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Yang N, Garcia A, Meyer C, Tuschl T, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Deng L. Heat-inactivated modified vaccinia virus Ankara boosts Th1 cellular and humoral immunity as a vaccine adjuvant. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:120. [PMID: 36261460 PMCID: PMC9580433 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein or peptide-based subunit vaccines have generated excitement and renewed interest in combating human cancer or COVID-19 outbreak. One major concern for subunit vaccine application is the weak immune responses induced by protein or peptides. Developing novel and effective vaccine adjuvants are critical for the success of subunit vaccines. Here we explored the potential of heat-inactivated MVA (heat-iMVA) as a vaccine adjuvant. Heat-iMVA dramatically enhances T cell responses and antibodies responses, mainly toward Th1 immune responses when combined with protein or peptide-based immunogen. The adjuvant effect of Heat-iMVA is stronger than live MVA and is dependent on the cGAS/STING-mediated cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. In a therapeutic vaccination model based on tumor neoantigen peptide vaccine, Heat-iMVA significantly extended the survival and delayed tumor growth. When combined with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, Heat-iMVA induced more robust spike-specific antibody production and more potent neutralization antibodies. Our results support that Heat-iMVA can be developed as a safe and potent vaccine adjuvant for subunit vaccines against cancer or SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aitor Garcia
- Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Cindy Meyer
- Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Immuno-oncology service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Immuno-oncology service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liang Deng
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Immuno-oncology service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Manyam M, Stephens AJ, Kennard JA, LeBlanc J, Ahmad S, Kendrick JE, Holloway RW. A phase 1b study of intraperitoneal oncolytic viral immunotherapy in platinum-resistant or refractory ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 163:481-489. [PMID: 34686353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess safety and adverse events associated with intraperitoneal Olvi-Vec virotherapy in patients with platinum-resistant or refractory ovarian cancer (PRROC). Secondary objectives included objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST 1.1 and progression-free survival (PFS). METHODS Olvi-Vec is a modified vaccinia virus that causes oncolysis and immune activation. An open-label phase 1b trial using a 3 + 3 dose escalation was conducted. Intraperitoneal Olvi-Vec was given as monotherapy in two consecutive daily doses. Translational analyses included anti-virus antibody levels, viral shedding, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and T cells. RESULTS Twelve patients (median age: 69 years, range: 45-77) with median 5 prior therapies (range: 2-10) and 2 prior platinum lines (range: 1-5) were enrolled. There were three dose level cohorts: 3 × 109 (n = 6), 1 × 1010 (n = 5), and 2.5 × 1010 (n = 1) plaque forming units (PFU)/day on two consecutive days. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) included G1/G2 nausea (n = 6), fever (n = 6), abdominal distention (n = 5), and abdominal pain (n = 4). There were no Grade 4 TRAEs, no dose relationship to TRAEs, and no deaths attributed to Olvi-Vec. The ORR was 9% (1/11). Stable disease (SD) was 64% (7/11), and SD ≥15 weeks was 46% (5/11). Median PFS was 15.7 weeks (95%CI: 5.7-34.5), including extended PFS in four patients (23.2, 34.5, 59.4+ and 70.8 weeks). Three patients had extended overall survival (deceased 33.6 months, and alive with disease at 54 and 59 months). CTCs diminished in 6/8 (75%) baseline-positive patients. Immune activation was demonstrated from virus-enhanced tumor infiltration of CD8+ T-cells and activation of tumor-specific T-cells in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS Oncolytic viral therapy with intraperitoneal Olvi-Vec showed promising safety, clinical activities, and immune activation in patients with PRROC, warranting further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Manyam
- Gynecologic Oncology Program, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Amanda J Stephens
- Gynecologic Oncology Program, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Jessica A Kennard
- Gynecologic Oncology Program, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Jane LeBlanc
- Office of Clinical Research, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- Gynecologic Oncology Program, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
| | - James E Kendrick
- Gynecologic Oncology Program, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Robert W Holloway
- Gynecologic Oncology Program, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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3
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Leite Pereira A, Jouhault Q, Marcos Lopez E, Cosma A, Lambotte O, Le Grand R, Lehmann MH, Tchitchek N. Modulation of Cell Surface Receptor Expression by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Leukocytes of Healthy and HIV-Infected Individuals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2096. [PMID: 33013882 PMCID: PMC7506042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are increasingly used as delivery means to induce a specific immunity in humans and animals. However, they also impact the immune system, and it depends on the given context whether this is beneficial or not. The attenuated vaccinia virus strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been used as a viral vector in clinical studies intended to treat and prevent cancer and infectious diseases. The adjuvant property of MVA is thought to be due to its capability to stimulate innate immunity. Here, we confirmed that MVA induces interleukin-8 (IL-8), and this chemokine was upregulated significantly more in monocytes and HLA-DRbright dendritic cells (DCs) of HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) than in cells of healthy persons. The effect of MVA on cell surface receptors is mostly unknown. Using mass cytometry profiling, we investigated the expression of 17 cell surface receptors in leukocytes after ex vivo infection of human whole-blood samples with MVA. We found that MVA downregulates most of the characteristic cell surface markers in particular types of leukocytes. In contrast, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) was significantly upregulated in each leukocyte type of healthy persons. Additionally, we detected a relative higher cell surface expression of the HIV-1 co-receptors C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CXCR4 in leukocytes of HIV-ART patients than in healthy persons. Importantly, we showed that MVA infection significantly downregulated CCR5 in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and three different DC populations. CD86, a costimulatory molecule for T cells, was significantly upregulated in HLA-DRbright DCs after MVA infection of whole blood from HIV-ART patients. However, MVA was unable to downregulate cell surface expression of CD11b and CD32 in monocytes and neutrophils of HIV-ART patients to the same extent as in monocytes and neutrophils of healthy persons. In summary, MVA modulates the expression of many different kinds of cell surface receptors in leukocytes, which can vary in cells originating from persons previously infected with other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Leite Pereira
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Quentin Jouhault
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ernesto Marcos Lopez
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,APHP, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michael H Lehmann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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4
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Neukirch L, Fougeroux C, Andersson AMC, Holst PJ. The potential of adenoviral vaccine vectors with altered antigen presentation capabilities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:25-41. [PMID: 31889453 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite their appeal as vaccine vectors, adenoviral vectors are yet unable to induce protective immune responses against some weakly immunogenic antigens. Additionally, the maximum doses of adenovirus-based vaccines are limited by vector-induced toxicity, causing vector elimination and diminished immune responses against the target antigen. In order to increase immune responses to the transgene, while maintaining a moderate vector dose, new technologies for improved transgene presentation have been developed for adenoviral vaccine vectors.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of different genetic-fusion adjuvants that aim to improve antigen presentation in the context of adenoviral vector-based vaccines. The influence on both T cell and B cell responses are discussed, with a main focus on two technologies: MHC class II-associated invariant chain and virus-like-vaccines.Expert opinion: Different strategies have been tested to improve adenovirus-based vaccinations with varying degrees of success. The reviewed genetic adjuvants were designed to increase antigen processing and MHC presentation, or promote humoral immune responses with an improved conformational antigen display. While none of the introduced technologies is universally applicable, this review shall give an overview to identify potential improvements for future vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Neukirch
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrielle Fougeroux
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Carola Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Tappe KA, Budida R, Stankov MV, Frenz T, R Shah H, Volz A, Sutter G, Kalinke U, Behrens GMN. Immunogenic cell death of dendritic cells following modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection enhances CD8 + T cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:2042-2054. [PMID: 30259962 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
"Immunogenic cell death" (ICD) is associated with the emission of so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which trigger the immune response against dead-cell associated antigens. The secretion of the DAMP, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been shown to be autophagy-dependent. Here, we demonstrate that Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus, induces both cell death and autophagy in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which in turn confer the (cross-)priming of OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells (OT-I cells). Additionally, we show that MVA infection leads to increased extracellular ATP (eATP) as well as intracellular ATP (iATP) levels, with the latter being influenced by the autophagy. Furthermore, we show that the increased eATP supports the proliferation of OT-I cells and inhibition of the P2RX7 receptors results in an abrogation of the proliferation. These data reveal novel mechanisms on how MVA enhances adaptive immunity in vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Tappe
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Theresa Frenz
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Harshit R Shah
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Brunswick, Hanover, Germany
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6
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Altenburg AF, Magnusson SE, Bosman F, Stertman L, de Vries RD, Rimmelzwaan GF. Protein and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza virus nucleoprotein vaccines are differentially immunogenic in BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:19-28. [PMID: 28665497 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the high variability of seasonal influenza viruses and the eminent threat of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, there is great interest in the development of vaccines that induce broadly protective immunity. Most probably, broadly protective influenza vaccines are based on conserved proteins, such as nucleoprotein (NP). NP is a vaccine target of interest as it has been shown to induce cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses. Here we tested and compared various NP-based vaccine preparations for their capacity to induce humoral and cellular immune responses to influenza virus NP. The immunogenicity of protein-based vaccine preparations with Matrix-M™ adjuvant as well as recombinant viral vaccine vector modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the influenza virus NP gene, with or without modifications that aim at optimization of CD8+ T cell responses, was addressed in BALB/c mice. Addition of Matrix-M™ adjuvant to NP wild-type protein-based vaccines significantly improved T cell responses. Furthermore, recombinant MVA expressing the influenza virus NP induced strong antibody and CD8+ T cell responses, which could not be improved further by modifications of NP to increase antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - F Bosman
- AmatsiQ-Biologicals, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - R D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Del Medico Zajac MP, Zanetti FA, Esusy MS, Federico CR, Zabal O, Valera AR, Calamante G. Induction of Both Local Immune Response in Mice and Protection in a Rabbit Model by Intranasal Immunization with Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus Expressing a Secreted Form of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein D. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:70-76. [PMID: 27809679 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of mucosal delivery of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) expressing the secreted version of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein D (MVA-gDs) without addition of adjuvant in two animal models. First, we demonstrated the capability of MVA-gDs of inducing both local and systemic anti-gD humoral immune response after intranasal immunization of mice. Then, we confirmed that two doses of MVA-gDs administered intranasally to rabbits induced systemic anti-gD antibodies and conferred protection against BoHV-1 challenge. Our results show the potential of using MVA as a vector for the rational design of veterinary vaccines capable of inducing specific and protective immune responses both at local and systemic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Del Medico Zajac
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Adriana Zanetti
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Esusy
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Carlos Rodolfo Federico
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Zabal
- 3 Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rafael Valera
- 4 Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina
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8
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Marr L, Lülf AT, Freudenstein A, Sutter G, Volz A. Myristoylation increases the CD8+T-cell response to a GFP prototype antigen delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:934-940. [PMID: 26864442 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of CD8(+)T-cells is an essential part of immune responses elicited by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Strategies to enhance T-cell responses to antigens may be particularly necessary for broadly protective immunization against influenza A virus infections or for candidate vaccines targeting chronic infections and cancer. Here, we tested recombinant MVAs that targeted a model antigen, GFP, to different localizations in infected cells. In vitro characterization demonstrated that GFP accumulated in the nucleus (MVA-nls-GFP), associated with cellular membranes (MVA-myr-GFP) or was equally distributed throughout the cell (MVA-GFP). On vaccination, we found significantly higher levels of GFP-specific CD8(+)T-cells in MVA-myr-GFP-vaccinated BALB/c mice than in those immunized with MVA-GFP or MVA-nls-GFP. Thus, myristoyl modification may be a useful strategy to enhance CD8(+)T-cell responses to MVA-delivered target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marr
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Theresa Lülf
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany
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9
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Gene Expression Driven by a Strong Viral Promoter in MVA Increases Vaccination Efficiency by Enhancing Antibody Responses and Unmasking CD8⁺ T Cell Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:581-600. [PMID: 26344747 PMCID: PMC4494220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising tools for vaccination strategies and immunotherapies. However, CD8+ T cell responses against pathogen-derived epitopes are usually limited to dominant epitopes and antibody responses to recombinant encoded antigens (Ags) are mostly weak. We have previously demonstrated that the timing of viral Ag expression in infected professional Ag-presenting cells strongly shapes the epitope immunodominance hierarchy. T cells recognizing determinants derived from late viral proteins have a clear disadvantage to proliferate during secondary responses. In this work we evaluate the effect of overexpressing the recombinant Ag using the modified vaccinia virus early/late promoter H5 (mPH5). Although the Ag-expression from the natural promoter 7.5 (P7.5) and the mPH5 seemed similar, detailed analysis showed that mPH5 not only induces higher expression levels than P7.5 during early phase of infection, but also Ag turnover is enhanced. The strong overexpression during the early phase leads to broader CD8 T cell responses, while preserving the priming efficiency of stable Ags. Moreover, the increase in Ag-secretion favors the induction of strong antibody responses. Our findings provide the rationale to develop new strategies for fine-tuning the responses elicited by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara by using selected promoters to improve the performance of this viral vector.
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10
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Bohnen C, Wangorsch A, Schülke S, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S, Burggraf M, Süzer Y, Schwantes A, Sutter G, Waibler Z, Reese G, Toda M, Scheurer S, Vieths S. Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara prevents the onset of intestinal allergy in mice. Allergy 2013; 68:1021-8. [PMID: 23909913 DOI: 10.1111/all.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-encoding antigens are considered as safe vaccine candidates for various infectious diseases in humans. Here, we investigated the immune-modulating properties of MVA-encoding ovalbumin (MVA-OVA) on the allergen-specific immune response. METHODS The immune-modulating properties of MVA-OVA were investigated using GM-CSF-differentiated BMDCs from C57BL/6 mice. OVA expression upon MVA-OVA infection of BMDCs was monitored. Activation and maturation markers on viable MVA-OVA-infected mDCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Secretion of INF-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 was determined in a co-culture of BMDCs infected with wtMVA or MVA-OVA and OVA-specific OT-I CD8(+) and OT-II CD4(+ ) T cells. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with wtMVA, MVA-OVA, or PBS, sensitized to OVA/alum and challenged with a diet containing chicken egg white. OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a and cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were analyzed. Body weight, body temperature, food uptake, intestinal inflammation, and health condition of mice were monitored. RESULTS Infection with wtMVA and MVA-OVA induced comparable activation of mDCs. MVA-OVA-infected BMDCs expressed OVA and induced enhanced IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion from OVA-specific CD8(+ ) T cells in comparison with OVA, wtMVA, or OVA plus wtMVA. Prophylactic vaccination with MVA-OVA significantly repressed OVA-specific IgE, whereas OVA-specific IgG2a was induced. MVA-OVA vaccination suppressed TH 2 cytokine production in MLN cells and prevented the onset of allergic symptoms and inflammation in a mouse model of OVA-induced intestinal allergy. CONCLUSION Modified vaccinia virus Ankara-ovalbumin (MVA-OVA) vaccination induces a strong OVA-specific TH 1- immune response, likely mediated by the induction of IFN-γ and IgG2a. Finally, MVA-based vaccines need to be evaluated for their therapeutic potential in established allergy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bohnen
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - A. Wangorsch
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - S. Schülke
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - H. Nakajima-Adachi
- Research Center for Food Safety; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - S. Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - M. Burggraf
- Junior Research Group ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - Y. Süzer
- President's Research Group ‘Recombinant Measles Virus and Vaccines’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - A. Schwantes
- President's Research Group ‘Recombinant Measles Virus and Vaccines’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - G. Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München; Germany
| | - Z. Waibler
- Junior Research Group ‘Novel vaccination strategies and early immune responses’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - G. Reese
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - M. Toda
- Junior Research Group ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - S. Scheurer
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - S. Vieths
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
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11
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Price PJR, Torres-Domínguez LE, Brandmüller C, Sutter G, Lehmann MH. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara: innate immune activation and induction of cellular signalling. Vaccine 2013; 31:4231-4. [PMID: 23523404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated poxviruses are currently under development as vaccine vectors against a number of diseases including, influenza, HIV, malaria and tuberculosis. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated, replication deficient vaccinia virus (VACV) strain which, similar to replication competent VACV, is highly immunogenic. The lack of productive viral replication further improves the safety profile of MVA as a vector, minimizing the potential for reversion to virulent forms particularly if used in immunocompromised individuals. Despite its inability to replicate in most mammalian cells, MVA still efficiently expresses viral and recombinant genes making it a potent antigen delivery platform. Moreover, due to the loss of various immunomodulatory factors MVA infection leads to rapid local immune responses, fulfilling a requirement of an adjuvant. In this review we take a look at the immunostimulatory properties of MVA, paying particular attention to the signalling of the innate immune system in response to MVA and VACV infection. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms modulated by VACV will help in the future design and engineering of new vaccines and may provide insight into previously unknown mechanisms of dominant virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J R Price
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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12
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Martorelli D, Coppotelli G, Muraro E, Dolcetti R, Masucci MG. Remodeling of the epitope repertoire of a candidate idiotype vaccine by targeting to lysosomal degradation in dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:881-92. [PMID: 22089857 PMCID: PMC11028998 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of efficacious vaccines against self-antigens expressed in tumor cells requires breakage of tolerance, and the refocusing of immune responses toward epitopes for which tolerance may not be established. While the presentation of tumor antigens by mature dendritic cells (mDC) may surpass tolerance, broadening of the antigenic repertoire remains an issue. We report that fusion of the candidate idiotype vaccine IGKV3-20 to the Gly-Ala repeat (GAr) of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 inhibits degradation by the proteasome and redirects processing to the lysosome. mDCs transduced with a recombinant lentivirus encoding the chimeric idiotype efficiently primed CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses that lysed autologous blasts expressing IGKV3-20 or pulsed with IGKV3-20 synthetic peptides, and HLA-matched IGKV3-20-positive tumor cell lines. Comparison of the cytotoxic response of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes activated by mDCs expressing the wild-type or chimeric IGKV3-20 reveled largely non-overlapping epitope repertoires in both CD4+ and CD8+ effectors. Thus, fusion to the GAr may provide an effective means to broaden the immune response to an endogenous protein by promoting the presentation of antigenic epitopes that require a lysosome-dependent processing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Martorelli
- Cancer Bio-immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coppotelli
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Box 285, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Muraro
- Cancer Bio-immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Maria G. Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Box 285, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Guzman E, Cubillos-Zapata C, Cottingham MG, Gilbert SC, Prentice H, Charleston B, Hope JC. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccine vectors induce apoptosis in dendritic cells draining from the skin via both the extrinsic and intrinsic caspase pathways, preventing efficient antigen presentation. J Virol 2012; 86:5452-66. [PMID: 22419811 PMCID: PMC3347273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00264-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells and central to the induction of immune responses following infection or vaccination. The collection of DC migrating from peripheral tissues by cannulation of the afferent lymphatic vessels provides DC which can be used directly ex vivo without extensive in vitro manipulations. We have previously used bovine migrating DC to show that recombinant human adenovirus 5 vectors efficiently transduce afferent lymph migrating DEC-205(+) CD11c(+) CD8(-) DC (ALDC). We have also shown that recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) infects ALDC in vitro, causing downregulation of costimulatory molecules, apoptosis, and cell death. We now show that in the bovine system, modified vaccinia virus Ankara-induced apoptosis in DC draining from the skin occurs soon after virus binding via the caspase 8 pathway and is not associated with viral gene expression. We also show that after virus entry, the caspase 9 pathway cascade is initiated. The magnitude of T cell responses to mycobacterial antigen 85A (Ag85A) expressed by recombinant MVA-infected ALDC is increased by blocking caspase-induced apoptosis. Apoptotic bodies generated by recombinant MVA (rMVA)-Ag85A-infected ALDC and containing Ag85A were phagocytosed by noninfected migrating ALDC expressing SIRPα via actin-dependent phagocytosis, and these ALDC in turn presented antigen. However, the addition of fresh ALDC to MVA-infected cultures did not improve on the magnitude of the T cell responses; in contrast, these noninfected DC showed downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD40, CD80, and CD86. We also observed that MVA-infected ALDC promoted migration of DEC-205(+) SIRPα(+) CD21(+) DC as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells independently of caspase activation. These in vitro studies show that induction of apoptosis in DC by MVA vectors is detrimental to the subsequent induction of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guzman
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
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14
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Mixed vector immunization with recombinant adenovirus and MVA can improve vaccine efficacy while decreasing antivector immunity. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1633-47. [PMID: 22354374 PMCID: PMC3412496 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial protection can be provided against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria by vaccination first with an adenoviral and then with an modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) poxviral vector encoding the same ME.TRAP transgene. We investigated whether the two vaccine components adenovirus (Ad) and MVA could be coinjected as a mixture to enhance protection against malaria. A single-shot mixture at specific ratios of Ad and MVA (Ad+MVA) enhanced CD8+ T cell-dependant protection of mice against challenge with Plasmodium berghei. Moreover, the degree of protection could be enhanced after homologous boosting with the same Ad+MVA mixture to levels comparable with classic heterologous Ad prime-MVA boost regimes. The mixture increased transgene-specific responses while decreasing the CD8+ T cell antivector immunity compared to each vector used alone, particularly against the MVA backbone. Mixed vector immunization led to increased early circulating interferon-γ (IFN-γ) response levels and altered transcriptional microarray profiles. Furthermore, we found that sequential immunizations with the Ad+MVA mixture led to consistent boosting of the transgene-specific CD8+ response for up to three mixture immunizations, whereas each vector used alone elicited progressively lower responses. Our findings offer the possibility of simplifying the deployment of viral vectors as a single mixture product rather than in heterologous prime-boost regimens.
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Flechsig C, Suezer Y, Kapp M, Tan SM, Löffler J, Sutter G, Einsele H, Grigoleit GU. Uptake of antigens from modified vaccinia Ankara virus-infected leukocytes enhances the immunostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:739-52. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.549123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Interplay between modified vaccinia virus Ankara and dendritic cells: phenotypic and functional maturation of bystander dendritic cells. J Virol 2011; 85:5532-45. [PMID: 21411535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02267-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated poxvirus strain, currently under evaluation as a vaccine vector in various clinical settings. It has been reported that human dendritic cells (DCs) mature after infection with MVA, but reports on the functionality of DCs have so far been controversial. In this work, we studied the phenotype and functionality of MVA-infected DCs. As previously reported, we found that human monocyte-derived DCs upregulated CD86 and HLA-DR in response to MVA infection. Moreover, infected DCs produced a broad array of chemokines and cytokines and were able to activate and induce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production both in CD4(+) and in CD8(+) allogeneic T cells and in specific autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Analysis of DC maturation following infection with a recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing MVA revealed that upregulation of CD86 expression was mainly observed in GFP(neg) (bystander) cells. While GFP(pos) (infected) DCs produced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), they were unable to produce CXCL10 and were less efficient at inducing IFN-γ production in CEF-specific autologous PBLs. Maturation of bystander DCs could be achieved by incubation with supernatant from infected cultures or with apoptotic infected cells. Type I IFNs were partially responsible for the induction of CXCL10 on bystander DCs. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that, in MVA-infected DC cultures, the leading role with respect to functionality and maturation characteristics is achieved by the bystander DCs.
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