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Sulimenko V, Sládková V, Sulimenko T, Dráberová E, Vosecká V, Dráberová L, Skalli O, Dráber P. Regulation of microtubule nucleation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells by ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1321321. [PMID: 38370406 PMCID: PMC10870779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1321321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcϵRIs) on granulated mast cells triggers signaling pathways leading to a calcium response and release of inflammatory mediators from secretory granules. While microtubules play a role in the degranulation process, the complex molecular mechanisms regulating microtubule remodeling in activated mast cells are only partially understood. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of bone marrow mast cells induced by FcϵRI aggregation increases centrosomal microtubule nucleation, with G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 2 (GIT2) playing a vital role in this process. Both endogenous and exogenous GIT2 were associated with centrosomes and γ-tubulin complex proteins. Depletion of GIT2 enhanced centrosomal microtubule nucleation, and phenotypic rescue experiments revealed that GIT2, unlike GIT1, acts as a negative regulator of microtubule nucleation in mast cells. GIT2 also participated in the regulation of antigen-induced degranulation and chemotaxis. Further experiments showed that phosphorylation affected the centrosomal localization of GIT2 and that during antigen-induced activation, GIT2 was phosphorylated by conventional protein kinase C, which promoted microtubule nucleation. We propose that GIT2 is a novel regulator of microtubule organization in activated mast cells by modulating centrosomal microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Sulimenko
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimíra Sládková
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tetyana Sulimenko
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Věra Vosecká
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lubica Dráberová
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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2
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Zhang K, Yu M, Liu H, Hui Z, Yang N, Bi X, Sun L, Lin R, Lü G. Upregulated TUBG1 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14415. [PMID: 36523478 PMCID: PMC9745943 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development is a complex pathological process. Tubulin gamma 1 (TUBG1) plays an oncogenic role in several human cancers; however, its functional role in HCC tumorigenesis remains unknown. Methods Herein we first evaluated the gene expression levels of TUBG1 in HCC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases. We then elucidated the association between TUBG1 gene expression levels and survival rates of patients with HCC. Cell cycle, proliferation, transwell migration, and matrigel invasion assays were used to study the effects of TUBG1 on the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. Results Based on the data obtained from the aforementioned databases and our in vitro experiments, TUBG1 was found to be overexpressed in HCC and patients with high TUBG1 expression levels showed a remarkably poor overall survival rate. In addition, the expression of TUBG1 significantly promoted the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells in vitro. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis revealed that co-regulated genes were enriched in biological processes mainly involved in chromosome segregation, chromosomal region, and chromatin binding; moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway analysis showed that they were mainly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, platinum drug resistance, and the p53 signaling pathway. Conclusions We report that TUBG1 is an important oncogene in HCC. It promotes HCC progression and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC. Future studies are warranted to unveil molecular biological mechanisms underlying TUBG1 carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan Zhang
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mengsi Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhao Hui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - RenYong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China,College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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3
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Sulimenko V, Dráberová E, Dráber P. γ-Tubulin in microtubule nucleation and beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880761. [PMID: 36158181 PMCID: PMC9503634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules composed of αβ-tubulin dimers are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers that play key roles in essential cellular processes such as cell division, organelle positioning, intracellular transport, and cell migration. γ-Tubulin is a highly conserved member of the tubulin family that is required for microtubule nucleation. γ-Tubulin, together with its associated proteins, forms the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), that templates microtubules. Here we review recent advances in the structure of γ-TuRC, its activation, and centrosomal recruitment. This provides new mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of microtubule nucleation. Accumulating data suggest that γ-tubulin also has other, less well understood functions. We discuss emerging evidence that γ-tubulin can form oligomers and filaments, has specific nuclear functions, and might be involved in centrosomal cross-talk between microtubules and microfilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pavel Dráber
- *Correspondence: Vadym Sulimenko, ; Pavel Dráber,
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4
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Chen F, Wu J, Iwanski MK, Jurriens D, Sandron A, Pasolli M, Puma G, Kromhout JZ, Yang C, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Berger F, Akhmanova A. Self-assembly of pericentriolar material in interphase cells lacking centrioles. eLife 2022; 11:77892. [PMID: 35787744 PMCID: PMC9307276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, the centrosome, comprises a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM), which nucleates and anchors microtubules. Centrosome assembly depends on PCM binding to centrioles, PCM self-association and dynein-mediated PCM transport, but the self-assembly properties of PCM components in interphase cells are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and modeling to study centriole-independent features of interphase PCM assembly. We showed that when centrioles are lost due to PLK4 depletion or inhibition, dynein-based transport and self-clustering of PCM proteins are sufficient to form a single compact MTOC, which generates a dense radial microtubule array. Interphase self-assembly of PCM components depends on γ-tubulin, pericentrin, CDK5RAP2 and ninein, but not NEDD1, CEP152, or CEP192. Formation of a compact acentriolar MTOC is inhibited by AKAP450-dependent PCM recruitment to the Golgi or by randomly organized CAMSAP2-stabilized microtubules, which keep PCM mobile and prevent its coalescence. Linking of CAMSAP2 to a minus-end-directed motor leads to the formation of an MTOC, but MTOC compaction requires cooperation with pericentrin-containing self-clustering PCM. Our data reveal that interphase PCM contains a set of components that can self-assemble into a compact structure and organize microtubules, but PCM self-organization is sensitive to motor- and microtubule-based rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Chen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Jurriens
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Sandron
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasolli
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Puma
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Berger
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Derisoud E, Jouneau L, Dubois C, Archilla C, Jaszczyszyn Y, Legendre R, Daniel N, Peynot N, Dahirel M, Auclair-Ronzaud J, Wimel L, Duranthon V, Chavatte-Palmer P. Maternal age affects equine day 8 embryo gene expression both in trophoblast and inner cell mass. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:443. [PMID: 35705916 PMCID: PMC9199136 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breeding a mare until she is not fertile or even until her death is common in equine industry but the fertility decreases as the mare age increases. Embryo loss due to reduced embryo quality is partly accountable for this observation. Here, the effect of mare's age on blastocysts' gene expression was explored. Day 8 post-ovulation embryos were collected from multiparous young (YM, 6-year-old, N = 5) and older (OM, > 10-year-old, N = 6) non-nursing Saddlebred mares, inseminated with the semen of one stallion. Pure or inner cell mass (ICM) enriched trophoblast, obtained by embryo bisection, were RNA sequenced. Deconvolution algorithm was used to discriminate gene expression in the ICM from that in the trophoblast. Differential expression was analyzed with embryo sex and diameter as cofactors. Functional annotation and classification of differentially expressed genes and gene set enrichment analysis were also performed. RESULTS Maternal aging did not affect embryo recovery rate, embryo diameter nor total RNA quantity. In both compartments, the expression of genes involved in mitochondria and protein metabolism were disturbed by maternal age, although more genes were affected in the ICM. Mitosis, signaling and adhesion pathways and embryo development were decreased in the ICM of embryos from old mares. In trophoblast, ion movement pathways were affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study showing that maternal age affects gene expression in the equine blastocyst, demonstrating significant effects as early as 10 years of age. These perturbations may affect further embryo development and contribute to decreased fertility due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cédric Dubois
- IFCE, Plateau technique de Chamberet, 19370, Chamberet, France
| | - Catherine Archilla
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yan Jaszczyszyn
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR 9198 CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur-Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub-Department of Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Peynot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michèle Dahirel
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Laurence Wimel
- IFCE, Plateau technique de Chamberet, 19370, Chamberet, France
| | - Véronique Duranthon
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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6
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Vit G, Duro J, Rajendraprasad G, Hertz EPT, Holland LKK, Weisser MB, McEwan BC, Lopez‐Mendez B, Sotelo‐Parrilla P, Jeyaprakash AA, Montoya G, Mailand N, Maeda K, Kettenbach A, Barisic M, Nilsson J. Chemogenetic profiling reveals PP2A-independent cytotoxicity of proposed PP2A activators iHAP1 and DT-061. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110611. [PMID: 35695070 PMCID: PMC9289710 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an abundant phosphoprotein phosphatase that acts as a tumor suppressor. For this reason, compounds able to activate PP2A are attractive anticancer agents. The compounds iHAP1 and DT-061 have recently been reported to selectively stabilize specific PP2A-B56 complexes to mediate cell killing. We were unable to detect direct effects of iHAP1 and DT-061 on PP2A-B56 activity in biochemical assays and composition of holoenzymes. Therefore, we undertook genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 synthetic lethality screens to uncover biological pathways affected by these compounds. We found that knockout of mitotic regulators is synthetic lethal with iHAP1 while knockout of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi components is synthetic lethal with DT-061. Indeed we showed that iHAP1 directly blocks microtubule assembly both in vitro and in vivo and thus acts as a microtubule poison. In contrast, DT-061 disrupts both the Golgi apparatus and the ER and lipid synthesis associated with these structures. Our work provides insight into the biological pathways perturbed by iHAP1 and DT-061 causing cellular toxicity and argues that these compounds cannot be used for dissecting PP2A-B56 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmatteo Vit
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Joana Duro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and CytoskeletonDanish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Emil P T Hertz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lya Katrine Kauffeldt Holland
- Cell Death and Metabolism UnitCenter for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD)Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Melanie Bianca Weisser
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Brennan C McEwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA,Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Blanca Lopez‐Mendez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Guillermo Montoya
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism UnitCenter for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD)Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Arminja Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and CytoskeletonDanish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark,Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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7
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Klebanovych A, Vinopal S, Dráberová E, Sládková V, Sulimenko T, Sulimenko V, Vosecká V, Macůrek L, Legido A, Dráber P. C53 Interacting with UFM1-Protein Ligase 1 Regulates Microtubule Nucleation in Response to ER Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030555. [PMID: 35159364 PMCID: PMC8834445 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ER distribution depends on microtubules, and ER homeostasis disturbance activates the unfolded protein response resulting in ER remodeling. CDK5RAP3 (C53) implicated in various signaling pathways interacts with UFM1-protein ligase 1 (UFL1), which mediates the ufmylation of proteins in response to ER stress. Here we find that UFL1 and C53 associate with γ-tubulin ring complex proteins. Knockout of UFL1 or C53 in human osteosarcoma cells induces ER stress and boosts centrosomal microtubule nucleation accompanied by γ-tubulin accumulation, microtubule formation, and ER expansion. C53, which is stabilized by UFL1, associates with the centrosome and rescues microtubule nucleation in cells lacking UFL1. Pharmacological induction of ER stress by tunicamycin also leads to increased microtubule nucleation and ER expansion. Furthermore, tunicamycin suppresses the association of C53 with the centrosome. These findings point to a novel mechanism for the relief of ER stress by stimulation of centrosomal microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Klebanovych
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Stanislav Vinopal
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Vladimíra Sládková
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Tetyana Sulimenko
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Věra Vosecká
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Libor Macůrek
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Agustin Legido
- Section of Neurology, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA;
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (S.V.); (E.D.); (V.S.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-241-062-632
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8
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Rajendraprasad G, Eibes S, Boldú CG, Barisic M. TH588 and Low-Dose Nocodazole Impair Chromosome Congression by Suppressing Microtubule Turnover within the Mitotic Spindle. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235995. [PMID: 34885104 PMCID: PMC8657032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A promising anti-cancer compound TH588 has been recently identified as a microtubule-targeting agent that inhibits tubulin polymerization in vitro and interferes with microtubule dynamics in interphase cells. Although it was shown to arrest cells in mitosis, its effect on microtubule dynamics in dividing cells remained unknown. By analyzing microtubule dynamics in living cells treated with either TH588 or low-dose nocodazole, we revealed that both of these drugs stabilize microtubules within the mitotic spindle, leading to premature formation of kinetochore-microtubule end-on attachments on uncongressed chromosomes. This causes mitotic arrest, ultimately resulting in cell death or cell division with uncongressed chromosomes. Both of these cell fates could contribute to the selective effect associated with the activity of TH588 in cancer cells. Abstract Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) have been used for decades to treat different hematologic and solid cancers. The mode of action of these drugs mainly relies on their ability to bind tubulin subunits and/or microtubules and interfere with microtubule dynamics. In addition to its MTH1-inhibiting activity, TH588 has been recently identified as an MTA, whose anticancer properties were shown to largely depend on its microtubule-targeting ability. Although TH588 inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro and reduced microtubule plus-end mobility in interphase cells, its effect on microtubule dynamics within the mitotic spindle of dividing cells remained unknown. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of the impact of TH588 on spindle-associated microtubules and compared it to the effect of low-dose nocodazole. We show that both treatments reduce microtubule turnover within the mitotic spindle. This microtubule-stabilizing effect leads to premature formation of kinetochore-microtubule end-on attachments on uncongressed chromosomes, which consequently cannot be transported to the cell equator, thereby delaying cell division and leading to cell death or division with uncongressed chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (G.R.); (S.E.); (C.G.B.)
| | - Susana Eibes
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (G.R.); (S.E.); (C.G.B.)
| | - Claudia Guasch Boldú
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (G.R.); (S.E.); (C.G.B.)
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (G.R.); (S.E.); (C.G.B.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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9
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Dráber P, Dráberová E. Dysregulation of Microtubule Nucleating Proteins in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225638. [PMID: 34830792 PMCID: PMC8616210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dysfunction of microtubule nucleation in cancer cells changes the overall cytoskeleton organization and cellular physiology. This review focuses on the dysregulation of the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) proteins that are essential for microtubule nucleation. Recent research on the high-resolution structure of γ-TuRC has brought new insight into the microtubule nucleation mechanism. We discuss the effect of γ-TuRC protein overexpression on cancer cell behavior and new drugs directed to γ-tubulin that may offer a viable alternative to microtubule-targeting agents currently used in cancer chemotherapy. Abstract In cells, microtubules typically nucleate from microtubule organizing centers, such as centrosomes. γ-Tubulin, which forms multiprotein complexes, is essential for nucleation. The γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is an efficient microtubule nucleator that requires additional centrosomal proteins for its activation and targeting. Evidence suggests that there is a dysfunction of centrosomal microtubule nucleation in cancer cells. Despite decades of molecular analysis of γ-TuRC and its interacting factors, the mechanisms of microtubule nucleation in normal and cancer cells remains obscure. Here, we review recent work on the high-resolution structure of γ-TuRC, which brings new insight into the mechanism of microtubule nucleation. We discuss the effects of γ-TuRC protein dysregulation on cancer cell behavior and new compounds targeting γ-tubulin. Drugs inhibiting γ-TuRC functions could represent an alternative to microtubule targeting agents in cancer chemotherapy.
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Ma D, Han R. Microtubule organization defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:971-980. [PMID: 32215997 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MT) are critical cytoskeletal filaments that have several functions in cell morphogenesis, cell division, vesicle transport and cytoplasmic separation in the spatiotemporal regulation of eukaryotic cells. Formation of MT requires the co-interaction of MT nucleation and α-β-tubulins, as well as MT-associated proteins (MAP). Many key MAP contributing to MT nucleation and elongation are essential for MT nucleation and regulation of MT dynamics, and are conserved in the plant kingdom. Therefore, the deletion or decrease of γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) components and related MAP, such as the augmin complex, NEDD1, MZT1, EB1, MAP65, etc., in Arabidopsis thaliana results in MT organizational defects in the spindle and phragmoplast MT, as well as in chromosome defects. In addition, similar defects in MT organization and chromosome structure have been observed in plants under abiotic stress conditions, such as under high UV-B radiation. The MT can sense the signal from UV-B radiation, resulting in abnormal MT arrangement. Further studies are required to determine whether the abnormal chromosomes induced by UV-B radiation can be attributed to the involvement of abnormal MT arrays in chromosome migration after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ma
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen, China
| | - R Han
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen, China
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11
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Liao S, Rajendraprasad G, Wang N, Eibes S, Gao J, Yu H, Wu G, Tu X, Huang H, Barisic M, Xu C. Molecular basis of vasohibins-mediated detyrosination and its impact on spindle function and mitosis. Cell Res 2019; 29:533-547. [PMID: 31171830 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Tubulin detyrosination, largely catalyzed by vasohibins, is involved in many microtubule (MT)-related cellular events. In this study, we identified a core heterodimeric complex of human small vasohibin-binding protein (SVBP) and vasohibin 1 (VASH1) (hereafter denoted as SVBP-VASH1) that catalyzes the detyrosination of a peptide derived from C-terminus of α-tubulin. We further solved the crystal structures of the SVBP-VASH1 heterodimer alone and in complex with either an inhibitor or a mutant substrate peptide. Our structural research, complemented by biochemical and mutagenesis experiments, resulted in identification of the key residues for VASH1 binding to SVBP and α-tubulin substrate. Our in vivo experiments reveal that MT detyrosination in general, as well as the interactions between SVBP, VASH1, and α-tubulin, are critical for spindle function and accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Furthermore, we found that the phenotypes caused by the depletion of vasohibins were largely rescued upon co-depletion of kinesin13/MCAK, suggesting the coordination between the MT depolymerase and MT detyrosination during mitosis. Thus our work not only provides structural insights into the molecular mechanism of α-tubulin detyrosination catalyzed by SVBP-bound vasohibins, but also uncovers the key role of vasohibins-mediated MT detyrosination in spindle morphology and chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Susana Eibes
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jun Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huijuan Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gao Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongda Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Chao Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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TUBG1 missense variants underlying cortical malformations disrupt neuronal locomotion and microtubule dynamics but not neurogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2129. [PMID: 31086189 PMCID: PMC6513894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo heterozygous missense variants in the γ-tubulin gene TUBG1 have been linked to human malformations of cortical development associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy. Here, we investigated through in-utero electroporation and in-vivo studies, how four of these variants affect cortical development. We show that TUBG1 mutants affect neuronal positioning, disrupting the locomotion of new-born neurons but without affecting progenitors’ proliferation. We further demonstrate that pathogenic TUBG1 variants are linked to reduced microtubule dynamics but without major structural nor functional centrosome defects in subject-derived fibroblasts. Additionally, we developed a knock-in Tubg1Y92C/+ mouse model and assessed consequences of the mutation. Although centrosomal positioning in bipolar neurons is correct, they fail to initiate locomotion. Furthermore, Tubg1Y92C/+ animals show neuroanatomical and behavioral defects and increased epileptic cortical activity. We show that Tubg1Y92C/+ mice partially mimic the human phenotype and therefore represent a relevant model for further investigations of the physiopathology of cortical malformations. New mutations and genes associated with malformations of cortical development keep being identified, yet there is little known about the underlying cellular mechanisms controlling these impairments. Here, authors generate and characterize a heterozygous TUBG1 knock-in mouse model bearing one of these known mutations and show that TUBG1 mutation leads to the miss-positioning of neurons in the cortical wall due to migration, because of defective microtubules dynamics, and not proliferation defects during corticogenesis.
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13
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Chumová J, Kourová H, Trögelová L, Halada P, Binarová P. Microtubular and Nuclear Functions of γ-Tubulin: Are They LINCed? Cells 2019; 8:cells8030259. [PMID: 30893853 PMCID: PMC6468392 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Tubulin is a conserved member of the tubulin superfamily with a function in microtubule nucleation. Proteins of γ-tubulin complexes serve as nucleation templates as well as a majority of other proteins contributing to centrosomal and non-centrosomal nucleation, conserved across eukaryotes. There is a growing amount of evidence of γ-tubulin functions besides microtubule nucleation in transcription, DNA damage response, chromatin remodeling, and on its interactions with tumor suppressors. However, the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Furthermore, interactions with lamin and SUN proteins of the LINC complex suggest the role of γ-tubulin in the coupling of nuclear organization with cytoskeletons. γ-Tubulin that belongs to the clade of eukaryotic tubulins shows characteristics of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic tubulins. Both human and plant γ-tubulins preserve the ability of prokaryotic tubulins to assemble filaments and higher-order fibrillar networks. γ-Tubulin filaments, with bundling and aggregating capacity, are suggested to perform complex scaffolding and sequestration functions. In this review, we discuss a plethora of γ-tubulin molecular interactions and cellular functions, as well as recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Chumová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kourová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Trögelová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Binarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Jurášek M, Černohorská M, Řehulka J, Spiwok V, Sulimenko T, Dráberová E, Darmostuk M, Gurská S, Frydrych I, Buriánová R, Ruml T, Hajdúch M, Bartůněk P, Dráber P, Džubák P, Drašar PB, Sedlák D. Estradiol dimer inhibits tubulin polymerization and microtubule dynamics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:68-79. [PMID: 29803726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics is one of the major targets for new chemotherapeutic agents. This communication presents the synthesis and biological profiling of steroidal dimers based on estradiol, testosterone and pregnenolone bridged by 2,6-bis(azidomethyl)pyridine between D rings. The biological profiling revealed unique properties of the estradiol dimer including cytotoxic activities on a panel of 11 human cell lines, ability to arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle accompanied with the attenuation of DNA/RNA synthesis. Thorough investigation precluded a genomic mechanism of action and revealed that the estradiol dimer acts at the cytoskeletal level by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Further studies showed that estradiol dimer, but none of the other structurally related dimeric steroids, inhibited assembly of purified tubulin (IC50, 3.6 μM). The estradiol dimer was more potent than 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol and well-studied microtubule polymerization inhibitor with antitumor effects that was evaluated in clinical trials. Further, it was equipotent to nocodazole (IC50, 1.5 μM), an antimitotic small molecule of natural origin. Both estradiol dimer and nocodazole completely and reversibly depolymerized microtubules in interphase U2OS cells at 2.5 μM concentration. At lower concentrations (50 nM), estradiol dimer decreased the microtubule dynamics and growth life-time and produced comparable effect to nocodazole on the microtubule dynamicity. In silico modeling predicted that estradiol dimer binds to the colchicine-binding site in the tubulin dimer. Finally, dimerization of the steroids abolished their ability to induce transactivation by estrogen receptor α and androgen receptors. Although other steroids were reported to interact with microtubules, the estradiol dimer represents a new structural type of steroid inhibitor of tubulin polymerization and microtubule dynamics, bearing antimitotic and cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jurášek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Černohorská
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Řehulka
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- University of Chemistry and Technology, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetyana Sulimenko
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Darmostuk
- University of Chemistry and Technology, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Gurská
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frydrych
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Buriánová
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- University of Chemistry and Technology, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bartůněk
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel B Drašar
- University of Chemistry and Technology, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - David Sedlák
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Joachimiak E, Jerka‐Dziadosz M, Krzemień‐Ojak Ł, Wacławek E, Jedynak K, Urbanska P, Brutkowski W, Sas‐Nowosielska H, Fabczak H, Gaertig J, Wloga D. Multiple phosphorylation sites on γ‐tubulin are essential and contribute to the biogenesis of basal bodies in
Tetrahymena. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8648-8665. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Maria Jerka‐Dziadosz
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Łucja Krzemień‐Ojak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Ewa Wacławek
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Katarzyna Jedynak
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Animal PhysiologyInstitute of ZoologyUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Paulina Urbanska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Wojciech Brutkowski
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and FunctionNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Hanna Sas‐Nowosielska
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and FunctionNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia BiologyDepartment of Cell BiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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16
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Chumová J, Trögelová L, Kourová H, Volc J, Sulimenko V, Halada P, Kučera O, Benada O, Kuchařová A, Klebanovych A, Dráber P, Daniel G, Binarová P. γ-Tubulin has a conserved intrinsic property of self-polymerization into double stranded filaments and fibrillar networks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:734-748. [PMID: 29499229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Tubulin is essential for microtubule nucleation and also plays less understood roles in nuclear and cell-cycle-related functions. High abundancy of γ-tubulin in acentrosomal Arabidopsis cells facilitated purification and biochemical characterization of large molecular species of γ-tubulin. TEM, fluorescence, and atomic force microscopy of purified high molecular γ-tubulin forms revealed the presence of linear filaments with a double protofilament substructure, filament bundles and aggregates. Filament formation from highly purified γ-tubulin free of γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs) was demonstrated for both plant and human γ-tubulin. Moreover, γ-tubulin associated with porcine brain microtubules formed oligomers. Experimental evidence on the intrinsic ability of γ-tubulin to oligomerize/polymerize was supported by conservation of α- and β-tubulin interfaces for longitudinal and lateral interactions for γ-tubulins. STED (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy of Arabidopsis cells revealed fine, short γ-tubulin fibrillar structures enriched on mitotic microtubular arrays that accumulated at polar regions of acentrosomal spindles and the outer nuclear envelope before mitosis, and were also present in nuclei. Fine fibrillar structures of γ-tubulin representing assemblies of higher order were localized in cell-cycle-dependent manner at sites of dispersed γ-tubulin location in acentrosomal plant cells as well as at sites of local γ-tubulin enrichment after drug treatment. Our findings that γ-tubulin preserves the capability of prokaryotic tubulins to self-organize into filaments assembling by lateral interaction into bundles/clusters help understanding of the relationship between structure and multiple cellular functions of this protein species and suggest that besides microtubule nucleation and organization, γ-tubulin may also have scaffolding or sequestration functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Chumová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trögelová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kourová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Volc
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kučera
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 57, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Benada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kuchařová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasiya Klebanovych
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7008, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Pavla Binarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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17
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Villarroya-Beltri C, Guerra S, Sánchez-Madrid F. ISGylation - a key to lock the cell gates for preventing the spread of threats. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2961-2969. [PMID: 28842471 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is an ubiquitin-like protein whose expression and conjugation to targets (ISGylation) is induced by infection, interferon (IFN)-α and -β, ischemia, DNA damage and aging. Attention has historically focused on the antiviral effects of ISGylation, which blocks the entry, replication or release of different intracellular pathogens. However, recently, new functions of ISGylation have emerged that implicate it in multiple cellular processes, such as DNA repair, autophagy, protein translation and exosome secretion. In this Review, we discuss the induction and conjugation of ISG15, as well as the functions of ISGylation in the prevention of infections and in cancer progression. We also offer a novel perspective with regard to the latest findings on this pathway, with special attention to the role of ISGylation in the inhibition of exosome secretion, which is mediated by fusion of multivesicular bodies with lysosomes. Finally, we propose that under conditions of stress or infection, ISGylation acts as a defense mechanism to inhibit normal protein translation by modifying protein kinase R (PKR, also known as EIF2AK2), while any newly synthesized proteins are being tagged and thus marked as potentially dangerous. Then, the endosomal system is re-directed towards protein degradation at the lysosome, to effectively 'lock' the cell gates and thus prevent the spread of pathogens, prions and deleterious aggregates through exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Villarroya-Beltri
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Preventive Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain .,Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ghaly PE, Churchill CD, Abou El-Magd RM, Hájková Z, Dráber P, West F, Tuszynski JA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of structurally simplified noscapine analogues as microtubule binding agents. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the results of chemical synthesis and biological assays performed on several new analogues of noscapine. We have successfully synthesized four noscapine analogues called 1a–4a, as well as their four corresponding enantiomers called 1b–4b. The chemical pathway consisted of three steps with yields in excess of 60% in each step. Subsequently, we have performed biological activity assays intended to reveal the mode of action of these compounds on microtubules in buffer and in cancer cell lines. We have assayed fluorescence quenching effects in microtubule polymerization experiments, cytotoxicity evaluation in breast cancer cell lines, as well as microtubule dynamicity assessments, for each of the synthesized compounds. Finally, we performed computational docking simulations to two binding sites on β-tubulin: (a) the colchicine binding site and (b) the noscapine binding site. Our results indicate that these compounds have relatively low cytotoxicity profile and less pronounced effects on microtubule dynamics compared with noscapine. Our computational results indicate that these compounds bind to both putative binding sites but have higher affinity for the colchicine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Ghaly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Cassandra D.M. Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rabab M. Abou El-Magd
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Application, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Zuzana Hájková
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - F.G. West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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19
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Sulimenko V, Hájková Z, Klebanovych A, Dráber P. Regulation of microtubule nucleation mediated by γ-tubulin complexes. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1187-1199. [PMID: 28074286 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is critically important for spatio-temporal organization of eukaryotic cells. The nucleation of new microtubules is typically restricted to microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) and requires γ-tubulin that assembles into multisubunit complexes of various sizes. γ-Tubulin ring complexes (TuRCs) are efficient microtubule nucleators and are associated with large number of targeting, activating and modulating proteins. γ-Tubulin-dependent nucleation of microtubules occurs both from canonical MTOCs, such as spindle pole bodies and centrosomes, and additional sites such as Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane-associated sites, chromatin and surface of pre-existing microtubules. Despite many advances in structure of γ-tubulin complexes and characterization of γTuRC interacting factors, regulatory mechanisms of microtubule nucleation are not fully understood. Here, we review recent work on the factors and regulatory mechanisms that are involved in centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Sulimenko
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hájková
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasiya Klebanovych
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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20
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Bustos-Morán E, Blas-Rus N, Martin-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F. Microtubule-associated protein-4 controls nanovesicle dynamics and T cell activation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1217-1223. [PMID: 28209780 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) is a specialized structure formed at the contact area between T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that is essential for the adaptive immune response. Proper T cell activation requires its polarization towards the APC, which is highly dependent on the tubulin cytoskeleton. Microtubule-associated protein-4 (MAP4) is a microtubule (MT)-stabilizing protein that controls MTs in physiological processes, such as cell division, migration, vesicular transport or primary cilia formation. In this study, we assessed the role of MAP4 in T cell activation. MAP4 decorates the pericentrosomal area and MTs of the T cell, and it is involved in MT detyrosination and stable assembly in response to T cell activation. In addition, MAP4 prompts the timely translocation of the MT-organizing center (MTOC) towards the IS and the dynamics of signaling nanovesicles that sustains T cell activation. However, MAP4 acts as a negative regulator of other T cell activation-related signals, including diacylglycerol (DAG) production and IL2 secretion. Our data indicate that MAP4 acts as a checkpoint molecule that balances positive and negative hallmarks of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Laboratory of Intercellular communication, Fundación CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Noelia Blas-Rus
- Laboratory of Intercellular communication, Fundación CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Noa Beatriz Martin-Cófreces
- Laboratory of Intercellular communication, Fundación CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid 28006, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular, ISCIII, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Laboratory of Intercellular communication, Fundación CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain .,Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid 28006, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular, ISCIII, Madrid, 28029, Spain
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21
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Dráberová E, Sulimenko V, Vinopal S, Sulimenko T, Sládková V, D'Agostino L, Sobol M, Hozák P, Křen L, Katsetos CD, Dráber P. Differential expression of human γ-tubulin isotypes during neuronal development and oxidative stress points to a γ-tubulin-2 prosurvival function. FASEB J 2017; 31:1828-1846. [PMID: 28119396 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600846rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Tubulins are highly conserved members of the tubulin superfamily essential for microtubule nucleation. Humans possess 2 γ-tubulin genes. It is thought that γ-tubulin-1 represents a ubiquitous isotype, whereas γ-tubulin-2 is found predominantly in the brain, where it may be endowed with divergent functions beyond microtubule nucleation. The molecular basis of the purported functional differences between γ-tubulins is unknown. We report discrimination of human γ-tubulins according to their electrophoretic and immunochemical properties. In vitro mutagenesis revealed that the differences in electrophoretic mobility originate in the C-terminal regions of the γ-tubulins. Using epitope mapping, we discovered mouse monoclonal antibodies that can discriminate between human γ-tubulin isotypes. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and 2-dimensional-PAGE showed that γ-tubulin-1 is the dominant isotype in fetal neurons. Although γ-tubulin-2 accumulates in the adult brain, γ-tubulin-1 remains the major isotype in various brain regions. Localization of γ-tubulin-1 in mature neurons was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy on clinical samples and tissue microarrays. Differentiation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by all-trans retinoic acid, or oxidative stress induced by mitochondrial inhibitors, resulted in upregulation of γ-tubulin-2, whereas the expression of γ-tubulin-1 was unchanged. Fractionation experiments and immunoelectron microscopy revealed an association of γ-tubulins with mitochondrial membranes. These data indicate that in the face of predominant γ-tubulin-1 expression, the accumulation of γ-tubulin-2 in mature neurons and neuroblastoma cells during oxidative stress may denote a prosurvival role of γ-tubulin-2 in neurons.-Dráberová, E., Sulimenko, V., Vinopal, S., Sulimenko, T., Sládková, V., D'Agostino, L., Sobol, M., Hozák, P., Křen, L., Katsetos, C. D., Dráber, P. Differential expression of human γ-tubulin isotypes during neuronal development and oxidative stress points to γ-tubulin-2 prosurvival function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Dráberová
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vinopal
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetyana Sulimenko
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Sládková
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca D'Agostino
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children and Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaryta Sobol
- Department of the Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozák
- Department of the Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leoš Křen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children and Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and
| | - Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children and Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic;
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22
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Blas-Rus N, Bustos-Morán E, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martín-Cófreces NB. Analysis of Microtubules and Microtubule-Organizing Center at the Immune Synapse. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:31-49. [PMID: 28255694 PMCID: PMC5503130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) is a specialized structure that enables cell-cell communication between immune cells. As such, it involves direct cell-to-cell contact. It is sustained by cytoskeletal components that allow the intracellular polarization of different organelles and the surface re-organization of signaling and adhesion receptors. The tubulin-based cytoskeleton is a key player in IS formation and signaling. We describe methods to analyze through Western blot and microscopy analysis the polarization to the IS of the centrosome, also known as microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), the dynamics of microtubule growth and polymerization from the MTOC to the IS and the activation of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Blas-Rus
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Vascular PathophysiologyArea, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- Vascular PathophysiologyArea, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- Vascular PathophysiologyArea, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
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23
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GIT1/βPIX signaling proteins and PAK1 kinase regulate microtubule nucleation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1282-97. [PMID: 27012601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule nucleation from γ-tubulin complexes, located at the centrosome, is an essential step in the formation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. However, the signaling mechanisms that regulate microtubule nucleation in interphase cells are largely unknown. In this study, we report that γ-tubulin is in complexes containing G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1), p21-activated kinase interacting exchange factor (βPIX), and p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) in various cell lines. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed association of GIT1, βPIX and activated PAK1 with centrosomes. Microtubule regrowth experiments showed that depletion of βPIX stimulated microtubule nucleation, while depletion of GIT1 or PAK1 resulted in decreased nucleation in the interphase cells. These data were confirmed for GIT1 and βPIX by phenotypic rescue experiments, and counting of new microtubules emanating from centrosomes during the microtubule regrowth. The importance of PAK1 for microtubule nucleation was corroborated by the inhibition of its kinase activity with IPA-3 inhibitor. GIT1 with PAK1 thus represent positive regulators, and βPIX is a negative regulator of microtubule nucleation from the interphase centrosomes. The regulatory roles of GIT1, βPIX and PAK1 in microtubule nucleation correlated with recruitment of γ-tubulin to the centrosome. Furthermore, in vitro kinase assays showed that GIT1 and βPIX, but not γ-tubulin, serve as substrates for PAK1. Finally, direct interaction of γ-tubulin with the C-terminal domain of βPIX and the N-terminal domain of GIT1, which targets this protein to the centrosome, was determined by pull-down experiments. We propose that GIT1/βPIX signaling proteins with PAK1 kinase represent a novel regulatory mechanism of microtubule nucleation in interphase cells.
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24
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Overexpression and Nucleolar Localization of γ-Tubulin Small Complex Proteins GCP2 and GCP3 in Glioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:723-42. [PMID: 26079448 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression, cellular distribution, and subcellular sorting of the microtubule (MT)-nucleating γ-tubulin small complex (γTuSC) proteins, GCP2 and GCP3, were studied in human glioblastoma cell lines and in clinical tissue samples representing all histologic grades of adult diffuse astrocytic gliomas (n = 54). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed a significant increase in the expression of GCP2 and GCP3 transcripts in glioblastoma cells versus normal human astrocytes; these were associated with higher amounts of both γTuSC proteins. GCP2 and GCP3 were concentrated in the centrosomes in interphase glioblastoma cells, but punctate and diffuse localizations were also detected in the cytosol and nuclei/nucleoli. Nucleolar localization was fixation dependent. GCP2 and GCP3 formed complexes with γ-tubulin in the nucleoli as confirmed by reciprocal immunoprecipitation experiments and immunoelectron microscopy. GCP2 and GCP3 depletion caused accumulation of cells in G2/M and mitotic delay but did not affect nucleolar integrity. Overexpression of GCP2 antagonized the inhibitory effect of the CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated tumor suppressor protein 3 (C53) on DNA damage G2/M checkpoint activity. Tumor cell GCP2 and GCP3 immunoreactivity was significantly increased over that in normal brains in glioblastoma samples; it was also associated with microvascular proliferation. These findings suggest that γTuSC protein dysregulation in glioblastomas may be linked to altered transcriptional checkpoint activity or interaction with signaling pathways associated with a malignant phenotype.
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25
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Sulimenko V, Hájková Z, Černohorská M, Sulimenko T, Sládková V, Dráberová L, Vinopal S, Dráberová E, Dráber P. Microtubule Nucleation in Mouse Bone Marrow–Derived Mast Cells Is Regulated by the Concerted Action of GIT1/βPIX Proteins and Calcium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4099-111. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Charafeddine RA, Makdisi J, Schairer D, O'Rourke BP, Diaz-Valencia JD, Chouake J, Kutner A, Krausz A, Adler B, Nacharaju P, Liang H, Mukherjee S, Friedman JM, Friedman A, Nosanchuk JD, Sharp DJ. Fidgetin-Like 2: A Microtubule-Based Regulator of Wound Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2309-2318. [PMID: 25756798 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process driven largely by the migration of a variety of distinct cell types from the wound margin into the wound zone. In this study, we identify the previously uncharacterized microtubule-severing enzyme, Fidgetin-like 2 (FL2), as a fundamental regulator of cell migration that can be targeted in vivo using nanoparticle-encapsulated small interfering RNA (siRNA) to promote wound closure and regeneration. In vitro, depletion of FL2 from mammalian tissue culture cells results in a more than twofold increase in the rate of cell movement, in part due to a significant increase in directional motility. Immunofluorescence analyses indicate that FL2 normally localizes to the cell edge, importantly to the leading edge of polarized cells, where it regulates the organization and dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. To clinically translate these findings, we utilized a nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery platform to locally deplete FL2 in both murine full-thickness excisional and burn wounds. Topical application of FL2 siRNA nanoparticles to either wound type results in a significant enhancement in the rate and quality of wound closure both clinically and histologically relative to controls. Taken together, these results identify FL2 as a promising therapeutic target to promote the regeneration and repair of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A Charafeddine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joy Makdisi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David Schairer
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Brian P O'Rourke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Juan D Diaz-Valencia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jason Chouake
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Allison Kutner
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aimee Krausz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Brandon Adler
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Parimala Nacharaju
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hongying Liang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Suranjana Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joel M Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Adam Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - David J Sharp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work.
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27
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Katsetos CD, Reginato MJ, Baas PW, D'Agostino L, Legido A, Tuszyn Ski JA, Dráberová E, Dráber P. Emerging microtubule targets in glioma therapy. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:49-72. [PMID: 25976261 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in the genomics and epigenomics of diffuse gliomas and glioblastoma to date have not been translated into effective therapy, necessitating pursuit of alternative treatment approaches for these therapeutically challenging tumors. Current knowledge of microtubules in cancer and the development of new microtubule-based treatment strategies for high-grade gliomas are the topic in this review article. Discussed are cellular, molecular, and pharmacologic aspects of the microtubule cytoskeleton underlying mitosis and interactions with other cellular partners involved in cell cycle progression, directional cell migration, and tumor invasion. Special focus is placed on (1) the aberrant overexpression of βIII-tubulin, a survival factor associated with hypoxic tumor microenvironment and dynamic instability of microtubules; (2) the ectopic overexpression of γ-tubulin, which in addition to its conventional role as a microtubule-nucleating protein has recently emerged as a transcription factor interacting with oncogenes and kinases; (3) the microtubule-severing ATPase spastin and its emerging role in cell motility of glioblastoma cells; and (4) the modulating role of posttranslational modifications of tubulin in the context of interaction of microtubules with motor proteins. Specific antineoplastic strategies discussed include downregulation of targeted molecules aimed at achieving a sensitization effect on currently used mainstay therapies. The potential role of new classes of tubulin-binding agents and ATPase inhibitors is also examined. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the distinct behaviors of microtubules in glioma tumorigenesis and drug resistance is key to the discovery of novel molecular targets that will fundamentally change the prognostic outlook of patients with diffuse high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology and Pediatric Neuro-oncology Program, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Mauricio J Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca D'Agostino
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology and Pediatric Neuro-oncology Program, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Agustin Legido
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology and Pediatric Neuro-oncology Program, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jack A Tuszyn Ski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Lecland N, Lüders J. The dynamics of microtubule minus ends in the human mitotic spindle. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:770-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Cep192 controls the balance of centrosome and non-centrosomal microtubules during interphase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101001. [PMID: 24971877 PMCID: PMC4074188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cep192 is a centrosomal protein that contributes to the formation and function of the mitotic spindle in mammalian cells. Cep192's mitotic activities stem largely from its role in the recruitment to the centrosome of numerous additional proteins such as gamma-tubulin and Pericentrin. Here, we examine Cep192's function in interphase cells. Our data indicate that, as in mitosis, Cep192 stimulates the nucleation of centrosomal microtubules thereby regulating the morphology of interphase microtubule arrays. Interestingly, however, cells lacking Cep192 remain capable of generating normal levels of MTs as the loss of centrosomal microtubules is augmented by MT nucleation from other sites, most notably the Golgi apparatus. The depletion of Cep192 results in a significant decrease in the level of centrosome-associated gamma-tubulin, likely explaining its impact on centrosome microtubule nucleation. However, in stark contrast to mitosis, Cep192 appears to maintain an antagonistic relationship with Pericentrin at interphase centrosomes. Interphase cells depleted of Cep192 display significantly higher levels of centrosome-associated Pericentrin while overexpression of Cep192 reduces the levels of centrosomal Pericentrin. Conversely, depletion of Pericentrin results in elevated levels of centrosomal Cep192 and enhances microtubule nucleation at centrosomes, at least during interphase. Finally, we show that depletion of Cep192 negatively impacts cell motility and alters normal cell polarization. Our current working hypothesis is that the microtubule nucleating capacity of the interphase centrosome is determined by an antagonistic balance of Cep192, which promotes nucleation, and Pericentrin, which inhibits nucleation. This in turn determines the relative abundance of centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubules that tune cell movement and shape.
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30
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Chalupnikova K, Solc P, Sulimenko V, Sedlacek R, Svoboda P. An oocyte-specific ELAVL2 isoform is a translational repressor ablated from meiotically competent antral oocytes. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1187-200. [PMID: 24553115 PMCID: PMC4013169 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of the growth phase, mouse antral follicle oocytes acquire full developmental competence. In the mouse, this event is marked by the transition from the so-called non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) chromatin configuration into the transcriptionally quiescent surrounded nucleolus (SN) configuration, which is named after a prominent perinucleolar condensed chromatin ring. However, the SN chromatin configuration alone is not sufficient for determining the developmental competence of the SN oocyte. There are additional nuclear and cytoplamic factors involved, while a little is known about the changes occurring in the cytoplasm during the NSN/SN transition. Here, we report functional analysis of maternal ELAVL2 an AU-rich element binding protein. Elavl2 gene encodes an oocyte-specific protein isoform (denoted ELAVL2°), which acts as a translational repressor. ELAVL2° is abundant in fully grown NSN oocytes, is ablated during the NSN/SN transition and remains low during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET). ELAVL2° overexpression during meiotic maturation causes errors in chromosome segregation, indicating the significance of naturally reduced ELAVL2° levels in SN oocytes. On the other hand, during oocyte growth, prematurely reduced Elavl2 expression results in lower yields of fully grown and meiotically matured oocytes, suggesting that Elavl2 is necessary for proper oocyte maturation. Moreover, Elavl2 knockdown showed stimulating effects on translation in fully grown oocytes. We propose that ELAVL2 has an ambivalent role in oocytes: it functions as a pleiotropic translational repressor in efficient production of fully grown oocytes, while its disposal during the NSN/SN transition contributes to the acquisition of full developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR; Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR; Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Svoboda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR; Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction in gliomas has been linked to abnormalities of mt energy metabolism, marked by a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis ("Warburg effect"), disturbances in mt membrane potential regulation and apoptotic signaling, as well as to somatic mutations involving the Krebs cycle enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Evolving biological concepts with potential therapeutic implications include interaction between microtubule proteins and mitochondria (mt) in the control of closure of voltage-dependent anion channels and in the regulation of mt dynamics and the mt-endoplasmic reticulum network. The cytoskeletal protein βIII-tubulin, which is overexpressed in malignant gliomas, has emerged as a prosurvival factor associated in part with mt and also as a marker of chemoresistance. Mt-targeted therapeutic strategies that are discussed include the following: (1) metabolic modulation with emphasis on dichloroacetate, a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor; (2) tumor cell death via apoptosis induced by tricyclic antidepressants, microtubule-modulating drugs, and small molecules or compounds capable of inflicting reactive oxygen species-dependent tumor cell death; and (3) pretreatment mt priming and mt-targeted prodrug cancer therapy.
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32
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Ludueña RF. A Hypothesis on the Origin and Evolution of Tubulin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 302:41-185. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407699-0.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Dráber P, Sulimenko V, Dráberová E. Cytoskeleton in mast cell signaling. Front Immunol 2012; 3:130. [PMID: 22654883 PMCID: PMC3360219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation mediated by the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) is a key event in allergic response and inflammation. Other receptors on mast cells, as c-Kit for stem cell factor and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) synergistically enhance the FcεRI-mediated release of inflammatory mediators. Activation of various signaling pathways in mast cells results in changes in cell morphology, adhesion to substrate, exocytosis, and migration. Reorganization of cytoskeleton is pivotal in all these processes. Cytoskeletal proteins also play an important role in initial stages of FcεRI and other surface receptors induced triggering. Highly dynamic microtubules formed by αβ-tubulin dimers as well as microfilaments build up from polymerized actin are affected in activated cells by kinases/phosphatases, Rho GTPases and changes in concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+). Also important are nucleation proteins; the γ-tubulin complexes in case of microtubules or Arp 2/3 complex with its nucleation promoting factors and formins in case of microfilaments. The dynamic nature of microtubules and microfilaments in activated cells depends on many associated/regulatory proteins. Changes in rigidity of activated mast cells reflect changes in intermediate filaments build up from vimentin. This review offers a critical appraisal of current knowledge on the role of cytoskeleton in mast cells signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
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Teixidó-Travesa N, Roig J, Lüders J. The where, when and how of microtubule nucleation – one ring to rule them all. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4445-56. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of microtubules depends on their arrangement into highly ordered arrays. Spatio-temporal control over the formation of new microtubules and regulation of their properties are central to the organization of these arrays. The nucleation of new microtubules requires γ-tubulin, an essential protein that assembles into multi-subunit complexes and is found in all eukaryotic organisms. However, the way in which γ-tubulin complexes are regulated and how this affects nucleation and, potentially, microtubule behavior, is poorly understood. γ-tubulin has been found in complexes of various sizes but several lines of evidence suggest that only large, ring-shaped complexes function as efficient microtubule nucleators. Human γ-tubulin ring complexes (γTuRCs) are composed of γ-tubulin and the γ-tubulin complex components (GCPs) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, which are members of a conserved protein family. Recent work has identified additional unrelated γTuRC subunits, as well as a large number of more transient γTuRC interactors. In this Commentary, we discuss the regulation of γTuRC-dependent microtubule nucleation as a key mechanism of microtubule organization. Specifically, we focus on the regulatory roles of the γTuRC subunits and interactors and present an overview of other mechanisms that regulate γTuRC-dependent microtubule nucleation and organization.
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