the acute and chronic response of bone to BFR exercise and contribute toward the development of a novel strategy to protect or enhance bone health. Therefore, the purpose of the present synthesis review is to 1) evaluate current mechanistic evidence; 2) discuss and offer explanations for similar and contrasting data findings; and 3) create a methodological framework for future mechanistic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hughes
- Department of Sport Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
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11
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Maus I, Dreiner M, Zetzsche S, Metzen F, Ross BC, Mählich D, Koch M, Niehoff A, Wirth B. Osteoclast-specific Plastin 3 knockout in mice fail to develop osteoporosis despite dramatic increased osteoclast resorption activity. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziad009. [PMID: 38549711 PMCID: PMC10971598 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PLS3 loss-of-function mutations in humans and mice cause X-linked primary osteoporosis. However, it remains largely unknown how PLS3 mutations cause osteoporosis and which function PLS3 plays in bone homeostasis. A recent study showed that ubiquitous Pls3 KO in mice results in osteoporosis. Mainly osteoclasts were impacted in their function However, it has not been proven if osteoclasts are the major cell type affected and responsible for osteoporosis development in ubiquitous Pls3 KO mice. Here, we generated osteoclast-specific Pls3 KO mice. Additionally, we developed a novel polyclonal PLS3 antibody that showed specific PLS3 loss in immunofluorescence staining of osteoclasts in contrast to previously available antibodies against PLS3, which failed to show PLS3 specificity in mouse cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that osteoclast-specific Pls3 KO causes dramatic increase in resorptive activity of osteoclasts in vitro. Despite these findings, osteoclast-specific Pls3 KO in vivo failed to cause any osteoporotic phenotype in mice as proven by micro-CT and three-point bending test. This demonstrates that the pathomechanism of PLS3-associated osteoporosis is highly complex and cannot be reproduced in a system singularly focused on one cell type. Thus, the loss of PLS3 in alternative bone cell types might contributes to the osteoporosis phenotype in ubiquitous Pls3 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Maus
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maren Dreiner
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zetzsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Metzen
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bryony C Ross
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Mählich
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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12
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Yamamoto T, Maruoka H, Hongo H, Yoshino H, Haraguchi-Kitakamae M, Liu X, Yao Q, Li M, Amizuka N, Hasegawa T. Early gene expression profiles of anabolic and catabolic molecules in murine bone after a single PTH injection. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:395-400. [PMID: 37595743 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the gene expression profiles of anabolic and catabolic molecules after a single parathyroid hormone (PTH) injection in mice. No significant changes were observed in alkaline phosphatase area/tissue volume, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts, or static bone histomorphometry parameters. However, a sudden and significant decrease in Runx2 expression occurred at 1.5 h post-injection followed by immediate elevation, while sclerostin level was initially downregulated but gradually recovered. Meanwhile, Rankl expression initially increased and then returned to baseline. The prolonged elevation of anabolic molecules and transient increase in catabolic molecules may contribute to the anabolic effect of PTH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Northern Army Medical Unit, Camp Makomanai, Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruhi Maruoka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hirona Yoshino
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Mai Haraguchi-Kitakamae
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Qi Yao
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Minqi Li
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, And Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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13
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Feher B, Kampleitner C, Heimel P, Tangl S, Helms JA, Kuchler U, Gruber R. The effect of osteocyte-derived RANKL on bone graft remodeling: An in vivo experimental study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2023; 34:1417-1427. [PMID: 37792417 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autologous bone is considered the gold standard for grafting, yet it suffers from a tendency to undergo resorption over time. While the exact mechanisms of this resorption remain elusive, osteocytes have been shown to play an important role in stimulating osteoclastic activity through their expression of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL). The aim of this study was to assess the function of osteocyte-derived RANKL in bone graft remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In Tnfsf11fl/fl ;Dmp1-Cre mice without osteocyte-specific RANKL as well as in Dmp1-Cre control mice, 2.6 mm calvarial bone disks were harvested and transplanted into mice with matching genetic backgrounds either subcutaneously or subperiosteally, creating 4 groups in total. Histology and micro-computed tomography of the grafts and the donor regions were performed 28 days after grafting. RESULTS Histology revealed marked resorption of subcutaneous control Dmp1-Cre grafts and new bone formation around subperiosteal Dmp1-Cre grafts. In contrast, Tnfsf11fl/fl ;Dmp1-Cre grafts showed effectively neither signs of bone resorption nor formation. Quantitative micro-computed tomography revealed a significant difference in residual graft area between subcutaneous and subperiosteal Dmp1-Cre grafts (p < .01). This difference was not observed between subcutaneous and subperiosteal Tnfsf11fl/fl ;Dmp1-Cre grafts (p = .17). Residual graft volume (p = .08) and thickness (p = .13) did not differ significantly among the groups. Donor area regeneration was comparable between Tnfsf11fl/fl ;Dmp1-Cre and Dmp1-Cre mice and restricted to the defect margins. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest an active function of osteocyte-derived RANKL in bone graft remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Feher
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jill A Helms
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ulrike Kuchler
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Fricke HP, Krajco CJ, Perry MJ, Brettingen LJ, Wake LA, Charles JF, Hernandez LL. Fluoxetine treatment during the postpartal period may have short-term impacts on murine maternal skeletal physiology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1244580. [PMID: 38074149 PMCID: PMC10701399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1244580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression affects many individuals after parturition, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used as the first-line treatment; however, both SSRIs and lactation are independently associated with bone loss due to the role of serotonin in bone remodeling. Previously, we have established that administration of the SSRI fluoxetine during the peripartal period results in alterations in long-term skeletal characteristics. In the present study, we treated mice with either a low or high dose of fluoxetine during lactation to determine the consequences of the perturbation of serotonin signaling during this time period on the dam skeleton. We found that lactational fluoxetine exposure affected both cortical and trabecular parameters, altered gene expression and circulating markers of bone turnover, and affected mammary gland characteristics, and that these effects were more pronounced in the dams that were exposed to the low dose of fluoxetine in comparison to the high dose. Fluoxetine treatment during the postpartum period in rodents had short term effects on bone that were largely resolved 3 months post-weaning. Despite the overall lack of long-term insult to bone, the alterations in serotonin-driven lactational bone remodeling raises the question of whether fluoxetine is a safe option for the treatment of postpartum depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P. Fricke
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chandler J. Krajco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molly J. Perry
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lauren J. Brettingen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lella A. Wake
- Departments of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Departments of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Reyes M, Firat D, Hanna P, Khan M, Bruce M, Shvedova M, Kobayashi T, Schipani E, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H. Substantially Delayed Maturation of Growth Plate Chondrocytes in "Humanized" PTH1R Mice with the H223R Mutation of Jansen's Disease. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10802. [PMID: 37808400 PMCID: PMC10556264 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related Peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH1R) mutations causes Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC), a rare disease characterized by growth plate abnormalities, short stature, and PTH-independent hypercalcemia. Previously generated transgenic JMC mouse models, in which the human PTH1R allele with the H223R mutation (H223R-PTH1R) is expressed in osteoblasts via type Ia1 collagen or DMP1 promoters cause excess bone mass, while expression of the mutant allele via the type IIa1 collagen promoter results in only minor growth plate changes. Thus, neither transgenic JMC model adequately recapitulates the human disease. We therefore generated "humanized" JMC mice in which the H223R-PTH1R allele was expressed via the endogenous mouse Pth1r promoter and, thus, in all relevant target tissues. Founders with the H223R allele typically died within 2 months without reproducing; several mosaic male founders, however, lived longer and produced F1 H223R-PTH1R offspring, which were small and exhibited marked growth plate abnormalities. Serum calcium and phosphate levels of the mutant mice were not different from wild-type littermates, but serum PTH and P1NP were reduced significantly, while CTX-1 and CTX-2 were slightly increased. Histological and RNAscope analyses of the mutant tibial growth plates revealed markedly expanded zones of type II collagen-positive, proliferating/prehypertrophic chondrocytes, abundant apoptotic cells in the growth plate center and a progressive reduction of type X collagen-positive hypertrophic chondrocytes and primary spongiosa. The "humanized" H223R-PTH1R mice are likely to provide a more suitable model for defining the JMC phenotype and for assessing potential treatment options for this debilitating disease of skeletal development and mineral ion homeostasis. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Reyes
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Damla Firat
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Patrick Hanna
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Mohd Khan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman Medical SchoolPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Michael Bruce
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Maria Shvedova
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman Medical SchoolPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Thomas J. Gardella
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Pediatric Nephrology UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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16
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Aguilar A, Gifre L, Ureña-Torres P, Carrillo-López N, Rodriguez-García M, Massó E, da Silva I, López-Báez V, Sánchez-Bayá M, Prior-Español Á, Urrutia M, Paul J, Bustos MC, Vila A, Garnica-León I, Navarro-González JF, Mateo L, Bover J. Pathophysiology of bone disease in chronic kidney disease: from basics to renal osteodystrophy and osteoporosis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1177829. [PMID: 37342799 PMCID: PMC10277623 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1177829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent disease that has become a public health problem. Progression of CKD is associated with serious complications, including the systemic CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Laboratory, bone and vascular abnormalities define this condition, and all have been independently related to cardiovascular disease and high mortality rates. The "old" cross-talk between kidney and bone (classically known as "renal osteodystrophies") has been recently expanded to the cardiovascular system, emphasizing the importance of the bone component of CKD-MBD. Moreover, a recently recognized higher susceptibility of patients with CKD to falls and bone fractures led to important paradigm changes in the new CKD-MBD guidelines. Evaluation of bone mineral density and the diagnosis of "osteoporosis" emerges in nephrology as a new possibility "if results will impact clinical decisions". Obviously, it is still reasonable to perform a bone biopsy if knowledge of the type of renal osteodystrophy will be clinically useful (low versus high turnover-bone disease). However, it is now considered that the inability to perform a bone biopsy may not justify withholding antiresorptive therapies to patients with high risk of fracture. This view adds to the effects of parathyroid hormone in CKD patients and the classical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The availability of new antiosteoporotic treatments bring the opportunity to come back to the basics, and the knowledge of new pathophysiological pathways [OPG/RANKL (LGR4); Wnt-ß-catenin pathway], also affected in CKD, offers great opportunities to further unravel the complex physiopathology of CKD-MBD and to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Aguilar
- Autonomous University of Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology, Mexican Social Security, IMSS General Hospital of Zone No 2, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Laia Gifre
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Ureña-Torres
- AURA Saint Ouen, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis and Department of Renal Physiology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Carrillo-López
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Minerva Rodriguez-García
- Nephrology Clinical Management Unit, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Massó
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iara da Silva
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Báez
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maya Sánchez-Bayá
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Águeda Prior-Español
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Urrutia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Paul
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Misael C. Bustos
- Department of Nephrology, Pontificia Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anna Vila
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isa Garnica-León
- Department of Nephrology, Mexican Social Security, IMSS General Hospital of Zone No 2, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Juan F. Navarro-González
- Research Unit and Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bover
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Marahleh A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Mizoguchi I. The osteocyte and its osteoclastogenic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1121727. [PMID: 37293482 PMCID: PMC10244721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is an organ of dual functionality; on the one hand, it provides protection and structural competence. On the other hand, it participates extensively in coordinating homeostasis globally given that it is a mineral and hormonal reservoir. Bone is the only tissue in the body that goes through strategically consistent bouts of bone resorption to ensure its integrity and organismal survival in a temporally and spatially coordinated process, known as bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is directly enacted by three skeletal cell types, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes; these cells represent the acting force in a basic multicellular unit and ensure bone health maintenance. The osteocyte is an excellent mechanosensory cell and has been positioned as the choreographer of bone remodeling. It is, therefore, not surprising that a holistic grasp of the osteocyte entity in the bone is warranted. This review discusses osteocytogenesis and associated molecular and morphological changes and describes the osteocytic lacunocanalicular network (LCN) and its organization. We highlight new knowledge obtained from transcriptomic analyses of osteocytes and discuss the regulatory role of osteocytes in promoting osteoclastogenesis with an emphasis on the case of osteoclastogenesis in anosteocytic bones. We arrive at the conclusion that osteocytes exhibit several redundant means through which osteoclast formation can be initiated. However, whether osteocytes are true "orchestrators of bone remodeling" cannot be verified from the animal models used to study osteocyte biology in vivo. Results from studying osteocyte biology using current animal models should come with the caveat that these models are not osteocyte-specific, and conclusions from these studies should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Bogdanova E, Sadykov A, Ivanova G, Zubina I, Beresneva O, Semenova N, Galkina O, Parastaeva M, Sharoyko V, Dobronravov V. Mild Chronic Kidney Disease Associated with Low Bone Formation and Decrease in Phosphate Transporters and Signaling Pathways Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087270. [PMID: 37108433 PMCID: PMC10138582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial phases of molecular and cellular maladaptive bone responses in early chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain mostly unknown. We induced mild CKD in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by either causing arterial hypertension lasting six months (sham-operated rats, SO6) or in its' combination with 3/4 nephrectomy lasting two and six months (Nx2 and Nx6, respectively). Sham-operated SHRs (SO2) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY2) with a two-month follow-up served as controls. Animals were fed standard chow containing 0.6% phosphate. Upon follow-up completion in each animal, we measured creatinine clearance, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, renal interstitial fibrosis, inorganic phosphate (Pi) exchange, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), Klotho, Dickkopf-1, sclerostin, and assessed bone response by static histomorphometry and gene expression profiles. The mild CKD groups had no increase in renal Pi excretion, FGF23, or PTH levels. Serum Pi, Dickkopf-1, and sclerostin were higher in Nx6. A decrease in trabecular bone area and osteocyte number was obvious in SO6. Nx2 and Nx6 had additionally lower osteoblast numbers. The decline in eroded perimeter, a resorption index, was only apparent in Nx6. Significant downregulation of genes related to Pi transport, MAPK, WNT, and BMP signaling accompanied histological alterations in Nx2 and Nx6. We found an association between mild CKD and histological and molecular features suggesting lower bone turnover, which occurred at normal levels of systemic Pi-regulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Bogdanova
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Airat Sadykov
- Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina Ivanova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, Physiology Pavlov Institute of Physiology, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Zubina
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Beresneva
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Semenova
- Research Department of Pathomorphology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Galkina
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Parastaeva
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sharoyko
- Department of General and Bioorganic Chemistry, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Dobronravov
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Yang D, Zhou Z, Wang S, Ying H, Wang S, Ma Q, Wu J, Jiao Q, Fan L, Chen M, Wang Y, Zhao L. A Novel Heterozygous Missense Variant in Parathyroid Hormone 1 is Related to the Occurrence of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:74-80. [PMID: 36989525 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common diseases in the pediatric orthopedics, with an incidence of 1-5%. Genetic factors are the bases of the pathogenesis of DDH, but the pathogenic variants and pathogenesis of DDH are still unknown. There are no key accurate diagnostic or prognostic molecular markers for DDH. The purpose of our study was to screen for genetic variant associated with DDH and explore its pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: The genetic variation of DDH was tested by variant NGS-based exome analyses, verified by the Sanger sequencing. Results: A four-generation family in which DDH was present in three generations was recruited. A novel heterozygous missense variant c.629C>T (p.(Ala210Val)) in exon 7/8 of the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) gene was identified through screening of two affected and one unaffected family members. The candidate variant was validated in all available family members with all three affected members being positive for the PTH1R variant. Conclusion: Our results are highly supportive of PTH1R as a novel candidate gene for DDH and demonstrated that the combination of pedigree information and next-generation sequencing is an effective method for identifying pathogenic variants associated with DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zaiwei Zhou
- Shanghai Xunyin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qin Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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20
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Cuevas PL, Aellos F, Dawid IM, Helms JA. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Craniomaxillofacial Osteocytes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:228-240. [PMID: 36807035 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a growing appreciation within the scientific community that cells exhibit regional variation. Whether the variation is attributable to differences in embryonic origin or anatomical location and mechanical loading has not been elucidated; what is clear, however, is that adult cells carry positional information that ultimately affects their functions. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of osteocytes in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeleton as opposed to elsewhere in the body, and in doing so gain mechanistic insights into genetic conditions and chemically-induced diseases that particularly affect this region of our anatomy. RECENT FINDINGS In the CMF skeleton, elevated Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects not only bone mass and volume, but also mineralization of the canalicular network and osteocyte lacunae. Aberrant elevation in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway can also produce micropetrosis and osteonecrosis of CMF bone, presumably due to a disruption in the signaling network that connects osteocytes to one another, and to osteoblasts on the bone surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Cuevas
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fabiana Aellos
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Isaiah M Dawid
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jill A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
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21
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Sato T, Andrade CDC, Yoon SH, Zhao Y, Greenlee WJ, Weber PC, Viswanathan U, Kulp J, Brooks DJ, Demay MB, Bouxsein ML, Mitlak B, Lanske B, Wein MN. Structure-based design of selective, orally available salt-inducible kinase inhibitors that stimulate bone formation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2214396119. [PMID: 36472957 PMCID: PMC9897432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214396119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. Currently, there are no orally available therapies that increase bone formation. Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone formation through a signal transduction pathway that involves inhibition of salt-inducible kinase isoforms 2 and 3 (SIK2 and SIK3). Here, we further validate SIK2/SIK3 as osteoporosis drug targets by demonstrating that ubiquitous deletion of these genes in adult mice increases bone formation without extraskeletal toxicities. Previous efforts to target these kinases to stimulate bone formation have been limited by lack of pharmacologically acceptable, specific, orally available SIK2/SIK3 inhibitors. Here, we used structure-based drug design followed by iterative medicinal chemistry to identify SK-124 as a lead compound that potently inhibits SIK2 and SIK3. SK-124 inhibits SIK2 and SIK3 with single-digit nanomolar potency in vitro and in cell-based target engagement assays and shows acceptable kinome selectivity and oral bioavailability. SK-124 reduces SIK2/SIK3 substrate phosphorylation levels in human and mouse cultured bone cells and regulates gene expression patterns in a PTH-like manner. Once-daily oral SK-124 treatment for 3 wk in mice led to PTH-like effects on mineral metabolism including increased blood levels of calcium and 1,25-vitamin D and suppressed endogenous PTH levels. Furthermore, SK-124 treatment increased bone formation by osteoblasts and boosted trabecular bone mass without evidence of short-term toxicity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate PTH-like effects in bone and mineral metabolism upon in vivo treatment with orally available SIK2/SIK3 inhibitor SK-124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
| | | | - Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Yingshe Zhao
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | | | - Patricia C. Weber
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH44106
| | | | | | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Marie B. Demay
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | | | | | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02142
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA02138
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22
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Iolascon G, Paoletta M, Liguori S, Gimigliano F, Moretti A. Bone fragility: conceptual framework, therapeutic implications, and COVID-19-related issues. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221133429. [PMID: 36317067 PMCID: PMC9614590 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221133429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fragility is the susceptibility to fracture even for common loads because of structural, architectural, or material alterations of bone tissue that result in poor bone strength. In osteoporosis, quantitative and qualitative changes in density, geometry, and micro-architecture modify the internal stress state predisposing to fragility fractures. Bone fragility substantially depends on the structural behavior related to the size and shape of the bone characterized by different responses in the load-deformation curve and on the material behavior that reflects the intrinsic material properties of the bone itself, such as yield and fatigue. From a clinical perspective, the measurement of bone density by DXA remains the gold standard for defining the risk of fragility fracture in all population groups. However, non-quantitative parameters, such as macro-architecture, geometry, tissue material properties, and microcracks accumulation can modify the bone's mechanical strength. This review provides an overview of the role of different contributors to bone fragility and how these factors might be influenced by the use of anti-osteoporotic drugs and by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Paoletta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
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23
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Expansion of the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system involved in pharmacological action of PTH revealed by AI-driven fluorescence morphometry in female rabbits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16799. [PMID: 36207444 PMCID: PMC9546928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder that is characterized by reduced bone mass. Its prevention and treatment are important healthcare issues for maintaining social activity in aged societies. Although bone fractures mostly occur at sites of weakened cortical bone, pathophysiological and pharmacological evaluations of bone mass have tended to be predominantly assessed in trabecular bone. To statistically characterize cortical bone remodeling, we originally established multimode fluorescence imaging and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven morphometric analyses in six-month-old female rabbits with well-defined cortical remodeling, similar to that in humans. We evaluated three distinct administration frequencies of teriparatide [TPTD; human parathyroid hormone, hPTH (1–34)]: once (1/w), twice (2/w), and seven times (7/w) a week, with the same total dose (140 μg/kg/week). Our analyses revealed significant expansions of the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system and Haversian canals accompanied by the development of cortical porosity and endosteal naïve bone formation induced by a frequent administration regimen (7/w) of TPTD; however, once-weekly (1/w) and twice-weekly (2/w) administration of TPTD showed little effect. These findings demonstrate a clear contrast between the effects of frequent and infrequent administration of TPTD on cortical bone metabolism and suggest that osteocytic bone remodeling is involved in the pharmacological action of PTH.
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24
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Barbier V, Goëb V, Klein C, Fritot S, Mentaverri R, Sobhy Danial J, Fardellone P, Le Monnier L. Effect of standing frames used in real life on bone remodeling in non-walking children with cerebral palsy. Osteoporos Int 2022; 33:2019-2025. [PMID: 35614237 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-022-06436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children with severe cerebral palsy are prone to low bone mineral density. No clear recommendation exists for an optimal use of standing frame to enhance bone health in this context. Used in real life, this study suggests for the first time that standing practice improved bone mineralization by limiting bone resorption. INTRODUCTION To compare the bone health of children with severe cerebral palsy who use a static standing frame in real life to that of children who do not. METHODS A total of 24 children with severe cerebral palsy GMFCS IV & V were included in the study and were divided into two groups: 13 were using a passive standing frame and 11 were not. We performed a single center retrospective cross-sectional study comparing the two groups using dual X-ray absorptiometry data and tests on biological samples, including bone remodeling factors. RESULTS Total body (less head) bone mineral content was significantly higher in children who used a standing frame for an average of 30 min/day. This was confirmed in the lumbar spine. Although the total body bone mineral density (less head and proximal femur) densitometric data were not significantly higher, a positive trend favored the use of a standing frame in the children. Bone resorptive factors (CTX) were higher in the non-standing-frame group, whereas there was no difference among osteoformation factors. No difference in fracture history was found. CONCLUSIONS We show that non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy who use a static standing frame in real life have better bone health, with lower bone resorption, than children who do not. Further studies are needed to determine how standing practice could impact bone mineralization over time in real life and to explore more bone remodeling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barbier
- Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Amiens University Hospital, 80000, Amiens, France.
- MP3CV‑EA7517, CURS, Amiens University Hospital, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.
| | - V Goëb
- Department of Rheumatology, Amiens University Hospital, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - C Klein
- MP3CV‑EA7517, CURS, Amiens University Hospital, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - S Fritot
- Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Amiens University Hospital, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - R Mentaverri
- MP3CV‑EA7517, CURS, Amiens University Hospital, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Endocrine Biology, Amiens University Hospital, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - J Sobhy Danial
- Department of Rheumatology, Amiens University Hospital, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - P Fardellone
- Department of Rheumatology, Amiens University Hospital, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - L Le Monnier
- Department of Rheumatology, Amiens University Hospital, 80000, Amiens, France
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25
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Delgado-Calle J, McAndrews K, Wu G, Orr AL, Ferrari A, Tu X, Srinivasan V, Roodman GD, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Bellido T. The Notch pathway regulates the bone gain induced by PTH anabolic signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22196. [PMID: 35137455 PMCID: PMC8855690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101807r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling downstream of the PTH 1 receptor (Pth1r) results in both bone anabolic and catabolic actions by mechanisms not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that Pth1r signaling upregulates the expression of several components of the Notch pathway and that Notch signals contribute to the catabolic actions of PTH in bone. We found that constitutive genetic activation of PTH receptor signaling in osteocytes (caPth1rOt ) or treatment with PTH daily increased the expression of several Notch ligands/receptors in bone. In contrast, sustained elevation of endogenous PTH did not change Notch components expression. Deletion of the PTH receptor or sclerostin overexpression in osteocytes abolished Notch increases by PTH. Further, deleting the canonical Notch transcription factor Rbpjk in osteocytes decreased bone mass and increased resorption and Rankl expression in caPth1rOt mice. Moreover, pharmacological bone-targeted Notch inhibition potentiated the bone mass gain induced by intermittent PTH by reducing bone resorption and preserving bone formation. Thus, Notch activation lies downstream of anabolic signaling driven by PTH actions in osteocytes, and Notch pharmacological inhibition maximizes the bone anabolic effects of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,Corresponding authors’ information: Jesus Delgado-Calle, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1-501-686-7668, ; Teresita Bellido, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1 (501) 686-5442,
| | - Kevin McAndrews
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gerald Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ashley L. Orr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Adam Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xiaolin Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - G. David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Frank H. Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA,Biovinc, LLC, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA
| | - Robert K. Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA,Corresponding authors’ information: Jesus Delgado-Calle, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1-501-686-7668, ; Teresita Bellido, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1 (501) 686-5442,
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26
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Nagata Y, Imanishi Y, Tateishi T, Miyaoka D, Kurajoh M, Arnold A, Emoto M. Parathyroid Hormone Regulates Circulating Levels of Sclerostin and FGF23 in a Primary Hyperparathyroidism Model. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac027. [PMID: 35284773 PMCID: PMC8907412 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), mediated both by protein kinase A (PKA) and Wnt signaling, and decreases expression of sclerostin, a Wnt antagonist derived from osteocytes. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) have lower serum sclerostin levels than healthy controls, consistent with the idea of SOST downregulation by PTH. Nevertheless, the relationship between FGF23 and sclerostin in PHPT is still unclear. We examined this issue in a mouse model of PHPT. PHPT mice had increased FGF23 and decreased sclerostin expression in calvaria and in their serum concentrations compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In UMR106 osteoblasts, PTH increased Fgf23 expression and decreased Sost expression, as well as forskolin, a PKA agonist, whereas inhibition of PKA reversed the changes in Fgf23 and Sost expression, stimulated by PTH. Sclerostin treatment had no effect on Fgf23 expression, but when it was added together with PTH, it statistically significantly abrogated the increase in Fgf23 expression. By contrast, there was no statistically significant correlation between serum FGF23 and sclerostin, whereas PTH was positively and negatively correlated with serum FGF23 and sclerostin, respectively. These results indicate that the high level of PTH in PHPT mice leads to increased FGF23 and decreased sclerostin expression in serum and calvaria. A decrease of sclerostin may further augment FGF23 in vitro; however, there was no statistically significant association between circulating FGF23 and sclerostin. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of increased FGF23 expression in PHPT mice may be modified by not only sclerostin, but also other regulatory factors modulated by PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagata
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yasuo Imanishi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tateishi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daichi Miyaoka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Vasiliadis ES, Evangelopoulos DS, Kaspiris A, Benetos IS, Vlachos C, Pneumaticos SG. The Role of Sclerostin in Bone Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:806. [PMID: 35160258 PMCID: PMC8836457 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin has been identified as an important regulator of bone homeostasis through inhibition of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway, and it is involved in the pathogenesis of many different skeletal diseases. Many studies have been published in the last few years regarding sclerostin's origin, regulation, and mechanism of action. The ongoing research emphasizes the potential therapeutic implications of sclerostin in many pathological conditions with or without skeletal involvement. Antisclerostin antibodies have recently been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, and several animal studies and clinical trials are currently under way to evaluate the effectiveness of antisclerostin antibodies in the treatment of other than osteoporosis skeletal disorders and cancer with promising results. Understanding the exact role of sclerostin may lead to new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S. Vasiliadis
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Dimitrios-Stergios Evangelopoulos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Angelos Kaspiris
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division for Orthopaedic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece;
| | - Ioannis S. Benetos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Christos Vlachos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Spyros G. Pneumaticos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
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St-Arnaud R, Pellicelli M, Ismail M, Arabian A, Jafarov T, Zhou CJ. NACA and LRP6 Are Part of a Common Genetic Pathway Necessary for Full Anabolic Response to Intermittent PTH. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020940. [PMID: 35055125 PMCID: PMC8780913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PTH induces phosphorylation of the transcriptional coregulator NACA on serine 99 through Gαs and PKA. This leads to nuclear translocation of NACA and expression of the target gene Lrp6, encoding a coreceptor of the PTH receptor (PTH1R) necessary for full anabolic response to intermittent PTH (iPTH) treatment. We hypothesized that maintaining enough functional PTH1R/LRP6 coreceptor complexes at the plasma membrane through NACA-dependent Lrp6 transcription is important to ensure maximal response to iPTH. To test this model, we generated compound heterozygous mice in which one allele each of Naca and Lrp6 is inactivated in osteoblasts and osteocytes, using a knock-in strain with a Naca99 Ser-to-Ala mutation and an Lrp6 floxed strain (test genotype: Naca99S/A; Lrp6+/fl;OCN-Cre). Four-month-old females were injected with vehicle or 100 μg/kg PTH(1-34) once daily, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Control mice showed significant increases in vertebral trabecular bone mass and biomechanical properties that were abolished in compound heterozygotes. Lrp6 expression was reduced in compound heterozygotes vs. controls. The iPTH treatment increased Alpl and Col1a1 mRNA levels in the control but not in the test group. These results confirm that NACA and LRP6 form part of a common genetic pathway that is necessary for the full anabolic effect of iPTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children—Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (M.P.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (T.J.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-282-7155; Fax: +1-514-842-5581
| | - Martin Pellicelli
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children—Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (M.P.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (T.J.)
| | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children—Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (M.P.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (T.J.)
| | - Alice Arabian
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children—Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (M.P.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (T.J.)
| | - Toghrul Jafarov
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children—Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (M.P.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (T.J.)
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children—Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Sahbani K, Cardozo CP, Bauman WA, Tawfeek HA. Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling Attenuates Disuse-induced Trabecular Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab230. [PMID: 34791098 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is one of the most common complications of immobilization after spinal cord injury (SCI). Whether transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling plays a role in SCI-induced disuse bone loss has not been determined. Thus, 16-week-old male mice underwent sham or spinal cord contusion injury to cause complete hindlimb paralysis. Five days later, 10 mg/kg/day control (IgG) or anti-TGF-β1,2,3 neutralizing antibody (1D11) was administered twice weekly for 4 weeks. Femurs were examined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning and histology. Bone marrow (BM) supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for levels of procollagen type 1 intact N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP-5b), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Distal femoral micro-CT analysis showed that SCI-1D11 mice had significantly (P < .05) attenuated loss of trabecular fractional bone volume (123% SCI-1D11 vs 69% SCI-IgG), thickness (98% vs 81%), and connectivity (112% vs 69%) and improved the structure model index (2.1 vs 2.7). Histomorphometry analysis revealed that osteoclast numbers were lower in the SCI-IgG mice than in sham-IgG control. Biochemically, SCI-IgG mice had higher levels of P1NP and PGE2 but similar TRAcP-5b and RANKL/OPG ratio to the sham-IgG group. The SCI-1D11 group exhibited higher levels of P1NP but similar TRAcP-5b, RANKL/OPG ratio, and PGE2 to the sham-1D11 group. Furthermore, 1D11 treatment prevented SCI-induced hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in osteocytes, an event that destabilizes the cytoskeleton. Together, inhibition of TGF-β signaling after SCI protects trabecular bone integrity, likely by balancing bone remodeling, inhibiting PGE2 elevation, and preserving the osteocyte cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sahbani
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Human Performance, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William A Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Human Performance, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hesham A Tawfeek
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Baloun J, Pekacova A, Wenchich L, Hruskova H, Senolt L, Svec X, Pavelka K, Stepan JJ. Menopausal Transition: Prospective Study of Estrogen Status, Circulating MicroRNAs, and Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:864299. [PMID: 35634507 PMCID: PMC9137039 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.864299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis is associated with an impaired balance between bone resorption and formation, which in turn leads to bone loss and fractures. Many recent studies have underlined the regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in bone remodeling processes and their potential as biomarkers of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the association of circulating miRNAs and bone biomarkers with estrogen status in women before and after oophorectomy, as well as in oophorectomized women on estrogen therapy. METHODS In this prospective study, we included 11 women before oophorectomy and hysterectomy and at 201 ± 24 days after the surgery. Another 11 women were evaluated 508 ± 127 days after oophorectomy and hysterectomy and after an additional 203 ± 71 days of estradiol treatment. Serum miRNAs were profiled by sequencing. Estrogen status and biomarkers of bone metabolism were quantified. Bone mineral density was assessed in the lumbar spine. RESULTS Our analysis revealed 17 miRNAs associated with estrogen levels. Of those miRNAs that were upregulated with estrogen deficiency and downregulated after estrogen therapy, miR-422a correlated with serum beta-carboxy-terminal type I collagen crosslinks (β-CTX) and procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP); and miR-1278 correlated with serum β-CTX, P1NP, osteocalcin, sclerostin, and Dickkopf-1(Dkk1). In contrast, we found an inverse association of miR-24-1-5p with estrogen status and a negative correlation with serum β-CTX, P1NP, osteoprotegerin, and sclerostin levels. CONCLUSION The reported miRNAs associated with estrogen status and bone metabolism could be potential biomarkers of bone pathophysiology and would facilitate studies on the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our findings require validation in an extended cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Baloun
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Aneta Pekacova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Hana Hruskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Xiao Svec
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan J. Stepan
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan J. Stepan,
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31
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Zhang S, Lyons N, Koedam M, van de Peppel J, van Leeuwen JP, van der Eerden BCJ. Identification of small molecules as novel anti-adipogenic compounds based on Connectivity Map. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1017832. [PMID: 36589834 PMCID: PMC9800878 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1017832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several physiological and pathological conditions such as aging, obesity, diabetes, anorexia nervosa are associated with increased adipogenesis in the bone marrow. A lack of effective drugs hinder the improved treatment for aberrant accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes. Given the higher costs, longer duration and sometimes lack of efficacy in drug discovery, computational and experimental strategies have been used to identify previously approved drugs for the treatment of diseases, also known as drug repurposing. Here, we describe the method of small molecule-prioritization by employing adipocyte-specific genes using the connectivity map (CMap). We then generated transcriptomic profiles using human mesenchymal stromal cells under adipogenic differentiation with the treatment of prioritized compounds, and identified emetine and kinetin-riboside to have a potent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Overall, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept method to identify repurposable drugs capable of inhibiting adipogenesis, using the Connectivity Map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Lyons
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marijke Koedam
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes P.T.M. van Leeuwen
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bram C. J. van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Bram C. J. van der Eerden,
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32
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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33
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Uda Y, Saini V, Petty CA, Alshehri M, Shi C, Spatz JM, Santos R, Newell CM, Huang TY, Kochen A, Kim JW, Constantinou CK, Saito H, Held KD, Hesse E, Pajevic PD. Parathyroid hormone signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes protects mice from age-related bone loss. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25607-25642. [PMID: 34968192 PMCID: PMC8751595 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by osteopenia, characterized by reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption. Osteocytes, the terminally differentiated osteoblasts, are regulators of bone homeostasis, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor (PPR) signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes is essential for PTH-driven anabolic and catabolic skeletal responses. However, the role of PPR signaling in those cells during aging has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of PTH signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes during aging. Mice lacking PPR in osteocyte (Dmp1-PPRKO) display an age-dependent osteopenia characterized by a significant decrease in osteoblast activity and increase in osteoclast number and activity. At the molecular level, the absence of PPR signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes is associated with an increase in serum sclerostin and a significant increase in osteocytes expressing 4-hydroxy-2-nonenals, a marker of oxidative stress. In Dmp1-PPRKO mice there was an age-dependent increase in p16Ink4a/Cdkn2a expression, whereas it was unchanged in controls. In vitro studies demonstrated that PTH protects osteocytes from oxidative stress-induced cell death. In summary, we reported that PPR signaling in osteocytes is important for protecting the skeleton from age-induced bone loss by restraining osteoclast's activity and protecting osteocytes from oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Uda
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Vaibhav Saini
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher A. Petty
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Majed Alshehri
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jordan M. Spatz
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roberto Santos
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carly M. Newell
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tim Y. Huang
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alejandro Kochen
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ji W. Kim
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christodoulos K. Constantinou
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Kathryn D. Held
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric Hesse
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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34
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Kim SP, Da H, Wang L, Taketo MM, Wan M, Riddle RC. Bone-derived sclerostin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulate PDGFRα + adipoprogenitor cell differentiation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21957. [PMID: 34606641 PMCID: PMC8496915 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100691r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling antagonist, sclerostin, is a potent suppressor of bone acquisition that also mediates endocrine communication between bone and adipose. As a result, Sost-/- mice exhibit dramatic increases in bone formation but marked decreases in visceral and subcutaneous adipose that are secondary to alterations in lipid synthesis and utilization. While interrogating the mechanism by which sclerostin influences adipocyte metabolism, we observed paradoxical increases in the adipogenic potential and numbers of CD45- :Sca1+ :PDGFRα+ adipoprogenitors in the stromal vascular compartment of fat pads isolated from male Sost-/- mice. Lineage tracing studies indicated that sclerostin deficiency blocks the differentiation of PDGFRα+ adipoprogenitors to mature adipocytes in association with increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Importantly, osteoblast/osteocyte-specific Sost gene deletion mirrors the accumulation of PDGFRα+ adipoprogenitors, reduction in fat mass, and improved glucose metabolism evident in Sost-/- mice. These data indicate that bone-derived sclerostin regulates multiple facets of adipocyte physiology ranging from progenitor cell commitment to anabolic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun P Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Da
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Research and Development Service, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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35
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Isojima T, Sims NA. Cortical bone development, maintenance and porosity: genetic alterations in humans and mice influencing chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5755-5773. [PMID: 34196732 PMCID: PMC11073036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone structure is a crucial determinant of bone strength, yet for many years studies of novel genes and cell signalling pathways regulating bone strength have focused on the control of trabecular bone mass. Here we focus on mechanisms responsible for cortical bone development, growth, and degeneration, and describe some recently described genetic-driven modifications in humans and mice that reveal how these processes may be controlled. We start with embryonic osteogenesis of preliminary bone structures preceding the cortex and describe how this structure consolidates then matures to a dense, vascularised cortex containing an increasing proportion of lamellar bone. These processes include modelling-induced, and load-dependent, asymmetric cortical expansion, which enables the cortex's transition from a highly porous woven structure to a consolidated and thickened highly mineralised lamellar bone structure, infiltrated by vascular channels. Sex-specific differences emerge during this process. With aging, the process of consolidation reverses: cortical pores enlarge, leading to greater cortical porosity, trabecularisation and loss of bone strength. Each process requires co-ordination between bone formation, bone mineralisation, vascularisation, and bone resorption, with a need for locational-, spatial- and cell-specific signalling pathways to mediate this co-ordination. We will discuss these processes, and a number of cell-signalling pathways identified in both murine and human genetic studies to regulate cortical bone mass, including signalling through gp130, STAT3, PTHR1, WNT16, NOTCH, NOTUM and sFRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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36
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Stuss M, Migdalska-Sek M, Brzezianska-Lasota E, Michalska-Kasiczak M, Bazela P, Sewerynek E. Assessment of Wnt pathway selected gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of postmenopausal patients with low bone mass. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:461-470. [PMID: 33357212 PMCID: PMC8292866 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.5179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the expression of selected genes of the Wnt pathway: APC, AXIN1, CTNNB1, DKK1, GSK3B, KREMEN1, SFRP1, and WNT1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients, selected in consideration of their bone mineral density (BMD), and the occurrence of low-energy fractures. The study involved 45 postmenopausal women, divided into four groups, according to BMD and fracture history. Measurements of laboratory parameters and RNA expression in PBMC cells were carried out in material, collected once at the inclusion visit. The densitometric examination was performed on all participants. In the analysis of the relative expression levels (RELs) of the studied genes in the entire population, we observed an overexpression for SFRP1 in 100% of samples and WNT1. In addition, the REL of DKK1, APC, and GSK3B genes were slightly elevated versus the calibrator. In contrast, CTNNB1 and AXIN1 presented with a slightly decreased RELs. Analysis did not show any significant differences among the groups in the relative gene expression levels (p < 0.05) of particular genes. However, we have observed quite numerous interesting correlations between the expression of the studied genes and BMD, the presence of fractures, and laboratory parameters, both in the whole studied population as well as in selected groups. In conclusion, the high level of CTNNB1 expression maintains normal BMD and/or protects against fractures. It also appears that the changes in expression levels of the Wnt pathway genes in PBMCs reflect the expected changes in bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stuss
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Outpatient Clinic of Osteoporosis, Regional Center of Menopause and Osteoporosis, Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz - Central Veterans' Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Migdalska-Sek
- Outpatient Clinic of Osteoporosis, Regional Center of Menopause and Osteoporosis, Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz - Central Veterans' Hospital, Lodz, Poland; Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzezianska-Lasota
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska-Kasiczak
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Bazela
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Sewerynek
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Outpatient Clinic of Osteoporosis, Regional Center of Menopause and Osteoporosis, Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz - Central Veterans' Hospital, Lodz, Poland
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37
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Hariri H, St-Arnaud R. Expression and Role of Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidases in Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147746. [PMID: 34299363 PMCID: PMC8304380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates biological processes in normal and diseased states. Recent investigations have focused on ubiquitin-dependent modifications and their impacts on cellular function, commitment, and differentiation. Ubiquitination is reversed by deubiquitinases, including ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs), whose roles have been widely investigated. In this review, we explore recent findings highlighting the regulatory functions of USPs in osteoblasts and providing insight into the molecular mechanisms governing their actions during bone formation. We also give a brief overview of our work on USP53, a target of PTH in osteoblasts and a regulator of mesenchymal cell lineage fate decisions. Emerging evidence addresses questions pertaining to the complex layers of regulation exerted by USPs on osteoblast signaling. We provide a short overview of our and others' understanding of how USPs modulate osteoblastogenesis. However, further studies using knockout mouse models are needed to fully understand the mechanisms underpinning USPs actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadla Hariri
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada;
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada;
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +514-282-7155; Fax: +514-842-5581
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Martin TJ, Sims NA, Seeman E. Physiological and Pharmacological Roles of PTH and PTHrP in Bone Using Their Shared Receptor, PTH1R. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:383-406. [PMID: 33564837 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the paracrine factor, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), have preserved in evolution sufficient identities in their amino-terminal domains to share equivalent actions upon a common G protein-coupled receptor, PTH1R, that predominantly uses the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling pathway. Such a relationship between a hormone and local factor poses questions about how their common receptor mediates pharmacological and physiological actions of the two. Mouse genetic studies show that PTHrP is essential for endochondral bone lengthening in the fetus and is essential for bone remodeling. In contrast, the main postnatal function of PTH is hormonal control of calcium homeostasis, with no evidence that PTHrP contributes. Pharmacologically, amino-terminal PTH and PTHrP peptides (teriparatide and abaloparatide) promote bone formation when administered by intermittent (daily) injection. This anabolic effect is remodeling-based with a lesser contribution from modeling. The apparent lesser potency of PTHrP than PTH peptides as skeletal anabolic agents could be explained by lesser bioavailability to PTH1R. By contrast, prolongation of PTH1R stimulation by excessive dosing or infusion, converts the response to a predominantly resorptive one by stimulating osteoclast formation. Physiologically, locally generated PTHrP is better equipped than the circulating hormone to regulate bone remodeling, which occurs asynchronously at widely distributed sites throughout the skeleton where it is needed to replace old or damaged bone. While it remains possible that PTH, circulating within a narrow concentration range, could contribute in some way to remodeling and modeling, its main physiological role is in regulating calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Dumortier C, Danopoulos S, Velard F, Al Alam D. Bone Cells Differentiation: How CFTR Mutations May Rule the Game of Stem Cells Commitment? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611921. [PMID: 34026749 PMCID: PMC8139249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF)-related bone disease has emerged as a significant comorbidity of CF and is characterized by decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. Both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiations are impacted by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations. The defect of CFTR chloride channel or the loss of CFTRs ability to interact with other proteins affect several signaling pathways involved in stem cell differentiation and the commitment of these cells toward bone lineages. Specifically, TGF-, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B), PI3K/AKT, and MAPK/ERK signaling are disturbed by CFTR mutations, thus perturbing stem cell differentiation. High inflammation in patients changes myeloid lineage secretion, affecting both myeloid and mesenchymal differentiation. In osteoblast, Wnt signaling is impacted, resulting in consequences for both bone formation and resorption. Finally, CFTR could also have a direct role in osteoclasts resorptive function. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the role of CFTR mutations on the commitment of induced pluripotent stem cells to bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dumortier
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Universit de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Reims, France
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Frdric Velard
- Universit de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Reims, France
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
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40
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Ubiquitin specific peptidase Usp53 regulates osteoblast versus adipocyte lineage commitment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8418. [PMID: 33875709 PMCID: PMC8055676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that parathyroid hormone (PTH) induces the phosphorylation of the DNA-binding protein Nascent polypeptide associated complex And Coregulator alpha (NACA), leading to nuclear translocation of NACA and activation of target genes. Using ChIP-Seq against NACA in parallel with RNA-sequencing, we report the identification of Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 53 (Usp53) as a target gene of PTH-activated NACA in osteoblasts. A binding site for NACA within the ChIP fragment from the Usp53 promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Activity of the Usp53 promoter (− 2325/+ 238 bp) was regulated by the JUN-CREB complex and this activation relied on activated PKA and the presence of NACA. Usp53 knockdown in ST2 stromal cells stimulated expression of the osteoblastic markers Bglap2 (Osteocalcin) and Alpl (Alkaline phosphatase) and inhibited expression of the adipogenic markers Pparg and Cebpa. A similar effect was measured when knocking down Naca. During osteoblastogenesis, the impact of Usp53 knockdown on PTH responses varied depending on the maturation stage of the cells. In vivo implantation of Usp53-knockdown bone marrow stromal cells in immunocompromised mice showed an increase in osteoblast number and a decrease in adipocyte counts. Our data suggest that Usp53 modulates the fate of mesenchymal cells by impacting lineage selection.
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Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:104-110. [PMID: 33878470 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium that results from an imbalance between periodontopathogens and host mechanisms. Continuous progression of the disease may lead to tissue and bone destruction, eventually resulting in tooth loss. The extent of bone loss depends on the dysregulated host immune response. Various host-elicited molecules play a major role in disease progression. The discovery of the glycoprotein sclerostin and its role as a regulator of bone mass has led to a better understanding of bone metabolism. HIGHLIGHT Sclerostin, which is primarily expressed by osteocytes, is a negative regulator of bone formation. It is a potent antagonist of the canonical Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathway, which is actively involved in bone homeostasis. Sclerostin is known to stimulate bone resorption by altering the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- β ligand (RANKL) balance. Additionally, in periodontitis, activation of the inflammatory cascade also increases the synthesis of sclerostin. CONCLUSION The recently discovered sclerostin antibody has emerged as a positive therapeutic tool for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases. It has been reported to improve bone strength, bone formation, osseointegration around implants and lower the risk of bone fractures in various animal and human models. This review describes the properties and action of sclerostin, its role in periodontal diseases, and the advent and efficacy of sclerostin antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Ashifa
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Krishnan Viswanathan
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajasekar Sundaram
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sivapragasam Srinivasan
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Novince CM. Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal bone tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:157-187. [PMID: 33690918 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms. Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to these polymicrobial biofilms. Dysbiotic shifts within dental plaque biofilms can drive a proinflammatory immune response state in the periodontal epithelial and gingival connective tissues, which leads to paracrine signaling to subjacent bone cells. Sustained chronic periodontal inflammation disrupts "coupled" osteoclast-osteoblast actions, which ultimately result in alveolar bone destruction. This chapter will provide an overview of alveolar bone physiology and will highlight why the oral microbiota is a critical regulator of alveolar bone remodeling. The ecology of dental plaque biofilms will be discussed in the context that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. The pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss will be explained from both a historical and current perspective, providing the opportunity to revisit the role of fibrosis in alveolar bone destruction. Periodontal immune cell interactions with bone cells will be reviewed based on our current understanding of osteoimmunological mechanisms influencing alveolar bone remodeling. Lastly, probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the oral microbiota will be evaluated as potential noninvasive therapies to support alveolar bone homeostasis and prevent periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Exposed surfaces of mammals are colonized with 100 trillion indigenous bacteria, fungi, and viruses, creating a diverse ecosystem known as the human microbiome. The gut microbiome is the richest microbiome and is now known to regulate postnatal skeletal development and the activity of the major endocrine regulators of bone. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is one of the bone-regulating hormone that requires elements of the gut microbiome to exert both its bone catabolic and its bone anabolic effects. How the gut microbiome regulates the skeletal response to PTH is object of intense research. Involved mechanisms include absorption and diffusion of bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, and trafficking of immune cells from the gut to the bone marrow. This review will focus on how the gut microbiome communicates and regulates bone marrow cells in order to modulate the skeletal effects of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Miller PD, Bilezikian JP, Fitzpatrick LA, Mitlak B, McCloskey EV, Cosman F, Bone HG. Abaloparatide: an anabolic treatment to reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:1861-1872. [PMID: 32969719 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1824897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fractures due to osteoporosis represent a serious burden on patients and healthcare systems. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the anabolic agent abaloparatide (ABL) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. METHODS A literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify articles focused on ABL published prior to February 10, 2020, using the search term "abaloparatide". RESULTS ABL, a synthetic analog of human parathyroid hormone-related protein, increased bone mineral density (BMD), improved bone microarchitecture, and increased bone strength in preclinical and clinical studies. The pivotal phase 3 trial ACTIVE and its extension (ACTIVExtend) demonstrated the efficacy of initial treatment with ABL for 18 months followed by sequential treatment with alendronate (ALN) for an additional 24 months to reduce the risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, clinical, and major osteoporotic fractures and to increase BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Discontinuations from ACTIVE were slightly more common in ABL-treated patients due to dizziness, palpitations, nausea, and headache. Post hoc analyses of ACTIVE and ACTIVExtend support the efficacy and safety of ABL in relevant subpopulations including postmenopausal women with various baseline risk factors, women ≥80 years, women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and women with renal impairment. CONCLUSIONS ABL is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Its therapeutic effects are sustained with subsequent ALN therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Miller
- Colorado Center for Bone Research, Denver, CO, USA
- Colorado Center for Bone Health, Golden, CO, USA
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Eugene V McCloskey
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Felicia Cosman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry G Bone
- Michigan Bone and Mineral Clinic, P.C., Detroit, MI, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zhao G, Kim EW, Jiang J, Bhoot C, Charles KR, Baek J, Mohan S, Adams JS, Tetradis S, Lyons KM. CCN1/Cyr61 Is Required in Osteoblasts for Responsiveness to the Anabolic Activity of PTH. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2289-2300. [PMID: 32634285 PMCID: PMC9361511 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CCN1/Cyr61 is a dynamically expressed matricellular protein that serves regulatory functions in multiple tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that CCN1 regulates bone maintenance. Using an osteoblast and osteocyte conditional knockout mouse model (Ccn1OCN ), we found a significant decrease in trabecular and cortical bone mass in vivo, in part through suppression of Wnt signaling since the expression of the Wnt antagonist sclerostin (SOST) is increased in osteoblasts lacking CCN1. It has been established that parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling also suppresses SOST expression in bone. We therefore investigated the interaction between CCN1 and PTH-mediated responses in this study. We find that loss of Ccn1 in osteoblasts leads to impaired responsiveness to anabolic intermittent PTH treatment in Ccn1OCN mice in vivo and in osteoblasts from these mice in vitro. Analysis of Ccn1OCN mice demonstrated a significant decrease in parathyroid hormone receptor-1 (PTH1R) expression in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro. We investigated the regulatory role of a non-canonical integrin-binding domain of CCN1 because several studies indicate that specific integrins are critical to mechanotransduction, a PTH-dependent response, in bone. These data suggest that CCN1 regulates the expression of PTH1R through interaction with the αvβ3 and/or αvβ5 integrin complexes. Osteoblasts that express a mutant form of CCN1 that cannot interact with αvβ3/β5 integrin demonstrate a significant decrease in mRNA and protein expression of both PTH1R and αv integrin. Overall, these data suggest that the αvβ3/β5-binding domain of CCN1 is required to endow PTH signaling with anabolic activity in bone cells. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gexin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elliot W Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Orthopaedic Institution for Children Foundation, Hemophilia Treatment Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chimay Bhoot
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kemberly R Charles
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jongseung Baek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John S Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sotirios Tetradis
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kegelman CD, Collins JM, Nijsure MP, Eastburn EA, Boerckel JD. Gone Caving: Roles of the Transcriptional Regulators YAP and TAZ in Skeletal Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:526-540. [PMID: 32712794 PMCID: PMC8040027 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of the skeleton is controlled by cellular decisions determined by the coordinated activation of multiple transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that the transcriptional regulator proteins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), could have important roles in directing the activity of these transcriptional programs. However, in vitro evidence for the roles of YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells has been hopelessly contradictory. The goals of this review are to provide a cross-sectional view on the state of the field and to synthesize the available data toward a unified perspective. RECENT FINDINGS YAP and TAZ are regulated by diverse upstream signals and interact downstream with multiple transcription factors involved in skeletal development, positioning YAP and TAZ as important signal integration nodes in an hourglass-shaped signaling pathway. Here, we provide a survey of putative transcriptional co-effectors for YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells. Synthesizing the in vitro data, we conclude that TAZ is consistently pro-osteogenic in function, while YAP can exhibit either pro- or anti-osteogenic activity depending on cell type and context. Synthesizing the in vivo data, we conclude that YAP and TAZ combinatorially promote developmental bone formation, bone matrix homeostasis, and endochondral fracture repair by regulating a variety of transcriptional programs depending on developmental stage. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of the transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ in skeletal development, and provide recommendations for continued study of molecular mechanisms, mechanotransduction, and therapeutic implications for skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kegelman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Collins
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhura P Nijsure
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily A Eastburn
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Bakr MM, Kelly WL, Brunt AR, Paterson BC, Massa HM, Morrison NA, Forwood MR. Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Accelerates Stress Fracture Healing More Effectively Following Cessation of Bisphosphonate Treatment. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10387. [PMID: 32995690 PMCID: PMC7507447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bisphosphonates (BPs), including alendronate (ALN), have opposing effects on bone dynamics. The extent to which PTH remains effective in the treatment of stress fracture (SFx) in the presence of an ongoing BP treatment has not been tested. SFx was induced in 150 female Wistar rats, divided into five equal groups (n = 30). All rats were pretreated with ALN (1 μg/kg-1/day-1) for 14 days prior to SFx induction, followed by ALN cessation or continuation for the duration of the experiment; this was combined with daily PTH (8 μg/100 g-1/day-1) on SFx induction for 14 days, followed by cessation or continuation of ALN after SFx induction or an equivalent vehicle as a control. Ulnas were examined 2 weeks or 6 weeks following SFx. Two toluidine blue- and two tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections were examined for histomorphometric analysis using Osteomeasure software. There was a significant interaction between the effects of time and treatment type on the woven bone width and apposition rate, as well as an improvement in the woven bone architecture. However, woven bone variables remained unaffected by the cessation or continuation of ALN. Cessation of ALN increased osteoclast number when compared with the ALN-PTH continuation group (p = 0.006), and vehicle (p = 0.024) after 2 weeks. There was a significant interaction between the effects of time and treatment type on the number of osteoclasts per unit BMU area and length. The number of osteoclasts per unit BMU area and length was significantly greater in ALN cessation groups. It was concluded that intermittent short-duration iPTH treatment effectively increased remodeling of SFx with a concurrent BP treatment, provided that BP was ceased at the time of SFx. Our results could help develop shorter iPTH treatment protocols for the clinical management of SFxs and guide clinical decision-making to cease BP treatment in cases of SFx. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Bakr
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Wendy L Kelly
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Athena R Brunt
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Bradley C Paterson
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Helen M Massa
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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Kim JM, Lin C, Stavre Z, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH. Osteoblast-Osteoclast Communication and Bone Homeostasis. Cells 2020; 9:E2073. [PMID: 32927921 PMCID: PMC7564526 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is tightly regulated by a cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts communicate with each other to regulate cellular behavior, survival and differentiation through direct cell-to-cell contact or through secretory proteins. A direct interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts allows bidirectional transduction of activation signals through EFNB2-EPHB4, FASL-FAS or SEMA3A-NRP1, regulating differentiation and survival of osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Alternatively, osteoblasts produce a range of different secretory molecules, including M-CSF, RANKL/OPG, WNT5A, and WNT16, that promote or suppress osteoclast differentiation and development. Osteoclasts also influence osteoblast formation and differentiation through secretion of soluble factors, including S1P, SEMA4D, CTHRC1 and C3. Here we review the current knowledge regarding membrane bound- and soluble factors governing cross-talk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (J.-M.K.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Chujiao Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (J.-M.K.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zheni Stavre
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (J.-M.K.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Matthew B. Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (J.-M.K.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Mandal CC. Osteolytic metastasis in breast cancer: effective prevention strategies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:797-811. [PMID: 32772585 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1807950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women throughout the world. Patients who are diagnosed early generally have better prognosis and survivability. Indeed, advanced stage breast cancer often develops osteolytic metastases, leading to bone destruction. Although there are select drugs available to treat bone metastatic disease, these drugs have shown limited success. AREA COVERED This paper emphasizes updated mechanisms of bone remodeling and osteolytic bone metastases of breast cancer. This article also aims to explore the potential of novel natural and synthetic therapeutics in the effective prevention of breast cancer-induced osteolysis and osteolytic metastases of breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION Targeting TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways, along with osteoclast activity, appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy in the prevention of breast cancer-induced osteolytic bone destruction and metastatic growth at bone metastatic niches. Pilot studies in animal models suggest various natural and synthetic compounds and monoclonal antibodies as putative therapeutics in the prevention of breast cancer stimulated osteolytic activity. However, comprehensive pre-clinical studies demonstrating the PK/PD and in-depth understanding of molecular mechanism(s) by which these potential molecules exhibit anti-tumor growth and anti-osteolytic activity are still required to develop effective therapies against breast cancer-induced osteolytic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer, India
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