Alterations of the WNT7A gene in clear cell renal cell carcinomas

Molecular landscape of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma and is characterized by a complex molecular landscape driven by genetic and epigenetic alternations. Among the crucial signaling pathways implicated in ccRCC, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a significant role in tumor progression and prognosis. This review delves into the molecular basis of ccRCC, highlighting the genetic and epigenetic modifications that contribute to its pathogenesis. We explore the significance of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, focusing on its role in disease development, particularly the nuclear transport of β-catenin and its activation and downstream effects. Furthermore, we examine the role of antagonist genes in regulating this pathway within the context of ccRCC, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets. Dysregulation of this pathway, which is characterized by abnormal activation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, plays a significant role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. We explore the intricate molecular aspects of ccRCC, with a particular emphasis on this topic, underscoring the role of the pathway and emphasizing the importance and relevance of antagonist genes. Understanding the intricate interplay between these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing innovative strategies to improve ccRCC treatment and patient outcomes.

Renal cancer: signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapies

Renal cancer is a highlyheterogeneous malignancy characterized by rising global incidence and mortalityrates. The complex interplay and dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways,including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Hippo-yes-associated protein (YAP), Wnt/ß-catenin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met, contribute to theinitiation and progression of renal cancer. Although surgical resection is thestandard treatment for localized renal cancer, recurrence and metastasiscontinue to pose significant challenges. Advanced renal cancer is associatedwith a poor prognosis, and current therapies, such as targeted agents andimmunotherapies, have limitations. This review presents a comprehensiveoverview of the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant signaling pathways inrenal cancer, emphasizing their intricate crosstalk and synergisticinteractions. We discuss recent advancements in targeted therapies, includingtyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors.Moreover, we underscore the importance of multiomics approaches and networkanalysis in elucidating the complex regulatory networks governing renal cancerpathogenesis. By integrating cutting-edge research and clinical insights, this review contributesto the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, whichhave the potential to improve risk stratification, precision medicine, andultimately, patient outcomes in renal cancer.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, encompassing development, tissue homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Under normal physiological conditions, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is meticulously regulated. However, aberrant activation of this pathway and downstream target genes can occur due to mutations in key components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, epigenetic modifications, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Consequently, these dysregulations contribute significantly to tumor initiation and progression. Therapies targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling transduction have exhibited promising prospects and potential for tumor treatment. An increasing number of medications targeting this pathway are continuously being developed and validated. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the role played by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and targeted therapy, providing valuable insights into acknowledging current opportunities and challenges associated with targeting this signaling pathway in cancer research and treatment.

New insights into fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma

Fibrotic signaling plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of solid cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Intratumoral fibrosis (ITF) and pseudo-capsule (PC) fibrosis are significantly correlated to the disease progression of renal cell carcinoma. Targeting classic fibrotic signaling processes such as TGF-β signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) shows promising antitumor effects both preclinically and clinically. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma at molecular resolution can facilitate the development of precision therapies against solid cancers. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest updates on fibrotic signaling, from clinical correlation and molecular mechanisms to its therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma. Importantly, we examined the reported fibrotic signaling on the human renal cell carcinoma dataset at the transcriptome level with single-cell resolution to assess its translational potential in the clinic.

Intratumoral Fibrosis in Facilitating Renal Cancer Aggressiveness: Underlying Mechanisms and Promising Targets

Intratumoral fibrosis is a histologic manifestation of fibrotic tumor stroma. The interaction between cancer cells and fibrotic stroma is intricate and reciprocal, involving dysregulations from multiple biological processes. Different components of tumor stroma are implicated via distinct manners. In the kidney, intratumoral fibrosis is frequently observed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this review, we recapitulate evidence demonstrating how fibrotic stroma interacts with cancer cells and mechanisms shared between RCC tumorigenesis and renal fibrogenesis, providing promising targets for future studies.

Exogenous Expression of WNT7A in Leukemia-Derived Cell Lines Induces Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Agents

BACKGROUND

Dysregulations of the WNT pathway are implicated in the malignant transformation of different types of neoplasia. WNT7A is expressed in normal peripheral lymphocytes, but is decreased in the tumoral counterpart. Furthermore, the treatment of leukemic cells with recombinant WNT7A decreases proliferation, suggesting its possible use as a therapeutic biomolecule. This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant action of WNT7A and different chemotherapeutic agents over proliferation and cell death of leukemia/ lymphoma derived cell lines.

METHODS

Ectopic expression of WNT7A was induced in CEM and BJAB cell lines by using a lentiviral system. RNA expression was analyzed by microarrays and qPCR, and protein expression was determined by Western Blot. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting, metabolic activity by WST-1 assay, cell death and DNA content by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

WNT7A ectopic expression was shown to decrease cell proliferation, but the apoptosis rate of leukemic cells was not altered. Moreover, these cells acquired resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine and MG-132. Cell cycle analysis reveals a decrease in G1 and an increase in S and G2 phases with a further upregulation of senescence- associated genes. Microarray analysis reveals that most gene expression changes were related to cancer and metabolic associated pathways. All those changes appear to be independent of the WNT canonical pathway regulation.

CONCLUSION

WNT7A negatively regulates cell proliferation in leukemic cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapeutic agents by inducing a senescence-like phenotype independently of the WNT canonical pathway.

WNT7A Promotes EGF-Induced Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Activating β-Catenin/MMP9-Mediated Signaling

Aims and hypothesis

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to induce the migration of various cancer cells. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms for EGF-induced migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain to be elucidated. WNT7A, a member of the family of 19 Wnt secreted glycoproteins, is commonly associated with tumor development. It is mostly unknown whether and, if so, how EGF modulates WNT7A in OSCC cells. The role of WNT7A in OSCC was thus investigated to explore the underlying signaling mechanisms for EGF-induced migration of OSCC.

Methods

Cell migration was measured by Wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Western blotting was carried out to detect the expression of WNT7A, MMP9, β-catenin, p-AKT, and p-ERK. The cells were transfected with plasmids or siRNA to upregulate or downregulate the expression of WNT7A. The location of β-catenin was displayed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to confirm the relation between WNT7A expression and OSCC progression.

Results

The present study showed that the levels of WNT7A mRNA and protein were increased by EGF stimulation in OSCC cells. Besides, it was proved that p-AKT, but not p-ERK, mediated the expression of WNT7A protein induced by EGF. Furthermore, the inhibition of AKT activation prevented the EGF-induced increase of WNT7A and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) expression and translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Moreover, histological analysis of OSCC specimens revealed an association between WNT7A expression and poor clinical prognosis of the disease.

Conclusions

The data in this paper indicated that WNT7A could be a potential oncogene in OSCC and identified a novel PI3K/AKT/WNT7A/β-catenin/MMP9 signaling for EGF-induced migration of OSCC cells.

The study on copy number alteration of clear cell renal cancer in Chinese population

Objectives: Copy number alteration (CNA) is one of the important genetic variations. Although there are many studies on renal cancer CNA, few studies are based on the Chinese population. In our study, our objective is to acquire the whole-genome CNA landscape in Chinese population and explore the tumor risk-associated functional genes in the CNA regions, by detecting whole-genome in the clear cell renal cancer (ccRCC) tissues.

Methods: We enrolled 35 formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples, which were processed by Oncoscan assay, and then acquired the data of whole-genome CNA. Then genes annotation and enrichment analyzing were processed. Furthermore, the gene burden and the affected bp (base pair) per Mbp (million bp) regions in whole-genome were analyzed by comparison of different T stage affected by CNA.

Results: We acquired the whole-genome CNA landscape by Oncoscan detection, and found out the high-frequency CNA regions which were not reported in previous studies, for example, 11P11, 22q11.23, 20q11.3 (PDRG1), and Xp22.33 so on. During the analyzing of genes annotation and enrichment, we found out some ccRCC functional genes in the CNA regions which might play a role in the biological process, for example, the copy number loss of DNA repair genes (TTC5、PARP2, etc.) and tumor suppressor genes (TADA3, VHL, BAP1, ERC2-IT1, etc.), the copy number gain of oncogenes (ABL2, MET, HUWE1, etc.) and Notch signal pathway genes (MDK, etc.). Besides, gene fusion (GSTTP and GSTTP2) was noticed at 22q11.23 which copy number loss occurred, and the frequency is 46%. And between the different T stage patients affected by CNA, the T2+T3 group carried more high-frequency CNA regions (P-value was 0.012).

Conclusions: In this study, the whole-genome ccRCC CNA landscape in Chinese population was acquired, a few functional genes and fusion genes were found out. However, a larger scale of samples is still needed to validate our results.

WNT7A Overexpression Inhibits Growth and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via the β-Catenin Independent Pathway

Background/Aims. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the lethal digestive cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Wnt7a, a 39Kd secreted glycoprotein composed of 349 amino acids, was reported to be related to various diseases. However, its role in HCC has not been studied yet. In this study, using gene expression data and clinical information obtained from the Oncomine and KMplot database, we acknowledged that WNT7A was underexpressed in HCC cancer tissue compared with normal tissue, and WNT7A underexpression was correlated with the decreased survival rate of HCC patients. The function of Wnt7a in cell viability, apoptosis, and migration was evaluated by biological behavior assay and molecular analysis. The findings revealed that WNT7A overexpression significantly restrained cell viability and migration while enhancing apoptosis. In addition, WNT7A overexpression promoted cell apoptosis by strengthening Caspase-3 activity and inhibited migration by downregulating EMT transcriptional factor Snail. Furthermore, the expression level of SKP2 was significantly downregulating in the WNT7A overexpression group. In conclusion, this study illustrated that overexpression of WNT7A inhibited cell viability and migration, which was likely attributed to the regulation of SKP2/P21.

Adverse early-life environment impairs postnatal lung development in mice

BACKGROUND

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Maternal stress and poor diet are linked to FGR. Effect of perinatal stress on lung development remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

Using a murine model of adverse early life environment (AELE), we hypothesized that maternal exposure to perinatal environmental stress and high-fat diet (Western diet) lead to impaired lung development in the offspring.

METHODS

Female mice were placed on either control diet or Western diet before conception. Those exposed to Western diet were also exposed to perinatal environmental stress, the combination referred to as AELE. Pups were either euthanized at postnatal day 21 (P21) or weaned to control diet and environment until adulthood (8-14 wk old). Lungs were harvested for histology, gene expression by quantitative RT-PCR, microRNA profiling, and immunoblotting.

RESULTS

AELE increased the mean linear intercept and decreased the radial alveolar count and secondary septation in P21 and adult mice. Capillary count was also decreased in P21 and adult mice. AELE lungs had decreased vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), VEGF receptor 2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α protein levels and increased expression of genes that regulate DNA methylation and upregulation of microRNAs that target genes involved in lung development at P21.

CONCLUSION

AELE leads to impaired lung alveolar and vascular growth, which persists into adult age despite normalizing the diet and environment at P21. AELE also alters the expression of genes involved in lung remodeling.

Roles of Wnt7a in embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and human diseases

Human Wnt family comprises 19 proteins which are critical to embryo development and tissue homeostasis. Binding to different frizzled (FZD) receptor, Wnt7a initiates both β-catenin dependent pathway, and β-catenin independent pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAC/JNK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. In the embryo, Wnt7a plays a crucial role in cerebral cortex development, synapse formation, and central nervous system vasculature formation and maintenance. Wnt7a is also involved in the development of limb and female reproductive system. Wnt7a mutation leads to human limb malformations and animal female reproductive system defects. Wnt7a is implicated in homeostasis maintenance of skeletal muscle, cartilage, cornea and hair follicle, and Wnt7a treatment may be potentially applied in skeletal muscle dystrophy, corneal damage, wound repair, and hair follicle regeneration. Wnt7a plays dual roles in human tumors. Wnt7a is downregulated in lung cancers, functioning as a tumor suppressor, however, it is upregulated in several other malignancies such as ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioma, acting as a tumor promoter. Moreover, Wnt7a overexpression is associated with inflammation and fibrosis, but its roles need to be further investigated.

Wnt7a, frequently silenced by CpG methylation, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis via suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer

Wnt7a is a member of the Wnt family and has been reported to be involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of many types of human cancer. However, little is known about Wnt7a expression and function in gastric cancer (GC). In the present study, Wnt7a expression in GC tissues and cells was investigated, the correlation between Wnt7a expression and the prognosis was also examined. The effects of Wnt7a on proliferation, invasion, and metastasis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and hypermethylation of the Wnt7a promoter were both detected. Wnt7a was downregulated in GC and its expression was associated with poor prognosis of patients with GC. Moreover, upregulation of Wnt7a significantly suppressed the growth, invasion, and metastasis abilities of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Wnt7a was found to inhibit EMT process of GC cells. In addition, the reducing expression of Wnt7a was due to methylation of 5'-CpG island within the promoter. Furthermore, the tumor suppressor role of Wnt7a is independent of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in GC cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that Wnt7a could be used as a potential diagnostic marker and target for GC management.

The effect of Colchicum pusillum in human colon cancer cells via Wnt/β-catenin pathway

OBJECTIVE

Colchicum pusillum belongs to the family Colchicaceae that particularly rich in tropolonic alkaloids. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and in vitro anticancer activity of Colchicum pusillum ethanolic extract on Colo-320 primer and Colo-741 metastatic colon adenocarcinoma cell lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Colchicum pusillum was collected and extracted with ethanol. Different concentrations of Colchicum pusillum extract were incubated for 24 h and 48 h with Colo-320 and Colo-741 cells. Cell growth and cytotoxicity were measured by 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Anticancer and antiproliferative activities of Colchicum pusillum were investigated by immunocytochemistry using antibodies directed against to β-catenin, Ki-67, LGR-5 Ki-67, DKK1, Frizzled-4, Wnt4, Wnt7a and caspase3 in Colo-741 cells.

RESULTS

All concentrations of Colchicum pusillum extract had toxic effect in Colo-320 cells. Because of this, we used Colchicum pusillum extract at 20 μg/ml for evaluate anticancer activities only in Colo-741 cells. As a result of immunohistochemical staining, β-catenin, LGR-5 and caspase-3 immunoreactivities were significantly increased while Wnt7a immunostaining intensity was decreased in Colo-741 cells. Conclusion We conclude that Colchicum pusillum extract increased β-catenin and LGR-5 via Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colon cancer cells. Interestingly, it decreased other signaling molecule, Wnt7a which is assumed to play protective role during carcinogenesis. Also, it increased significantly caspase-3 immunoreactivity showing that apoptotic pathways were triggered.

High expression of WNT7A predicts poor prognosis and promote tumor metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Due to the therapy resistance and frequent metastasis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) remains one of the most malignant carcinoma. WNT7A, an important ligand of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, has a controversial role in tumor development. The role of WNT7A in PDAC remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of WNT7A at mRNA and protein levels. We found pancreatic cancer tissue demonstrated a significant high WNT7A expression compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissue and the expression of WNT7A positively correlates with poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis. Then, we performed transwell assays and wound healing assays in vitro and found that WNT7A promotes the migration capacity of cancer cells. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanism of the WNT7A inducing cell migration. Results showed that up-regulated WNT7A expression inducing higher expression of N-cadherin and lower expression of E-cadherin while the contrast result was shown in the WNT7A knock-down group, which suggested that WNT7A might contribute to an epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we found that the hypoxia culture condition remarkably increased the WNT7A expression. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that hypoxia induced high expression of WNT7A might promote the cell migration via enhancing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in PDAC.

Inhibition of WNT7A-β-catenin signaling pathway sensitizes oral squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type and most threatening head and neck cancer worldwide. Here, we aim to study the relationship between the WNT7A-β-Catenin signaling pathway and the chemotherapy resistance of OSCC patients. We analyzed 42 OSCC patients and 19 adjacent non-tumor tissues, evaluated the expression levels of WNT7A mRNA, and subsequently studied WNT7A dependent cisplatin resistance in OSCC cell line KB cells. Moreover, we also utilized an in vivo mouse model to validate our findings. We first found a significant upregulation of WNT7A mRNA in OSCC patients. Our results showed that the knockdown of WNT7A sensitized KB cells to cisplatin. Moreover, our results revealed that nuclear β-catenin was dramatically reduced and cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were dramatically induced when WNT7A was knocked down in cisplatin treated KB cells. Besides, we found that the knockdown of WNT7A significantly reduced the weight and volumes of xenograft tumors. Moreover, we examined apoptotic cells and found that the combination of WNT7A knockdown and cisplatin treatment resulted in many more apoptotic cells than cisplatin treatment alone, suggesting that the knockdown of WNT7A sensitized KB cells to cisplatin treatment in vivo. Our results revealed that inhibition of WNT7A-β-catenin signaling sensitizes OSCC to cisplatin, which has provided insights into the molecular diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.

Loss of Wnt7a expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma

Wnt7a is a known tumor suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer that regulates normal cellular proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance of Wnt7a expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Wnt7a expression was immunohistochemically examined in 46 normal colorectal tissues, 47 tubular adenomas, 393 adenocarcinomas, and 93 lymph node metastases. Wnt7a was expressed in the cytoplasm. Loss of Wnt7a expression was more frequent in adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis compared to that in normal and tubular adenoma (P < 0.001). Wnt7a expression was inversely correlated with tumor size (P = 0.026), gross type (P = 0.008), differentiation (P = 0.009), vascular invasion (P = 0.038), tumor deposit (P = 0.007), tumor invasion (T category) (P = 0.003), lymph node metastasis (N category) (P < 0.001), and AJCC stage (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between loss of Wnt7a expression and overall survival and disease-free survival (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) on univariable analysis. On multivariable analysis, loss of Wnt7a expression was an independent prognostic factor for both overall and disease-free survival (P = 0.002 and P = 0.047, respectively). Loss of Wnt7a expression may contribute to the carcinogenesis and tumor progression of colorectal adenocarcinoma and may be a new prognostic marker of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Wnt signaling in cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common malignant cancer in women. CC is difficult to diagnose, has a high recurrence rate, and is resistant to systemic therapies; as a result, CC patients have a relatively poor prognosis. One potential link to CC is the Wnt signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, which regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and fate. The aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is associated with various cancers, including CC. Recent studies have shown that activating or inhibiting the intracellular signal transduction in this pathway can regulate cancer cell growth and viability. This review will summarize the experimental evidence supporting the significance of the Wnt signaling pathway in CC, and will also discuss the current clinical role of Wnt signaling in CC diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.

Wnt7a activates canonical Wnt signaling, promotes bladder cancer cell invasion, and is suppressed by miR-370-3p

Once urinary bladder cancer (UBC) develops into muscle-invasive bladder cancer, its mortality rate increases dramatically. However, the molecular mechanisms of UBC invasion and metastasis remain largely unknown. Herein, using 5637 UBC cells, we generated two sublines with low (5637 NMI) and high (5637 HMI) invasive capabilities. Mass spectrum analyses revealed that the Wnt family protein Wnt7a is more highly expressed in 5637 HMI cells than in 5637 NMI cells. We also found that increased Wnt7a expression is associated with UBC metastasis and predicted worse clinical outcome in UBC patients. Wnt7a depletion in 5637 HMI and T24 cells reduced UBC cell invasion and decreased levels of active β-catenin and its downstream target genes involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Consistently, treating 5637 NMI and J82 cells with recombinant Wnt7a induced cell invasion, EMT, and expression of ECM degradation-associated genes. Moreover, TOP/FOPflash luciferase assays indicated that Wnt7a activated canonical β-catenin signaling in UBC cells, and increased Wnt7a expression was associated with nuclear β-catenin in UBC samples. Wnt7a ablation suppressed matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10) expression, and Wnt7a overexpression increased MMP10 promoter activity through two TCF/LEF promoter sites, confirming that Wnt7a-mediated MMP10 activation is mediated by the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Of note, the microRNA miR-370-3p directly repressed Wnt7a expression and thereby suppressed UBC cell invasion, which was partially restored by Wnt7a overexpression. Our results have identified an miR-370-3p/Wnt7a axis that controls UBC invasion through canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which may offer prognostic and therapeutic opportunities.

Effect of perineoplasm perinephric adipose tissues on migration of clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells: a potential role of WNT signaling

To investigate the cellular and molecular interactions between clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and perinephric adipose tissue (PAT), perineoplasm PAT, PAT away from the neoplasm, renal sinus and subcutaneous adipose tissues were collected at the time of renal surgery for renal masses and conditioned medium (CM) was generated from 62 patients. Perineoplasm PAT CMs from 44 out of 62 (about 71%) of patients with ccRCC or benign renal diseases (e.g. oncocytomas, angiomyolipomas, multicystic kidney, interstitial fibrosis, etc.) enhanced the migration of CaKi-2 cells. Perineoplasm PAT CMs from ccRCC significantly increased migration of ACHN and CaKi-2 cells by ~8.2 and ~2.4 folds, respectively, relative to those from benign renal diseases, whereas there is no significant difference in migration between ccRCC and benign renal diseases in CMs collected from culturing PAT away from neoplasm, renal sinus and subcutaneous adipose tissues. High Fuhrman Grade was associated with increased migration of Caki-2 cells by perineoplasm PAT CMs. Perineoplasm PATs from pT3 RCCs overexpressed multiple WNTs and their CMs exhibited higher WNT/ß-catenin activity and increased the migration of Caki-2 cells compared to CMs from benign neoplasms. Addition of secreted WNT inhibitory factor-1 recombinant protein into perineoplasm PAT CMs completely blocked the cell migration. These results indicate that WNT related factors from perineoplasm PAT may promote progression of local ccRCC to locally advanced (pT3) disease by increasing ccRCC cell mobility.

Wnt Signaling in Kidney Development and Disease

Wnt signal cascade is an evolutionarily conserved, developmental pathway that regulates embryogenesis, injury repair, and pathogenesis of human diseases. It is well established that Wnt ligands transmit their signal via canonical, β-catenin-dependent and noncanonical, β-catenin-independent mechanisms. Mounting evidence has revealed that Wnt signaling plays a key role in controlling early nephrogenesis and is implicated in the development of various kidney disorders. Dysregulations of Wnt expression cause a variety of developmental abnormalities and human diseases, such as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, cystic kidney, and renal carcinoma. Multiple Wnt ligands, their receptors, and transcriptional targets are upregulated during nephron formation, which is crucial for mediating the reciprocal interaction between primordial tissues of ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Renal cysts are also associated with disrupted Wnt signaling. In addition, Wnt components are important players in renal tumorigenesis. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin is instrumental for tubular repair and regeneration after acute kidney injury. However, sustained activation of this signal cascade is linked to chronic kidney diseases and renal fibrosis in patients and experimental animal models. Mechanistically, Wnt signaling controls a diverse array of biologic processes, such as cell cycle progression, cell polarity and migration, cilia biology, and activation of renin-angiotensin system. In this chapter, we have reviewed recent findings that implicate Wnt signaling in kidney development and diseases. Targeting this signaling may hold promise for future treatment of kidney disorders in patients.

Wnt7a Deficiency Could Predict Worse Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Purpose

Wnt7a is a glycoprotein involved in embryonic development and the progression of different types of malignant tumors. This study aimed to detect the level of Wnt7a expression in breast cancer and explore its role in the disease progression and prognosis.

Methods

A total of 258 patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were included in this study. Using tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining, we evaluated the association between Wnt7a expression and clinicopathological parameters, and the prognostic value of Wnt7a.

Results

Wnt7a expression was significantly correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression (odds ratio, 3.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99–7.80; p<0.001). On univariate and multivariate analyses, loss of Wnt7a expression was associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (multivariate hazard ratio [HR], 9.12; 95% CI, 1.80–46.09; p=0.008), but not with poor overall survival (OS). In the ER-positive group (n=114), loss of Wnt7a expression was an independent prognostic factor for shorter DFS (multivariate HR, 13.54; 95% CI, 1.11–165.73; p=0.042) and OS (multivariate HR, 4.76; 95% CI, 1.29–17.61; p=0.019) on univariate and multivariate analyses. However, in the ER-negative group, there was no significant difference in DFS and OS according to Wnt7a expression.

Conclusion

The loss of Wnt7a expression might be a meaningful factor in assessing DFS and OS, especially in ER-positive breast cancer.

Wnt Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of all kidney cancers. Due to poor diagnosis, high resistance to the systemic therapies and the fact that most RCC cases occur sporadically, current research switched its focus on studying the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC. The aim is the discovery of new effective and less toxic anti-cancer drugs and novel diagnostic markers. Besides the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, HGF/Met and VHL/hypoxia cellular signaling pathways, the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RCC is commonly studied. Wnt signaling and its targeted genes are known to actively participate in different biological processes during embryonic development and renal cancer. Recently, studies have shown that targeting this pathway by alternating/inhibiting its intracellular signal transduction can reduce cancer cells viability and inhibit their growth. The targets and drugs identified show promising potential to serve as novel RCC therapeutics and prognostic markers. This review aims to summarize the current status quo regarding recent research on RCC focusing on the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and how its understanding could facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets, new drugs and diagnostic biomarkers.

TIKI2 is upregulated and plays an oncogenic role in renal cell carcinoma

TIKI2 is a negative regulator of the Wnt family. Although many Wnt antagonists play important roles in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the molecular function of TIKI2 in human RCC has not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed TIKI2 mRNA level in RCC specimens, the corresponding non-tumor tissues, RCC cell lines, and human proximal tubule epithelial cell line HK-2 using qPCR. We demonstrated that TIKI2 was highly expressed in RCC tissue (P < 0.05) and most RCC cell lines. In vitro, TIKI2 knockdown significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion, and clone formation ability of 769-P cells compared with controls, while ectopic TIKI2 expression enhanced A498 cell proliferation, invasion, and clone formation ability. In vivo, the average tumor volume was significantly increased in mice injected with A498-Tiki2 cells (P < 0.05). In the 769-P cell TIKI2 knockdown group, the average tumor volume was not significantly different compared to that of the control group (P = 0.08). Moreover, Wnt/β-catenin signaling was not affected by TIKI2 knockdown or overexpression. Results of the present study indicate that TIKI2 is upregulated in RCC tissues and plays an oncogenic role in RCC.

Identification of Novel Epigenetic Markers of Prostate Cancer by NotI-Microarray Analysis

A significant need for reliable and accurate cancer diagnostics and prognosis compels the search for novel biomarkers that would be able to discriminate between indolent and aggressive tumors at the early stages of disease. The aim of this work was identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers for characterization of different types of prostate tumors. NotI-microarrays with 180 clones associated with chromosome 3 genes/loci were applied to determine genetic and epigenetic alterations in 33 prostate tumors. For 88 clones, aberrations were detected in more than 10% of tumors. The major types of alterations were DNA methylation and/or deletions. Frequent methylation of the discovered loci was confirmed by bisulfite sequencing on selective sampling of genes: FGF12, GATA2, and LMCD1. Three genes (BHLHE40, BCL6, and ITGA9) were tested for expression level alterations using qPCR, and downregulation associated with hypermethylation was shown in the majority of tumors. Based on these data, we proposed the set of potential biomarkers for detection of prostate cancer and discrimination between prostate tumors with different malignancy and aggressiveness: BHLHE40, FOXP1, LOC285205, ITGA9, CTDSPL, FGF12, LOC440944/SETD5, VHL, CLCN2, OSBPL10/ZNF860, LMCD1, FAM19A4, CAND2, MAP4, KY, and LRRC58. Moreover, we probabilistically estimated putative functional relations between the genes within each set using the network enrichment analysis.

Overexpression of Wnt7α protein predicts poor survival in patients with colorectal carcinoma

Wnt7α (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A) is a secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and development by controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Whether Wnt7α has the properties of an oncogene or not is an interesting issue because of its diverse expression in different tumors. In the present study, Wnt7α protein expression was evaluated through immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to explore the associations between Wnt7α staining score and various clinical parameters, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and a total of 212 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) were surveyed. Wnt7α was strongly expressed in most CRC tissues but weakly expressed in adjacent normal mucosa, colorectal adenomas, and colonic polyps. High levels of Wnt7α expression were strongly associated with tumor size (P = 0.006), lymph node involvement (P < 0.001), and the international tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.005). Patients with strong Wnt7α expression showed significantly poorer OS and DFS than patients with weak Wnt7α expression (P < 0.0001, both). Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that Wnt7α protein expression and TNM stage are independent factors of adverse OS and DFS in CRC patients. Taken together, our results present evidence that Wnt7α overexpression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis and that positive Wnt7α, in addition to TNM stage, may be an independent prognosis factor influencing OS and DFS prediction in CRC patients.

Expression of WNT genes in cervical cancer-derived cells: Implication of WNT7A in cell proliferation and migration

According to the multifactorial model of cervical cancer (CC) causation, it is now recognized that other modifications, in addition to Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, are necessary for the development of this neoplasia. Among these, it has been proposed that a dysregulation of the WNT pathway might favor malignant progression of HPV-immortalized keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to identify components of the WNT pathway differentially expressed in CC vs. non-tumorigenic, but immortalized human keratinocytes. Interestingly, WNT7A expression was found strongly downregulated in cell lines and biopsies derived from CC. Restoration of WNT7A in CC-derived cell lines using a lentiviral gene delivery system or after adding a recombinant human protein decreases cell proliferation. Likewise, WNT7A silencing in non-tumorigenic cells markedly accelerates proliferation. Decreased WNT7A expression was due to hypermethylation at particular CpG sites. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting reduced WNT7A levels in CC-derived cells and that ectopic WNT7A restoration negatively affects cell proliferation and migration.

Wnt7a is a novel inducer of β-catenin-independent tumor-suppressive cellular senescence in lung cancer

Cellular senescence is an initial barrier for carcinogenesis. However, the signaling mechanisms that trigger cellular senescence are incompletely understood, particularly in vivo. Here we identify Wnt7a as a novel upstream inducer of cellular senescence. In two different mouse strains (C57Bl/6J and FVB/NJ), we show that the loss of Wnt7a is a major contributing factor for increased lung tumorigenesis owing to reduced cellular senescence, and not reduced apoptosis, or autophagy. Wnt7a-null mice under de novo conditions and in both the strains display E-cadherin-to-N-cadherin switch, reduced expression of cellular senescence markers and reduced expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype, indicating a genetic predisposition of these mice to increased carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis. Interestingly, Wnt7a induced an alternate senescence pathway, which was independent of β-catenin, and distinct from that of classical oncogene-induced senescence mediated by the well-known p16^INK4a and p19^ARF pathways. Mechanistically, Wnt7a induced cellular senescence via inactivation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, an important alternate regulator of cellular senescence. Additionally, we identified Iloprost, a prostacyclin analog, which initiates downstream signaling cascades similar to that of Wnt7a, as a novel inducer of cellular senescence, presenting potential future clinical translational strategies. Thus pro-senescence therapies using either Wnt7a or its mimic, Iloprost, might represent a new class of therapeutic treatments for lung cancer.