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Dai T, Yang J, Zhao C, Chen J, Zhang C, Wang Z, Peng Q, Liu P, Miao J, Liu X. Unveiling Vacuolar H +-ATPase Subunit a as the Primary Target of the Pyridinylmethyl-Benzamide Fungicide, Fluopicolide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1527-1538. [PMID: 38193425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
An estimated 240 fungicides are presently in use, but the direct targets for the majority remain elusive, constraining fungicide development and efficient resistance monitoring. In this study, we found that Pcα-actinin knockout did not influence the sensitivity of Phytophthora capsici to fluopicolide, which is a notable oomycete inhibitor. Using a combination of Bulk Segregant Analysis Sequencing and Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) assays, the vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit a (PcVHA-a) was pinpointed as the target protein of fluopicolide. We also confirmed four distinct point mutations in PcVHA-a responsible for fluopicolide resistance in P. capsici through site-directed mutagenesis. Molecular docking, ATPase activity assays, and a DARTS assay suggested a fluopicolide-PcVHA-a interaction. Sequence analysis and further molecular docking validated the specificity of fluopicolide for oomycetes or fish. These findings support the claim that PcVHA-a is the target of fluopicolide, proposing vacuolar H+-ATPase as a promising target for novel fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jikun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
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Li Y, Wang Y, Li X, Fan H, Gao X, Peng Q, Li F, Lu L, Miao J, Liu X. Resistant risk and resistance-related point mutation in SdhC 1 of pydiflumetofen in Fusarium pseudograminearum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4197-4207. [PMID: 37326415 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium pseudograminearum is one of the dominant pathogens of Fusarium crown rot (FCR) worldwide. Unfortunately, no fungicides have yet been registered for the control of FCR in wheat in China. Pydiflumetofen, a new-generation succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, exhibits excellent inhibitory activity to Fusarium spp. A resistance risk assessment of F. pseudograminearum to pydiflumetofen and the resistance mechanism involved have not yet been investigated. RESULTS The median effective concentration (EC50 ) value of 103 F. pseudograminearum isolates to pydiflumetofen was 0.0162 μg mL-1 , and the sensitivity exhibited a unimodal distribution. Four resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaption, which possessed similar or impaired fitness compared to corresponding parental isolates based on the results of mycelial growth, conidiation, conidium germination rate, and virulence determination. Pydiflumetofen showed strong positive cross-resistance with cyclobutrifluram and fluopyram but no cross-resistance with carbendazim, phenamacril, tebuconazole, fludioxonil, or pyraclostrobin. Sequence alignment revealed that pydiflumetofen-resistant F. pseudograminearum mutants had two single-point mutations of A83V or R86K in FpSdhC1 . Molecular docking further confirmed that point mutation of A83V or R86K in FpSdhC1 could confer resistance of F. pseudograminearum to pydiflumetofen. CONCLUSION Fusarium pseudograminearum shows an overall moderate risk of developing resistance to pydiflumetofen, and point mutation FpSdhC1 A83V or FpSdhC1 R86K could confer pydiflumetofen resistance in F. pseudograminearum. This study provided vital data for monitoring the emergence of resistance and developing resistance management strategies for pydiflumetofen. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hengjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Plant Protection and Development, Syngenta (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Plant Protection and Development, Syngenta (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Shi N, Qiu D, Chen F, Yang YQ, Du Y. Analysis of the Difenoconazole-Resistance Risk and Its Molecular Basis in Colletotrichum truncatum from Soybean. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3123-3130. [PMID: 37172974 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-22-2983-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, is a destructive fungal disease in soybean worldwide, and some demethylation inhibitor fungicides are used to manage it. In this study, the sensitivity of C. truncatum to difenoconazole was determined, and the risk for resistance development of C. truncatum to difenoconazole was also assessed. The results showed that the mean EC50 value was 0.9313 μg/ml, and the frequency of sensitivity formed a unimodal distribution. Six stable mutants with a mutation frequency of 8.33 × 10-5 were generated, and resistance factors ranged from 3.00 to 5.81 after 10 successive culture transfers. All mutants exhibited fitness penalties in reduced mycelial growth rate, sporulation, and pathogenicity, except for the Ct2-3-5 mutant. Positive cross-resistance was observed between difenoconazole and propiconazole but not between difenoconazole and prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, or fluazinam. One point mutation I463V in CYP51A was found in five resistant mutants. Surprisingly, the homologous I463V mutation has not been observed in other plant pathogens. CYP51A and CYP51B expression increased slightly in the resistant mutants as compared to wild-types when exposed to difenoconazole but not in the CtR61-2-3f and CtR61-2-4a mutants. In general, a new point mutation, I463V in CYP51A, could be associated with low resistance to difenoconazole in C. truncatum. In the greenhouse assay, control efficacy of difenoconazole on both parental isolates and the mutants increased in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the resistance risk of C. truncatum to difenoconazole is regarded to be low to moderate, suggesting that difenoconazole can still be reasonably used to control soybean anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niuniu Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Dezhu Qiu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Furu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Ying-Qing Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Yixin Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
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Quesada-Ocampo LM, Parada-Rojas CH, Hansen Z, Vogel G, Smart C, Hausbeck MK, Carmo RM, Huitema E, Naegele RP, Kousik CS, Tandy P, Lamour K. Phytophthora capsici: Recent Progress on Fundamental Biology and Disease Management 100 Years After Its Description. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:185-208. [PMID: 37257056 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a destructive oomycete pathogen of vegetable, ornamental, and tropical crops. First described by L.H. Leonian in 1922 as a pathogen of pepper in New Mexico, USA, P. capsici is now widespread in temperate and tropical countries alike. Phytophthora capsici is notorious for its capability to evade disease management strategies. High genetic diversity allows P. capsici populations to overcome fungicides and host resistance, the formation of oospores results in long-term persistence in soils, zoospore differentiation in the presence of water increases epidemic potential, and a broad host range maximizes economic losses and limits the effectiveness of crop rotation. The severity of disease caused by P. capsici and management challenges have led to numerous research efforts in the past 100 years. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the biology, genetic diversity, disease management, fungicide resistance, host resistance, genomics, and effector biology of P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA;
| | - C H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Z Hansen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - G Vogel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - C Smart
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - M K Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - R M Carmo
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - E Huitema
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - R P Naegele
- Sugarbeet and Bean Research Unit, USDA, ARS, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - C S Kousik
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - P Tandy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - K Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Wang B, Xue Z, Lan J, Sun M, Sun Q, Huang Z, Zhang C, Liu X. Activity of the new OSBP inhibitor Y18501 against Pseudoperonospora cubensis and its application for the control of cucumber downy mildew. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105415. [PMID: 37532305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Y18501 is a new oxysterol-binding protein inhibitor (OSBPI) with a similar structure to oxathiapiprolin. Y18501 showed strong inhibitory activities against Phytophthora spp. and Pseudoperonospora cubensis, with EC50 ranging from 0.0005 to 0.0046 μg/mL. It also had good control efficacy on cucumber downy mildew (CDM) in the green house and in the field, and could effectively inhibit different development stages of P. cubensis, especially for sporangiophore production, sporangial production, mycelium extension, and elongation of germ tube. In addition, Y18501 showed excellent protective and curative activities against P. cubensis. It also had acropetal systemic mobility in the cucumber leaves, and could be taken up and translocated to the upper leaves more effectively from the lower leaves than from the roots. Y18501 had poorer permeability in cucumber leaves compared to oxathiapiprolin. The simultaneous application of Y18501 and chlorothalonil could significantly promote the inhibition of P. cubensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, 8 Shenliao East Road, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, 8 Shenliao East Road, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, 8 Shenliao East Road, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Qin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, 8 Shenliao East Road, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhongqiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Arears, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Cui T, Ma Q, Zhang F, Chen S, Zhang C, Hao J, Liu X. Characterization of PcSTT3B as a Key Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Involved in N-glycosylation and Its Role in Development and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora capsici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087500. [PMID: 37108663 PMCID: PMC10141488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation is a conserved process and an essential post-translational modification that occurs on the NXT/S motif of the nascent polypeptides in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The mechanism of N-glycosylation and biological functions of key catalytic enzymes involved in this process are rarely documented for oomycetes. In this study, an N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin (TM) hampered the mycelial growth, sporangial release, and zoospore production of Phytophthora capsici, indicating that N-glycosylation was crucial for oomycete growth development. Among the key catalytic enzymes involved in N-glycosylation, the PcSTT3B gene was characterized by its functions in P. capsici. As a core subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, the staurosporine and temperature sensive 3B (STT3B) subunit were critical for the catalytic activity of OST. The PcSTT3B gene has catalytic activity and is highly conservative in P. capsici. By using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene replacement system to delete the PcSTT3B gene, the transformants impaired mycelial growth, sporangial release, zoospore production, and virulence. The PcSTT3B-deleted transformants were more sensitive to an ER stress inducer TM and display low glycoprotein content in the mycelia, suggesting that PcSTT3B was associated with ER stress responses and N-glycosylation. Therefore, PcSTT3B was involved in the development, pathogenicity, and N-glycosylation of P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshan Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Quanhe Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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7
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Xue Z, Wang B, Li C, Yang H, Gao X, Sun M, Huang Z, Miao J, Liu X. Resistance Risk Assessment for the New OSBP Inhibitor Y18501 in Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Point Mutations (G705V, L798W, and I812F) in PscORP1 that Confer Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4510-4520. [PMID: 36898018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Y18501 is a new oxysterol-binding protein inhibitor (OSBPI) that shows strong inhibitory activity against Pseudoperonospora cubensis. In this study, the sensitivities of 159 Ps. cubensis isolates to Y18501 were determined, with EC50 values ranging from 0.001 to 11.785 μg/mL, indicating that a Y18501-resistant subpopulation has appeared in the field. Ten Y18501-resistant mutants were obtained by fungicide adaptation and displayed fitness equal to or stronger than their parental isolates, which suggests that the resistance risk of Ps. cubensis to Y18501 is high. The consecutive applications of Y18501 in the field resulted in the rapid resistance of Ps. cubensis and decreased control efficacy of cucumber downy mildew (CDM), which could be alleviated by compounding with mancozeb. A positive cross-resistance was detected between Y18501 and oxathiapiprolin. The amino acid substitutions G705V, L798W, and I812F in PscORP1 conferred resistance to Y18501 in Ps. cubensis, which was validated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Xue
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
| | - Huixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
| | - Mingyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd, Shenyang 110021, China
| | | | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
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Li K, Wang Y, Ge T, Larkin RP, Smart A, Johnson SB, Hao J. Risk Evaluation of Benzovindiflupyr Resistance of Verticillium dahliae Population in Maine. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:834-839. [PMID: 35997670 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1384-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes Verticillium wilt, resulting in significant losses to potato production. Benzovindiflupyr, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, effectively controls V. dahliae. However, frequent applications of the chemical may expedite the development of fungicide resistance in the pathogen population. To evaluate the risk of benzovindiflupyr resistance, 38 V. dahliae strains were obtained from diseased potatoes in Maine. The sensitivity of the field population was determined based on effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50), which ranged from 0.07 to 11.28 μg ml-1 with a median of 1.08. Segregated clusters of EC50 values indicated that Maine V. dahliae populations have developed benzovindiflupyr resistance. By exposing conidia of V. dahliae to a high concentration of benzovindiflupyr, 18 benzovindiflupyr-resistant mutants were obtained. To examine their fitness, the mutants were continuously subculture-transferred for up to 10 generations. Mycelial growth, conidial production, competitiveness, pathogenicity, and cross resistance of the 10th generation mutants were examined. Results showed that 50% of the resistant mutants retained an adaptive level in mycelial growth, and 60% maintained conidial production similar to their parents. Pathogenicity did not change for any of the mutants. No cross resistance was detected between benzovindiflupyr and either azoxystrobin, boscalid, fluopyram, or pyrimethanil. Thus, the resistance risk in V. dahliae to benzovindiflupyr should be considered in Maine potato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedi Li
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tongling Ge
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A
| | - Robert P Larkin
- USDA-ARS, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A
| | - Alicyn Smart
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Bangor, ME 04401, U.S.A
| | - Steven B Johnson
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Presque Isle, ME 04769, U.S.A
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A
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9
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Discovery of Novel Cinnamide Fungicidal Leads with Optical Hydroxyl Side Chain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165259. [PMID: 36014496 PMCID: PMC9414950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to overcome the resistance of phytopathogens to commercial fungicides, a series of optical 2-methyl-2,3-diol-5-pentyl-based cinnamamide derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activities. The bioassay results indicated that the EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) values of (R)-11f, (R)-11m, (S)-11m and (R)-11n were 0.16, 0.28, 0.41 and 0.47 µg/mL in the in vitro evaluation against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively, while compounds (R)- and (S)-11i, (R)- and (S)-11j exhibited excellent in vivo fungicidal activity against Pseudoperonspera cubensis with inhibition rates of 100% at 400 μg/mL. These findings supported the idea that optical 2-methyl-2,3-diol-5-pentyl-containing cinnamamides (R)- and (S)-11i, (R)- and (S)-11j with 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl aniline and 2-(4-chlorophenyl) aniline showed excellent in vivo fungicidal activity against S. sclerotiorum and P. cubensis and were promising fungicide candidates.
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Wang W, Cui T, Zhang F, Xue Z, Zhang B, Liu X. Functional Analysis of the C-5 Sterol Desaturase PcErg3 in the Sterol Auxotrophic Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:811132. [PMID: 35651492 PMCID: PMC9151008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.811132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sterols play an important role in most eukaryotes, some oomycetes, including Phytophthora spp., have lost the sterol synthesis pathway. Nevertheless, the ERG3 gene encoding C-5 sterol desaturase in the sterol synthesis pathway is still present in the genomes of Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora capsici, a destructive pathogen with a broad range of plant hosts, poses a significant threat to the production of agriculture. This study focused on the ERG3 gene in P. capsici (PcERG3) and explored its function in this pathogen. It showed that the PcERG3 gene could be expressed in all tested developmental stages of P. capsici, with sporangium and mycelium displaying higher expression levels. A potential substrate of Erg3 (stellasterol) was used to treat the P. capsici wild-type strain and a PcERG3Δ transformant, and their sterol profiles were determined by GC-MS. The wild-type strain could convert stellasterol into the down-stream product while the transformant could not, indicating that PcErg3 retains the C-5 sterol desaturase activity. By comparing the biological characteristics of different strains, it was found that PcERG3 is not important for the development of P. capsici. The pathogenicity of the PcERG3Δ transformants and the wild-type strain was comparable, suggesting that PcERG3 is not necessary for the interaction between P. capsici and its hosts. Further investigations revealed that the PcERG3Δ transformants and the wild-type strain displayed a similar level of tolerance to external adversities such as unsuitable temperatures, high osmotic pressures, and intemperate pH, signifying that PcERG3 is not essential for P. capsici to cope with these environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongshan Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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11
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Li T, Cai M, Wang W, Dai T, Zhang C, Zhang B, Shen J, Wang Y, Liu X. PcCesA1 is involved in the polar growth, cellulose synthesis, and glycosidic linkage crosslinking in the cell wall of Phytophthora capsici. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:720-730. [PMID: 35364202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a destructive plant pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts worldwide. The P. capsici cell wall, rich in cellulose, is vital for hyphal growth and host interactions. However, the enzymes involved in its synthesis remain largely unelucidated. In the current study, we functionally characterized the cellulose synthase gene PcCesA1, which is highly conserved in Phytophthora. By using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene replacement and in situ complementation system, it was found PcCesA1 is essential for the mycelial growth, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity of P. capsici. The normal deposition of newly synthesized cell wall components and the polar growth point formation were disrupted in PcCesA1 knockout mutants, suggesting that PcCesA1 plays an important role in the polar growth of P. capsici. Compared with the wild-type strains, PcCesA1 knockout mutants displayed a thicker inner layer cell wall and were more sensitive to carboxylic acid amide fungicides (CAAs). The contents of the cell wall polysaccharides 1,4-Glc, 1,4,6-Glc, and 1,3,4-Glc were reduced in PcCesA1 knockout mutants, suggesting that PcCesA1 affected cellulose content and glycosidic linkage crosslinking in the cell wall. Our findings demonstrate that PcCesA1 is required for cell wall biogenesis. Therefore, PcCesA1 may be a potential target for Phytophthora disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengjiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tan Dai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Can Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinghuan Shen
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuke Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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12
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Li C, Liu X, Liu Z, Hu S, Xue Z, Fu Y, Miao J, Liu X. Resistance Risk and Novel Resistance-Related Point Mutations in Target Protein PiORP1 of Fluoxapiprolin in Phytophthora infestans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4881-4888. [PMID: 35416662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxapiprolin is a new oxysterol binding protein inhibitor (OSBPI), which showed excellent inhibitory activity to plant pathogenic oomycetes. Its resistance risk and mechanism in Phytophthora infestans are unclear. In the current study, the sensitivities of 103 P. infestans isolates to fluoxapiprolin were investigated, and a unimodal distribution with a mean EC50 value of 0.00035 μg/mL was observed. Four types of resistant mutants, with a resistance factor from 14 to more than 1000, and point mutations S768I+N837I, S768I+L860I, S768I, and I877F in PiORP1, were acquired using fungicide adaption. The fitness of the mutants was similar to or lower than that of the corresponding parental isolate. Positive cross-resistance was detected between fluoxapiprolin and oxathiapiprolin. The point mutations were verified in P. sojae homologue positions using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Transformants containing S768I+N837I or S768I+L860I, showed high fluoxapiprolin resistance (RF > 1000). In conclusion, the risk of P. infestans resistance to fluoxapiprolin is moderate, and novel point mutation types S768I+N837I or S768I+L860I could cause high fluoxapiprolin resistance in P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zeqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yixin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Wang W, Zhang F, Zhang S, Xue Z, Xie L, Govers F, Liu X. Phytophthora capsici sterol reductase PcDHCR7 has a role in mycelium development and pathogenicity. Open Biol 2022; 12:210282. [PMID: 35382565 PMCID: PMC8984297 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The de novo biosynthesis of sterols is critical for the majority of eukaryotes; however, some organisms lack this pathway, including most oomycetes. Phytophthora spp. are sterol auxotrophic but, remarkably, have retained a few genes encoding enzymes in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. Here, we show that PcDHCR7, a gene in Phytophthora capsici predicted to encode Δ7-sterol reductase, displays multiple functions. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PcDHCR7 showed the Δ7-sterol reductase activity. Knocking out PcDHCR7 in P. capsici resulted in loss of the capacity to transform ergosterol into brassicasterol, which means PcDHCR7 has the Δ7-sterol reductase activity in P. capsici itself. This enables P. capsici to transform sterols recruited from the environment for better use. The biological characteristics of ΔPcDHCR7 transformants were compared with those of the wild-type strain and a PcDHCR7 complemented transformant, and the results showed that PcDHCR7 plays a key role in mycelium development and pathogenicity of zoospores. Further analysis of the transcriptome indicated that the expression of many genes changed in the ΔPcDHCR7 transformant, which involve in different biological processes. It is possible that P. capsici compensates for the defects caused by the loss of PcDHCR7 by remodelling its transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfang Xie
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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14
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Preliminary Study of Resistance Mechanism of Botrytis cinerea to SYAUP-CN-26. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030936. [PMID: 35164201 PMCID: PMC8839620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SYAUP-CN-26 (1S, 2R-((3-bromophenethyl)amino)-N-(4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylphenyl) cyclohexane-1-sulfonamide) is a novel sulfonamide compound with excellent activity against Botrytis cinerea. The present study sought to explore the mutant of B.cinerea resistant to SYAUP-CN-26 using SYAUP-CN-26 plates. Moreover, the cell membrane functions of B.cinerea, histidine kinase activity, relative conductivity, triglyceride, and cell membrane structure were determined, and the target gene histidine kinase Bos1 (AF396827.2) of procymidone was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that compared to the sensitive strain, the cell membrane permeability, triglyceride, and histidine kinase activity of the resistant strain showed significant changes. The relative conductivity of the sensitive strain increased by 6.95% and 9.61%, while the relative conductivity of the resistant strain increased by 0.23% and 1.76% with 26.785 µg/mL (EC95) and 79.754 µg/mL (MIC) of SYAUP-CN-26 treatment. The triglyceride inhibition rate of the resistant strain was 23.49% and 37.80%, which was 0.23% and 1.76% higher than the sensitive strain. Compared to the sensitive strain, the histidine kinase activity of the resistant strain was increased by 23.07% and 35.61%, respectively. SYAUP-CN-26 significantly damaged the cell membrane structure of the sensitive strain. The sequencing of the Bos1 gene of the sensitive and resistant strains indicated that SYAUP-CN-26 resistance was associated with a single point mutation (P348L) in the Bos1 gene. Therefore, it was inferred that the mutant of B.cinerea resistant to SYAUP-CN-26 might be regulated by the Bos1 gene. This study will provide a theoretical basis for further research and development of sulfonamide compounds for B. cinerea and new agents for the prevention and control of resistant B. cinerea.
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15
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Cai M, Li T, Lu X, Chen L, Wang Q, Liu X. Multiple mutations in the predicted transmembrane domains of the cellulose synthase 3 (CesA3) of Phytophthora capsici can confer semi-dominant resistance to carboxylic acid amide fungicides. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2343-2351. [PMID: 34793810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study established a clearer understanding of the molecular basis for resistance to carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Although four cellulose synthase (CesA) genes were investigated, only F1073L, G1105A, V1109L in CesA3 were found to link to CAA-resistance in Phytophthora capsici. Back-transformation experiments confirmed the role of the three mutations in CAA-resistance. Inheritance studies also confirmed the link and indicated the resistance was semi-dominant with the heterozygous F1 and F2 progeny exhibiting intermediate resistance levels compared to the homozygous parents, which was validated by the pyrosequencing results. The semi-dominant nature of CAA-resistance implies that it could be easy for resistance to spread once resistance emerged, being facilitated by both sexual and asexual reproduction. Bioinformatic analysis indicated all mutations occurred in either the first or second of the predicted transmembrane domains at C-terminus of CesA3. Resistant isolates bearing different combinations of mutations were found to exhibit different resistance levels to different CAAs, indicating that each mutation could make different contributions to resistance phenotype depending on structural differences in different CAAs. The current results highlight the complex combinations of mutations and resistance phenotype, and further reinforces the research necessity to completely characterize CAA-resistance to develop appropriate strategies to manage resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Tengjiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China.
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16
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Du Y, Shi N, Ruan H, Miao J, Yan H, Shi C, Chen F, Liu X. Analysis of the prochloraz-Mn resistance risk and its molecular basis in Mycogone rosea from Agaricus bisporus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4680-4690. [PMID: 34132039 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wet bubble disease (WBD), caused by Mycogone rosea, is one of the most serious diseases of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in China. Prochloraz-Mn is the main fungicide used in the management of WBD. To provide essential references for early warning of prochloraz-Mn resistance and management of WBD, this study was performed to assess the resistance risk to prochloraz-Mn in M. rosea, as well as its underlying resistance mechanism. RESULTS Eight stable prochloraz-Mn-resistant mutants with a mutation frequency of 1.3 × 10-4 were generated and resistance factors ranged from 2.57 to 7.80 after 10 successive culture transfers. All eight resistant mutants exhibited fitness penalties in decreased sporulation and pathogenicity. Positive cross-resistance was observed between prochloraz-Mn and prochloraz or imazalil, but not between prochloraz-Mn and diniconazole, fenbuconazole, thiabendazole or picoxystrobin. The point mutation F511I in MrCYP51 protein was found in six mutants and the point mutation G464S occurred only in the SDW2-2-1M mutant. The up-regulated expression of MrCYP51 in all mutants was less than that in their parental isolates when exposed to prochloraz-Mn. Without prochloraz-Mn treatment, MrCYP51 expression was up-regulated in GX203-3-1M and FJ58-2-1M mutants, whereas it was down-regulated in other mutants compared to their respective parental isolates. CONCLUSION Genotypes with two separate point mutations, F511I and G464S in MrCYP51, may be associated with resistance to prochloraz-Mn in M. rosea. The resistance risk of M. rosea to prochloraz-Mn is likely to be low to moderate, indicating that prochloraz-Mn can still be used reasonably to control WBD. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Du
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Niuniu Shi
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongchun Ruan
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, China
| | - He Yan
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangling, China
| | - Chunxi Shi
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangling, China
| | - Furu Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangling, China
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17
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Miao J, Li C, Liu X, Zhang X, Li G, Xu W, Zhang C, Liu X. Activity and Resistance-Related Point Mutations in Target Protein PcORP1 of Fluoxapiprolin in Phytophthora capsici. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3827-3835. [PMID: 33764782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxapiprolin is a new piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline fungicide developed by Bayer Crop Science in 2012, but the sensitivity and resistance mechanism of fluoxapiprolin are unclear. In this study, the sensitivities of 130 Phytophthora capsici isolates to fluoxapiprolin were determined, and a unimodal distribution was observed with a mean EC50 value of 0.00043 μg/mL. Nine stable fluoxapiprolin-resistant mutants were obtained by fungicide adaption. The fitness of mutants was similar to or lower than that of the corresponding parental isolate. Seven heterozygous point mutations in the target protein PcORP1 were found in these mutants. These point mutations were confirmed in PsORP1 of P. sojae homologue positions using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. G770V and N835S+I877F do confer high fluoxapiprolin resistance (resistance factor, RF > 1000), and ΔN835, N767I, and N837T+S910C lead to low resistance (RF < 100). P. sojae transformants containing L733W, S768F, S768Y, ΔG818/F819, N837Y, N837F, P861H, L863W, and I877Y in PsORP1 were also associated with high fluoxapiprolin resistance (RF > 100). In conclusion, the resistance risk of P. capsici to fluoxapiprolin is moderate, and multiple point mutations in PcORP1 could confer different resistance levels to fluoxapiprolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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18
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Cai M, Zhang C, Wang W, Peng Q, Song X, Tyler BM, Liu X. Stepwise accumulation of mutations in CesA3 in Phytophthora sojae results in increasing resistance to CAA fungicides. Evol Appl 2021; 14:996-1008. [PMID: 33897816 PMCID: PMC8061276 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flumorph is a carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicide with high activity against oomycetes. However, evolution to CAAs from low resistance to high resistance has never been reported. This study investigated the basis of resistance evolution of flumorph in Phytophthora sojae. Total of 120 P. sojae isolates were collected and their sensitivity to flumorph was evaluated. Although no spontaneous resistance was found among the field isolates, adaptation on flumorph-amended media resulted in the selection of five stable mutant types exhibiting varying degrees of resistance to CAAs. Type I, which exhibited the lowest resistance level, was obtained when the wild-type isolate was exposed to a low concentration of flumorph, but no resistant mutants were obtained by direct exposure to higher concentrations. However, the more resistant types (Type II, III, IV and V) were obtained when Type I were exposed to higher concentrations of flumorph. Similar results were obtained when the entire screening process was repeated, which implied that evolution of resistance to flumorph in P. sojae could be a two-step process, where high resistance phenotypes could develop gradually from low resistance ones. Further investigation into molecular mechanism strongly confirmed that evolution of isolates highly resistant to flumorph occurs in a stepwise process with Type I as intermediary, through accumulation of mutations in their target protein of CAAs (CesA3). Together, our findings indicate that application of low rates of flumorph in field could result in selection of low resistance Type I isolates, but that raising dosage to maintain comparable levels of control could elicit rapid evolution of more resistant Type II, III, IV and V isolates with stepwise accumulation of mutations in CesA3, which would render flumorph ineffective as a control method. Precautionary resistance management strategy should be implemented. The phenomenon described in the study could have broader biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cai
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of EducationCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Can Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weizhen Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qin Peng
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xi Song
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Department of Botany & Plant PathologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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19
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Sarewicz M, Pintscher S, Pietras R, Borek A, Bujnowicz Ł, Hanke G, Cramer WA, Finazzi G, Osyczka A. Catalytic Reactions and Energy Conservation in the Cytochrome bc1 and b6f Complexes of Energy-Transducing Membranes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2020-2108. [PMID: 33464892 PMCID: PMC7908018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on key components of respiratory and photosynthetic energy-transduction systems: the cytochrome bc1 and b6f (Cytbc1/b6f) membranous multisubunit homodimeric complexes. These remarkable molecular machines catalyze electron transfer from membranous quinones to water-soluble electron carriers (such as cytochromes c or plastocyanin), coupling electron flow to proton translocation across the energy-transducing membrane and contributing to the generation of a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, which powers cellular metabolism in the majority of living organisms. Cytsbc1/b6f share many similarities but also have significant differences. While decades of research have provided extensive knowledge on these enzymes, several important aspects of their molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We summarize a broad range of structural, mechanistic, and physiological aspects required for function of Cytbc1/b6f, combining textbook fundamentals with new intriguing concepts that have emerged from more recent studies. The discussion covers but is not limited to (i) mechanisms of energy-conserving bifurcation of electron pathway and energy-wasting superoxide generation at the quinol oxidation site, (ii) the mechanism by which semiquinone is stabilized at the quinone reduction site, (iii) interactions with substrates and specific inhibitors, (iv) intermonomer electron transfer and the role of a dimeric complex, and (v) higher levels of organization and regulation that involve Cytsbc1/b6f. In addressing these topics, we point out existing uncertainties and controversies, which, as suggested, will drive further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Pintscher
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Pietras
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Borek
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bujnowicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Guy Hanke
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - William A. Cramer
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire
de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National Recherche Scientifique,
Commissariat Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut National
Recherche l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Zhang Y, Mao CX, Zhai XY, Jamieson PA, Zhang CQ. Mutation in cyp51b and overexpression of cyp51a and cyp51b confer multiple resistant to DMIs fungicide prochloraz in Fusarium fujikuroi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:824-833. [PMID: 32926597 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium fujikuroi is a plant pathogen that causes rice bakanae disease. Prochloraz is an imidazole-class sterol, 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI), which has been in use for several years as a foliar spray to control Fusarium spp. on agriculturally important monocot crops. F. fujikuroi is highly resistant to prochloraz treatment, and the aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which F. fujikuroi renders itself resistant to prochloraz. RESULTS Recently, prochloraz-resistant strains were identified over a vast geographical area in the agricultural regions of Zhejiang Province, China. It was found that 21.13% and 3.96% of the strains examined were highly resistant (HR) to prochloraz during 2017 to 2018. The HR strains contained a point mutation (S312T) in the FfCYP51B protein, while the strains identified with prochloraz susceptibility had no such point mutation in FfCYP51A/B/C. To confirm whether the mutations in FfCYP51B confer resistance to prochloraz, we exchanged the CYP51B locus between the sensitive strain and the resistant strain by homologous double exchange. The transformed mutants with a copy of the resistant fragment exhibited resistance to prochloraz, and the transformed mutants with a copy of the sensitive fragment exhibited sensitivity to prochloraz. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis of Ffcyp51a/b/c gene expression revealed that Ffcyp51a and Ffcyp51b were significantly up-regulated in the prochloraz-resistant strains relative to the sensitive strains in F. fujikuroi. Contrary to our expectation, docking of prochloraz into the modeled binding pocket of FfCYP51B indicated that the affinity between prochloraz and the FfCYP51B increased after the amino acid at codon 312 changed to Thr. CONCLUSION The point mutation S312T in FfCYP51B and overexpression of Ffcyp51a and Ffcyp51b together lead to the prochloraz-resistant phenotype in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Mao
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhai
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pierce A Jamieson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chuan-Qing Zhang
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Lin D, Xue Z, Miao J, Huang Z, Liu X. Activity and Resistance Assessment of a New OSBP Inhibitor, R034-1, in Phytophthora capsici and the Detection of Point Mutations in PcORP1 that Confer Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13651-13660. [PMID: 33191734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
R034-1 is a new member of the piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline class of fungicides that shows high activity against most plant-pathogenic oomycetes and could effectively inhibit several developmental stages of Phytophthora capsici. Here, the potential resistance risk for R034-1 was evaluated in P. capsici. The baseline sensitivities of 135 isolates to R034-1 showed a unimodal curve, with a mean EC50 value of 0.004 μg/mL. Twelve resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaptation and displayed lower fitness compared to parental isolates, which suggests that the resistance risk of P. capsici to R034-1 is low. R034-1 and oxathiapiprolin are structurally related, and resistant isolates display cross-resistance to both compounds, suggesting that these fungicides may target the same oxysterol binding protein. Comparison of PcORP1 genes in the resistant mutants and their parental isolates revealed (N767S, N767I, and G700V) amino acid substitutions in the R034-1 resistant mutant. Causality was functionally validated using site-directed mutagenesis of the target gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lin
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
| | | | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
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22
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Du XJ, Peng XJ, Zhao RQ, Zhao WG, Dong WL, Liu XH. Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of threoninamide carbamate derivatives via pharmacophore model. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:682-691. [PMID: 32148108 PMCID: PMC7144198 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1729144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six novel threoninamide carbamate derivatives were designed and synthesised using active fragment-based pharmacophore model. Antifungal activities of these compounds were tested against Oomycete fungi Phytophthora capsici in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, compound I-1, I-2, I-3, I-6 and I-7 exhibited moderate control effect (>50%) against Pseudoperonospora cubensis in greenhouse at 6.25 μg/mL, which is better than that of control. Meanwhile most of these compounds exhibited significant inhibitory against P. capsici. The other nine fungi were also tested. More importantly, some compounds exhibited remarkably high activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, P. piricola and R. solan in vitro with EC50 values of 3.74–9.76 μg/mL. It is possible that the model is reliabile and this method can be used to discover lead compounds for the development of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemental Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing-Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemental Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemental Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemental Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Li Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing-Hai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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23
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The RPA190-pc gene participates in the regulation of metalaxyl sensitivity, pathogenicity and growth in Phytophthora capsici. Gene 2020; 764:145081. [PMID: 32860897 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metalaxyl is one of the main fungicides used to control pepper blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. Metalaxyl resistance of P. capsici, caused by the long-term intense use of this fungicide, has become one of the most serious challenges facing pest management. In this study, a conserved domain RPOLA-N of the RPA190 gene of P. capsici (RPA190-pc) was identified from the P. capsici SD1-9 strain. The role of the RPA190-pc underlying the metalaxyl resistance of P. capsici was investigated. Three P. capsici mutants, two with downregulated RPA190-pc (SD1-9C-3 and C-4) expression and one showing upregulation (OESD1-9-1), were obtained by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) mediated protoplast transformations of P. capsici SD1-9. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR results showed that RPA190-pc was downregulated by more than 60% in SD1-9C-3/C-4 and upregulated 3-fold in OESD1-9-1 compared with that of the control strain SD1-9. Evaluation of the metalaxyl resistance of these three transformants showed that the EC50 values of metalaxyl against SD1-9C-3, SD1-9C-4, and OESD1-9-1 were 120.0 µg·mL-1, 24.4 µg·mL-1, and 15573.0 µg·mL-1, respectively, corresponding to 63.3% decrease, 92.5% decrease, and 47.7-fold increase relative to the EC50 value in SD1-9. Compared with SD1-9, the mycelia of transformants SD1-9C-3, SD1-9C-4, and OESD1-9-1 showed more branches and shorter branches; and the transformants had different pathogenicity to different hosts plants. The expression of the candidate gene RPA190-pc during 10 life-history stages was further studied, the results showed that expression level reached a maximum at the zoospores stage, and it gradually increased with the increase of SD1 and SD1-9 infection time of pepper leaves, indicated that RPA190-pc may be related to the growth and pathogenicity of P. capsici. These results indicate that the expression of RPA190-pc is involved in the regulation of P. capsici resistance to metalaxyl.
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Liu D, Pan Y, Li K, Li D, Li P, Gao Z. Proteomics Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Inhibition of Phytophthora sojae by Propyl Gallate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8151-8162. [PMID: 32633954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a serious soil-borne pathogen, and the major control measures undertaken include the induction of soybean-resistance genes, fungicides, and scientific and reasonable planting management. Owing to the safety and resistance of fungicides, it is of great importance to screen new control alternatives. In a preliminary study, we observed that propyl gallate (PG) exerts a considerable inhibitory effect on P. sojae and can effectively prevent and cure soybean diseases, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To explore the inhibitory mechanism of PG on P. sojae, we analyzed the differences in the protein profile of P. sojae before and after treatment with PG using tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics. Proteomic analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) was 285, of which 75 were upregulated and 210 were downregulated, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways primarily comprised glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, secondary metabolite generation, and other pathways. Among the DEPs involved in PG inhibition of P. sojae are two closely related uncharacterized proteins encoded by PHYSODRAFT_522340 and PHYSODRAFT_344464, denoted PsFACL and PsCPT herein. The CRISPR/Cas9 knockout technique revealed that PsFACL and PsCPT were involved in the growth rate and pathogenicity. In addition, the results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that there were differences in fatty acid levels between wild-type (WT) and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout transformants. Knocking out PsFACL and PsCPT resulted in the restriction of the synthesis and β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, respectively. These suggest that PsFACL and PsCPT were also involved in the regulation of the fatty acid metabolism. Our results aid in understanding the mechanism underlying the inhibition of P. sojae growth by PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Anqing Vocational and Technical College, 99 North of Tianzhushan Road, Anqing 246003, Anhui, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Anqing 246003, Anhui, China
| | - Kunyuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Anqing Vocational and Technical College, 99 North of Tianzhushan Road, Anqing 246003, Anhui, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
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25
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Miao J, Liu X, Li G, Du X, Liu X. Multiple point mutations in PsORP1 gene conferring different resistance levels to oxathiapiprolin confirmed using CRISPR-Cas9 in Phytophthora sojae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2434-2440. [PMID: 32057173 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxathiapiprolin is among the first commercial oxysterol-binding protein inhibitors (OSBPIs) developed by DuPont Corporation and shows excellent activity against plant-pathogenic oomycetes. Although more than 21 target site mutations have been identified in insensitive oomycetes, only G770V, G839W, and ΔN837 have been verified to confer oxathiapiprolin resistance in Phytophthora capsici or P. sojae. The effect of other mutations on OSBPIs sensitivity requires urgent investigation. RESULTS P. sojae transformants containing 16 mutations of PsORP1 were recovered using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Transformants containing L733W, S768F, S768Y, N837Y, N837F, P861H, L863W, or I877Y showed high oxathiapiprolin resistance, with resistant factors (RFs) > 3000. Point mutations S768K, S768I, G770L, G770P, G770A, ΔG818/F819, N837I, and I877F exhibited low resistance, with RFs < 80. Phenotype assays revealed that the most highly resistant transformants showed enhanced or similar pathogenicity, oospore production, and cyst gemination. However, most transformants displayed decreased sporangia and zoospore production compared with parental wild-type P6497. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that L733W, S768F, S768Y, N837Y, N837F, P861H, L863W, and I877Y in PsORP1 confer high oxathiapiprolin resistance in P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoran Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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26
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Wang Z, Peng Q, Hou Y, Gao X, Zhong S, Fang Y, Liu C, Liu X. Resistance assessment for SYP-14288 in Phytophthora capsici and changes in mitochondria electric potential-associated respiration and ATP production confers resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2525-2536. [PMID: 32077584 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora capsici is a destructive plant oomycete pathogen that could lead to devastating losses in food production. Fungicide application is the main way to control plant disease caused by P. capsici. SYP-14288, a novel fungicide with a unique mode of action, could be used to control a broad range of plant diseases. Here, the potential for SYP-14288 resistance in P. capsici and the resistance mechanism involved were evaluated. RESULTS Baseline sensitivities of 133 isolates to SYP-14288 were determined and found to conform to a unimodal curve with a mean half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) of 0.625 μg mL-1 . In total, 21 stable SYP-14288-resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaptation in three sensitive isolates. The fitness of all the mutants was found to be lower than that of the parental isolates. Otherwise, downregulation of various ATPases may confer different resistance levels in P. capsici. Finally, multiple biochemical studies strongly suggest that both ATP content and electric potential were reduced in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, and as a compensatory mechanism, respiration was facilitated to make up for the energy defect in mutants. CONCLUSION The low fitness of SYP-14288-resistant mutants suggests that the resistance risk of P. capsici to SYP-14288 is low. Resistance may be led by a permeability change in the mitochondrial inner membrane in SYP-14288-resistant isolates, and lower ATP consumption lifestyles may be key to the SYP-14288 resistance generated in P. capsici. The current study could benefit the registration and application of the novel fungicide SYP-14288. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Peng
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, China Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang, China
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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27
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Zhang C, Cui T, Zhang F, Xue Z, Miao J, Wang W, Liu X. Identification of differentially activated pathways in Phytophthora sojae at the mycelial, cyst, and oospore stages by TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103776. [PMID: 32268220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a widely distributed, destructive oomycete plant pathogen that has been developed as a model for oomycete biology. Given the important but limited reports on the comparison of the sexual and asexual stages in Phytophthora, we performed a large-scale quantitative proteomics study on two key asexual life stages of P. sojae-the mycelium and cyst-as well as on the oospore, which is a key sexual stage. Over 29,631 peptides from 4688 proteins were analyzed. Briefly, 445 proteins, 624 proteins, and 579 proteins were defined as differentially quantified proteins in cyst vs mycelium, oospore vs cyst, and oospore vs mycelium comparisons, respectively (|log2 fold change| > 1 and P < 0.05). Compared to the mycelium and oospore, fatty acid and nitrogen metabolism were specifically induced in cysts. In oospores, the up-regulated proteins focused on RNA transport and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, indicating translation, folding, and the secretion of core cellular or stage-specific proteins active in oospores, which might be used for oospore germination. The data presented expand our knowledge of pathways specifically linked to asexual and sexual stages of this pathogen. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The sexual spores (oospores) in oomycetes have thick cell walls and can survive in the soil for years, thus providing a primary source and allowing the reinfection of their host plant in subsequent growing seasons. However, the proteomic study on oospores remains very limited as they are generally considered to be dormant. In the present study, we successfully isolated oospores, and performed a large-scale comparative quantitative proteomics study on this key sexual stage and two representative asexual stages of P. sojae. The results provide an improved understanding of P. sojae biology and suggest potential metabolic targets for disease control at the three different developmental stages in oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tongshan Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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28
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Wu J, Xue Z, Miao J, Zhang F, Gao X, Liu X. Sensitivity of Different Developmental Stages and Resistance Risk Assessment of Phytophthora capsici to Fluopicolide in China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:185. [PMID: 32194514 PMCID: PMC7064020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivities of Phytophthora capsici to fluopicolide were investigated in vitro, with results showing that fluopicolide had strong inhibitory activities on each development stage of P. capsici, in particular on the motility of the zoospore. The potential resistance risk for fluopicolide in P. capsici was evaluated. The baseline sensitivities to fluopicolide of 146 isolates obtained from 28 provinces in China were initially determined, and the 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50) distribution was a unimodal curve with a mean of 0.17 μg/ml. A series of fluopicolide-resistant mutants of P. capsici were obtained by fungicide adaptation, and their biological traits were determined. Most of the resistant mutants showed similar favorable fitness in mycelial growth, sporangium and zoospore production, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity compared with their sensitive parents, with few exceptions. Additionally, the cross-resistance result indicated that the sensitivity of fluopicolide did not correlate with other oomycete fungicides, apart from fluopimomide (LH-2010A). These results suggest a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, IPM Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Wang P, Wu H, Zhao G, He Y, Kong W, Zhang J, Liu S, Liu M, Hu K, Liu L, Xu Y, Xu Z. Transcriptome analysis clarified genes involved in resistance to Phytophthora capsici in melon. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227284. [PMID: 32050262 PMCID: PMC7015699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici is a devastating disease for melon plant. However, the underlying resistance mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptome differences between the resistant ZQK9 and susceptible E31 at 0, 3, and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) were identified by RNA-seq. A total of 1,195 and 6,595 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in ZQK9 and E31, respectively. P. capsici infection triggered massive transcript changes in the inoculated tissues. Genes related to plant defense responses were activated, which was reflected by a lot of up-regulated DEGs involved in pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, hormones biosynthesis and signal transduction, secondary metabolites biosynthesis and cell wall modification in resistant ZQK9. The dataset generated in this study may provide a basis for identifying candidate resistant genes in melon against P. capsici and lay a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyong Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Hainan Sanya Trial Center for Crops Breeding of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Guangwei Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Weihu Kong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuimiao Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Keyun Hu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yongyang Xu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Chen L, Zhao B, Fan Z, Hu M, Li Q, Hu W, Li J, Zhang J. Discovery of Novel Isothiazole, 1,2,3-Thiadiazole, and Thiazole-Based Cinnamamides as Fungicidal Candidates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12357-12365. [PMID: 31596575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of isothiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, and thiazole-based cinnamamide morpholine derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their fungicidal activities. Bioassay indicated that a combination of 3,4-dichloroisothiazole active substructures with cinnamamide morpholine lead to significant improvement of in vivo antifungal activities of the target compounds; among them, compound 5a exhibited good fungicidal activity against Pseudoperonspera cubensis in vivo with an inhibition rate of 100% at 100 μg/mL. A field experiment indicated that the difference of efficacy between 5a (75.9%) and dimethomorph (77.1%) at 37.5 g ai/667 m2 was not significant; and 5a also exhibited good activity against Botrytis cinerea by triggering accumulation of PAL and NPR1 defense-related gene expression and the defense associated enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) expression on cucumber, rather than direct inhibition. These findings strongly supported that 3,4-dichloroisothiazole containing cinnamamide morpholine 5a not only showed good fungicidal activity against P. cubensis but also exhibited plant innate immunity stimulation activity as a promising fungicide candidate with both fungicidal activity and systemic acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Chen
- College of Plant Protection , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
- Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Plant Protection , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Zhijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Mengxu Hu
- College of Plant Protection , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life Sciences , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
- Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province , Baoding 071001 , P. R. China
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Wang W, Xue Z, Miao J, Cai M, Zhang C, Li T, Zhang B, Tyler BM, Liu X. PcMuORP1, an Oxathiapiprolin-Resistance Gene, Functions as a Novel Selection Marker for Phytophthora Transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2402. [PMID: 31708886 PMCID: PMC6821980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora, a genus of oomycetes, contains many devastating plant pathogens, which cause substantial economic losses worldwide. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tool was introduced into Phytophthora to delineate the functionality of individual genes. The available selection markers for Phytophthora transformation, however, are limited, which can restrain transgenic manipulation in some cases. We hypothesized that PcMuORP1, an endogenous fungicide resistance gene from P. capsici that confers resistance to the fungicide oxathiapiprolin via an altered target site in the ORP1 protein, could be used as an alternative marker. To test this hypothesis, the gene PcMuORP1 was introduced into the CRISPR/Cas9 system and complementation of a deleted gene in P. capsici was achieved using it as a selection marker. All of the oxathiapiprolin-resistant transformants were confirmed to contain the marker gene, indicating that the positive screening rate was 100%. The novel selection marker could also be used in other representative Phytophthora species including P. sojae and P. litchii, also with 100% positive screening rate. Furthermore, comparative studies indicated that use of PcMuORP1 resulted in a much higher efficiency of screening compared to the conventional selection marker NPT II, especially in P. capsici. Successive subculture and asexual reproduction in the absence of selective pressure were found to result in the loss of the selection marker from the transformants, which indicates that the PcMuORP1 gene would have little long term influence on the fitness of transformants and could be reused as the selection marker in subsequent projects. Thus, we have created an alternative selection marker for Phytophthora transformation by using a fungicide resistance gene, which would accelerate functional studies of genes in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Xiang S, Ma X, Liao S, Shi H, Liu C, Shen Y, Lv X, Yuan M, Fan G, Huang J, Sun X. Cellulose Nanocrystal Surface Cationization: A New Fungicide with High Activity against Phycomycetes capsici. Molecules 2019; 24:E2467. [PMID: 31277526 PMCID: PMC6651198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the management of Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici) mainly relies on chemical pesticides. However, along with the resistance generated by P. capsici to these chemical pesticides, the toxicity and non-degradability of this chemical molecule may also cause serious environmental problems. Herein, a new bio-based nano-antifungal material (CNC@CTAB) was made with coating hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on the surface of a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). This material was then applied to the prevention of P. capcisi. This particle was facilely fabricated by mixing CTAB and sulfuric group modified CNC in an aqueous solvent. Compared to pure CTAB, the enrichment of CTAB on the CNC surface showed a better anti-oomycete activity both in vitro and in vivo. When CNC@CTAB was applied on P. capsici in vitro, the inhibition rate reached as high as 100%, while on the pepper leaf, the particle could also efficiently prevent the infection of P. capsici, and achieve a disease index as low as zero Thus, considering the high safety of CNC@CTAB in agricultural applications, and its high anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici, we believe that this CNC@CTAB has great application potential as a new green nano-fungicide in P. capsici management during the production of peppers or other vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyu Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuyue Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xing Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengting Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Miao J, Chi Y, Lin D, Tyler BM, Liu X. Mutations in ORP1 Conferring Oxathiapiprolin Resistance Confirmed by Genome Editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in Phytophthora capsici and P. sojae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1412-1419. [PMID: 29979095 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-18-0010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxathiapiprolin is a novel fungicide that was recently registered in a number of countries to control plant-pathogenic oomycetes such as Phytophthora capsici. In our previous study, point mutations G770V and G839W in oxysterol binding protein-related protein 1 (ORP1) were detected in oxathiapiprolin-resistant P. capsici isolates (PcORP1). Here, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to verify the effects of these two point mutations on P. capsici phenotypes. Transformants containing heterozygous G770V and G839W mutations in PcORP1 showed high levels of oxathiapiprolin resistance. The G770V transformants showed otherwise similar phenotypes compared with the wild-type isolate BYA5, including sporangia and zoospore production, cyst germination, and pathogenicity. However, two independent transformants with heterozygous G839W mutations in PcORP1 could not produce sporangia. Three transformants with an unexpected point mutation in PcORP1 (ΔN837) showed high oxathiapiprolin resistance, and either similar or significantly reduced fitness compared with BYA5. The same deletion (ΔN837) was confirmed to confer oxathiapiprolin resistance in P. sojae by using CRISPR/Cas9. These homozygous P. sojae mutants also showed either similar or strongly reduced fitness compared with the wild-type parent isolate P6497. These results improve our understanding of oxathiapiprolin resistance in Phytophthora spp., and will be useful for the development of novel oxysterol-binding protein homolog inhibitor fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- First and fifth authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; first, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and first and fourth authors: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Yuandong Chi
- First and fifth authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; first, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and first and fourth authors: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Dong Lin
- First and fifth authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; first, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and first and fourth authors: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Brett M Tyler
- First and fifth authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; first, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and first and fourth authors: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Xili Liu
- First and fifth authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; first, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and first and fourth authors: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Ma D, Jiang J, He L, Cui K, Mu W, Liu F. Detection and Characterization of QoI-Resistant Phytophthora capsici Causing Pepper Phytophthora Blight in China. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1725-1732. [PMID: 30125205 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0197-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a highly destructive plant pathogen that has spread worldwide. To date, the quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) azoxystrobin has been the choice of farmers for managing this oomycete. In this study, the sensitivity of 90 P. capsici isolates collected from Yunnan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Guangdong in southern China to azoxystrobin was assessed based on mycelial growth, sporangia formation, and zoospore discharge. Furthermore, the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene from azoxystrobin-sensitive and -resistant P. capsici isolates was compared to investigate the mechanism of QoI resistance. The high values for effective concentration to inhibit 50% of mycelial growth and large variation factor obtained provide strong support for the existence of azoxystrobin-resistant subpopulations in wild populations. The resistance frequency of P. capsici to azoxystrobin was greater than 40%. Sensitive P. capsici isolates were strongly suppressed on V8 medium plates containing azoxystrobin supplemented with salicylhydroxamic acid at 50 µg ml-1, whereas resistant isolates grew well under these conditions. Multiple alignment analysis revealed a missense mutation in the cytb gene that alters codon 137 (GGA to AGA), causing an amino acid substitution of glycine to arginine (G137R). The fitness of the azoxystrobin-sensitive isolate is similar to that of the G137R mutant. Additionally, the P. capsici isolates used in this study exhibited decreased sensitivity to two other QoI fungicides (pyraclostrobin and famoxadone). Necessary measures should be taken to control this trend of resistance to QoI that has developed in P. capsici in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicheng Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jiangong Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Leiming He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Nawaz K, Shahid AA, Bengyella L, Subhani MN, Ali M, Anwar W, Iftikhar S, Ali SW. Evidence of genetically diverse virulent mating types of Phytophthora capsici from Capsicum annum L. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:130. [PMID: 30101403 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an important economic crop that is severely destroyed by the filamentous oomycete Phytophthora capsici. Little is known about this pathogen in key chili pepper farms in Punjab province, Pakistan. We investigated the genetic diversity of P. capsici strains using standard taxonomic and molecular tools, and characterized their colony growth patterns as well as their disease severity on chili pepper plants under the greenhouse conditions. Phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal DNA (rDNA), β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1α loci revealed divergent evolution in the population structure of P. capsici isolates. The mean oospore diameter of mating type A1 isolates was greater than that of mating type A2 isolates. We provide first evidence of an uneven distribution of highly virulent mating type A1 and A2 of P. capsici that are insensitive to mefenoxam, pyrimorph, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin fungicides, and represent a risk factor that could ease outpacing the current P. capsici management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nawaz
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Louis Bengyella
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (TFREC), College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences (CAHNRS), Washington State University, Wenatchee, USA.
- Department of Biological Control, Advanced Biotech Cooperative, Bali-Nyonga, Cameroon.
| | | | - Muhammad Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Anwar
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Iftikhar
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhang Z, Ren W, Wang J, Chen W, Sang C, Chen C. Resistance risk assessment of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis against phenamacril, a myosin inhibitor. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 147:127-132. [PMID: 29933982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM) is one of the most notorious seed-borne diseases worldwide. Phenamacril is a cyanoacrylate fungicide with novel chemical structure and strong inhibitive activity against FOM. To evaluate the risk of FOM developing phenamacril resistance, five phenamacril-resistant mutants with >800μgml-1 minimum inhibitory concentration were obtained by repeated exposure to the fungicide in the laboratory. Compared with the parental isolate, four of the five phenamacril-resistant mutants showed enhanced biological fitness in sporulation and virulence, but not in sensitivity to various stresses (oxidative and osmotic pressure, cell membrane and wall inhibitor). No positive cross-resistance was observed among phenamacril and the other five fungicides, including azoxystrobin, carbendazim, boscalid, fluazinam and tebuconazole. Sequencing alignment results of the myosin 5 from the five resistant mutants and the parental strain indicated that the three resistant mutants fo-2, fo-3 and fo-4 had a single point mutation (S175L), which may confer the resistance of FOM against phenamacril. Interestingly, the resistant mutant fo-4 harbored not only one mutation (S175L) at myosin 5, but also the other mutation (A52G) at β2-tublin. Our data supported that resistance risk of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis against phenamacril was between the moderate to high level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengwei Sang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Hou YP, Qu XP, Mao XW, Kuang J, Duan YB, Song XS, Wang JX, Chen CJ, Zhou MG. Resistance mechanism of Fusarium fujikuroi to phenamacril in the field. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:607-616. [PMID: 28960890 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice bakanae disease, mainly caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, is an important disease of rice. Phenamacril has been used to control the disease for a few years in China. In 2016, nine phenamacril-resistant strains were found in the field in Zhejiang Province. The aim of the study was to clarify the mechanism of resistance of F. fujikuroi to phenamacril and the fitness of resistant strains. RESULTS The nine F. fujikuroi strains examined were highly resistant to phenamacril. Eight of them had the point mutation TCA (Ser) → CCA (Pro) at codon 219 in the Myosin-5 protein, while the other had the point mutation TCA (Ser) → TTA (Leu) at codon 219. Myosin-5 replacement between resistant and sensitive strains confirmed that the point mutation in Myosin-5 caused the resistance of F. fujikuroi to phenamacril. Docking of phenamacril into the modeled binding pocket of Myosin-5 showed that the affinity between phenamacril and Myosin-5 decreased and a hydrogen bond could not be formed between phenamacril and the amino acid at codon 219 after it changed to Pro or Leu. There was no cross-resistance between phenamacril and other fungicides. The eight resistant strains containing the point mutation S219P had almost the same fitness as the sensitive strains, while the one resistant strain containing the point mutation S219 L showed decreased mycelial growth, sporulation and pathogenicity. CONCLUSION In the field, the point mutation S219P or S219 L in Myosin-5 conferred high resistance to phenamacril in F. fujikuroi. The point mutation S219P did not affect the fitness of F. fujikuroi, while the point mutation S219 L decreased its fitness. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang-Pu Qu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Wei Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Kuang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Bing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Shi Song
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Jun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang C, Diao Y, Wang W, Hao J, Imran M, Duan H, Liu X. Assessing the Risk for Resistance and Elucidating the Genetics of Colletotrichum truncatum That Is Only Sensitive to Some DMI Fungicides. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1779. [PMID: 28970822 PMCID: PMC5609536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum contains a wide variety of important plant pathogens, and Colletotrichum truncatum is one of the most prevalent species of Colletotrichum on chili in China. Demethylation-inhibitor fungicides (DMIs) are currently registered chemical agents for the management of the anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. To assess the risk for DMI resistance development, 112 C. truncatum isolates were collected from infected pepper in 13 regions of China. The sensitivity of C. truncatum isolates to five DMI fungicides was determined based on mycelial growth inhibition assay. C. truncatum was sensitive to prochloraz, epoxiconazole, and difenoconazole, but not to tebuconazole or myclobutanil. Baseline sensitivity using the 112 C. truncatum isolates was established for the first three effective DMIs. Prochloraz, epoxiconazole, and difenoconazole EC50 values were 0.053 ± 0.023, 1.956 ± 0.815, and 1.027 ± 0.644 μg/ml, respectively. Eleven stable DMI-resistant mutants all exhibited lower fitness levels than their wild-type parents, suggesting a low risk of DMI resistance in C. truncatum. By inducing gene expression, CtCYP51 expression increased slightly in the resistant mutants as compared to wild-types when exposed to DMI fungicides and thus contributed at least partially to resistance. Molecular docking with CYP51 structure models was used to explain differential sensitivity of the DMI fungicides in C. truncatum. Our results suggest that the M376L/H373N mutations in CYP51 changed the conformation of DMIs in the binding pocket. These changes prevented the formation of the Fe - N coordinate bond between the heme iron active site and tebuconazole or myclobutanil, and apparently contributed to tebuconazole and myclobutanil insensitivity of C. truncatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, OronoME, United States
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Han X, Zhao H, Ren W, Lv C, Chen C. Resistance risk assessment for fludioxonil in Bipolaris maydis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 139:32-39. [PMID: 28595919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolaris maydis (anamorph: Cochliobolus heterostrophus) is the causal agent of Southern Corn Leaf Blight (SCLB), leading to huge annually losses worldwide. Although fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrole fungicide with a broad spectrum of activity, was introduced in the 1990s, no baseline sensitivity has been established for B. maydis. One hundred field isolates were used to establish a baseline sensitivity of B. maydis against fludioxonil during 2015-2016. The results showed that the baseline sensitivity was distributed as a unimodal curve with a mean EC50 value of 0.044±0.022μgmL-1. With repeated exposure to fludioxonil, a total of five fludioxonil-resistant mutants (RF>100, RF=Resistance factor) were obtained in the laboratory. Compared with the parental isolates, the five fludioxonil-resistant mutants showed decreased fitness in sporulation and virulence, and exhibited different features of sensitivity to various stresses (oxidation and osmotic pressure, cell membrane and cell wall inhibitors), but not in mycelial growth on PDA without stress amendation. The five fludioxonil-resistant mutants showed a positive cross-resistance between fludioxonil and the dicarboximide fungicide procymidone, but not between fludioxonil and boscalid or fluazinam. All mutants exhibited stable resistance to fludioxonil after 10 transfers, as indicated by resistance factor values that ranged from 116.82 to 445.59. When treated with 1.0 M NaCl, all the fludioxonil-resistant mutants showed greater mycelial glycerol content than corresponding parental isolates. Sequencing alignment results of Bmos1 indicated that mutant R27-5 had a single point mutation (Z1125K), while the mutant R104 had a 34-bp deletion fragment between the codons of amino acid residues 1125 to 1236 and encodes a putative attenuated 1133-AA protein. The 34-bp deletion fragment led to not only a 11-AA deletion(DNAVNQKLAVR), but also the resulting frameshift mutation and early stop. The mutations of R27-5 and R104 were located in the Rec domain of the Bmos1 gene. No mutations at the Bmos1 were detected in the other three resistant mutants R27-1, R27-2 and R32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - ChiYuan Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Pang Z, Srivastava V, Liu X, Bulone V. Quantitative proteomics links metabolic pathways to specific developmental stages of the plant-pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora capsici. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:378-390. [PMID: 27019332 PMCID: PMC6638298 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora capsici is a plant pathogen responsible for important losses to vegetable production worldwide. Its asexual reproduction plays an important role in the rapid propagation and spread of the disease in the field. A global proteomics study was conducted to compare two key asexual life stages of P. capsici, i.e. the mycelium and cysts, to identify stage-specific biochemical processes. A total of 1200 proteins was identified using qualitative and quantitative proteomics. The transcript abundance of some of the enriched proteins was also analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Seventy-three proteins exhibited different levels of abundance between the mycelium and cysts. The proteins enriched in the mycelium are mainly associated with glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (or citric acid) cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway, providing the energy required for the biosynthesis of cellular building blocks and hyphal growth. In contrast, the proteins that are predominant in cysts are essentially involved in fatty acid degradation, suggesting that the early infection stage of the pathogen relies primarily on fatty acid degradation for energy production. The data provide a better understanding of P. capsici biology and suggest potential metabolic targets at the two different developmental stages for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Pang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Division of GlycoscienceRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSE‐10691Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of GlycoscienceRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSE‐10691Sweden
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of GlycoscienceRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSE‐10691Sweden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of Adelaide, Waite CampusUrrbraeSA5064Australia
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Miao J, Dong X, Lin D, Wang Q, Liu P, Chen F, Du Y, Liu X. Activity of the novel fungicide oxathiapiprolin against plant-pathogenic oomycetes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1572-7. [PMID: 26577849 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxathiapiprolin was the first of the piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline class of fungicides to be discovered and developed by DuPont in 2007. Although oxathiapiprolin has been reported to have high activity against plant-pathogenic oomycetes, such as Peronospora belbahrii, Phytophthora nicotianae and Ph. capsici, little is known about its effectiveness against other plant-pathogenic oomycetes and its protective and curative properties. RESULTS Oxathiapiprolin exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against all of the plant-pathogenic oomycetes tested, with EC90 values ranging from 0.14 to 3.36 × 10(-3) µg mL(-1) , except the Pythium species Py. aphanidermatum and Py. deliense. Furthermore, doses as low as 10 µg mL(-1) were found to inhibit zoospore release and motility in Ph. capsici, while the mycelial development and sporangial production of Pseudoperonospora cubensis were restrained by an EC50 of 3.10 × 10(-4) and 5.17 × 10(-4) µg mL(-1) respectively. It was also found that oxathiapiprolin exhibited both protective and curative activity against the development of Ph. capsici infection in pepper plants under greenhouse conditions and in field tests. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the novel fungicide oxathiapiprolin exhibits strong inhibitory activity against a range of agriculturally important plant-pathogenic oomycetes, including Phytophthora spp., Peronophythora litchii, Plasmopara viticola, Pe. parasitica, Ps. cubensis and Py. ultimum. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Furu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Ngo HX, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Green KD. A complex game of hide and seek: the search for new antifungals. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1285-1306. [PMID: 27766140 PMCID: PMC5067021 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00222f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections directly affect millions of people each year. In addition to the invasive fungal infections of humans, the plants and animals that comprise our primary food source are also susceptible to diseases caused by these eukaryotic microbes. The need for antifungals, not only for our medical needs, but also for use in agriculture and livestock causes a high demand for novel antimycotics. Herein, we provide an overview of the most commonly used antifungals in medicine and agriculture. We also present a summary of the recent progress (from 2010-2016) in the discovery/development of new agents against fungal strains of medical/agricultural relevance, as well as information related to their biological activity, their mode(s) of action, and their mechanism(s) of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy X. Ngo
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Keith D. Green
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
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Miao J, Cai M, Dong X, Liu L, Lin D, Zhang C, Pang Z, Liu X. Resistance Assessment for Oxathiapiprolin in Phytophthora capsici and the Detection of a Point Mutation (G769W) in PcORP1 that Confers Resistance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:615. [PMID: 27199944 PMCID: PMC4850160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for oxathiapiprolin resistance in Phytophthora capsici was evaluated. The baseline sensitivities of 175 isolates to oxathiapiprolin were initially determinated and found to conform to a unimodal curve with a mean EC50 value of 5.61 × 10(-4) μg/ml. Twelve stable oxathiapiprolin-resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaptation in two sensitive isolates, LP3 and HNJZ10. The fitness of the LP3-mutants was found to be similar to or better than that of the parental isolate LP3, while the HNJZ10-mutants were found to have lost the capacity to produce zoospores. Taken together these results suggest that the risk of P. capsici developing resistance to oxathiapiprolin is moderate. Comparison of the PcORP1 genes in the LP3-mutants and wild-type parental isolate, which encode the target protein of oxathiapiprolin, revealed that a heterozygous mutation caused the amino acid substitution G769W. Transformation and expression of the mutated PcORP1-769W allele in the sensitive wild-type isolate BYA5 confirmed that the mutation in PcORP1 was responsible for the observed oxathiapiprolin resistance. Finally diagnostic tests including As-PCR and CAPs were developed to detect the oxathiapiprolin resistance resulting from the G769W point mutation in field populations of P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Pang Z, Chen L, Miao J, Wang Z, Bulone V, Liu X. Proteomic profile of the plant-pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora capsici
in response to the fungicide pyrimorph. Proteomics 2015; 15:2972-82. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Pang
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
- Division of Glycoscience; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
- College of Forestry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre; Stockholm Sweden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide; Waite Campus Glen Osmond South Australia Australia
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
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45
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Wang P, Liu X, Guo J, Liu C, Fu N, Shen H. Identification and Expression Analysis of Candidate Genes Associated with Defense Responses to Phytophthora capsici in Pepper Line "PI 201234". Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11417-38. [PMID: 25993303 PMCID: PMC4463708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici (Leonian), classified as an oomycete, seriously threatens the production of pepper (Capsicum annuum). Current understanding of the defense responses in pepper to P. capsici is limited. In this study, RNA-sequencing analysis was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes in the resistant line "PI 201234", with 1220 differentially expressed genes detected. Of those genes, 480 were up-regulated and 740 were down-regulated, with 211 candidate genes found to be involved in defense responses based on the gene annotations. Furthermore, the expression patterns of 12 candidate genes were further validated via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). These genes were found to be significantly up-regulated at different time points post-inoculation (6 hpi, 24 hpi, and 5 dpi) in the resistant line "PI 201234" and susceptible line "Qiemen". Seven genes were found to be involved in cell wall modification, phytoalexin biosynthesis, symptom development, and phytohormone signaling pathways, thus possibly playing important roles in combating exogenous pathogens. The genes identified herein will provide a basis for further gene cloning and functional verification studies and will aid in an understanding of the regulatory mechanism of pepper resistance to P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinju Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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46
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Du XJ, Bian Q, Wang HX, Yu SJ, Kou JJ, Wang ZP, Li ZM, Zhao WG. Design, synthesis, and fungicidal activity of novel carboxylic acid amides represented by N-benzhydryl valinamode carbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5427-34. [PMID: 24935054 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00744a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides are an important class of agricultural fungicide with oomycete activity and low toxicity toward mammalian cells. To find CAA analogues with high activity against resistant pathogens, a series of substituted N-benzhydryl valinamide carbamate derivatives were designed and synthesized by introducing substituted aromatic rings into valinamide carbamate leads. Bioassays showed that some title compounds exhibited very good in vitro fungicidal activity against Phytophthora capsici and in vivo fungicidal activities against Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Topomer CoMFA was performed to explore the structure-activity relationship on the basis of the in vitro data. The dimethoxy substituted aromatic analogue 9e was found to display higher in vitro fungicidal activity against Phytophthora capsici than iprovalicarb but lower activity than mandipropamid, and higher in vivo fungicidal activity against Pseudoperonospora cubensis than dimethomorph at a dosage of 6.25 μg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiang Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Wang ZP, Kou JJ, Gao Y, Du XJ, Li YH, Zhao WG. Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of carboxylic acid amide fungicides: part 2: substituted 1-phenyl-2-phenoxyethylamino valinamide carbamates. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the “stretched” valinamide carbamate analogues had higher anti-oomycetic potency than dimethomorph. The field trial showed that 8b is a promising candidate for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jun-Jie Kou
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Xiu-Jiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
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Xiao YM, Esser L, Zhou F, Li C, Zhou YH, Yu CA, Qin ZH, Xia D. Studies on inhibition of respiratory cytochrome bc1 complex by the fungicide pyrimorph suggest a novel inhibitory mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93765. [PMID: 24699450 PMCID: PMC3974799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory chain cytochrome bc1 complex (cyt bc1) is a major target of numerous antibiotics and fungicides. All cyt bc1 inhibitors act on either the ubiquinol oxidation (QP) or ubiquinone reduction (QN) site. The primary cause of resistance to bc1 inhibitors is target site mutations, creating a need for novel agents that act on alternative sites within the cyt bc1 to overcome resistance. Pyrimorph, a synthetic fungicide, inhibits the growth of a broad range of plant pathogenic fungi, though little is known concerning its mechanism of action. In this study, using isolated mitochondria from pathogenic fungus Phytophthora capsici, we show that pyrimorph blocks mitochondrial electron transport by affecting the function of cyt bc1. Indeed, pyrimorph inhibits the activities of both purified 11-subunit mitochondrial and 4-subunit bacterial bc1 with IC50 values of 85.0 μM and 69.2 μM, respectively, indicating that it targets the essential subunits of cyt bc1 complexes. Using an array of biochemical and spectral methods, we show that pyrimorph acts on an area near the QP site and falls into the category of a mixed-type, noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate ubiquinol. In silico molecular docking of pyrimorph to cyt b from mammalian and bacterial sources also suggests that pyrimorph binds in the vicinity of the quinol oxidation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Xiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lothar Esser
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fei Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chang-An Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Zhao-Hai Qin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZQ); (DX)
| | - Di Xia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZQ); (DX)
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Pang Z, Shao J, Hu J, Chen L, Wang Z, Qin Z, Liu X. Competition between pyrimorph-sensitive and pyrimorph-resistant isolates of Phytophthora capsici. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:269-274. [PMID: 24093920 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-13-0185-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici causes significant losses to vegetable production worldwide. Pyrimorph, a new carboxylic acid amide fungicide, has been registered to control P. capsici in China. A mutation (Q1077K) in cellulose synthase 3 has been reported to confer resistance to pyrimorph. In this study, we measured the competition between pyrimorph-resistant and pyrimorph-sensitive isolates of P. capsici. Mixed zoospore suspensions of resistant (R) and sensitive (S) isolates at five ratios (1R:9S, 3R:7S, 5R:5S, 7R:3S, and 9R:1S) were applied to carrot agar in vitro test (with five successive transfers) and to the soil surface around pepper plants in planta test (with 10 successive disease cycles). The proportion of resistant isolates was measured by a conventional assay in which single zoospore isolates recovered after transfers or disease cycles were grown on agar medium with a discriminatory concentration of pyrimorph. The results were then compared with those of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method developed here, the results were similar. Both assays showed that the competitive ability of the resistant isolates was similar to or less than that of the sensitive isolates. The real-time PCR assay developed will be useful for high-throughput analysis and monitoring the development of pyrimorph resistance in field populations of P. capsici.
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50
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Hu L, Wang D, Liu L, Chen J, Xue Y, Shi Z. Ca(2+) efflux is involved in cinnamaldehyde-induced growth inhibition of Phytophthora capsici. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76264. [PMID: 24098458 PMCID: PMC3788004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a destructive fungus-like plant pathogen, the oomycete Phytophthoracapsici is unable to synthesize its own ergosterol as the potential target of fungicide cinnamaldehyde (CA). In this study, CA exerted efficient inhibitory effects on both mycelial growth (EC50=0.75 mM) and zoospore germination (MIC=0.4 mM) of P. capsici. CA-induced immediate Ca(2+) efflux from zoospores could be confirmed by the rapid decrease in intracellular Ca(2+) content determined by using Fluo-3 AM and the increase in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration determined by using ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry). Blocking Ca(2+) influx with ruthenium red and verapamil led to a higher level of CA-induced Ca(2+) efflux, suggesting the simultaneous occurrence of Ca(2+) influx along with the Ca(2+) efflux under CA exposure. Further results showed that EGTA-induced decrease in intracellular Ca(2+) gave rise to the impaired vitality of P. capsici while the addition of exogenous Ca(2+) could suppress the growth inhibitory effect of CA. These results suggested that Ca(2+) efflux played an important role in CA-induced growth inhibition of P. capsici. The application of 3-phenyl-1-propanal, a CA analog without α,β- unsaturated bond, resulted in a marked Ca(2+) influx in zoospores but did not show any growth inhibitory effects. In addition, exogenous cysteine, an antagonist against the Michael addition (the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile) between CA and its targets, could attenuate CA-induced growth inhibition of P. capsici by suppressing Ca(2+) efflux. Our results suggest that CA inhibits the growth of P. capsici by stimulating a transient Ca(2+) efflux via Michael addition, which provides important new insights into the antimicrobial action of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Hu
- Institute of Food Safety and Monitoring Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dede Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Monitoring Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Plant Protect College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Monitoring Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Monitoring Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- Institute of Food Safety and Monitoring Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqi Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Monitoring Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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