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Mulik S, Berber E, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Controlling viral inflammatory lesions by rebalancing immune response patterns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257192. [PMID: 37671156 PMCID: PMC10475736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a variety of immune modulating approaches that could be used to counteract tissue-damaging viral immunoinflammatory lesions which typify many chronic viral infections. We make the point that in several viral infections the lesions can be largely the result of one or more aspects of the host response mediating the cell and tissue damage rather than the virus itself being directly responsible. However, within the reactive inflammatory lesions along with the pro-inflammatory participants there are also other aspects of the host response that may be acting to constrain the activity of the damaging components and are contributing to resolution. This scenario should provide the prospect of rebalancing the contributions of different host responses and hence diminish or even fully control the virus-induced lesions. We identify several aspects of the host reactions that influence the pattern of immune responsiveness and describe approaches that have been used successfully, mainly in model systems, to modulate the activity of damaging participants and which has led to lesion control. We emphasize examples where such therapies are, or could be, translated for practical use in the clinic to control inflammatory lesions caused by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Barry Tyrrell Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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2
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Xu J, Xiao N, Zhou D, Xie L. Disease tolerance: a protective mechanism of lung infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1037850. [PMID: 37207185 PMCID: PMC10189053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1037850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance and tolerance are two important strategies employed by the host immune response to defend against pathogens. Multidrug-resistant bacteria affect the resistance mechanisms involved in pathogen clearance. Disease tolerance, defined as the ability to reduce the negative impact of infection on the host, might be a new research direction for the treatment of infections. The lungs are highly susceptible to infections and thus are important for understanding host tolerance and its precise mechanisms. This review focuses on the factors that induce lung disease tolerance, cell and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue damage control, and the relationship between disease tolerance and sepsis immunoparalysis. Understanding the exact mechanism of lung disease tolerance could allow better assessment of the immune status of patients and provide new ideas for the treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Xu
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Zhou, ; Lixin Xie,
| | - Lixin Xie
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Zhou, ; Lixin Xie,
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Merlo LMF, Peng W, Mandik-Nayak L. Impact of IDO1 and IDO2 on the B Cell Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886225. [PMID: 35493480 PMCID: PMC9043893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1 and IDO2 are closely related tryptophan catabolizing enzymes that have immunomodulatory properties. Although initially studied as modifiers of T cell activity, emerging evidence suggests IDO1 and IDO2 also have important roles as modulators of B cell function. In this context, IDO1 and IDO2 appear to play opposite roles, with IDO1 inhibiting and IDO2 driving inflammatory B cell responses. In this mini review, we discuss the evidence for IDO1 and IDO2 modulation of B cell function, focusing on the effect of these enzymes on autoimmunity, allergic responses, protective immunity, and response to pathogens. We summarize strategies to target IDO1 and/or IDO2 as potential therapeutics for inflammatory autoimmune disease and highlight outstanding questions and areas that require future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Weidan Peng
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
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Zhao J, Chen J, Wang C, Liu Y, Li M, Li Y, Li R, Han Z, Wang J, Chen L, Shu Y, Cheng G, Sun C. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) broadly inhibits viral infections via triggering NMDAR/Ca2+ influx and CaMKII/ IRF3-mediated IFN-β production. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010366. [PMID: 35235615 PMCID: PMC8920235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is well known to play a critical function in cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in host-pathogen interactions has not been characterized yet. Herein, we identified that kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the KP, and quinolinic acid (QUIN), a key enzymatic product of KMO enzyme, exerted a novel antiviral function against a broad range of viruses. Mechanistically, QUIN induced the production of type I interferon (IFN-I) via activating the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and Ca2+ influx to activate Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Importantly, QUIN treatment effectively inhibited viral infections and alleviated disease progression in mice. Furthermore, kmo-/- mice were vulnerable to pathogenic viral challenge with severe clinical symptoms. Collectively, our results demonstrated that KMO and its enzymatic product QUIN were potential therapeutics against emerging pathogenic viruses. The outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases have become a severe challenge worldwide, and therefore it is a public health priority to explore novel broad-spectrum antiviral agents with various mechanisms. This study reported that kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), a key rate-limiting enzyme during tryptophan metabolism, showed promise as a novel broad-spectrum antiviral factor against emerging pathogenic viruses. We further found that quinolinic acid (QUIN), an enzymatic product of KMO, could also act as a novel broad-spectrum antiviral agent. We then systematically studied the underlying mechanisms and broadly antiviral function of KMO and QUIN in vitro and in vivo. Our data highlight the importance of exploring novel antiviral targets from the key enzymes and their metabolites in tryptophan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zirong Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GC); (CS)
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GC); (CS)
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Deficiency in indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase induces upregulation of guanylate binding protein 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain during cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii in genetically resistant BALB/c mice but not in genetically susceptible C57BL/6 mice. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104908. [PMID: 34781010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the roles of indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in controlling cerebral Toxoplasma gondii infection in both genetically resistant and susceptible strains of mice. In susceptible C57BL/6 mice, IDO expression was immunohistochemically detected only in a minority (22.5 %) of tachyzoite-infected cells in their brains during the later stage of infection. When C57BL-6-background IDO1-deficient (IDO1-/-) mice were infected, their cerebral tachyzoite burden was equivalent to those of wild-type (WT) animals. In contrast, in resistant BALB/c mice, IDO expression was detected in a majority (84.0%) of tachyzoite-infected cerebral cells. However, tachyzoite burden in BALB/c-background IDO1-/- mice remained as low as that of WT mice, which was 78 times less than those of C57BL/6 mice. Of interest, IDO1-/- mice of only resistant BALB/c-background had markedly greater cerebral expressions of two other IFN-γ-mediated effector molecules, guanylate binding protein 1 (Gbp1) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), than their WT mice. Therefore, it would be possible that IDO1 deficiency was effectively compensated by the upregulated expression of Gbp1 and NOS2 to control cerebral tachyzoite growth in genetically resistant BALB/c mice, whereas IDO1 did not significantly contribute to controlling cerebral tachyzoite growth in genetically susceptible C57BL/6 mice because of its suppressed expression in infected cells.
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Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070606. [PMID: 34201791 PMCID: PMC8308824 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies are unquestionably a significant public health problem. Their effective treatment is still a big challenge for modern medicine. Tumors have developed a wide range of mechanisms to evade an immune and therapeutic response. As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for research on solutions aimed at overcoming this problem. An accumulation of tryptophan metabolites belonging to the kynurenine pathway can enhance neoplastic progression because it causes the suppression of immune system response against cancer cells. They are also involved in the development of the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to antitumor therapy. Kynurenine belongs to the most potent immunosuppressive metabolites of this pathway and has a significant impact on the development of malignancies. This fact prompted researchers to assess whether targeting the enzymes responsible for its synthesis could be an effective therapeutic strategy for various cancers. To date, numerous studies, both preclinical and clinical, have been conducted on this topic, especially regarding the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and their results can be considered noteworthy. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge about the role of the kynurenine pathway in neoplastic progression and the findings regarding the usefulness of modulating its activity in anticancer therapy.
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7
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Bardanzellu F, Puddu M, Fanos V. Breast Milk and COVID-19: From Conventional Data to "Omics" Technologies to Investigate Changes Occurring in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5668. [PMID: 34070662 PMCID: PMC8199242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this context of COVID-19 pandemic, great interest has been aroused by the potential maternal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by transplacental route, during delivery, and, subsequently, through breastfeeding. Some open questions still remain, especially regarding the possibility of finding viable SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk (BM), although this is not considered a worrying route of transmission. However, in BM, it was pointed out the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other bioactive components that could protect the infant from infection. The aim of our narrative review is to report and discuss the available literature on the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in BM of COVID-19 positive mothers, and we discussed the unique existing study investigating BM of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers through metabolomics, and the evidence regarding microbiomics BM variation in COVID-19. Moreover, we tried to correlate metabolomics and microbiomics findings in BM of positive mothers with potential effects on breastfed infants metabolism and health. To our knowledge, this is the first review summarizing the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 effects on BM, resuming both "conventional data" (antibodies) and "omics technologies" (metabolomics and microbiomics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.P.); (V.F.)
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8
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Cho SJ, Hong KS, Schenck E, Lee S, Harris R, Yang J, Choi AMK, Stout-Delgado H. Decreased IDO1-dependent tryptophan metabolism in aged lung during influenza. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.00443-2020. [PMID: 33243840 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00443-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the current study, we investigated the impact of chronological ageing on tryptophan metabolism in response to influenza infection.Examination of metabolites present in plasma collected from critically ill patients identified tryptophan metabolism as an important metabolic pathway utilised specifically in response to influenza. Using a murine model of influenza infection to further these findings illustrated that there was decreased production of kynurenine in aged lung in an indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent manner that was associated with increased inflammatory and diminished regulatory responses. Specifically, within the first 7 days of influenza, there was a decrease in kynurenine pathway mediated metabolism of tryptophan, which resulted in a subsequent increase in ketone body catabolism in aged alveolar macrophages. Treatment of aged mice with mitoquinol, a mitochondrial targeted antioxidant, improved mitochondrial function and restored tryptophan metabolism.Taken together, our data provide additional evidence as to why older persons are more susceptible to influenza and suggest a possible therapeutic to improve immunometabolic responses in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Cho
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Sook Hong
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward Schenck
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefi Lee
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Stout-Delgado
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Zelante T, Choera T, Beauvais A, Fallarino F, Paolicelli G, Pieraccini G, Pieroni M, Galosi C, Beato C, De Luca A, Boscaro F, Romoli R, Liu X, Warris A, Verweij PE, Ballard E, Borghi M, Pariano M, Costantino G, Calvitti M, Vacca C, Oikonomou V, Gargaro M, Wong AYW, Boon L, den Hartog M, Spáčil Z, Puccetti P, Latgè JP, Keller NP, Romani L. Aspergillus fumigatus tryptophan metabolic route differently affects host immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108673. [PMID: 33503414 PMCID: PMC7844877 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) degrade l-tryptophan to kynurenines and drive the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Unsurprisingly, various invertebrates, vertebrates, and even fungi produce IDO. In mammals, IDO1 also serves as a homeostatic regulator, modulating immune response to infection via local tryptophan deprivation, active catabolite production, and non-enzymatic cell signaling. Whether fungal Idos have pleiotropic functions that impact on host-fungal physiology is unclear. Here, we show that Aspergillus fumigatus possesses three ido genes that are expressed under conditions of hypoxia or tryptophan abundance. Loss of these genes results in increased fungal pathogenicity and inflammation in a mouse model of aspergillosis, driven by an alternative tryptophan degradation pathway to indole derivatives and the host aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Fungal tryptophan metabolic pathways thus cooperate with the host xenobiotic response to shape host-microbe interactions in local tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tsokyi Choera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institute, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolicelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pieraccini
- Mass Spectrometry Centre (CISM), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Galosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Beato
- Interdepartmental Centre for Measures (CIM) "G. Casnati," University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Mass Spectrometry Centre (CISM), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Romoli
- Mass Spectrometry Centre (CISM), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eloise Ballard
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alicia Yoke Wei Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Zdeněk Spáčil
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Latgè
- Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institute, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228776. [PMID: 33233627 PMCID: PMC7699789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) holds a unique place in biology for a multitude of reasons. It is the largest of all twenty amino acids in the translational toolbox. Its side chain is indole, which is aromatic with a binuclear ring structure, whereas those of Phe, Tyr, and His are single-ring aromatics. In part due to these elaborate structural features, the biosynthetic pathway of Trp is the most complex and the most energy-consuming among all amino acids. Essential in the animal diet, Trp is also the least abundant amino acid in the cell, and one of the rarest in the proteome. In most eukaryotes, Trp is the only amino acid besides Met, which is coded for by a single codon, namely UGG. Due to the large and hydrophobic π-electron surface area, its aromatic side chain interacts with multiple other side chains in the protein, befitting its strategic locations in the protein structure. Finally, several Trp derivatives, namely tryptophylquinone, oxitriptan, serotonin, melatonin, and tryptophol, have specialized functions. Overall, Trp is a scarce and precious amino acid in the cell, such that nature uses it parsimoniously, for multiple but selective functions. Here, the various aspects of the uniqueness of Trp are presented in molecular terms.
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The Role of the Kynurenine Signaling Pathway in Different Chronic Pain Conditions and Potential Use of Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176045. [PMID: 32842609 PMCID: PMC7503462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The IDO enzyme is expressed in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Another enzyme of interest in the kynurenine signaling pathway is kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of TRP and the kynurenine signaling pathway in different chronic pain patients. The IDO-1, IDO-2, and KMO enzymes and the kynurenine metabolite have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and other painful conditions (migraine, cluster headache, etc.) as well as depressive behavior. We highlighted the analgesic potential of novel agents targeting the enzymes of the kynurenine signaling pathway to explore their efficacy in both future basic science and transitional studies. Upcoming studies conducted on animal models will need to take into consideration the differences in TRP metabolism between human and non-human species. Since chronic painful conditions and depression have common pathophysiological patterns, and the kynurenine signaling pathway is involved in both of them, future clinical studies should aim to have outcomes targeting not only pain, but also functionality, mood changes, and quality of life.
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12
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Merlo LMF, DuHadaway JB, Montgomery JD, Peng WD, Murray PJ, Prendergast GC, Caton AJ, Muller AJ, Mandik-Nayak L. Differential Roles of IDO1 and IDO2 in T and B Cell Inflammatory Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1861. [PMID: 32973768 PMCID: PMC7461966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1 and IDO2 are two closely related tryptophan catabolizing enzymes encoded by linked genes. The IDO pathway is also immunomodulatory, with IDO1 well-characterized as a mediator of tumor immune evasion. Due to its homology with IDO1, IDO2 has been proposed to have a similar immunoregulatory function. Indeed, IDO2, like IDO1, is necessary for the differentiation of regulatory T cells in vitro. However, compared to IDO1, in vivo studies demonstrated a contrasting role for IDO2, with experiments in preclinical models of autoimmune arthritis establishing a proinflammatory role for IDO2 in mediating B and T cell activation driving autoimmune disease. Given their potentially opposing roles in inflammatory responses, interpretation of results obtained using IDO1 or IDO2 single knockout mice could be complicated by the expression of the other enzyme. Here we use IDO1 and IDO2 single and double knockout (dko) mice to define the differential roles of IDO1 and IDO2 in B cell-mediated immune responses. Autoreactive T and B cell responses and severity of joint inflammation were decreased in IDO2 ko, but not IDO1 ko arthritic mice. Dko mice had a reduction in the number of autoantibody secreting cells and severity of arthritis: however, percentages of differentiated T cells and their associated cytokines were not reduced compared to IDO1 ko or wild-type mice. These data suggest that autoreactive B cell responses are mediated by IDO2, while autoreactive T cell responses are indirectly affected by IDO1 expression in the IDO2 ko mice. IDO2 also influenced antibody responses in models of influenza infection and immunization with T cell-independent type II antigens. Taken together, these studies provide evidence for the contrasting roles IDO1 and IDO2 play in immune responses, with IDO1 mediating T cell suppressive effects and IDO2 working directly in B cells as a proinflammatory mediator of B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | | | - Wei-Dan Peng
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Peter J Murray
- Immunoregulation Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Keshavarz M, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Namdari H, Arjeini Y, Mousavi MJ, Rezaei F. Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:15. [PMID: 32161622 PMCID: PMC7059726 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Pizzini A, Kurz K, Santifaller J, Tschurtschenthaler C, Theurl I, Fuchs D, Weiss G, Bellmann-Weiler R. Assessment of neopterin and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in patients with seasonal influenza: A pilot study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:603-609. [PMID: 31489989 PMCID: PMC6800299 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immune activation after stimulation with interferon-gamma leads to increased production of neopterin but also results in increased tryptophan catabolism through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Our pilot study determined neopterin serum levels and IDO activity in patients with influenza infection and investigated whether neopterin is linked to clinical outcome parameters (mortality ≤30 days, acute cardiac events (ACE) length of hospitalization, ICU admission). METHODS Neopterin concentrations were analyzed in serum samples of 40 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of influenza infection and in-hospital treatment for >24 hours. Data were compared to values of 100 healthy blood donors and 48 age-matched pneumonia patients. In a subgroup of 14 patients, tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations, as well as kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, were analyzed. RESULTS In all influenza patients, neopterin concentrations were increased and significantly higher compared to those determined in patients with pneumonia and healthy controls. Positive correlations between the duration of hospitalization and neopterin were found. Significantly higher levels of kynurenine, kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, and lower levels of tryptophan were seen in influenza patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Neopterin seems to be related to the course of the disease and could be a valuable biomarker to identify patients at an elevated risk of a worsened outcome; however, further prospective validation studies are needed to support the here presented preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pizzini
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Santifaller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Tschurtschenthaler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Virok DP, Raffai T, Kókai D, Paróczai D, Bogdanov A, Veres G, Vécsei L, Poliska S, Tiszlavicz L, Somogyvári F, Endrész V, Burián K. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity in Chlamydia muridarum and Chlamydia pneumoniae Infected Mouse Lung Tissues. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:192. [PMID: 31249813 PMCID: PMC6582659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections with potentially debilitating sequelae, such as infertility. Mouse models are generally used for vaccine development, to study the immune response and histopathology associated with Chlamydia infection. An important question regarding murine models is the in vivo identification of murine host genes responsible for the elimination of the murine and human Chlamydia strains. RNA sequencing of the Chlamydia muridarum infected BALB/c lung transcriptome revealed that several genes with direct antichlamydial functions were induced at the tissue level, including the already described and novel members of the murine interferon-inducible GTPase family, the CXCL chemokines CXCL9, CXCL11, immunoresponsive gene 1, nitric oxide synthase-2 (iNOS), and lipocalin-2. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1-2 (IDO1-2) previously described potent antichlamydial host enzymes were also highly expressed in the infected murine lungs. This finding was novel, since IDO was considered as a unique human antichlamydial defense gene. Besides a lower level of epithelial cell positivity, immunohistochemistry showed that IDO1-2 proteins were expressed prominently in macrophages. Detection of the tryptophan degradation product kynurenine and the impact of IDO inhibition on Chlamydia muridarum growth proved that the IDO1-2 proteins were functionally active. IDO1-2 activity also increased in Chlamydia muridarum infected C57BL/6 lung tissues, indicating that this phenomenon is not mouse strain specific. Our study shows that the murine antichlamydial response includes a variety of highly up-regulated defense genes in vivo. Among these genes the antichlamydial effectors IDO1-2 were identified. The potential impact of murine IDO1-2 expression on Chlamydia propagation needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső P Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Raffai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kókai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Paróczai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Poliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Tiszlavicz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Valéria Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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16
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Sarkar I, Zardini Buzatto A, Garg R, Li L, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Metabolomic and Immunological Profiling of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection after Intranasal Immunization with a Subunit Vaccine Candidate. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1145-1161. [PMID: 30706717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in infants, the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and patients with congenital heart diseases. Despite extensive efforts, a vaccine against RSV is still not available. We have previously reported the development of a subunit vaccine (ΔF/TriAdj) composed of a truncated version of the fusion protein (ΔF) and a polymer-based combination adjuvant (TriAdj). We compared inflammatory responses of ΔF/TriAdj-vaccinated and unvaccinated mice following intranasal challenge with RSV. Rapid and early inflammatory responses were observed in lung samples from both groups but modulated in the vaccinated group 7 days after the viral challenge. The underlying mechanism of action of ΔF/TriAdj was further studied through LC-MS-based metabolomic profiling by using 12C- or 13C-dansyl labeling for the amine/phenol submetabolome. RSV infection predominantly affected the amino acid biosynthesis pathways and urea cycle, whereas ΔF/TriAdj modulated the concentrations of almost all of the altered metabolites. Tryptophan metabolites were significantly affected, including indole, l-kynurenine, xanthurenic acid, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 6-hydroxymelatonin. The results from the present study provide further mechanistic insights into the mode of action of this RSV vaccine candidate and have important implications in the design of metabolic therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Sarkar
- VIDO-InterVac , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5E3 , Canada.,Microbiology and Immunology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5E5 , Canada
| | | | - Ravendra Garg
- VIDO-InterVac , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5E3 , Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- VIDO-InterVac , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5E3 , Canada.,Microbiology and Immunology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5E5 , Canada
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17
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Expression and regulation of immune-modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by human airway epithelial cells and its effect on T cell activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57606-57617. [PMID: 27613847 PMCID: PMC5295376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan, which plays a critical role in immune suppression through regulating the production of a series of metabolites that are generally referred to as kynurenines. It has become increasingly clear that epithelial cells (ECs) play an active role in maintaining lung homeostasis by modulating the function of immune cells via producing cytokines, chemokines, and anti-microbial mediators. In this study we assessed the regulation of IDO activity and expression in human primary ECs and EC lines under steady state conditions and in response to bacterial and allergenic stimuli. We also investigated the potential immune modulatory functions of IDO expression in human airway ECs. Our data clearly show that airway ECs produce IDO, which is down-regulated in response to allergens and TLR ligands while up-regulated in response to IFN-γ. Using gene silencing, we further demonstrate that IDO plays a key role in the EC-mediated suppression of antigen-specific and polyclonal proliferation of T cells. Interestingly, our data also show that ECs lose their inhibitory effect on T cell activation in response to different TLR agonists mimicking bacterial or viral infections. In conclusion, our work provides an understanding of how IDO is regulated in ECs as well as demonstrates that “resting” ECs can suppress T cell activation in an IDO dependent manner. These data provide new insight into how ECs, through the production of IDO, can influence downstream innate and adaptive responses as part of their function in maintaining immune homeostasis in the airways.
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18
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Raniga K, Liang C. Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic Network against Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29342871 PMCID: PMC5795449 DOI: 10.3390/v10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host and induce drastic metabolic changes to ensure an optimal environment for replication and the production of viral progenies. In response, the host has developed diverse countermeasures to sense and limit these alterations to combat viral infection. One such host mechanism is through interferon signaling. Interferons are cytokines that enhances the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) whose products are key players in the innate immune response to viral infection. In addition to their direct targeting of viral components, interferons and ISGs exert profound effects on cellular metabolism. Recent studies have started to illuminate on the specific role of interferon in rewiring cellular metabolism to activate immune cells and limit viral infection. This review reflects on our current understanding of the complex networking that occurs between the virus and host at the interface of cellular metabolism, with a focus on the ISGs in particular, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), which were recently discovered to modulate specific metabolic events and consequently deter viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Raniga
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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19
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An innate defense peptide BPIFA1/SPLUNC1 restricts influenza A virus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:71-81. [PMID: 28513596 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium secretes proteins that function in innate defense against infection. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family member A1 (BPIFA1) is secreted into airways and has a protective role during bacterial infections, but it is not known whether it also has an antiviral role. To determine a role in host defense against influenza A virus (IAV) infection and to find the underlying defense mechanism, we developed transgenic mouse models that are deficient in BPIFA1 and used these, in combination with in vitro three-dimensional mouse tracheal epithelial cell (mTEC) cultures, to investigate its antiviral properties. We show that BPIFA1 has a significant role in mucosal defense against IAV infection. BPIFA1 secretion was highly modulated after IAV infection. Mice deficient in BPIFA1 lost more weight after infection, supported a higher viral load and virus reached the peripheral lung earlier, indicative of a defect in the control of infection. Further analysis using mTEC cultures showed that BPIFA1-deficient cells bound more virus particles, displayed increased nuclear import of IAV ribonucleoprotein complexes, and supported higher levels of viral replication. Our results identify a critical role of BPIFA1 in the initial phase of infection by inhibiting the binding and entry of IAV into airway epithelial cells.
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20
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Mellor AL, Lemos H, Huang L. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tolerance: Where Are We Now? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1360. [PMID: 29163470 PMCID: PMC5663846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells expressing IDO suppress innate and adaptive immunity to promote tolerance by catabolizing the amino acid tryptophan (Trp) and other indole compounds. Interferon type I (IFN-I) and type II (IFN-II) produced at sites of inflammation or by activated immune cells are potent IDO inducers because mammalian IDO genes contain IFN response elements. Elevated IDO expression by dendritic cells (DCs) is of particular significance because IDO activity converts mature DCs into tolerogenic APCs that suppress effector T cells (Teff) and promote regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby promoting tolerance. Local Trp depletion and production of immune suppressive Trp catabolites contribute to tolerogenic processes by activating metabolic pathways responsive to amino acid withdrawal and aryl hydrocarbon signaling, respectively. Sustained IDO elevation creates local immune privilege that protects tissues from immune-mediated damage and allows tissues to heal. This response occurs in lymphoid tissues when DNA released by dying tissue cells is sensed to induce specialized DC subsets to acquire tolerogenic phenotypes. The tolerogenic effects of IDO also promote tumorigenesis and help establish immune checkpoints in cancer, as malignant cells are protected from immune surveillance. Similar processes may attenuate host immunity to some pathogens that persist in immunocompetent individuals. However, if inflammation with IDO involvement is not resolved, chronic immune activation at such sites causes progressive tissue damage over time. Another effect of sustained IDO activity is enhanced pain sensitivity, as some Trp catabolites produced by cells expressing IDO are neuroactive. In this review, we summarize links between IDO and chronic inflammatory diseases and discuss prospects for exploiting IDO and Trp catabolism to suppress immunity and promote tolerance for clinical benefit, with particular emphasis on protecting tissues from destructive autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Mellor
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique Lemos
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Pett SL, Kunisaki KM, Wentworth D, Griffin TJ, Kalomenidis I, Nahra R, Montejano Sanchez R, Hodgson SW, Ruxrungtham K, Dwyer D, Davey RT, Wendt CH. Increased Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Activity Is Associated With Poor Clinical Outcome in Adults Hospitalized With Influenza in the INSIGHT FLU003Plus Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 5:ofx228. [PMID: 29322062 PMCID: PMC5753217 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mediated tryptophan (TRP) depletion has antimicrobial and immuno-regulatory effects. Increased kynurenine (KYN)-to-TRP (KT) ratios, reflecting increased IDO activity, have been associated with poorer outcomes from several infections. Methods We performed a case-control (1:2; age and sex matched) analysis of adults hospitalized with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with protocol-defined disease progression (died/transferred to ICU/mechanical ventilation) after enrollment (cases) or survived without progression (controls) over 60 days of follow-up. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between baseline KT ratio and other metabolites and disease progression. Results We included 32 cases and 64 controls with a median age of 52 years; 41% were female, and the median durations of influenza symptoms prior to hospitalization were 8 and 6 days for cases and controls, respectively (P = .04). Median baseline KT ratios were 2-fold higher in cases (0.24 mM/M; IQR, 0.13-0.40) than controls (0.12; IQR, 0.09-0.17; P ≤ .001). When divided into tertiles, 59% of cases vs 20% of controls had KT ratios in the highest tertile (0.21-0.84 mM/M). When adjusted for symptom duration, the odds ratio for disease progression for those in the highest vs lowest tertiles of KT ratio was 9.94 (95% CI, 2.25-43.90). Conclusions High KT ratio was associated with poor outcome in adults hospitalized with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. The clinical utility of this biomarker in this setting merits further exploration. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier NCT01056185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (MRC CTU), Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, UK.,Clinical Research Group, Infections and Population Health, UCL, London, UK.,Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Ken M Kunisaki
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Deborah Wentworth
- Division of Biostatistics, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ioannis Kalomenidis
- 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, University of Athens School of Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Raquel Nahra
- Cooper University Hospital, Division of Infectious Disease, Camden, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West and NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Richard T Davey
- National National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chris H Wendt
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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Li F, Karlsson H. Antiviral Effect of IDO in Mouse Fibroblast Cells During Influenza Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:542-544. [PMID: 28402179 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While upregulation of 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) accompanied by degradation of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway have been reported to exert antimicrobial effects against a wide range of infectious agents, its role in the replication of influenza A virus remains uncertain. We performed experiments using influenza A/WSN/33 virus infection of mouse fibroblast cell-line (NIH-3T3) to study the effects of IDO on viral replication. Influenza infection resulted in prominent elevations of transcripts encoding IDO, interferon (IFN)-β, and segment 8 of the virus in NIH-3T3 cells. Introduction of siRNA targeted against IDO followed by infection resulted in further increased levels of viral RNA without altering IFN-β expression. Inhibition of IDO during the infection also resulted in reduction of virus-driven upregulation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO), but not kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), which are enzymes downstream in the kynurenine pathway. Thus, induction of IDO appears to contribute to limiting replication of the WSN/33 strain of influenza A virus in murine NIH-3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China .,2 Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Karlsson
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Zhou B, Li J, Liang X, Yang Z, Jiang Z. Transcriptome profiling of influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial (A549) cells with lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside treatment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173058. [PMID: 28273165 PMCID: PMC5342222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus is an acute contagious pathogen that affects the human respiratory system and can cause severe lung disease and even death. Lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside is a lignan that is extracted from Isatis indigotica, which is a medicinal herb plant that was commonly applied to treat infections, the common cold, fever and inflammatory diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside possesses anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the comprehensive and detailed mechanisms that underlie the effect of lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside interventions against influenza virus infection remain to be elucidated. In this study, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the transcriptomic responses of influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial (A549) cells with lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside treatment. The transcriptome data show that infection with influenza A virus prompted the activation of 368 genes involved in RIG-I signalling, the inflammatory response, interferon α/β signalling and gene expression that was not affected by lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside treatment. Lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside exerted its pharmacological actions on the immune system, signal transduction, cell cycle and metabolism, which may be an underlying defense mechanism against influenza virus infection. In addition, 166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were uniquely expressed in lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside-treated cells, which were concentrated in the cell cycle, DNA repair, chromatin organization, gene expression and biosynthesis domains. Among them, six telomere-associated genes were up-regulated by lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside treatment, which have been implicated in telomere regulation and stability. Collectively, we employed RNA-seq analysis to provide comprehensive insight into the mechanism of lariciresinol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZFY); (ZHJ)
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- * E-mail: (ZFY); (ZHJ)
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24
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Kobzik L. Searching for a Lifeline: Transcriptome Profiling Studies of Influenza Susceptibility and Resistance. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:232-242. [PMID: 28249256 DOI: 10.1159/000457902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess or dysregulated host inflammatory responses cause much of the morbidity and mortality caused by severe influenza. Given the limitations of vaccines and antiviral drugs, novel therapeutics to modulate host responses and improve outcomes in severe influenza are needed. One strategy is to learn from the direct comparison of high-survivor versus high-mortality animal models. This review surveys the results of lung transcriptome profiling studies in murine models that directly compare susceptible versus resistant hosts challenged with identical influenza infections. The potential contributions and limitations of these studies are discussed. To amplify their power, the studies are subjected to a meta-analysis, which helps identify frequently dysregulated pathways and potentially novel areas for investigation. Using connectivity map-based tools (LINCS), transcriptome signatures linked to susceptibility can identify candidate drugs that merit testing for in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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5-Hydroxytryptophan, a major product of tryptophan degradation, is essential for optimal replication of human parainfluenza virus. Virology 2017; 503:46-51. [PMID: 28113063 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) exerts its antiviral effect by inducing a large family of cellular genes, named interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). An intriguing member of this family is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the main branch of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, the kynurenine pathway. We recently showed that IDO strongly inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a significant respiratory pathogen. Here, we show that 5-hydoxytryptophan (5-HTP), the first product of an alternative branch of Trp degradation and a serotonin precursor, is essential to protect virus growth against IDO in cell culture. We also show that the apparent antiviral effect of IDO on PIV3 is not due to the generation of the kynurenine pathway metabolites, but rather due to the depletion of intracellular Trp by IDO, as a result of which this rare amino acid becomes unavailable for the alternative, proviral 5-HTP pathway.
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26
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Fritsch SD, Weichhart T. Effects of Interferons and Viruses on Metabolism. Front Immunol 2016; 7:630. [PMID: 28066439 PMCID: PMC5174094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are potent pleiotropic cytokines that broadly alter cellular functions in response to viral and other infections. These alterations include changes in protein synthesis, proliferation, membrane composition, and the nutritional microenvironment. Recent evidence suggests that antiviral responses are supported by an IFN-induced rewiring of the cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss the roles of type I and type II IFNs in regulating the cellular metabolism and biosynthetic reactions. Furthermore, we give an overview of how viruses themselves affect these metabolic activities to promote their replication. In addition, we focus on the lipid as well as amino acid metabolisms, through which IFNs exert potent antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the expression of IFNs is controlled by the nutrient sensor mammalian target of rapamycin or by direct reprograming of lipid metabolic pathways. These findings establish a mutual relationship between IFN production and metabolic core processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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27
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Gaelings L, Söderholm S, Bugai A, Fu Y, Nandania J, Schepens B, Lorey MB, Tynell J, Vande Ginste L, Le Goffic R, Miller MS, Kuisma M, Marjomäki V, De Brabander J, Matikainen S, Nyman TA, Bamford DH, Saelens X, Julkunen I, Paavilainen H, Hukkanen V, Velagapudi V, Kainov DE. Regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during influenza virus infection. FEBS J 2016; 284:222-236. [PMID: 27860276 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. Developing more effective virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus-host interactions. It has previously been shown that IAV induces the production of kynurenine, which suppresses T-cell responses, enhances pain hypersensitivity and disturbs behaviour in infected animals. However, the regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during IAV infection remains elusive. Here we showed that IAV infection induced expression of interferons (IFNs), which upregulated production of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which catalysed the kynurenine biosynthesis. Furthermore, IAV attenuated the IDO1 expression and the production of kynurenine through its NS1 protein. Interestingly, inhibition of viral replication prior to IFN induction limited IDO1 expression, while inhibition after did not. Finally, we showed that kynurenine biosynthesis was activated in macrophages in response to other stimuli, such as influenza B virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Thus, the tight regulation of the kynurenine biosynthesis by host cell and, perhaps, pathogen might be a basic signature of a wide range of host-pathogen interactions, which should be taken into account during development of novel antiviral and antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology (BI), University of Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (TTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrii Bugai
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jatin Nandania
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Martina B Lorey
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (TTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Tynell
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liesbeth Vande Ginste
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas UR0892 Unité VIM - Virologie & Immunologie Moléculaires, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marika Kuisma
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jef De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis H Bamford
- Institute of Biotechnology (BI), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Söderholm S, Fu Y, Gaelings L, Belanov S, Yetukuri L, Berlinkov M, Cheltsov AV, Anders S, Aittokallio T, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Kainov DE. Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100269. [PMID: 27690086 PMCID: PMC5086605 DOI: 10.3390/v8100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics. These viruses evolve rapidly, making current treatment options ineffective. To identify novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, we re-analyzed our recent transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and genomics/virtual ligand screening data. We identified 713 potential modulators targeting 199 cellular and two viral proteins. Anti-influenza activity for 48 of them has been reported previously, whereas the antiviral efficacy of the 665 remains unknown. Studying anti-influenza efficacy and immuno/neuro-modulating properties of these compounds and their combinations as well as potential viral and host resistance to them may lead to the discovery of novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Sergey Belanov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mikhail Berlinkov
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620083, Russia.
| | - Anton V Cheltsov
- Q-Mol L.L.C. in Silico Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Simon Anders
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | | | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00015, Finland.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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29
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Bercovich-Kinori A, Tai J, Gelbart IA, Shitrit A, Ben-Moshe S, Drori Y, Itzkovitz S, Mandelboim M, Stern-Ginossar N. A systematic view on influenza induced host shutoff. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27525483 PMCID: PMC5028189 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Host shutoff is a common strategy used by viruses to repress cellular mRNA translation and concomitantly allow the efficient translation of viral mRNAs. Here we use RNA-sequencing and ribosome profiling to explore the mechanisms that are being utilized by the Influenza A virus (IAV) to induce host shutoff. We show that viral transcripts are not preferentially translated and instead the decline in cellular protein synthesis is mediated by viral takeover on the mRNA pool. Our measurements also uncover strong variability in the levels of cellular transcripts reduction, revealing that short transcripts are less affected by IAV. Interestingly, these mRNAs that are refractory to IAV infection are enriched in cell maintenance processes such as oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, we show that the continuous oxidative phosphorylation activity is important for viral propagation. Our results advance our understanding of IAV-induced shutoff, and suggest a mechanism that facilitates the translation of genes with important housekeeping functions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18311.001 Proteins carry out diverse activities in our cells. These proteins are constantly being built according to accurate instructions, which are encoded on molecules named messenger RNAs (mRNAs for short). The process of converting the instructions into proteins is called translation. Viruses infect host cells and take over the cellular machinery that is responsible for translation. This causes the cell to produce viral proteins at the expense of host proteins – a process called host shutoff. As a result, viral proteins take over the cell and the infection accelerates. There are two main strategies used by viruses to co-opt the cell’s translation machinery: either host mRNAs are destroyed, or the machines that read mRNA molecules are manipulated to read only the viral instructions. Most viruses appear to dedicate themselves to using just one of these strategies. However, evidence suggests that the Influenza A virus uses both strategies to induce host shutoff. To investigate the extent to which each of the shutoff strategies is used by the Influenza A virus, Bercovich-Kinori, Tai et al. have studied infected human lung cells. This revealed that the virus primarily reduces the amount of host mRNA in the cells to take over the mRNA pool. The host mRNAs were affected by the infection to different extents. For example, the mRNAs that coded for proteins that perform important roles for the virus, such as produce energy, were not affected by the virus. A future challenge is to find out exactly how the Influenza A virus distinguishes between different cellular mRNAs. This knowledge may help to develop new treatments for flu. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18311.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Bercovich-Kinori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julie Tai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idit Anna Gelbart
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alina Shitrit
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Ben-Moshe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaron Drori
- Central Virology Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ministry of Health, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ministry of Health, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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30
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Chan IH, Wu V, Bilardello M, Jorgenson B, Bal H, McCauley S, Van Vlasselaer P, Mumm JB. PEG-rIL-10 treatment decreases FoxP3(+) Tregs despite upregulation of intratumoral IDO. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1197458. [PMID: 27622052 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1197458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 has been classically defined as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressant and is thought to facilitate the development of regulatory CD4(+) T cells. IL-10 is believed to represent one of the major suppressive factors secreted by IDO(+)FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Tregs. Contrary to this view, we have previously reported that PEGylated recombinant IL-10 (PEG-rIL-10) treatment of mice induces potent IFNγ and CD8(+) T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. This hypothesis is currently being tested in clinical trials and we have reported that treatment of cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 results in inhibition and regression of tumor growth as well as increased serum IFNγ. We have continued to assess PEG-rIL-10's pleiotropic effects and report that treatment of tumor-bearing mice and humans with PEG-rIL-10 increases intratumoral indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in an IFNγ-dependent manner. This should result in an increase in Tregs, but paradoxically our data illustrate that PEG-rIL-10 treatment of mice reduces intratumoral FoxP3(+)CD4(+) T cells in an IDO-independent manner. Additional investigation indicates that PEG-rIL-10 inhibits TGFβ/IL-2-dependent in vitro polarization of FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Tregs and potentiates IFNγ(+)T-bet(+)CD4(+) T cells. These data suggest that rather than acting as an immunosuppressant, PEG-rIL-10 may counteract the FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Treg suppressive milieu in tumor-bearing mice and humans, thereby further facilitating PEG-rIL-10's potent antitumor immunity.
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31
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Gonzalez-Pena D, Nixon SE, Southey BR, Lawson MA, McCusker RH, Hernandez AG, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Differential Transcriptome Networks between IDO1-Knockout and Wild-Type Mice in Brain Microglia and Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157727. [PMID: 27314674 PMCID: PMC4912085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia in the brain and macrophages in peripheral organs are cell types responsible for immune response to challenges. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunomodulatory enzyme of the tryptophan pathway that is expressed in the brain. The higher activity of IDO1 in response to immune challenge has been implicated in behavioral disorders. The impact of IDO1 depletion on the microglia transcriptome has not been studied. An investigation of the transcript networks in the brain microglia from IDO1-knockout (IDO1-KO) mice was undertaken, relative to peripheral macrophages and to wild-type (WT) mice under unchallenged conditions. Over 105 transcript isoforms were differentially expressed between WT and IDO1-KO within cell type. Within microglia, Saa3 and Irg1 were over-expressed in IDO1-KO relative to WT. Within macrophages, Csf3 and Sele were over-expressed in IDO1-KO relative to WT. Among the genes differentially expressed between strains, enriched biological processes included ion homeostasis and ensheathment of neurons within microglia, and cytokine and chemokine expression within macrophages. Over 11,110 transcript isoforms were differentially expressed between microglia and macrophages and of these, over 10,800 transcripts overlapped between strains. Enriched biological processes among the genes over- and under-expressed in microglia relative to macrophages included cell adhesion and apoptosis, respectively. Detected only in microglia or macrophages were 421 and 43 transcript isoforms, respectively. Alternative splicing between cell types based on differential transcript isoform abundance was detected in 210 genes including Phf11d, H2afy, and Abr. Across strains, networks depicted a predominance of genes under-expressed in microglia relative to macrophages that may be a precursor for the different response of both cell types to challenges. The detected transcriptome differences enhance the understanding of the role of IDO1 in the microglia transcriptome under unchallenged conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianelys Gonzalez-Pena
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nixon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcus A. Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert Dantzer
- High-Throughput Sequencing and Genotyping Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Carle Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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32
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Huang L, Ou R, Rabelo de Souza G, Cunha TM, Lemos H, Mohamed E, Li L, Pacholczyk G, Randall J, Munn DH, Mellor AL. Virus Infections Incite Pain Hypersensitivity by Inducing Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005615. [PMID: 27168185 PMCID: PMC4863962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased pain sensitivity is a comorbidity associated with many clinical diseases, though the underlying causes are poorly understood. Recently, chronic pain hypersensitivity in rodents treated to induce chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues was linked to enhanced tryptophan catabolism in brain mediated by indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Here we show that acute influenza A virus (IAV) and chronic murine leukemia retrovirus (MuLV) infections, which stimulate robust IDO expression in lungs and lymphoid tissues, induced acute or chronic pain hypersensitivity, respectively. In contrast, virus-induced pain hypersensitivity did not manifest in mice lacking intact IDO1 genes. Spleen IDO activity increased markedly as MuLV infections progressed, while IDO1 expression was not elevated significantly in brain or spinal cord (CNS) tissues. Moreover, kynurenine (Kyn), a tryptophan catabolite made by cells expressing IDO, incited pain hypersensitivity in uninfected IDO1-deficient mice and Kyn potentiated pain hypersensitivity due to MuLV infection. MuLV infection stimulated selective IDO expression by a discreet population of spleen cells expressing both B cell (CD19) and dendritic cell (CD11c) markers (CD19+ DCs). CD19+ DCs were more susceptible to MuLV infection than B cells or conventional (CD19neg) DCs, proliferated faster than B cells from early stages of MuLV infection and exhibited mature antigen presenting cell (APC) phenotypes, unlike conventional (CD19neg) DCs. Moreover, interactions with CD4 T cells were necessary to sustain functional IDO expression by CD19+ DCs in vitro and in vivo. Splenocytes from MuLV-infected IDO1-sufficient mice induced pain hypersensitivity in uninfected IDO1-deficient recipient mice, while selective in vivo depletion of DCs alleviated pain hypersensitivity in MuLV-infected IDO1-sufficient mice and led to rapid reduction in splenomegaly, a hallmark of MuLV immune pathogenesis. These findings reveal critical roles for CD19+ DCs expressing IDO in host responses to MuLV infection that enhance pain hypersensitivity and cause immune pathology. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis elevated IDO activity in non-CNS due to virus infections causes pain hypersensitivity mediated by Kyn. Previously unappreciated links between host immune responses to virus infections and pain sensitivity suggest that IDO inhibitors may alleviate heightened pain sensitivity during infections. Chronic pain is a factor in diseases that afflict many people, yet the underlying causes of pain are poorly understood. Here we assess the effects of virus infections on pain sensitivity in mice. Infecting mice with two different viruses, influenza and mouse leukemia virus (MuLV) increased pain sensitivity. Influenza infection caused transient increase in pain sensitivity, which returned to normal levels after infections were cleared. However persistent MuLV infections caused sustained increase in pain sensitivity. Virus-induced pain sensitivity was reduced substantially in mice lacking the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), which degrades the amino acid tryptophan. Moreover a natural compound produced by cells expressing IDO enhanced pain sensitivity when administered to mice lacking IDO genes. Thus cells expressing IDO caused increased pain sensitivity in infected mice. A distinctive cell type expressed IDO selectively and accumulated in spleens of MuLV-infected mice. Transfer of spleen cells from MuLV-infected mice caused increased pain sensitivity in uninfected mice while eliminating specific cells in MuLV-infected mice abolished enhanced pain sensitivity. Our findings show that host immune responses to virus infections cause increased pain sensitivity and suggest novel ways to alleviate pain during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LH); (ALM)
| | - Rong Ou
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guilherme Rabelo de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Lemos
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eslam Mohamed
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lingqian Li
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Pacholczyk
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Janice Randall
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David H. Munn
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Mellor
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LH); (ALM)
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DiPiazza A, Richards KA, Knowlden ZAG, Nayak JL, Sant AJ. The Role of CD4 T Cell Memory in Generating Protective Immunity to Novel and Potentially Pandemic Strains of Influenza. Front Immunol 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26834750 PMCID: PMC4725218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent events have made it clear that potentially pandemic strains of influenza regularly pose a threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential that we develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and evaluation to predict those that will be poor responders to vaccination and to identify those that are at particular risk of disease-associated complications following infection. Animal models have revealed the discrete functions that CD4 T cells play in developing immune response and to influenza immunity. However, humans have a complex immunological history with influenza through periodic infection and vaccination with seasonal variants, leading to the establishment of heterogeneous memory populations of CD4 T cells that participate in subsequent responses. The continual evolution of the influenza-specific CD4 T cell repertoire involves both specificity and function and overlays other restrictions on CD4 T cell activity derived from viral antigen handling and MHC class II:peptide epitope display. Together, these complexities in the influenza-specific CD4 T cell repertoire constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting protective immune response to potentially pandemic strains of influenza and in devising optimal vaccine strategies to potentiate these responses. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors within the CD4 T cell compartment will aid significantly in the achievement of these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony DiPiazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Katherine A Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Zackery A G Knowlden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
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The Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in infectious diseases: challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Future Med Chem 2015; 8:39-54. [PMID: 26692277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued to develop novel therapeutic treatments for cancer. Recent years have witnessed growing evidence that the enzyme plays a pivotal role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. These studies have underscored the Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and commensalism. Starting with an outlook on the advances in the structural features of IDO1, herein we report recent findings that pinpoint the involvement of IDO1 in infectious diseases. Then, we present an overview of IDO1 inhibitors that have been enrolled in clinical trials as well as other distinct modulators of the enzyme that may enable further investigations of IDO1 and its role in infectious disease.
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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Lemos H, Huang L, McGaha T, Mellor AL. STING, nanoparticles, autoimmune disease and cancer: a novel paradigm for immunotherapy? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 11:155-65. [PMID: 25521938 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.995097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA has potent immunogenic properties that are useful to enhance vaccine efficacy. DNA also incites hyperinflammation and autoimmunity if DNA sensing is not regulated. Paradoxically, DNA regulates immunity and autoimmunity when administered systemically as DNA nanoparticles. DNA nanoparticles regulated immunity via cytosolic DNA sensors that activate the signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon genes. In this review, we describe how DNA sensing to activate stimulator of interferon genes promotes regulatory responses and discuss the biological and clinical implications of these responses for understanding disease progression and designing better therapies for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune syndromes or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Lemos
- Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th St, Augusta GA 30912, USA
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Tanner R, Kakalacheva K, Miller E, Pathan AA, Chalk R, Sander CR, Scriba T, Tameris M, Hawkridge T, Mahomed H, Hussey G, Hanekom W, Checkley A, McShane H, Fletcher HA. Serum indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity is associated with reduced immunogenicity following vaccination with MVA85A. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:660. [PMID: 25466778 PMCID: PMC4265419 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for improved vaccines to protect against tuberculosis. The currently available vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has varying immunogenicity and efficacy across different populations for reasons not clearly understood. MVA85A is a modified vaccinia virus expressing antigen 85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis which has been in clinical development since 2002 as a candidate vaccine to boost BCG-induced protection. A recent efficacy trial in South African infants failed to demonstrate enhancement of protection over BCG alone. The immunogenicity was lower than that seen in UK trials. The enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan. T cells are dependent on tryptophan and IDO activity suppresses T-cell proliferation and function. METHODS Using samples collected during phase I trials with MVA85A across the UK and South Africa we have investigated the relationship between vaccine immunogenicity and IDO using IFN-γ ELISPOT, qPCR and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS We demonstrate an IFN-γ dependent increase in IDO mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) following MVA85A vaccination in UK subjects. IDO mRNA correlates positively with the IFN-γ ELISPOT response indicating that vaccine specific induction of IDO in PBMC is unlikely to limit the development of vaccine specific immunity. IDO activity in the serum of volunteers from the UK and South Africa was also assessed. There was no change in serum IDO activity following MVA85A vaccination. However, we observed higher baseline IDO activity in South African volunteers when compared to UK volunteers. In both UK and South African serum samples, baseline IDO activity negatively correlated with vaccine-specific IFN-γ responses, suggesting that IDO activity may impair the generation of a CD4+ T cell memory response. CONCLUSIONS Baseline IDO activity was higher in South African volunteers when compared to UK volunteers, which may represent a potential mechanism for the observed variation in vaccine immunogenicity in South African and UK populations and may have important implications for future vaccination strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trials are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; UK cohort NCT00427830, UK LTBI cohort NCT00456183, South African cohort NCT00460590, South African LTBI cohort NCT00480558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kristina Kakalacheva
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Present address: Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ellen Miller
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Present address: Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern road, Brighton, UK.
| | - Ansar A Pathan
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Present address: Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Middlesex, UK.
| | - Rod Chalk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Clare R Sander
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Tom Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Michelle Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tony Hawkridge
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. .,Metropolitan District Health Services, Western Cape, Government: Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Greg Hussey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Willem Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anna Checkley
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Present address: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Present address: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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Schmidt SV, Schultze JL. New Insights into IDO Biology in Bacterial and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2014; 5:384. [PMID: 25157255 PMCID: PMC4128074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been introduced as a bactericidal effector mechanism and has been linked to T-cell immunosuppression and tolerance. In recent years, evidence has been accumulated that IDO also plays an important role during viral infections including HIV, influenza, and hepatitis B and C. Moreover, novel aspects about the role of IDO in bacterial infections and sepsis have been revealed. Here, we review these recent findings highlighting the central role of IDO and tryptophan metabolism in many major human infections. Moreover, we also shed light on issues concerning human-specific and mouse-specific host–pathogen interactions that need to be considered when studying the biology of IDO in the context of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne V Schmidt
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Fox JM, Sage LK, Poore S, Johnson S, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Drug analog inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity modifies pattern recognition receptor expression and proinflammatory cytokine responses early during influenza virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:447-52. [PMID: 24799604 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab0114-046rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is recognized by PRRs, which are critical in the early response to virus infection and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. IDO is increased in the lung of mice immediately following influenza infection, and the presence of IDO has been shown to mediate immune suppression through depletion of trp and reduction in IL-6 production. To determine the role of IDO activity in the early immune response to influenza infection, IDO activity was inhibited using the synthetic analog, 1MT. The results show that IDO inhibition enhanced proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression at 24 and 48 h postinfection, respectively, compared with control-treated mice and affected PRR expression. The enhanced proinflammatory response in the presence of 1MT was attributed to macrophages in the airways, as Raw264.7 and primary AMs showed enhanced production of IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the presence of 1MT. These findings provide important knowledge for the role of IDO during initial host response to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Fox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Leo K Sage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Spencer Poore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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40
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Rytelewski M, Meilleur CE, Atef Yekta M, Szabo PA, Garg N, Schell TD, Jevnikar AM, Sharif S, Singh B, Haeryfar SMM. Suppression of immunodominant antitumor and antiviral CD8+ T cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90439. [PMID: 24587363 PMCID: PMC3938761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme known to suppress antitumor CD8+ T cells (TCD8). The role of IDO in regulation of antiviral TCD8 responses is far less clear. In addition, whether IDO controls both immunodominant and subdominant TCD8 is not fully understood. This is an important question because the dominance status of tumor- and virus-specific TCD8 may determine their significance in protective immunity and in vaccine design. We evaluated the magnitude and breadth of cross-primed TCD8 responses to simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen as well as primary and recall TCD8 responses to influenza A virus (IAV) in the absence or presence of IDO. IDO−/− mice and wild-type mice treated with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, a pharmacological inhibitor of IDO, exhibited augmented responses to immunodominant epitopes encoded by T antigen and IAV. IDO-mediated suppression of these responses was independent of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, which remained numerically and functionally intact in IDO−/− mice. Treatment with L-kynurenine failed to inhibit TCD8 responses, indicating that tryptophan metabolites are not responsible for the suppressive effect of IDO in our models. Immunodominant T antigen-specific TCD8 from IDO−/− mice showed increased Ki-67 expression, suggesting that they may have acquired a more vigorous proliferative capacity in vivo. In conclusion, IDO suppresses immunodominant TCD8 responses to tumor and viral antigens. Our work also demonstrates that systemic primary and recall TCD8 responses to IAV are controlled by IDO. Inhibition of IDO thus represents an attractive adjuvant strategy in boosting anticancer and antiviral TCD8 targeting highly immunogenic antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunity, Innate
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/deficiency
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Kynurenine/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives
- Tryptophan/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rytelewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney E. Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Atef Yekta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nitan Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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