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Janardhanan M, Sen S, Shankarappa B, Purushottam M. Molecular genetics of neuropsychiatric illness: some musings. Front Genet 2023; 14:1203017. [PMID: 38028602 PMCID: PMC10646253 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1203017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric illness has occurred at many levels. As more information accumulates, it appears that many approaches may each offer their unique perspective. The search for low penetrance and common variants, that may mediate risk, has necessitated the formation of many international consortia, to pool resources, and achieve the large sample sizes needed to discover these variants. There has been the parallel development of statistical methods to analyse large datasets and present summary statistics which allows data comparison across studies. Even so, the results of studies on well-characterised clinical datasets of modest sizes can be enlightening and provide important clues to understanding these complex disorders. We describe the use of common variants, at multiallelic loci like TOMM40 and APOE to study dementia, weighted genetic risk scores for alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis and whole exome sequencing to identify rare variants in genes like PLA2G6 in familial psychoses and schizophrenia in our Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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Gottschalk WK, Mahon S, Hodgson D, Barrera J, Hill D, Wei A, Kumar M, Dai K, Anderson L, Mihovilovic M, Lutz MW, Chiba-Falek O. The APOE-TOMM40 Humanized Mouse Model: Characterization of Age, Sex, and PolyT Variant Effects on Gene Expression. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1563-1576. [PMID: 37458041 PMCID: PMC10733864 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human chromosome 19q13.32 is a gene rich region and has been associated with multiple phenotypes, including late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and other age-related conditions. OBJECTIVE Here we developed the first humanized mouse model that contains the entire TOMM40 and APOE genes with all intronic and intergenic sequences including the upstream and downstream regions. Thus, the mouse model carries the human TOMM40 and APOE genes and their intact regulatory sequences. METHODS We generated the APOE-TOMM40 humanized mouse model in which the entire mouse region was replaced with the human (h)APOE-TOMM40 loci including their upstream and downstream flanking regulatory sequences using recombineering technologies. We then measured the expression of the human TOMM40 and APOE genes in the mice brain, liver, and spleen tissues using TaqMan based mRNA expression assays. RESULTS We investigated the effects of the '523' polyT genotype (S/S or VL/VL), sex, and age on the human TOMM40- and APOE-mRNAs expression levels using our new humanized mouse model. The analysis revealed tissue specific and shared effects of the '523' polyT genotype, sex, and age on the regulation of the human TOMM40 and APOE genes. Noteworthy, the regulatory effect of the '523' polyT genotype was observed for all studied organs. CONCLUSION The model offers new opportunities for basic science, translational, and preclinical drug discovery studies focused on the APOE genomic region in relation to LOAD and other conditions in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Gottschalk
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott Mahon
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dellila Hodgson
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julio Barrera
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Delaney Hill
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angela Wei
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathy Dai
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Anderson
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mirta Mihovilovic
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael W. Lutz
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Kalra J. Crosslink between mutations in mitochondrial genes and brain disorders: implications for mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic interventions. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799515 PMCID: PMC9241418 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
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Genetic Variants and Haplotypes of TOMM40, APOE, and APOC1 are Related to the Age of Onset of Late-onset Alzheimer Disease in a Colombian Population. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2022; 36:29-35. [PMID: 35149606 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). Genetic variants and haplotypes in regions near the APOE locus may be associated with LOAD in the Colombian population. OBJECTIVE We evaluated frequencies and risk of genetic variants and haplotypes in APOE, TOMM40, and APOC1 promoters, also in putative regulatory enhancer elements (TOMM40 IVS2-4 and TOMM40 IVS6), and in cis-regulatory elements (ME1 and BCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Our case-control association study was carried out in 50 patients with LOAD and 50 controls. We determined frequencies and odd ratios for genetic variants and haplotypes. RESULTS We found a significant association between LOAD and genetic variants at the TOMM40 promoter, at TOMM40 IVS2-4 and TOMM40 IVS6 regulatory enhancer elements, and at the APOC1 promoter. Particularly, variants of Poly-T and APOC1 promoter could anticipate the age of onset of LOAD in our population. We identified three risk haplotypes in TOMM40 (ACGGAG, ACGGGG, and ATAGGC) related to LOAD's age of onset. We also found other risk or protection haplotypes at the TOMM40 and APOE promoters, at TOMM40 IVS2-4, TOMM40 IVS6 regulatory enhancer elements, and at ME1. CONCLUSION Genetic variants and haplotypes near the APOE locus are related to LOAD risk and accelerated onset of LOAD in the Colombian population.
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Rosselli M, Uribe IV, Ahne E, Shihadeh L. Culture, Ethnicity, and Level of Education in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:26-54. [PMID: 35347644 PMCID: PMC8960082 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia, where the abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau lead to neurodegeneration as well as loss of cognitive, behavioral, and functional abilities. The present review analyzes AD from a cross-cultural neuropsychological perspective, looking at differences in culture-associated variables, neuropsychological test performance and biomarkers across ethnic and racial groups. Studies have found significant effects of culture, preferred language, country of origin, race, and ethnicity on cognitive test performance, although the definition of those grouping terms varies across studies. Together, with the substantial underrepresentation of minority groups in research, the inconsistent classification might conduce to an inaccuratte diagnosis that often results from biases in testing procedures that favor the group to which test developers belong. These biases persist even after adjusting for variables related to disadvantageous societal conditions, such as low level of education, unfavorable socioeconomic status, health care access, or psychological stressors. All too frequently, educational level is confounded with culture. Minorities often have lower educational attainment and lower quality of education, causing differences in test results that are then attributed to culture. Higher levels of education are also associated with increased cognitive reserve, a protective factor against cognitive decline in the presence of neurodegeneration. Biomarker research suggests there might be significant differences in specific biomarker profiles for each ethnicity/race in need of accurate cultural definitions to adequately predict risk and disease progression across ethnic/racial groups. Overall, this review highlights the need for diversity in all domains of AD research that lack inclusion and the collection of relevant information from these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science 3200 College Av, Davie, FL, 33314, USA.
- 1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Idaly Vélez Uribe
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science 3200 College Av, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
- 1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Emily Ahne
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science 3200 College Av, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Layaly Shihadeh
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science 3200 College Av, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
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TOMM40 '523' poly-T repeat length is a determinant of longitudinal cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:56. [PMID: 34234128 PMCID: PMC8263775 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) ‘523’ polymorphism has previously been associated with age of Alzheimer’s disease onset and cognitive functioning in non-pathological ageing, but has not been explored as a candidate risk marker for cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Therefore, this longitudinal study investigated the role of the ‘523’ variant in cognitive decline in a patient cohort from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative. As such, a group of 368 people with PD were assessed annually for cognitive performance using multiple neuropsychological protocols, and were genotyped for the TOMM40 ‘523’ variant using whole-genome sequencing data. Covariate-adjusted generalised linear mixed models were utilised to examine the relationship between TOMM40 ‘523’ allele lengths and cognitive scores, while taking into account the APOE ε genotype. Cognitive scores declined over the 5-year study period and were lower in males than in females. When accounting for APOE ε4, the TOMM40 ‘523’ variant was not robustly associated with overall cognitive performance. However, in APOE ε3/ε3 carriers, who accounted for ~60% of the whole cohort, carriage of shorter ‘523’ alleles was associated with more severe cognitive decline in both sexes, while carriage of the longer alleles in females were associated with better preservation of global cognition and a number of cognitive sub-domains, and with a delay in progression to dementia. The findings indicate that when taken in conjunction with the APOE genotype, TOMM40 ‘523’ allele length is a significant independent determinant and marker for the trajectory of cognitive decline and risk of dementia in PD.
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Prendecki M, Kowalska M, Toton E, Kozubski W. Genetic Editing and Pharmacogenetics in Current And Future Therapy Of Neurocognitive Disorders. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:238-258. [PMID: 32321403 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200422152440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is an important issue in western societies, and in the following years, this problem will also rise in the developing regions, such as Africa and Asia. The most common types of dementia in adults are Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD), of which, AD accounts for more than half of the cases. The most prominent symptom of AD is cognitive impairment, currently treated with four drugs: Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, enhancing cholinergic transmission; as well as memantine, protecting neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity. Despite ongoing efforts, no new drugs in the treatment of AD have been registered for the last ten years, thus multiple studies have been conducted on genetic factors affecting the efficacy of antidementia pharmacotherapy. The researchers investigate the effects of variants in multiple genes, such as ABCB1, ACE, CHAT, CHRNA7, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, NR1I2, NR1I3, POR, PPAR, RXR, SLC22A1/2/5, SLC47A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, associated with numerous pathways: the development of pathological proteins, formation and metabolism of acetylcholine, transport, metabolism and excretion of antidementia drugs and transcription factors regulating the expression of genes responsible for metabolism and transport of drugs. The most promising results have been demonstrated for APOE E4, dementia risk variant, BCHE-K, reduced butyrylcholinesterase activity variant, and CYP2D6 UM, ultrarapid hepatic metabolism. Further studies investigate the possibilities of the development of emerging drugs or genetic editing by CRISPR/Cas9 for causative treatment. In conclusion, the pharmacogenetic studies on dementia diseases may improve the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in some patients with beneficial genetic variants, at the same time, identifying the carriers of unfavorable alleles, the potential group of novel approaches to the treatment and prevention of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Prendecki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Kowalska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Toton
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Bakeberg MC, Hoes ME, Gorecki AM, Theunissen F, Pfaff AL, Kenna JE, Plunkett K, Kõks S, Akkari PA, Mastaglia FL, Anderton RS. The TOMM40 '523' polymorphism in disease risk and age of symptom onset in two independent cohorts of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6363. [PMID: 33737565 PMCID: PMC7973542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal mitochondrial function is a key process in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The central pore-forming protein TOM40 of the mitochondria is encoded by the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homologue gene (TOMM40). The highly variant '523' poly-T repeat is associated with age-related cognitive decline and age of onset in Alzheimer's disease, but whether it plays a role in modifying the risk or clinical course of PD it yet to be elucidated. The TOMM40 '523' allele length was determined in 634 people with PD and 422 healthy controls from an Australian cohort and the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort, using polymerase chain reaction or whole genome sequencing analysis. Genotype and allele frequencies of TOMM40 '523' and APOE ε did not differ significantly between the cohorts. Analyses revealed TOMM40 '523' allele groups were not associated with disease risk, while considering APOE ε genotype. Regression analyses revealed the TOMM40 S/S genotype was associated with a significantly later age of symptom onset in the PPMI PD cohort, but not after correction for covariates, or in the Australian cohort. Whilst variation in the TOMM40 '523' polymorphism was not associated with PD risk, the possibility that it may be a modifying factor for age of symptom onset warrants further investigation in other PD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Bakeberg
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Madison E Hoes
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anastazja M Gorecki
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Frances Theunissen
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Abigail L Pfaff
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jade E Kenna
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Kai Plunkett
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - P Anthony Akkari
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Institute for Health Research and School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mouat Street, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia.
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Deters KD, Mormino EC, Yu L, Lutz MW, Bennett DA, Barnes LL. TOMM40-APOE haplotypes are associated with cognitive decline in non-demented Blacks. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1287-1296. [PMID: 33580752 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal was to investigate effects of APOE-TOMM40-'523 haplotypes on cognitive decline in non-demented non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and determine whether effects differ from non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). METHODS The impact of zero to two copies of the '523-Short variant (S; poly-T alleles < 20) within apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on a composite measure of global cognition and five domains was examined. RESULTS In NHB with ε3/ε3 (N = 294), '523-S/S was associated with faster decline in global cognition (β = -0.048, P = 0.017), episodic memory (β = -0.05, P = 0.031), and visuospatial ability (β = -0.037, P = 0.034) relative to those without '523-S. For NHB ε4+ (N = 182), '523-S/S had slower decline in global cognition (β = 0.047, P = 0.042) and visuospatial ability (β = 0.07, P = 0.0005) relative to '523-S non-carriers. NHB ε4+ with '523-S also had a slower rate of decline than NHWs ε4+ with '523-S. DISCUSSION '523-S/S has a different effect on cognitive decline among NHB dependent on APOE allele. Differences in the effect of ε4-'523-S in NHB may explain prior mixed findings on ε4 and decline in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie D Deters
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Mormino
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Cardoso R, Lemos C, Oliveiros B, Almeida MR, Baldeiras I, Pereira CF, Santos A, Duro D, Vieira D, Santana I, Oliveira CR. APOEɛ4-TOMM40L Haplotype Increases the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment Conversion to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:587-601. [PMID: 33016906 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been considered as a pre-dementia stage, although the factors leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) conversion remain controversial. OBJECTIVE Evaluate whether TOMM40 poly-T (TOMM40' 523) polymorphism is associated with the risk and conversion time from MCI to AD and secondly with AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, disentangling the APOE genotype. METHODS 147 AD patients, 102 MCI patients, and 105 cognitively normal controls were genotyped for poly-T polymorphism. MCI patients were subdivided into two groups, the group of patients that converted to AD (MCI-AD) and the group of those that remained stable (MCI-S). RESULTS TOMM40' 523 L allele was significantly more frequent in the MCI-AD group and having at least one L allele significantly increased the risk of conversion from MCI to AD (OR = 8.346, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 2.830 to 24.617). However, when adjusted for the presence of APOEɛ4 allele, both the L allele and ɛ4 allele lost significance in the model (p > 0.05). We then analyzed the APOEɛ4-TOMM40' 523 L haplotype and observed that patients carrying this haplotype had significantly higher risk (OR = 5.83; 95% CI = 2.30-14.83) and mean lower times of conversion to AD (p = 0.003). This haplotype was also significantly associated with a biomarker profile compatible with AD (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION This study shows that the APOEɛ4-TOMM40' 523 L haplotype is associated with a higher risk and shorter times of conversion from MCI to AD, possibly driven by CSF biomarkers and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Lemos
- UnIGENe, IBMC -Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal.,i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neurochemistry Laboratory, Neurology Department, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Fragão Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Duro
- Neurology Department, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Vieira
- Neurology Department, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neurology Department, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Resende Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC-CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Neurosci Lett 2020; 726:133807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bussies PL, Rajabli F, Griswold A, Dorfsman DA, Whitehead P, Adams LD, Mena PR, Cuccaro M, Haines JL, Byrd GS, Beecham GW, Pericak-Vance MA, Young JI, Vance JM. Use of local genetic ancestry to assess TOMM40-523' and risk for Alzheimer disease. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e404. [PMID: 32337333 PMCID: PMC7164968 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, we re-examine TOMM40-523' as a race/ethnicity-specific risk modifier for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) with adjustment for local genomic ancestry (LGA) in Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 haplotypes. METHODS The TOMM40-523' size was determined by fragment analysis and whole genome sequencing in homozygous APOE ε3 and APOE ε4 haplotypes of African (AF) or European (EUR) ancestry. The risk for LOAD was assessed within groups by allele size. RESULTS The TOMM40-523' length did not modify risk for LOAD in APOE ε4 haplotypes with EUR or AF LGA. Increasing length of TOMM40-523' was associated with a significantly reduced risk for LOAD in EUR APOE ε3 haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS Adjustment for LGA confirms that TOMM40-523' cannot explain the strong differential risk for LOAD between APOE ε4 with EUR and AF LGA. Our study does confirm previous reports that increasing allele length of the TOMM40-523' repeat is associated with decreased risk for LOAD in carriers of homozygous APOE ε3 alleles and demonstrates that this effect is occurring in those individuals with the EUR LGA APOE ε3 allele haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker L Bussies
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Anthony Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Daniel A Dorfsman
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Patrice Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Pedro R Mena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Michael Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Goldie S Byrd
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Juan I Young
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (P.L.B., F.R., A.G., D.A.D., P.W., L.D.A., P.R.M., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (A.G., M.C., G.W.B., M.A.P.-V., J.I.Y., J.M.V.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.L.H.), Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and Wake Forest School of Medicine (G.S.B.), Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, NC
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13
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Alzheimer's disease pathology explains association between dementia with Lewy bodies and APOE-ε4/TOMM40 long poly-T repeat allele variants. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:814-824. [PMID: 31788537 PMCID: PMC6880091 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The role of TOMM40-APOE 19q13.3 region variants is well documented in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but remains contentious in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Methods We dissected genetic profiles within the TOMM40-APOE region in 451 individuals from four European brain banks, including DLB and PDD cases with/without neuropathological evidence of AD-related pathology and healthy controls. Results TOMM40-L/APOE-ε4 alleles were associated with DLB (ORTOMM40-L = 3.61; P value = 3.23 × 10−9; ORAPOE-ε4 = 3.75; P value = 4.90 × 10−10) and earlier age at onset of DLB (HRTOMM40-L = 1.33, P value = .031; HRAPOE-ε4 = 1.46, P value = .004), but not with PDD. The TOMM40-L/APOE-ε4 effect was most pronounced in DLB individuals with concomitant AD pathology (ORTOMM40-L = 4.40, P value = 1.15 × 10−6; ORAPOE-ε4 = 5.65, P value = 2.97 × 10−8) but was not significant in DLB without AD. Meta-analyses combining all APOE-ε4 data in DLB confirmed our findings (ORDLB = 2.93, P value = 3.78 × 10−99; ORDLB+AD = 5.36, P value = 1.56 × 10−47). Discussion APOE-ε4/TOMM40-L alleles increase susceptibility and risk of earlier DLB onset, an effect explained by concomitant AD-related pathology. These findings have important implications in future drug discovery and development efforts in DLB.
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14
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Heinemeyer T, Stemmet M, Bardien S, Neethling A. Underappreciated Roles of the Translocase of the Outer and Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Protein Complexes in Human Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 38:23-40. [PMID: 30481057 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cellular survival, and for their proper functioning, translocation of ∼1500 proteins across the mitochondrial membranes is required. The translocase of the outer (TOMM) and inner mitochondrial membrane (TIMM) complexes are major components of this translocation machinery. Through specific processes, preproteins and other molecules are imported, translocated, and directed to specific mitochondrial compartments for their function. In this study, we review the association of subunits of these complexes with human disease. Pathogenic mutations have been identified in the TIMM8A (DDP) and DNAJC19 (TIMM14) genes and are linked to Mohr-Tranebjærg syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy syndrome (with and without ataxia), respectively. Polymorphisms in TOMM40 have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson's disease with dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, nonpathological cognitive aging, and various cardiovascular-related traits. Furthermore, reduced protein expression levels of several complex subunits have been associated with Parkinson's disease, Meniere's disease, and cardiovascular disorders. However, increased mRNA and protein levels of complex subunits are found in cancers. This review highlights the importance of the mitochondrial import machinery in human disease and stresses the need for further studies. Ultimately, this knowledge may prove to be critical for the development of therapeutic modalities for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Heinemeyer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique Stemmet
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annika Neethling
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Zhang H, Okii E, Gotoh E, Shiraishi S. High Mitochondrial Genome Diversity and Intricate Population Structure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Kyushu, Japan. J Nematol 2018; 50:281-302. [PMID: 30451415 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogenomic diversity and genetic population structure of the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus inhabiting Kyushu, Japan were analyzed. A method for performing long PCR using single nematodes and sequencing nematode mitochondrial genomes individually is presented here. About 8 kb (∼55%) of the complete mitochondrial genome was successfully obtained from 285 individuals collected from 12 populations. The 158 single nucleotide polymorphisms detected corresponded to 30 haplotypes, clearly classified into two clades. Haplotype diversity was 0.83, evidencing a remarkable high diversity within Kyushu. The high genetic differentiation among the 12 populations (0.331) might be due to past invasion and expansion routes of PWN in northeastern and southeastern Kyushu. The distinct genetic composition of populations within the northwestern, central western, and southwestern Kyushu seems to be mostly related to the extinction of pine forests and long-range migration of PWN due to human activity. Overall, direct long PCR and sequencing of single nematode individuals are effective methods for investigating mitochondrial polymorphisms, and these are effective tools for PWN population genetics and other intraspecific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyong Zhang
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Erika Okii
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Susumu Shiraishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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16
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Prendecki M, Florczak-Wyspianska J, Kowalska M, Ilkowski J, Grzelak T, Bialas K, Wiszniewska M, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Biothiols and oxidative stress markers and polymorphisms of TOMM40 and APOC1 genes in Alzheimer's disease patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35207-35225. [PMID: 30443289 PMCID: PMC6219666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease, with frequently observed improper biothiols turnover, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH). GSH protects cells from oxidative stress and may be determined by 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo2dG) level and its repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). The presence of unfavorable alleles, e.g., in APOE cluster, TOMM40 or APOC1 is known to facilitate the dementia onset under oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to analyze rs1052452, rs2075650 TOMM40 polymorphisms, rs4420638 APOC1, and their correlation with Hcy, GSH, 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 levels in plasma of AD patients and controls. We recruited 230 individuals: 88 AD, 80 controls without (UC), 62 controls with (RC) positive family history of AD. The TOMM40 genotype was determined by HRM and capillary electrophoresis, while APOC1 by HRM. The concentrations of OGG1, 8-oxo2dG were determined by ELISA, whereas Hcy, GSH by HPLC/EC. We showed that over 60% of AD patients had increased Hcy levels (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC), while GSH (p<0.01 vs. UC), 8-oxo2dG (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC) were reduced. Minor variants: rs10524523-L, rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G were significantly overrepresented in AD. For rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G variants, the association remained significant in APOE E4 non-carriers. The misbalance of analyzed biothiols, and 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 were more pronounced in carriers of major variants: rs10524523-S/VL, rs4420638-A, rs2075650-A. We showed, for the first time, that APOC1 and TOMM40 rs2075650 polymorphisms may be independent risk factors of developing AD, whose major variants are accompanied by disruption of biothiols metabolism and inefficient removal of DNA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Prendecki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marta Kowalska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Ilkowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Teresa Grzelak
- Division of Biology of Civilization-Linked Diseases, Department of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bialas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wiszniewska
- Faculty of Health Care, Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila, Pila, Poland.,Department of Neurology, Specialistic Hospital in Pila, Pila, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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17
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Nishimura A, Nonomura H, Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Maruyama Y, Aritomi Y, Saunders AM, Burns DK, Lutz MW, Runyan G, Lai E, Budur K, Roses AD. Characterization of APOE and TOMM40 allele frequencies in the Japanese population. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:524-530. [PMID: 29124110 PMCID: PMC5671626 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Dementia is one of the major health threats to our aging society, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause. In Japan, ∼15% of the elderly population has dementia. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and a polymorphism (rs10524523) in the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) gene have been associated with the age of onset of AD. However, differences in allele frequencies of these markers in different ethnic populations are not well known. Methods Whole blood samples were collected from 300 Japanese subjects, and genomic DNA was extracted to determine APOE alleles and TOMM40 rs10524523 genotypes. Results Our results indicated that the APOE ε3–TOMM40′523 short haplotype is less frequent in Japanese subjects than in Caucasians, whereas the APOE ε3–TOMM40′523 long and APOE ε3–TOMM40′523 very long haplotypes are more frequent in Japanese subjects than in Caucasians. We also showed that the APOE ε4–TOMM40′523 short haplotype, which was noted to be frequently observed in African Americans, was also found in the Japanese population, although it is extremely rare in the Caucasian population. Discussion A biomarker risk assignment algorithm, using a combination of APOE, TOMM40′523 genotype, and age, has been developed to assign near-term risk for developing the onset of mild cognitive impairment due to AD and is being used as an enrichment tool in an ongoing delay-of-onset clinical trial. Understanding the characterization of APOE and TOMM40 allele frequencies in the Japanese population is the first step in developing a risk algorithm for AD research and clinical applications for AD prevention in Japan. Linkage between the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40′523) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele differs depending on the population. The APOE ε3–TOMM40′523 short haplotype is less frequent in the Japanese population than in Caucasian ones. The APOE ε3–TOMM40′523 long and very long haplotypes are more frequent in the Japanese population than in Caucasian ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuka Maruyama
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Grant Runyan
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Eric Lai
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Kumar Budur
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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18
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Yu L, Lutz MW, Wilson RS, Burns DK, Roses AD, Saunders AM, Yang J, Gaiteri C, De Jager PL, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. APOE ε4-TOMM40 '523 haplotypes and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in older Caucasian and African Americans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180356. [PMID: 28672022 PMCID: PMC5495438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of linkage between the ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and '523 poly-T alleles in the adjacent gene, TOMM40, differ between Caucasian and African Americans. The extent to which this difference affects the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear. We compared the APOE ε4-TOMM40 '523 haplotypes between older Caucasian and African Americans, and examined their relationship with AD dementia. Data came from three community based cohort studies of diverse participants. APOE genotypes were determined by polymorphisms of rs429358 and rs7412. TOMM40 '523 genotypes were defined by the poly-T repeat length of rs10524523 (short ['523-S]: poly-T ≤ 19, long ['523-L]: 20 ≤ poly-T ≤ 29, and very long ['523-VL]: poly-T ≥ 30). Cox proportional hazards models examined the effect of haplotype variation on the risk of incident AD dementia. A total of 1,848 Caucasian and 540 African American individuals were included in the study. In Caucasians, nearly none (0.8%) of the non-ε4 carriers and almost all (94.2%) of the ε4 carriers had '523-L. The classification was highly concordant. Each ε4 allele doubled the risk for AD dementia and the dose effect was evident. Almost identical effect size and effect pattern were observed for TOMM40 '523-L. In African Americans, nearly none (1.1%) of the non-ε4 carriers had '523-L, but only 47.8% of the ε4 carriers had '523-L. The concordance was weaker compared with Caucasians. The effect patterns on incident AD dementia differed distinctively between ε4 and '523-L carriers. Further, both genotypic and allelic data support that among African Americans the ε4-'523-L haplotype had stronger effect on risk of AD dementia than other ε4-'523 haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allen D. Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chris Gaiteri
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Chiba-Falek O, Lutz MW. Towards precision medicine in Alzheimer's disease: deciphering genetic data to establish informative biomarkers. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017; 2:47-55. [PMID: 28944295 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1286227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing biomarker tools for identification of individuals at high-risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is important for prognosis and early treatment. This review focuses on genetic factors and their potential role for precision medicine in LOAD. AREAS COVERED APOEe4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for non-Mendelian LOAD, and the APOE-linkage disequilibrium (LD) region has produced the most significant association signal in multi-center genome-wide-association-studies (GWAS). Consideration of extended haplotypes in the APOE-LD region and specifically, non-coding variants in putative enhancer elements, such as the TOMM40-polyT, in-addition to the coding variants that comprise the APOE-genotypes, may be useful for predicting subjects at high-risk of developing LOAD and estimating age-of-onset of early disease-stage symptoms. A genetic-biomarker based on APOE-TOMM40-polyT haplotypes, and age is currently applied in a clinical trial for prevention/delay of LOAD onset. Additionally, we discuss LOAD-GWAS discoveries and the development of new genetic risk scores based on LOAD-GWAS findings other than the APOE-LD region. EXPERT COMMENTARY Deciphering the precise causal genetic-variants within LOAD-GWAS regions will advance the development of genetic-biomarkers to complement and refine the APOE-LD region based prediction model. Collectively, the genetic-biomarkers will be translational for early diagnosis and enrichment of clinical trials with subjects at high-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Cacabelos R, Torrellas C, Teijido O, Carril JC. Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1041-74. [PMID: 27291247 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The practical pharmacogenetics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is circumscribed to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and memantine. However, pharmacogenetic procedures should be applied to novel strategies in AD therapeutics including: novel AChEIs and neurotransmitter regulators, anti-Aβ treatments, anti-tau treatments, pleiotropic products, epigenetic drugs and combination therapies. Genes involved in the pharmacogenetic network are under the influence of the epigenetic machinery which regulates gene expression transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally, configuring the fundamentals of pharmacoepigenomics. Over 60% of AD patients present concomitant pathologies demanding additional treatments which increase the likelihood of drug-drug interactions. Lipid metabolism dysfunction is a pathogenic mechanism inherent to AD neurodegeneration. The therapeutic response to hypolipidemic compounds is influenced by the APOE and CYP genotypes. The development of novel compounds and the use of combination/multifactorial treatments require the implantation of pharmacogenomic procedures for the avoidance of ADRs and the optimization of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.,EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Oscar Teijido
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
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Roses A, Sundseth S, Saunders A, Gottschalk W, Burns D, Lutz M. Understanding the genetics of APOE and TOMM40 and role of mitochondrial structure and function in clinical pharmacology of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:687-94. [PMID: 27154058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The methodology of Genome-Wide Association Screening (GWAS) has been applied for more than a decade. Translation to clinical utility has been limited, especially in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It has become standard practice in the analyses of more than two dozen AD GWAS studies to exclude the apolipoprotein E (APOE) region because of its extraordinary statistical support, unique thus far in complex human diseases. New genes associated with AD are proposed frequently based on SNPs associated with odds ratio (OR) < 1.2. Most of these SNPs are not located within the associated gene exons or introns but are located variable distances away. Often pathologic hypotheses for these genes are presented, with little or no experimental support. By eliminating the analyses of the APOE-TOMM40 linkage disequilibrium region, the relationship and data of several genes that are co-located in that LD region have been largely ignored. Early negative interpretations limited the interest of understanding the genetic data derived from GWAS, particularly regarding the TOMM40 gene. This commentary describes the history and problem(s) in interpretation of the genetic interrogation of the "APOE" region and provides insight into a metabolic mitochondrial basis for the etiology of AD using both APOE and TOMM40 genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Semillon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Scott Sundseth
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Semillon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann Saunders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Semillon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Gottschalk
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Semillon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dan Burns
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Semillon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Semillon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Wennberg AMV, Spira AP, Pettigrew C, Soldan A, Zipunnikov V, Rebok GW, Roses AD, Lutz MW, Miller MM, Thambisetty M, Albert MS. Blood glucose levels and cortical thinning in cognitively normal, middle-aged adults. J Neurol Sci 2016; 365:89-95. [PMID: 27206882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) increases risk for cognitive decline and is associated with brain atrophy in older demented and non-demented individuals. We investigated (1) the cross-sectional association between fasting blood glucose level and cortical thickness in a sample of largely middle-aged, cognitively normal adults, and (2) whether these associations were modified by genes associated with both lipid processing and dementia. To explore possible modifications by genetic status, we investigated the interaction between blood glucose levels and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOMM) 40 '523 genotype on cortical thickness. Cortical thickness measures were based on mean thickness in a subset of a priori-selected brain regions hypothesized to be vulnerable to atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (i.e., 'AD vulnerable regions'). Participants included 233 cognitively normal subjects in the BIOCARD study who had a measure of fasting blood glucose and cortical thickness measures, quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, depression, and medical conditions, higher blood glucose was associated with thinner parahippocampal gyri (B=-0.002; 95% CI -0.004, -0.0004) and temporal pole (B=-0.002; 95% CI -0.004, -0.0001), as well as reduced average thickness over AD vulnerable regions (B=-0.001; 95% CI -0.002, -0.0001). There was no evidence for greater cortical thinning in ε4 carriers of the APOE gene or in APOE ε3/3 individuals carrying the TOMM40 VL/VL genotypes. When individuals with glucose levels in the diabetic range (≥126mg/dL), were excluded from the analysis, the associations between glucose levels and cortical thickness were no longer significant. These findings suggest that glucose levels in the diabetic range are associated with reduced cortical thickness in AD vulnerable regions as early as middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M V Wennberg
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, 2024 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Vadim Zipunnikov
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, 2024 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, 2024 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Allen D Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, 8 Searle Center Dr., Durham, NC 27703, United States.
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, 8 Searle Center Dr., Durham, NC 27703, United States.
| | - Michael M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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23
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Roses AD, Akkari PA, Chiba-Falek O, Lutz MW, Gottschalk WK, Saunders AM, Saul B, Sundseth S, Burns D. Structural variants can be more informative for disease diagnostics, prognostics and translation than current SNP mapping and exon sequencing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:135-47. [PMID: 26727306 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1133586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this article we discuss several human neurological diseases and their relationship to specific highly polymorphic small structural variants (SVs). Unlike genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), this methodology is not a genome screen to define new possibly associated genes, requiring statistical corrections for a million association tests. SVs provide local mapping information at a specific locus. Used with phylogenetic analysis, the specific association of length variants can be mapped and recognized. AREAS COVERED This experimental strategy provides identification of DNA variants, particularly variable length Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs or STRs or microsatellites) that provide specific local association data at the SV locus. Phylogenetic analysis that includes the specific appearance of different length SV variations can differentiate specific phenotypic risks in a population such as age of onset related to variable length polymorphisms and risk of phenotypic variations associated with several adjacent structural variations (SVs). We focus on data for three recent examples associated with Alzheimer's disease, Levy Bodies, and Parkinson's disease. EXPERT OPINION SVs are understudied, but have led directly to mechanism of pathogenesis studies involving the regulation of gene expression. The identification of specific length polymorphisms associated with clinical disease has led to translational advances and new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Roses
- a Department of Neurology and Neurosciences , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.,b Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | | | - Michael W Lutz
- d Department of Neurology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | | | | | - Bob Saul
- e Polymorphic DNA , Alameda , CA , USA
| | - Scott Sundseth
- f Caberner Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Daniel Burns
- g Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Raleigh-Durham , NC , USA
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Payton A, Sindrewicz P, Pessoa V, Platt H, Horan M, Ollier W, Bubb VJ, Pendleton N, Quinn JP. A TOMM40 poly-T variant modulates gene expression and is associated with vocabulary ability and decline in nonpathologic aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 39:217.e1-7. [PMID: 26742953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Translocase of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40 Homolog and Apolipoprotein E (TOMM40-APOE) locus has been associated with a number of age-related phenotypes in humans including nonpathologic cognitive aging, late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and longevity. Here, we investigate the influence of the TOMM40 intron 6 poly-T variant (rs10524523) on TOMM40 gene expression and cognitive abilities and decline in a cohort of 1613 community-dwelling elderly volunteers who had been followed for changes in cognitive functioning over a period of 14 years (range = 12-18 years). We showed that the shorter length poly-T variants were found to act as a repressor of luciferase gene expression in reporter gene constructs. Expression was reduced to approximately half of that observed for the very long variant. We further observed that the shorter poly-T variant was significantly associated with reduced vocabulary ability and a slower rate of vocabulary decline with age compared to the very long poly-T variants. No significant associations were observed for memory, fluid intelligence or processing speed, although the direction of effect, where the short variant was correlated with reduced ability and slower rate of decline was observed for all tests. Our results indicate that the poly-T variant has the ability to interact with transcription machinery and differentially modulate reporter gene expression and influence vocabulary ability and decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Payton
- Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - P Sindrewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - V Pessoa
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Platt
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Horan
- Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - W Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - V J Bubb
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Pendleton
- Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J P Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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26
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Lyall DM, Muñoz Maniega S, Harris SE, Bastin ME, Murray C, Lutz MW, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Valdés Hernández MDC, Royle NA, Starr JM, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, Wardlaw JM. APOE/TOMM40 genetic loci, white matter hyperintensities, and cerebral microbleeds. Int J Stroke 2015; 10:1297-300. [PMID: 26310205 PMCID: PMC4950052 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Two markers of cerebral small vessel disease are white matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds, which commonly occur in people with Alzheimer's disease. Aim and/or hypothesis To test for independent associations between two Alzheimer's disease‐susceptibility gene loci – APOE ε and the TOMM40 ‘523’ poly‐T repeat – and white matter hyperintensities/cerebral microbleed burden in community‐dwelling older adults. Methods Participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 underwent genotyping for APOE ε and TOMM40 523, and detailed structural brain magnetic resonance imaging at a mean age of 72·70 years (standard deviation = 0·7; range = 71–74). Results No significant effects of APOE ε or TOMM40 523 genotypes on white matter hyperintensities or cerebral microbleed burden were found amongst 624 participants. Conclusions Lack of association between two Alzheimer's disease susceptibility gene loci and markers of cerebral small vessel disease may reflect the relative health of this population compared with those in other studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Lyall
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria del C Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease in clinical trials. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:127-38. [PMID: 26721364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to be the most common cause of dementia and is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Current treatment of the disease, essentially symptomatic, is based on three cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, affecting the glutamatergic system. Since 2003, no new drugs have been approved for treatment of AD. This article presents current directions in the search for novel, potentially effective agents for the treatment of AD, as well as selected promising treatment strategies. These include agents acting upon the beta-amyloid, such as vaccines, antibodies and inhibitors or modulators of γ- and β-secretase; agents directed against the tau protein as well as compounds acting as antagonists of neurotransmitter systems (serotoninergic 5-HT6 and histaminergic H3). Ongoing clinical trials with Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, gantenerumab, crenezumab) seem to be promising, while vaccines against the tau protein (AADvac1 and ACI-35) are now in early-stage trials. Interesting results have also been achieved in trials involving small molecules such as inhibitors of β-secretase (MK-8931, E2609), a combination of 5-HT6 antagonist (idalopirdine) with donepezil, inhibition of advanced glycation end product receptors by azeliragon or modulation of the acetylcholine response of α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by encenicline. Development of new effective drugs acting upon the central nervous system is usually a difficult and time-consuming process, and in the case of AD to-date clinical trials have had a very high failure rate. Most phase II clinical trials ending with a positive outcome do not succeed in phase III, often due to serious adverse effects or lack of therapeutic efficacy.
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Cacabelos R, Torrellas C, Carrera I. Opportunities in pharmacogenomics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In Alzheimer's disease (AD), approximately 10–20% of direct costs are associated with pharmacological treatment. Pharmacogenomics account for 30–90% variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Genes potentially involved in the pharmacogenomics outcome include pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter and pleiotropic genes. Over 75% of the Caucasian population is defective for the CYP2D6+2C9+2C19 cluster. Polymorphic variants in the APOE-TOMM40 region influence AD pharmacogenomics. APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders and APOE-3 carriers are the best responders to conventional treatments. TOMM40 poly T-S/S carriers are the best responders, VL/VL and S/VL carriers are intermediate responders and L/L carriers are the worst responders. The haplotype 4/4-L/L is probably responsible for early onset of the disease, a faster cognitive decline and a poor response to different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Camilo José Cela University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692-Madrid, Spain
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Clara Torrellas
- Camilo José Cela University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692-Madrid, Spain
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- Camilo José Cela University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692-Madrid, Spain
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
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29
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Counterpoint: Risk factors, including genetic information, add value in stratifying patients for optimal preventive dental care. J Am Dent Assoc 2015; 146:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Helisalmi S, Hall A, Meriläinen EH, Väisänen V, Koivisto AM, Herukka SK, Laitinen M, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. The effect of TOMM40 poly-T repeat lengths on age of onset and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Finnish Alzheimer's disease patients. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:204-8. [PMID: 25500937 DOI: 10.1159/000367994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-T repeat lengths of rs10524523 in TOMM40 together with APOE polymorphism have been reported to affect the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and the age of onset (AOO). OBJECTIVE To explore whether the AOO and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau are associated with different repeat lengths. METHODS We conducted both the fragment and sequencing analysis of rs10524523 in 336 LOAD patients with a known APOE genotype. RESULTS AOO and Aβ42 levels associated significantly with certain poly-T repeat lengths of rs10524523 in LOAD patients encompassing APOE 34/44 genotype. CONCLUSION We conclude that the poly-T repeat associations of rs10524523 in TOMM40 reflect the APOE ε4-dependent association in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Roses AD, Lutz MW, Saunders AM, Goldgaber D, Saul R, Sundseth SS, Akkari PA, Roses SM, Gottschalk WK, Whitfield KE, Vostrov AA, Hauser MA, Allingham RR, Burns DK, Chiba-Falek O, Welsh-Bohmer KA. African-American TOMM40'523-APOE haplotypes are admixture of West African and Caucasian alleles. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:592-601.e2. [PMID: 25260913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated a lower apolipoprotein E4 (APOE ε4) allele frequency in African-Americans, but yet an increased age-related prevalence of AD. An algorithm for prevention clinical trials incorporating TOMM40'523 (Translocase of Outer Mitochondria Membrane) and APOE depends on accurate TOMM40'523-APOE haplotypes. METHODS We have compared the APOE and TOMM40'523 phased haplotype frequencies of a 9.5 kb TOMM40/APOE genomic region in West African, Caucasian, and African-American cohorts. RESULTS African-American haplotype frequency scans of poly-T lengths connected in phase with either APOE ε4 or APOE ε3 differ from both West Africans and Caucasians and represent admixture of several distinct West African and Caucasian haplotypes. A new West African TOMM40'523 haplotype, with APOE ε4 connected to a short TOMM40'523 allele, is observed in African-Americans but not Caucasians. CONCLUSION These data have therapeutic implications for the age of onset risk algorithm estimates and the design of a prevention trial for African-Americans or other mixed ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Roses
- Duke University Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals Inc, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Cabernet Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Duke University Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Duke University Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dmitry Goldgaber
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert Saul
- Polymorphic DNA Technologies, Alameda, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie M Roses
- Duke University Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Kirby Gottschalk
- Duke University Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Alexander A Vostrov
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Duke University Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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The TOMM40 poly-T rs10524523 variant is associated with cognitive performance among non-demented elderly with type 2 diabetes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1492-9. [PMID: 25044051 PMCID: PMC5753419 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The variable length poly-T, rs10524523 ('523') located within the TOMM40 gene, was recently associated with several phenotypes of cognitive function. The short (S) allele is associated with later AD onset age and better cognitive performance, compared to the longer alleles (long and very-long (VL)). There is strong linkage disequilibrium between variants in the TOMM40 and APOE genes. In this study, we investigated the effect of '523' on cognitive performance in a sample of cognitively normal Jewish elderly with type 2 diabetes, a group at particularly high risk for cognitive impairment. Using a MANCOVA procedure, we compared homozygous carriers of the S/S allele (N=179) to carriers of the VL/VL allele (N=152), controlling for demographic and cardiovascular covariates. The S/S group performed better than the VL/VL group (p=0.048), specifically in the executive function (p=0.04) and episodic memory (p=0.050) domains. These results suggest that previous findings of an association of the TOMM40 short allele with better cognitive performance, independently from the APOE variant status, are pertinent to elderly with diabetes.
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Linnertz C, Anderson L, Gottschalk W, Crenshaw D, Lutz MW, Allen J, Saith S, Mihovilovic M, Burke JR, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Roses AD, Chiba-Falek O. The cis-regulatory effect of an Alzheimer's disease-associated poly-T locus on expression of TOMM40 and apolipoprotein E genes. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:541-51. [PMID: 24439168 PMCID: PMC4098029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.08.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the genomic region spanning the Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40-kD (TOMM40) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes, that has been associated with the risk and age of onset of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) to determine whether a highly polymorphic, intronic poly-T within this region (rs10524523; hereafter, 523) affects expression of the APOE and TOMM40 genes. Alleles of this locus are classified as S, short; L, long; and VL, very long based on the number of T residues. METHODS We evaluated differences in APOE messenger RNA (mRNA) and TOMM40 mRNA levels as a function of the 523 genotype in two brain regions from APOE ε3/ε3 white autopsy-confirmed LOAD cases and normal controls. We further investigated the effect of the 523 locus in its native genomic context using a luciferase expression system. RESULTS The expression of both genes was significantly increased with disease. Mean expression of APOE and TOMM40 mRNA levels were higher in VL homozygotes compared with S homozygotes in the temporal and occipital cortexes from normal and LOAD cases. Results of a luciferase reporter system were consistent with the human brain mRNA analysis; the 523 VL poly-T resulted in significantly higher expression than the S poly-T. Although the effect of poly-T length on reporter expression was the same in HepG2 hepatoma and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, the magnitude of the effect was greater in the neuroblastoma than in the hepatoma cells, which implies tissue-specific modulation of the 523 poly-T. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the 523 locus may contribute to LOAD susceptibility by modulating the expression of TOMM40 and/or APOE transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton Linnertz
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Anderson
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William Gottschalk
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donna Crenshaw
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jawara Allen
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sunita Saith
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mirta Mihovilovic
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James R Burke
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Neurology at the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Neurology, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Are APOE ɛ genotype and TOMM40 poly-T repeat length associations with cognitive ageing mediated by brain white matter tract integrity? Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e449. [PMID: 25247594 PMCID: PMC4203017 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in the APOE ɛ and TOMM40 '523' poly-T repeat gene loci have been associated with significantly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. This study investigated the independent effects of these polymorphisms on human cognitive ageing, and the extent to which nominally significant associations with cognitive ageing were mediated by previously reported genetic associations with brain white matter tract integrity in this sample. Most participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 completed a reasoning-type intelligence test at age 11 years, and detailed cognitive/physical assessments and structural diffusion tensor brain magnetic resonance imaging at a mean age of 72.70 years (s.d.=0.74). Participants were genotyped for APOE ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 status and TOMM40 523 poly-T repeat length. Data were available from 758-814 subjects for cognitive analysis, and 522-543 for mediation analysis with brain imaging data. APOE genotype was significantly associated with performance on several different tests of cognitive ability, including general factors of intelligence, information processing speed and memory (raw P-values all<0.05), independently of childhood IQ and vascular disease history. Formal tests of mediation showed that several significant APOE-cognitive ageing associations--particularly those related to tests of information processing speed--were partially mediated by white matter tract integrity. TOMM40 523 genotype was not associated with cognitive ageing. A range of brain phenotypes are likely to form the anatomical basis for significant associations between APOE genotype and cognitive ageing, including white matter tract microstructural integrity.
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Swerdlow RH, Burns JM, Khan SM. The Alzheimer's disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1219-31. [PMID: 24071439 PMCID: PMC3962811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago we first proposed the Alzheimer's disease (AD) mitochondrial cascade hypothesis. This hypothesis maintains that gene inheritance defines an individual's baseline mitochondrial function; inherited and environmental factors determine rates at which mitochondrial function changes over time; and baseline mitochondrial function and mitochondrial change rates influence AD chronology. Our hypothesis unequivocally states in sporadic, late-onset AD, mitochondrial function affects amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, APP processing, or beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and argues if an amyloid cascade truly exists, mitochondrial function triggers it. We now review the state of the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, and discuss it in the context of recent AD biomarker studies, diagnostic criteria, and clinical trials. Our hypothesis predicts that biomarker changes reflect brain aging, new AD definitions clinically stage brain aging, and removing brain Aβ at any point will marginally impact cognitive trajectories. Our hypothesis, therefore, offers unique perspective into what sporadic, late-onset AD is and how to best treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Lyall DM, Harris SE, Bastin ME, Muñoz Maniega S, Murray C, Lutz MW, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Valdés Hernández MDC, Royle NA, Starr JM, Porteous DJ, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes APOE and TOMM40, and brain white matter integrity in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1513.e25-33. [PMID: 24508314 PMCID: PMC3969262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε genotype has previously been significantly associated with cognitive, brain imaging, and Alzheimer's disease-related phenotypes (e.g., age of onset). In the TOMM40 gene, the rs10524523 (“523”) variable length poly-T repeat polymorphism has more recently been associated with similar ph/enotypes, although the allelic directions of these associations have varied between initial reports. Using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography, the present study aimed to investigate whether there are independent effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and TOMM40 genotypes on human brain white matter integrity in a community-dwelling sample of older adults, the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (mean age = 72.70 years, standard deviation = 0.74, N approximately = 640–650; for most analyses). Some nominally significant effects were observed (i.e., covariate-adjusted differences between genotype groups at p < 0.05). For APOE, deleterious effects of ε4 “risk” allele presence (vs. absence) were found in the right ventral cingulum and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus. To test for biologically independent effects of the TOMM40 523 repeat, participants were stratified into APOE genotype subgroups, so that any significant effects could not be attributed to APOE variation. In participants with the APOE ε3/ε4 genotype, effects of TOMM40 523 status were found in the left uncinate fasciculus, left rostral cingulum, left ventral cingulum, and a general factor of white matter integrity. In all 4 of these tractography measures, carriers of the TOMM40 523 “short” allele showed lower white matter integrity when compared with carriers of the “long” and “very-long” alleles. Most of these effects survived correction for childhood intelligence test scores and vascular disease history, though only the effect of TOMM40 523 on the left ventral cingulum integrity survived correction for false discovery rate. The effects of APOE in this older population are more specific and restricted compared with those reported in previous studies, and the effects of TOMM40 on white matter integrity appear to be novel, although replication is required in large independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Lyall
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Department of Neurology, Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Department of Neurology, Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria del C Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Roses AD, Saunders AM, Lutz MW, Zhang N, Hariri AR, Asin KE, Crenshaw DG, Budur K, Burns DK, Brannan SK. New applications of disease genetics and pharmacogenetics to drug development. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 14:81-9. [PMID: 24565016 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TOMMORROW is a Phase III delay of onset clinical trial to determine whether low doses of pioglitazone, a molecule that induces mitochondrial doubling, delays the onset of MCI-AD in normal subjects treated with low dose compared to placebo. BOLD imaging studies in rodents and man were used to find the dose that increases oxygen consumption at central regions of the brain in higher proportion than activation of large corticol regions. The trial is made practical by the use of a pharmacogenetic algorithm based on TOMM40 and APOE genotypes and age to identify normal subjects at high risk of MCI-AD between the ages of 65-83 years within a five year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Roses
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, NC, United States; Duke University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, State College, PA, United States
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Karen E Asin
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | | | - Kumar Budur
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | - Daniel K Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, NC, United States
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38
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Davies G, Harris SE, Reynolds CA, Payton A, Knight HM, Liewald DC, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Gow AJ, Corley J, Henderson R, Murray C, Pattie A, Fox HC, Redmond P, Lutz MW, Chiba-Falek O, Linnertz C, Saith S, Haggarty P, McNeill G, Ke X, Ollier W, Horan M, Roses AD, Ponting CP, Porteous DJ, Tenesa A, Pickles A, Starr JM, Whalley LJ, Pedersen NL, Pendleton N, Visscher PM, Deary IJ. A genome-wide association study implicates the APOE locus in nonpathological cognitive ageing. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19. [PMID: 23207651 PMCID: PMC7321835 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a feared aspect of growing old. It is a major contributor to lower quality of life and loss of independence in old age. We investigated the genetic contribution to individual differences in nonpathological cognitive ageing in five cohorts of older adults. We undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 549 692 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3511 unrelated adults in the Cognitive Ageing Genetics in England and Scotland (CAGES) project. These individuals have detailed longitudinal cognitive data from which phenotypes measuring each individual's cognitive changes were constructed. One SNP--rs2075650, located in TOMM40 (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog)--had a genome-wide significant association with cognitive ageing (P=2.5 × 10(-8)). This result was replicated in a meta-analysis of three independent Swedish cohorts (P=2.41 × 10(-6)). An Apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype (adjacent to TOMM40), previously associated with cognitive ageing, had a significant effect on cognitive ageing in the CAGES sample (P=2.18 × 10(-8); females, P=1.66 × 10(-11); males, P=0.01). Fine SNP mapping of the TOMM40/APOE region identified both APOE (rs429358; P=3.66 × 10(-11)) and TOMM40 (rs11556505; P=2.45 × 10(-8)) as loci that were associated with cognitive ageing. Imputation and conditional analyses in the discovery and replication cohorts strongly suggest that this effect is due to APOE (rs429358). Functional genomic analysis indicated that SNPs in the TOMM40/APOE region have a functional, regulatory non-protein-coding effect. The APOE region is significantly associated with nonpathological cognitive ageing. The identity and mechanism of one or multiple causal variants remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Helen M Knight
- CGAT, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alan J Gow
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ross Henderson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Catherine Murray
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Helen C. Fox
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Paul Redmond
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Colton Linnertz
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sunita Saith
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Paul Haggarty
- Nutrition and Epigenetics Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Geraldine McNeill
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Xiayi Ke
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Michael Horan
- School of Community-Based Medicine, Neurodegeneration Research Group, University of Manchester, Clinical sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD
| | - Allen D Roses
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA,Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chris P Ponting
- CGAT, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Albert Tenesa
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Psychiatry Room S 2.03, Kings College London
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lawrence J Whalley
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Neil Pendleton
- School of Community-Based Medicine, Neurodegeneration Research Group, University of Manchester, Clinical sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
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39
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Gottschalk WK, Lutz MW, He YT, Saunders AM, Burns DK, Roses AD, Chiba-Falek O. The Broad Impact of TOM40 on Neurodegenerative Diseases in Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 25745640 DOI: 10.13188/2376-922x.1000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's spectrum disorders. A polymorphism in Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane - 40 kD (TOMM40) is associated with risk and age-of onset of late-onset AD, and is the only nuclear- encoded gene identified in genetic studies to date that presumably contributes to LOAD-related mitochondria dysfunction. In this review, we describe the TOM40-mediated mitochondrial protein import mechanism, and discuss the evidence linking TOM40 with Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. All but 36 of the >~1,500 mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, and most of these are imported into mitochondria through the TOM complex, of which TOM40 is the central pore, mediating communication between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial interior. APP enters and obstructs the TOM40 pore, inhibiting import of OXPHOS-related proteins and disrupting the mitochondrial redox balance. Other pathogenic proteins, such as Aβ and alpha-synuclein, readily pass through the pore and cause toxic effects by directly inhibiting mitochondrial enzymes. Healthy mitochondria normally import and degrade the PD-related protein Pink1, but Pink1 exits mitochondria if the membrane potential collapses and initiates Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Under normal circumstances, this process helps clear dysfunctional mitochondria and contributes to cellular health, but PINK1 mutations associated with PD exit mitochondria with intact membrane potentials, disrupting mitochondrial dynamics, leading to pathology. Thus, TOM40 plays a central role in the mitochondrial dysfunction that underlies age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Learning about the factors that control TOM40 levels and activity, and how TOM40, specifically, and the TOM complex, generally, interacts with potentially pathogenic proteins, will provide deeper insights to AD and PD pathogenesis, and possibly new targets for preventative and/or therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Gottschalk
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yu Ting He
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Allen D Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Polymorphism in the TOMM40 gene modifies the risk of developing sporadic inclusion body myositis and the age of onset of symptoms. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 23:969-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lyall DM, Royle NA, Harris SE, Bastin ME, Maniega SM, Murray C, Lutz MW, Saunders AM, Roses AD, del Valdés Hernández MC, Starr JM, Porteous DJ, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes APOE and TOMM40, and hippocampal volumes in the Lothian birth cohort 1936. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80513. [PMID: 24260406 PMCID: PMC3829876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE ε and TOMM40 rs10524523 (‘523’) variable length poly-T repeat gene loci have been significantly and independently associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related phenotypes such as age of clinical onset. Hippocampal atrophy has been significantly associated with memory impairment, a characteristic of AD. The current study aimed to test for independent effects of APOE ε and TOMM40 ‘523’ genotypes on hippocampal volumes as assessed by brain structural MRI in a relatively large sample of community-dwelling older adults. As part of a longitudinal study of cognitive ageing, participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 underwent genotyping for APOE ε2/ε3/ε4 status and TOMM40 ‘523’ poly-T repeat length, and detailed structural brain MRI at a mean age of 72.7 years (standard deviation = 0.7, N range = 624 to 636). No significant effects of APOE ε or TOMM40 523 genotype were found on hippocampal volumes when analysed raw, or when adjusted for either intracranial or total brain tissue volumes. In summary, in a large community-dwelling sample of older adults, we found no effects of APOE ε or TOMM40 523 genotypes on hippocampal volumes. This is discrepant with some previous reports of significant association between APOE and left/right hippocampal volumes, and instead echoes other reports that found no association. Previous significant findings may partly reflect type 1 error. Future studies should carefully consider: 1) their specific techniques in adjusting for brain size; 2) assessing more detailed sub-divisions of the hippocampal formation; and 3) testing whether significant APOE-hippocampal associations are independent of generalised brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Lyall
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. Lutz
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Saunders
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allen D. Roses
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria C. del Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David. J. Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dhillon VS, Fenech M. Mutations that affect mitochondrial functions and their association with neurodegenerative diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2013; 759:1-13. [PMID: 24055911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for mammalian and human cell function as they generate ATP via aerobic respiration. The proteins required in the electron transport chain are mainly encoded by the circular mitochondrial genome but other essential mitochondrial proteins such as DNA repair genes, are coded in the nuclear genome and require transport into the mitochondria. In this review we summarize current knowledge on the association of point mutations and deletions in the mitochondrial genome that are detrimental to mitochondrial function and are associated with accelerated ageing and neurological disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the nuclear encoded genes that disrupt mitochondrial functions are also discussed. It is evident that a greater understanding of the causes of mutations that adversely affect mitochondrial metabolism is required to develop preventive measures against accelerated ageing and neurological disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinderpal S Dhillon
- Preventative-Health Flagship, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Preventative-Health Flagship, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Crenshaw DG, Gottschalk WK, Lutz MW, Grossman I, Saunders AM, Burke JR, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Brannan SK, Burns DK, Roses AD. Using genetics to enable studies on the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 93:177-85. [PMID: 23249780 PMCID: PMC4131283 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Curing Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains an elusive goal; indeed, it may even prove to be impossible, given the nature of the disease. Although modulating disease progression is an attractive target and will alleviate the burden of the most severe stages, this strategy will not reduce the prevalence of the disease itself. Preventing or (as described in this article) delaying the onset of cognitive impairment and AD will provide the greatest benefit to individuals and society by pushing the onset of disease into the later years of life. Because of the high variability in the age of onset of the disease, AD prevention studies that do not stratify participants by age-dependent disease risk will be operationally challenging, being large in size and of long duration. We present a composite genetic biomarker to stratify disease risk so as to facilitate clinical studies in high-risk populations. In addition, we discuss the rationale for the use of pioglitazone to delay the onset of AD in individuals at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Crenshaw
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Chiba-Falek O, Linnertz C, Guyton J, Gardner SD, Roses AD, McCarthy JJ, Patel K. Pleiotropy and allelic heterogeneity in the TOMM40-APOE genomic region related to clinical and metabolic features of hepatitis C infection. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1911-20. [PMID: 22898894 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates host lipid metabolism as part of its lifecycle and is dependent upon VLDL for co-assembly and secretion. HCV dyslipidemia is associated with steatosis, insulin resistance, IL28B genotype and disease progression. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an important lipid transport protein, a key constituent of VLDL, and is involved in immunomodulation. Our aims were to determine the role of APOE regional polymorphisms on host lipids, IL28B genotype and disease severity in chronic HCV (CHC) patients. The study cohort included 732 CHC patients with available DNA for genotype determination of four polymorphisms in the chromosome 19 region that encompasses the TOMM40, APOE and APOC1 genes. Serum lipid analysis and apolipoproteins levels were measured using an immunoturbidimetric assay. APOE rs7412 polymorphism (capturing the ε2 isoform) was significantly associated with serum ApoE levels in both Caucasians and African-American patients (p = 2.3 × 10(-11)) and explained 7 % of variance in serum ApoE. Among IL28B-CC patients (n = 196), the rs429358 (defines ε4 isoform) and TOMM40 '523' S polymorphisms were associated with 12 % of variance in ApoB levels. Patients homozygous for the APOE ε3 isoform had a greater than twofold increased odds of F2-F4 fibrosis (p = 1.8 × 10(-5)), independent of serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. There were no associations between APOE polymorphisms and serum HDL-C, APO-CIII and triglycerides. In CHC patients, genetic heterogeneity in the APOE/TOMM40 genomic region is significantly associated with variation in serum ApoE and ApoB levels, and also with fibrosis suggesting a pleiotropic attribute of this genomic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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