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Horigan V, Gale P, Adkin A, Konold T, Cassar C, Spiropoulos J, Kelly L. Assessing the aggregated probability of entry of a novel prion disease agent into the United Kingdom. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 16:100134. [PMID: 32837979 PMCID: PMC7428426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2020.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2018 prion disease was detected in camels at an abattoir in Algeria for the first time. The emergence of prion disease in this species made it prudent to assess the probability of entry of the pathogen into the United Kingdom (UK) from this region. Potentially contaminated products were identified as evidenced by other prion diseases. The aggregated probability of entry of the pathogen was estimated as very high and high for legal milk and cheese imports respectively and very high, high and high for illegal meat, milk and cheese products respectively. This aggregated probability represents a qualitative assessment of the probability of one or more entry events per year into the UK; it gives no indication of the number of entry events per year. The uncertainty associated with these estimates was high due to the unknown variation in prevalence of infection in camels and an uncertain number and type of illegal products entering the UK. Potential public health implications of this pathogen are unknown although there is currently no evidence of zoonotic transmission of prion diseases other than bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Horigan
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Amie Adkin
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Timm Konold
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Claire Cassar
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Louise Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton DJ, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman LM, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andreoletti O, Griffin J, Spiropoulos J, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Potential BSE risk posed by the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non-ruminant farmed animals. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06267. [PMID: 33144887 PMCID: PMC7592076 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA was requested to estimate the cattle bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk (C-, L- and H-BSE) posed by ruminant collagen and gelatine produced from raw material fit for human consumption, or from material classified as Category 3 animal by-products (ABP), to be used in feed intended for non-ruminant animals, including aquaculture animals. Three risk pathways (RP) were identified by which cattle could be exposed to ruminant feed cross-contaminated with ruminant collagen or gelatine: 1) recycled former foodstuffs produced in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 (RP1), 2) technological or nutritional additives or 3) compound feed, produced either in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 (RP2a) or Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 (RP2b). A probabilistic model was developed to estimate the BSE infectivity load measured in cattle oral ID 50 (CoID 50)/kg, in the gelatine produced from the bones and hide of one infected animal older than 30 months with clinical BSE (worst-case scenario). The amount of BSE infectivity (50th percentile estimate) in a member state (MS) with negligible risk status was 7.6 × 10-2 CoID 50/kg, and 3.1 × 10-4 CoID 50/kg in a MS with controlled risk status. The assessment considered the potential contamination pathways and the model results (including uncertainties) regarding the current epidemiological situation in the EU and current statutory controls. Given the estimated amount of BSE infectivity to which cattle would be exposed in a single year, and even if all the estimated undetected BSE cases in the EU were used for the production of collagen or gelatine (either using raw materials fit for human consumption or Category 3 ABP raw materials), it was concluded that the probability that no new case of BSE in the cattle population would be generated through any of the three RP is 99-100% (almost certain).
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Liu JYH, Sun MYY, Sommerville N, Ngan MP, Ponomarev ED, Lin G, Rudd JA. Soy flavonoids prevent cognitive deficits induced by intra-gastrointestinal administration of beta-amyloid. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111396. [PMID: 32417364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's diseases, beta-amyloid may act as prion-like protein and migrate from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain. Soy flavonoids have been identified as neuroprotective against cognitive loss in human. Diet with soy flavonoids may be used to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed in-vitro tissue culture experiments using myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle layers isolated from the ileum and colon of ICR mice. Beta-amyloid can be taken up into myenteric neurons and induce neuron degeneration, which is protected by flavonoids compounds, including daidzein, genistein, glycitein and luteolin. We also administered oligomeric beta-amyloid (1-42) (total dose: 8 μg) into the gastrointestinal walls of ICR mice and conducted memory tests and gastrointestinal function assessments after 6 and 12 months. Mice treated with beta-amyloid exhibited minor learning deficits in a T-maze memory test at 6 months and significant memory impairment in a novel object recognition task at 12 months. These impairments were prevented by soy flavonoids. Tracking studies performed using fluorescently tagged beta-amyloid found that, beta-amyloid injected at the stomach can aggregate within the layer of myenteric neurons and migrate to the jejunum or via the vagus nerves to the brain after 1 month. Reductions in the gastrointestinal tissue weight and the spontaneous ileal contraction frequency were also observed at 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that beta-amyloid can migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain to induce cognitive impairments. Furthermore, chronic soy flavonoids in drinking water have protective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Michelle Y Y Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Nerina Sommerville
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Mammadova N, Cassmann E, Greenlee JJ. Efficient transmission of classical scrapie agent x124 by intralingual route to genetically susceptible sheep with a low dose inoculum. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:217-220. [PMID: 32610171 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a naturally occurring prion disease of sheep and goats that results in accumulation of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) and progressive neurodegeneration. After inoculation with classical scrapie isolate x124, susceptibility and incubation period are associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VRQ/VRQ had the shortest incubation periods, followed by VRQ/ARQ sheep, while ARQ/ARQ sheep only developed disease after inoculation via the intracerebral route. Intralingual inoculation of TSE agents effectively transmits disease similar to intracranial inoculation; therefore, it is possible that oral lesions may facilitate susceptibility to scrapie transmission. In this study, investigated the infectivity of decreasing doses of the x124 scrapie agent (100 mg, 50 mg, 20 mg, and 10 mg) on incubation time and attack rate after experimental intralingual inoculation into VRQ/ARQ sheep. The lowest inoculum dose tested in this study effectively transmitted the x124 scrapie agent in VRQ/ARQ sheep with a 100% attack rate and no significant difference in incubation times among sheep inoculated with varying doses. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis revealed similar biochemical and immunohistochemical features among the four cohorts of sheep irrespective of inoculum dose. This study provides a starting point for further investigation to determine the minimum infectious dose of x124 scrapie in sheep and its effect on attack rate and incubation time, central for assessing the potential risk of scrapie occurrence in sheep flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Mammadova
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
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Igel-Egalon A, Laferrière F, Tixador P, Moudjou M, Herzog L, Reine F, Torres JM, Laude H, Rezaei H, Béringue V. Crossing Species Barriers Relies on Structurally Distinct Prion Assemblies and Their Complementation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2572-2587. [PMID: 32239450 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prion replication results from the autocatalytic templated assisted conversion of the host-encoded prion protein PrPC into misfolded, polydisperse PrPSc conformers. Structurally distinct PrPSc conformers can give rise to multiple prion strains. Within and between prion strains, the biological activity (replicative efficacy and specific infectivity) of PrPSc assemblies is size dependent and thus reflects an intrinsic structural heterogeneity. The contribution of such PrPSc heterogeneity across species prion adaptation, which is believed to be based on fit adjustment between PrPSc template(s) and host PrPC, has not been explored. To define the structural-to-fitness PrPSc landscape, we measured the relative capacity of size-fractionated PrPSc assemblies from different prion strains to cross mounting species barriers in transgenic mice expressing foreign PrPC. In the absence of a transmission barrier, the relative efficacy of the isolated PrPSc assemblies to induce the disease is like the efficacy observed in the homotypic context. However, in the presence of a transmission barrier, size fractionation overtly delays and even abrogates prion pathogenesis in both the brain and spleen tissues, independently of the infectivity load of the isolated assemblies. Altering by serial dilution PrPSc assembly content of non-fractionated inocula aberrantly reduces their specific infectivity, solely in the presence of a transmission barrier. This suggests that synergy between structurally distinct PrPSc assemblies in the inoculum is requested for crossing the species barrier. Our data support a mechanism whereby overcoming prion species barrier requires complementation between structurally distinct PrPSc assemblies. This work provides key insight into the "quasispecies" concept applied to prions, which would not necessarily rely on prion substrains as constituent but on structural PrPSc heterogeneity within prion population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florent Laferrière
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS UMR5293, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Tixador
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laetitia Herzog
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Juan Maria Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hubert Laude
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Huang Y, Forshee RA, Keire D, Lee S, Gregori L, Asher DM, Bett C, Niland B, Brubaker SA, Anderson SA, Yang H. Assessment of risk of variant creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) from use of bovine heparin. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020; 29:575-581. [PMID: 32134162 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the late1990s, reacting to the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom that caused a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, manufacturers withdrew bovine heparin from the market in the United States. There have been growing concerns about the adequate supply and safety of porcine heparin. Since the BSE epidemic has been declining markedly, the US Food and Drug Administration reevaluates the vCJD risk via use of bovine heparin. METHODS We developed a computational model to estimate the vCJD risk to patients receiving bovine heparin injections. The model incorporated information including BSE prevalence, infectivity levels in the intestines, manufacturing batch size, yield of heparin, reduction in infectivity by manufacturing process, and the dose-response relationship. RESULTS The model estimates a median risk of vCJD infection from a single intravenous dose (10 000 USP units) of heparin made from US-sourced bovine intestines to be 6.9 × 10-9 (2.5-97.fifth percentile: 1.5 × 10-9 -4.3 × 10-8 ), a risk of 1 in 145 million, and 4.6 × 10-8 (2.5-97.fifth percentile: 1.1 × 10-8 -2.6 × 10-7 ), a risk of 1 in 22 million for Canada-sourced products. The model estimates a median risk of 1.4 × 10-7 (2.5-97.fifth percentile: 2.9 × 10-8 -9.3 × 10-7 ) and 9.6 × 10-7 (2.5-97.fifth percentile: 2.1 × 10-7 -5.6 × 10-6 ) for a typical treatment for venous thromboembolism (infusion of 2-4 doses daily per week) using US-sourced and Canada-sourced bovine heparin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The model estimates the vCJD risk from use of heparin when appropriately manufactured from US or Canadian cattle is likely small. The model and conclusions should not be applied to other medicinal products manufactured using bovine-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Huang
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard A Forshee
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David Keire
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sau Lee
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Luisa Gregori
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David M Asher
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Cyrus Bett
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Brian Niland
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Scott A Brubaker
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Steven A Anderson
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hong Yang
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Killinger BA, Kordower JH. Spreading of alpha-synuclein - relevant or epiphenomenon? J Neurochem 2019; 150:605-611. [PMID: 31152606 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein pathology, termed Lewy pathology, throughout the brain is a phenomenon central to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. In recent years it has become apparent that Lewy pathology can spread from neuron-to-neuron and between interconnected brain regions. Understanding the phenomenon of Lewy pathology propagation holds great promise in its explanatory power to determine the etiology of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. However, it remains to be seen if the spread of Lewy pathology is critical for driving this disease. Here we discuss the spreading of Lewy pathology while highlighting some important concepts and experimental observations. We conclude that further studies are required to determine if, and how, the spreading behavior of Lewy pathology is involved in Parkinson's disease. "This article is part of the Special Issue Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Killinger
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kumagai S, Daikai T, Onodera T. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2019; 7:21-47. [PMID: 31998585 PMCID: PMC6978881 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Since the first case was identified in the UK in 1986, BSE spread to other countries including Japan. Its incidence peaked in 1992 in the UK and from 2001 to 2006 in many other countries, but a feed ban aimed at eliminating the recycling of the BSE agent and other control measures aimed at preventing food and feed contamination with the agent were highly effective at reducing the spread of BSE. In 2004, two types of atypical BSE, H-type BSE (H-BSE) and L-type BSE (L-BSE), which differ from classical BSE (C-BSE), were found in France and Italy. Atypical BSE, which is assumed to occur spontaneously, has also been detected among cattle in other countries including Japan. The BSE agent including atypical BSE agent is a unique food-safety hazard with different chemical and biological properties from the microbial pathogens and toxic chemicals that contaminate food. In this review, we summarize the reported findings on the tissue distribution of BSE prions in infected cattle and other aspects of BSE, as well as the control measures against the disease employed in Japan. Topics that require further studies are discussed based on the summarized findings from the perspective of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kumagai
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
| | - Takateru Daikai
- Food Safety Commission of Japan Secretariat, Akasaka
Park Bld. 22F, Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 107-6122, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine,
Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka-shi,
Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
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Rehbein P, Schwalbe H. Improved high-yield expression, purification and refolding of recombinant mammalian prion proteins under aerosol-free elevated biological safety conditions. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:53-60. [PMID: 29751084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of recombinant prion proteins is of crucial relevance in food technology (analytical standards, assay development) but also in basic research, most importantly structural biology (NMR, X-ray diffraction). Structural approaches conveniently allow for sophisticated investigation of prion disease pathogenesis, but usually require large amounts of sample material. Recently, working with recombinant prion proteins has been recategorized to biosafety levels > S1 as infectious prions may readily be generated de novo and become airborne via aerosols. Heterologous expression should therefore be established with appropriately adjusted safety precautions. We have developed a protocol for high-yield expression, purification and refolding of recombinant mammalian prion proteins at elevated biological safety levels by introducing means of abolishing aerosol formation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rehbein
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Igel-Egalon A, Moudjou M, Martin D, Busley A, Knäpple T, Herzog L, Reine F, Lepejova N, Richard CA, Béringue V, Rezaei H. Reversible unfolding of infectious prion assemblies reveals the existence of an oligomeric elementary brick. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006557. [PMID: 28880932 PMCID: PMC5589264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian prions, the pathogens that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, propagate by self-perpetuating the structural information stored in the abnormally folded, aggregated conformer (PrPSc) of the host-encoded prion protein (PrPC). To date, no structural model related to prion assembly organization satisfactorily describes how strain-specified structural information is encoded and by which mechanism this information is transferred to PrPC. To achieve progress on this issue, we correlated the PrPSc quaternary structural transition from three distinct prion strains during unfolding and refolding with their templating activity. We reveal the existence of a mesoscopic organization in PrPSc through the packing of a highly stable oligomeric elementary subunit (suPrP), in which the strain structural determinant (SSD) is encoded. Once kinetically trapped, this elementary subunit reversibly loses all replicative information. We demonstrate that acquisition of the templating interface and infectivity requires structural rearrangement of suPrP, in concert with its condensation. The existence of such an elementary brick scales down the SSD support to a small oligomer and provide a basis of reflexion for prion templating process and propagation. Prions are self-propagating assemblies with all necessary and sufficient replicative information stored in the 3D structure of the misfolded form of PrP called PrPSc. Since the emergence of the prion theory in the 80s, many attempts have been done to identify prion replicative information at molecular scale. Different models have been constructed based on a broad panel of experimental observations and some of them predict the existence of periodic elements constituting prion assemblies. Here, by using partial unfolding approaches, we trapped an oligomeric conformer that we called suPrP, which could constitute the elementary brick of prion assemblies. Once isolated, this elementary brick is devoid of infectivity. However, it becomes infectious once condensated into larger assemblies. The identification of the elementary PrP building block provides a new structural basis for understanding prion replicative information storage and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Igel-Egalon
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Davy Martin
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexandra Busley
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tina Knäpple
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laetitia Herzog
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nad’a Lepejova
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (VB); (HR)
| | - Human Rezaei
- INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (VB); (HR)
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12
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Bistaffa E, Rossi M, De Luca CMG, Moda F. Biosafety of Prions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:455-485. [PMID: 28838674 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prions are the infectious agents that cause devastating and untreatable disorders known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). The pathologic events and the infectious nature of these transmissible agents are not completely understood yet. Due to the difficulties in inactivating prions, working with them requires specific recommendations and precautions. Moreover, with the advent of innovative technologies, such as the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and the Real Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), prions could be amplified in vitro and the infectious features of the amplified products need to be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bistaffa
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara M G De Luca
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Wang C, Liu C, Gao H, Liu H. Order of aging of major human organs or systems and evaluation of health status based on aging. Biomarkers 2016; 22:145-148. [PMID: 27800690 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine the functional age of an individual, a quantitative system for the assessment of aging status was developed in the present study. A total of 1579 subjects were selected randomly from patients undergoing physical examination. The index of organic mild impairment (IOMI) and IOMI corrected for age (COMI) were calculated. By receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the IOMIs of younger and elderly subjects, a cutoff value for COMI of 30% was obtained. About 95% of <30-year-old subjects were healthy. These data suggest that organs and systems reflect the aging status of an individual and may be a useful tool for evaluating health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Wang
- a Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Chunqing Liu
- b College of Medical Laboratory , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Hanboya Gao
- a Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Hui Liu
- b College of Medical Laboratory , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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14
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Scientific Opinion on a request for a review of a scientific publication concerning the zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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15
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Lesion of the olfactory epithelium accelerates prion neuroinvasion and disease onset when prion replication is restricted to neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119863. [PMID: 25822718 PMCID: PMC4379011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural prion diseases of ruminants are moderately contagious and while the gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of prion agent entry, other mucosae may be entry sites in a subset of infections. In the current study we examined prion neuroinvasion and disease induction following disruption of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal mucosa since this site contains environmentally exposed olfactory sensory neurons that project directly into the central nervous system. Here we provide evidence for accelerated prion neuroinvasion and clinical onset from the olfactory mucosa after disruption and regeneration of the olfactory epithelium and when prion replication is restricted to neurons. In transgenic mice with neuron restricted replication of prions, there was a reduction in survival when the olfactory epithelium was disrupted prior to intranasal inoculation and there was >25% decrease in the prion incubation period. In a second model, the neurotropic DY strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy was not pathogenic in hamsters by the nasal route, but 50% of animals exhibited brain infection and/or disease when the olfactory epithelium was disrupted prior to intranasal inoculation. A time course analysis of prion deposition in the brain following loss of the olfactory epithelium in models of neuron-restricted prion replication suggests that neuroinvasion from the olfactory mucosa is via the olfactory nerve or brain stem associated cranial nerves. We propose that induction of neurogenesis after damage to the olfactory epithelium can lead to prion infection of immature olfactory sensory neurons and accelerate prion spread to the brain.
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16
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Vasilyeva O, Oraby T, Lutscher F. Aggregation and environmental transmission in Chronic Wasting Disease. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2015; 12:209-231. [PMID: 25811337 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disease transmission depends on the interplay between the infectious agent and the behavior of the host. Some diseases, such as Chronic Wasting Disease, can be transmitted directly between hosts as well as indirectly via the environment. The social behavior of hosts affects both of these pathways, and a successful intervention requires knowledge of the relative influence of the different etiological and behavioral aspects of the disease. We develop a strategic differential equation model for Chronic Wasting Disease and include direct and indirect transmission as well as host aggregation into our model. We calculate the basic reproduction number and perform a sensitivity analysis based on Latin hypercube sampling from published parameter values. We find conditions for the existence of an endemic equilibrium, and show that, under a certain mild assumption on parameters, the model does not exhibit a backward bifurcation or bistability. Hence, the basic reproduction number constitutes the disease elimination threshold. We find that the prevalence of the disease decreases with host aggregation and increases with the lifespan of the infectious agent in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vasilyeva
- Department of Mathematics, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States.
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17
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Rehbein P, Saxena K, Schlepckow K, Schwalbe H. Protocol for aerosol-free recombinant production and NMR analysis of prion proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2014; 59:111-117. [PMID: 24771297 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The central hallmark of prion diseases is the misfolding of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a disease-associated aggregated isoform known as scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)). NMR spectroscopy has made many essential contributions to the characterization of recombinant PrP in its folded, unfolded and aggregated states. Recent studies reporting on de novo generation of prions from recombinant PrP and infection of animals using prion aerosols suggest that adjustment of current biosafety measures may be necessary, particularly given the relatively high protein concentrations required for NMR applications that favor aggregation. We here present a protocol for the production of recombinant PrP under biosafety level 2 conditions that avoids entirely exposure of the experimenter to aerosols that might contain harmful PrP aggregates. In addition, we introduce an NMR sample tube setup that allows for safe handling of PrP samples at the spectrometer that usually is not part of a dedicated biosafety level 2 laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rehbein
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Chen CC, Wang YH. Estimation of the exposure of the UK population to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent through dietary intake during the period 1980 to 1996. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94020. [PMID: 24736322 PMCID: PMC3988046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has declined to 1 since 2012 in the UK, uncertainty remains regarding possible future cases and the size of the subclinical population that may cause secondary transmission of the disease through blood transfusion. Estimating the number of individuals who were exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectious agent and may be susceptible to vCJD will help to clarify related public health concerns and plan strategies. In this paper, we explore this estimate by describing the probability of potential exposure due to dietary intake throughout the BSE epidemic period from 1980 to 1996 as a stochastic Poisson process. We estimate the age- and gender-specific exposure intensities in food categories of beef and beef-containing dishes, burgers and kebabs, pies, and sausages, separating the two periods of 1980-1989 and 1990-1996 due to the specified bovine offal legislation of 1989. The estimated total number of (living) exposed individuals during each period is 5,089,027 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4,514,963-6,410,317), which was obtained by multiplying the population size of different birth cohorts by the probability of exposure via dietary intake and the probability of survival until the end of 2013. The estimated number is approximately doubled, assuming a contamination rate of [Formula: see text]. Among those individuals estimated, 31,855 (95% CI 26,849-42,541) are susceptible to infection. We also examined the threshold hypothesis by fitting an extreme-value distribution to the estimated infectious dose of the exposed individuals and obtained a threshold estimate of 13.7 bID50 (95% CI 6.6-26.2 bID50) (Weibull). The results provide useful information on potential carriers of prion disease who may pose a threat of infection via blood transfusion and thus provide insight into the likelihood of new incidents of vCJD occurring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chih Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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19
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Bechtel K, Geschwind MD. Ethics in prion disease. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 110:29-44. [PMID: 23906487 PMCID: PMC3818451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper is intended to discuss some of the scientific and ethical issues that are created by increased research efforts towards earlier diagnosis, as well as to treatment of, human prion diseases (and related dementias), including the resulting consequences for individuals, their families, and society. Most patients with prion disease currently are diagnosed when they are about 2/3 of the way through their disease course (Geschwind et al., 2010a; Paterson et al., 2012b), when the disease has progressed so far that even treatments that stop the disease process would probably have little benefit. Although there are currently no treatments available for prion diseases, we and others have realized that we must diagnose patients earlier and with greater accuracy so that future treatments have hope of success. As approximately 15% of prion diseases have a autosomal dominant genetic etiology, this further adds to the complexity of ethical issues, particularly regarding when to conduct genetic testing, release of genetic results, and when or if to implement experimental therapies. Human prion diseases are both infectious and transmissible; great care is required to balance the needs of the family and individual with both public health needs and strained hospital budgets. It is essential to proactively examine and address the ethical issues involved, as well as to define and in turn provide best standards of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Bechtel
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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20
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Leunda A, Van Vaerenbergh B, Baldo A, Roels S, Herman P. Laboratory activities involving transmissible spongiform encephalopathy causing agents: risk assessment and biosafety recommendations in Belgium. Prion 2013; 7:420-33. [PMID: 24055928 PMCID: PMC3904386 DOI: 10.4161/pri.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the appearance in 1986 of epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a new form of neurological disease in cattle which also affected human beings, many diagnostic and research activities have been performed to develop detection and therapeutic tools. A lot of progress was made in better identifying, understanding and controlling the spread of the disease by appropriate monitoring and control programs in European countries. This paper reviews the recent knowledge on pathogenesis, transmission and persistence outside the host of prion, the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in mammals with a particular focus on risk (re)assessment and management of biosafety measures to be implemented in diagnostic and research laboratories in Belgium. Also, in response to the need of an increasing number of European diagnostic laboratories stopping TSE diagnosis due to a decreasing number of TSE cases reported in the last years, decontamination procedures and a protocol for decommissioning TSE diagnostic laboratories is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Leunda
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit; Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique; Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Aline Baldo
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit; Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Orientation and Veterinary Support; National Reference Laboratory for TSE (Belgium & Luxemburg); Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit; Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique; Brussels, Belgium
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