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Kuuskmäe C, Philips MA, Kilk K, Haring L, Kangro R, Seppo I, Zilmer M, Vasar E. Kynurenine pathway dynamics in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders across the disease trajectory. Psychiatry Res 2023; 328:115423. [PMID: 37639988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate how schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and applied long-term (5.1 years) antipsychotic (AP) treatment affect the serum levels of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites. A total of 112 adults (54 first-episode psychosis [FEP] patients and 58 control subjects [CSs]) participated in the study. The investigated changes in the metabolite levels appeared against a background of persistent increase in BMI and waist circumference among the patients. Regarding the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, the strongest changes were seen in AP-naïve FEP patients. Trp, KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and anthranilic acid (ANT) levels were significantly reduced in blood samples from patients in the early stage of the disease. Furthermore, 3-OH-kynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels were somewhat lower in these patients. Most of these changes in the KYN pathway became weaker with AP treatment. The levels of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA tended to be higher at 5.1 years in patients showing the relation of elevated serotonin turnover to increased BMI and waist circumference. The similar trend was evident for the ratio between xanthurenic acid (XA) and KYNA with strong link to the elevated BMI. Altogether, the present study supports the role of Trp-metabolites in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in SSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kuuskmäe
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia
| | - Raul Kangro
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Seppo
- School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
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Liu J, Bailbé D, Raynal S, Carbonne C, Zhen D, Dairou J, Gausseres B, Armanet M, Domet T, Pitasi CL, Movassat J, Lim CK, Guillemin GJ, Autier V, Kergoat M, Portha B. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase expression is activated in the pancreatic endocrine cells by diabetes and its blockade improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166509. [PMID: 35914653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an inflammatory phenotype in the pancreatic islets. We previously demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines potently activate the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway (TKP) in INS-1 cells and in normal rat islets. Here we examined: (1) the TKP enzymes expression in the diabetic GK islets; (2) the TKP enzymes expression profiles in the GK islets before and after the onset of diabetes; (3) The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vitro in GK islets after KMO knockdown using specific morpholino-oligonucleotides against KMO or KMO blockade using the specific inhibitor Ro618048; (4) The glucose tolerance and GSIS after acute in vivo exposure to Ro618048 in GK rats. We report a remarkable induction of the kmo gene in GK islets and in human islets exposed to proinflammatory conditions. It occurred prominently in beta cells. The increased expression and activity of KMO reflected an acquired adaptation. Both KMO knockdown and specific inhibitor Ro618048 enhanced GSIS in vitro in GK islets. Moreover, acute administration of Ro618048 in vivo improved glucose tolerance, GSIS and basal blood glucose levels in GK rats. These results demonstrate that targeting islet TKP is able to correct defective GSIS. KMO inhibition could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Liu
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; MetaBrain Research, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Danielle Bailbé
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Delong Zhen
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Julien Dairou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Gausseres
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Domet
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caterina L Pitasi
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jamileh Movassat
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chai K Lim
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medicine School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medicine School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Bernard Portha
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
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Morita N, Hoshi M, Hara T, Ninomiya S, Enoki T, Yoneda M, Tsurumi H, Saito K. Viability of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells is regulated by kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:790. [PMID: 34584567 PMCID: PMC8461759 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically heterogeneous lymphoid malignancy that is the most common type of lymphoma in Japan. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with DLBCL have a poor prognosis due to increased levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygnase and kynurenine (KYN). However, the roles of metabolites acting downstream of KYN and associated enzymes are not fully understood. The present study investigated the role of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), which catalyzes the conversion of KYN to 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), using serum samples from patients with DLBCL and human DLBCL cell lines with different KMO expression [STR-428 cells with high levels of KMO expression (KMOhigh) and KML-1 cells with low levels of KMO expression (KMOlow)]. Serum samples from 28 patients with DLBCL and 34 healthy volunteers were used to investigate the association between prognosis and KMO activity or 3-HK levels. Furthermore, to investigate the roles of KMO and its related metabolites, STR-428 and KML-1 cell lines, and the lymph nodes of patients with DLBCL were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR for KMO, KYNU, 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, by western blotting, and immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence staining for KMO, and by cell viability and NAD+/NADH assays. KYN pathway metabolites in serum samples were measured by HPLC. Serum 3-HK levels were regulated independently of serum KYN levels, and increased serum 3-HK levels and KMO activity were found to be associated with worse disease progression. Notably, the addition of KMO inhibitors and 3-HK negatively and positively regulated the viability of DLBCL cells, respectively. Furthermore, NAD+ levels in KMOhigh STR-428 cells were significantly higher than those in KMOlow KML-1 cells. These results suggested that 3-HK generated by KMO activity may be involved in the regulation of DLBCL cell viability via NAD+ synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanaka Morita
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Biochemical and Analytical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Kasamatsucho, Gifu 501-6062, Japan
| | - Soranobu Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Kasamatsucho, Gifu 501-6062, Japan
| | - Taisuke Enoki
- Department of Educational Collaboration, Health and Safety Sciences, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8285, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Pathology, Suzuka University of Medical Sciences, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tsurumi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Kasamatsucho, Gifu 501-6062, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Tsang YW, Liao CH, Ke CH, Tu CW, Lin CS. Integrated Molecular Characterization to Reveal the Association between Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Expression and Tumorigenesis in Human Breast Cancers. J Pers Med 2021; 11:948. [PMID: 34683090 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is overexpressed in several tumors and participates in the progression of breast cancer tumorigenesis, including cancer types such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This malignant gene is an enzyme in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the carcinogenesis of cancer through immune function manipulation. However, it remains unclear whether the role of the KMO contributes to tumorigenesis and immune functions in human breast cancer. In this study, we found that KMO was highly expressed in different types of tumors, especially in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. In addition, KMO expression was positively correlated with the malignant clinical features of patients with breast cancer, such as TNBC and a nodal-positive status, along with patients with a higher Nottingham prognostic index (NPI). Furthermore, the top ten KMO-correlated genes were the chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be involved in the progression of various cancers, therefore, KMO may facilitate breast cancers via synergistically regulating inflammatory responses in tumors with these hub genes. Taken together, these findings highlight the tumor-promotion role of KMO in breast cancers and suggest that KMO can serve as a biomarker for prognosis prediction in breast cancer patients.
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Tsuboi K, Kimura H, Nakatsuji Y, Kassai M, Deai Y, Isobe Y. Discovery of N-(6-(5-fluoro-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methanesulfonamide as a brain-permeable and metabolically stable kynurenine monooxygenase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 44:128115. [PMID: 34015507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) is expected to be a good drug target to treat Huntington's disease (HD). This study presents the structure-activity relationship of pyridazine derivatives to find novel KMO inhibitors. The most promising compound 14 resolved the problematic issues of lead compound 1, i.e., metabolic instability and reactive metabolite-derived side-effects. Compound 14 exhibited high brain permeability and a long-lasting pharmacokinetics profile in monkeys, and neuroprotective kynurenic acid was increased by a single administration of 14 in R6/2 mouse brain. These results demonstrated 14 may be a potential drug candidate to treat HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tsuboi
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kimura
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nakatsuji
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Momoe Kassai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoko Deai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Isobe
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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Kimura H, Suda H, Kassai M, Endo M, Deai Y, Yahata M, Miyajima M, Isobe Y. N-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamides as highly potent, brain-permeable, and orally active kynurenine monooxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 33:127753. [PMID: 33359168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is one of the serious neurodegenerative diseases and no disease modifiers are available to date. The correction of unbalanced kynurenine pathway metabolites may be useful to treat disease progression and kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) is considered an ideal drug target. A couple of KMO inhibitors have been reported, but their brain permeability was very poor. We found pyridazinylsulfonamide as a novel lead compound, and it was optimized to the brain-permeable and highly potent KMO inhibitor 12, which was equipotent with CHDI-340246 and superior to CHDI-340246 in terms of brain penetration. Compound 12 was effective in R6/2 mice (HD model mice), i.e. neuroprotective kynurenic acid was increased, whereas neurotoxic 3-hydroxykynurenine was suppressed. In addition, impaired cognitive function was improved. Therefore, the brain-permeable KMO inhibitor was considered to be a disease modifier for HD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kimura
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suda
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Momoe Kassai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Mika Endo
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoko Deai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yahata
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Mari Miyajima
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Isobe
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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Huang TT, Tseng LM, Chen JL, Chu PY, Lee CH, Huang CT, Wang WL, Lau KY, Tseng MF, Chang YY, Chiang TY, Ueng YF, Lee HC, Dai MS, Liu CY. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase upregulates pluripotent genes through β-catenin and promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression. EBioMedicine 2021; 54:102717. [PMID: 32268268 PMCID: PMC7191260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is aggressive and has a poor prognosis. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), a crucial kynurenine metabolic enzyme, is involved in inflammation, immune response and tumorigenesis. We aimed to study the role of KMO in TNBC. Methods KMO alteration and expression data from public databases were analyzed. KMO expression levels in TNBC samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Knockdown of KMO in TNBC cells was achieved by RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9. KMO functions were examined by MTT, colony-forming, transwell migration/invasion, and mammosphere assays. The molecular events were analyzed by cDNA microarrays, Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and luciferase reporter assays. Tumor growth and metastasis were detected by orthotopic xenograft and tail vein metastasis mouse models, respectively. Findings KMO was amplified and associated with worse survival in breast cancer patients. KMO expression levels were higher in TNBC tumors compared to adjacent normal mammary tissues. In vitro ectopic KMO expression increased cell growth, colony and mammosphere formation, migration, invasion as well as mesenchymal marker expression levels in TNBC cells. In addition, KMO increased pluripotent gene expression levels and promoter activities in vitro. Mechanistically, KMO was associated with β-catenin and prevented β-catenin degradation, thereby enhancing the transcription of pluripotent genes. KMO knockdown suppressed tumor growth and the expression levels of β-catenin, CD44 and Nanog. Furthermore, mutant KMO (known with suppressed enzymatic activity) could still promote TNBC cell migration/invasion. Importantly, mice bearing CRISPR KMO-knockdown TNBC tumors showed decreased lung metastasis and prolonged survival. Interpretation KMO regulates pluripotent genes via β-catenin and plays an oncogenic role in TNBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Lin Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Lee
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yang-Ming Branch of Taipei City Hospital, Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lun Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Yi Lau
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ya Chang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 101, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Dai
- Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Jovanovic F, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. The Role of the Kynurenine Signaling Pathway in Different Chronic Pain Conditions and Potential Use of Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6045. [PMID: 32842609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The IDO enzyme is expressed in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Another enzyme of interest in the kynurenine signaling pathway is kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of TRP and the kynurenine signaling pathway in different chronic pain patients. The IDO-1, IDO-2, and KMO enzymes and the kynurenine metabolite have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and other painful conditions (migraine, cluster headache, etc.) as well as depressive behavior. We highlighted the analgesic potential of novel agents targeting the enzymes of the kynurenine signaling pathway to explore their efficacy in both future basic science and transitional studies. Upcoming studies conducted on animal models will need to take into consideration the differences in TRP metabolism between human and non-human species. Since chronic painful conditions and depression have common pathophysiological patterns, and the kynurenine signaling pathway is involved in both of them, future clinical studies should aim to have outcomes targeting not only pain, but also functionality, mood changes, and quality of life.
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Özkılıç Y, Tüzün NŞ. In silico methods predict new blood-brain barrier permeable structure for the inhibition of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107701. [PMID: 32805560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) regulates the levels of bioactive substances in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism and its activity is tied to so many diseases that finding an appropriate inhibitor for KMO has become an urgent task. This especially proved to be difficult for the central nervous system related diseases due to the requirement that the supposed inhibitor should be both blood brain barrier permeable and should not cause hydrogen peroxide as a harmful side product. In this in silico study, we present our step-wise approach, whose starting point is based on the important experimental observations. To tackle the problem, a library of 7561938 structures was obtained from Zinc15 database utilizing the tranche browser. From this library, a subset of 501777 structures was determined with the considerations of their functional groups that constrain their applicability. Then, the binding affinity ranking of this set of structures was determined via virtual screening. Starting from the structures whose affinities are the highest among this subset, the ADMET properties were checked through in silico methods and the binding properties of the selected inhibitor candidates were further investigated via molecular dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA calculations. According to the computational results of this study, ZINC_71915355 has passed all the evaluations and is a potentially BBB permeable structure that can inhibit KMO. Additionally, ZINC_19827377 was identified as a new potential KMO inhibitor which may be more suitable for peripheral administration. From the in silico study presented herein, ZINC_71915355 and ZINC_19827377 structures, which showed high binding affinity without harmful H2O2 production, along with the tailored properties can now serve as powerful candidates for KMO inhibition and these hits are worth of further experimental validation.
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Hong JW, Jeong CY, Yu JH, Kim SB, Kang SK, Kim SW, Kim NS, Kim KY, Park JW. Bombyx mori kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene editing and insect molecular breeding using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated protein 9 system. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3054. [PMID: 32706513 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas)9, a third-generation gene scissors, and molecular breeding at the genome level are attracting considerable attention as future breeding techniques. In the present study, genetic and phenotypic analyses were conducted to examine the molecular breeding of Bombyx mori through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) gene. The synthesized guide RNAs (gRNAs) were analyzed using T7 endonuclease I after introduction into the BM-N silkworm cell line. To edit the silkworm gene, K1P gRNA, and Cas9 complexes were microinjected into silkworm embryos. After microinjection, the hatching rate and the incidence of mutation were determined as 18.1% and 60%, respectively. Gene mutation was verified in the heterozygous G0 generation, but no phenotypic change was observed; however, certain embryos and moths produced through sib-mating had significant differences compared to the wild-type. In successive generations, a distinct phenotypic change was also observed by continuous mating. Thus, although there are limitations in the phenotypic expression in breeding through the induction of deletion mutations, as in the present study, the process is believed to yield successful results within a shorter period compared to traditional breeding and is safer than transgenic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kuk Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Suk Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Young Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lu Y, Shao M, Wu T. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase: A new direction for the treatment in different diseases. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:711-719. [PMID: 32148781 PMCID: PMC7020307 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) is an enzyme that relies on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), a key site in the kynurenine pathway (KP), which has great effects on neurological diseases, cancer, and peripheral inflammation. This review mainly pay attention to the research of KMO mechanism for the treatment of different diseases, and hopes to provide assistance for clinical and drug use. KMO controlling the chief division of the KP, which directly controls downstream product quinolinic acid (QUIN) and indirectly controls kynurenic acid (KYNA), plays an important role in many diseases, especially neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mingmei Shao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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12
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Abstract
Several enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) have immunomodulatory effects. Modulation of the activities and levels of these molecules might be of particular importance under disease conditions when the amelioration of overreacting immune responses is desired. Results obtained by the use of animal and tissue culture models indicate that by eliminating or decreasing activities of key enzymes of the KP, a beneficial shift in disease outcome can be attained. This review summarizes experimental data of models in which IDO, TDO, or KMO activity modulation was achieved by interventions affecting enzyme production at a genomic level. Elimination of IDO activity was found to improve the outcome of sepsis, certain viral infections, chronic inflammation linked to diabetes, obesity, aorta aneurysm formation, and in anti-tumoral processes. Similarly, lack of TDO activity was advantageous in the case of anti-tumoral immunity, while KMO inhibition was found to be beneficial against microorganisms and in the combat against tumors, as well. On the other hand, the complex interplay among KP metabolites and immune function in some cases requires an increase in a particular enzyme activity for the desired immune response modulation, as was shown by the exacerbation of liver fibrosis due to the elimination of IDO activity and the detrimental effects of TDO inhibition in a mouse model of autoimmune gastritis. The relevance of these studies concerning possible human applications are discussed and highlighted. Finally, a brief overview is presented on naturally occurring genetic variants affecting immune functions via modulation of KP enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A Boros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Colpo GD, Venna VR, McCullough LD, Teixeira AL. Systematic Review on the Involvement of the Kynurenine Pathway in Stroke: Pre-clinical and Clinical Evidence. Front Neurol 2019; 10:778. [PMID: 31379727 PMCID: PMC6659442 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death after ischemic heart disease and the third leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years lost worldwide. There is a great need for developing more effective strategies to treat stroke and its resulting impairments. Among several neuroprotective strategies tested so far, the kynurenine pathway (KP) seems to be promising, but the evidence is still sparse. Methods: Here, we performed a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the involvement of KP in stroke. We searched for the keywords: (“kynurenine” or “kynurenic acid” or “quinolinic acid”) AND (“ischemia” or “stroke” or “occlusion) in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. A total of 1,130 papers was initially retrieved. Results: After careful screening, forty-five studies were included in this systematic review, being 39 pre-clinical and six clinical studies. Despite different experimental models of cerebral ischemia, the results are concordant in implicating the KP in the pathophysiology of stroke. Preclinical evidence also suggests that treatment with kynurenine and KMO inhibitors decrease infarct size and improve behavioral and cognitive outcomes. Few studies have investigated the KP in human stroke, and results are consistent with the experimental findings that the KP is activated after stroke. Conclusion: Well-designed preclinical studies addressing the expression of KP enzymes and metabolites in specific cell types and their potential effects at cellular levels alongside more clinical studies are warranted to confirm the translational potential of this pathway as a pharmacological target for stroke and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D Colpo
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Venugopal R Venna
- BRAINS Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Louise D McCullough
- BRAINS Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Aziz HA, Abdel-Salam ASG, Al-Obaide MAI, Alobydi HW, Al-Humaish S. Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Gene Associated With Nicotine Initiation and Addiction: Analysis of Novel Regulatory Features at 5' and 3'-Regions. Front Genet 2018; 9:198. [PMID: 29951083 PMCID: PMC6008986 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is widespread behavior in Qatar and worldwide and is considered one of the major preventable causes of ill health and death. Nicotine is part of tobacco smoke that causes numerous health risks and is incredibly addictive; it binds to the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in the brain. Recent studies showed α7nAChR involvement in the initiation and addiction of smoking. Kynurenic acid (KA), a significant tryptophan metabolite, is an antagonist of α7nAChR. Inhibition of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase enzyme encoded by KMO enhances the KA levels. Modulating KMO gene expression could be a useful tactic for the treatment of tobacco initiation and dependence. Since KMO regulation is still poorly understood, we aimed to investigate the 5' and 3'-regulatory factors of KMO gene to advance our knowledge to modulate KMO gene expression. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the regulatory sequences associated with expression of KMO. The displayed differential expression of KMO mRNA in the same tissue and different tissues suggested the specific usage of the KMO multiple alternative promoters. Eleven KMO alternative promoters identified at 5'-regulatory region contain TATA-Box, lack CpG Island (CGI) and showed dinucleotide base-stacking energy values specific to transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). The structural features of regulatory sequences can influence the transcription process and cell type-specific expression. The uncharacterized LOC105373233 locus coding for non-coding RNA (ncRNA) located on the reverse strand in a convergent manner at the 3'-side of KMO locus. The two genes likely expressed by a promoter that lacks TATA-Box harbor CGI and two TFBSs linked to the bidirectional transcription, the NRF1, and ZNF14 motifs. We identified two types of microRNA (miR) in the uncharacterized LOC105373233 ncRNA, which are like hsa-miR-5096 and hsa-miR-1285-3p and can target the miR recognition element (MRE) in the KMO mRNA. Pairwise sequence alignment identified 52 nucleotides sequence hosting MRE in the KMO 3' UTR untranslated region complementary to the ncRNA LOC105373233 sequence. We speculate that the identified miRs can modulate the KMO expression and together with alternative promoters at the 5'-regulatory region of KMO might contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Aziz
- College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mohammed A I Al-Obaide
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
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15
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Giménez-Gómez P, Pérez-Hernández M, Gutiérrez-López MD, Vidal R, Abuin-Martínez C, O'Shea E, Colado MI. Increasing kynurenine brain levels reduces ethanol consumption in mice by inhibiting dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:581-591. [PMID: 29705534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that ethanol (EtOH) consumption behaviour can be regulated by modifying the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been well elucidated. To further explore the implication of the kynurenine pathway in EtOH consumption we inhibited kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) activity with Ro 61-8048 (100 mg/kg, i.p.), which shifts the KYN metabolic pathway towards kynurenic acid (KYNA) production. KMO inhibition decreases voluntary binge EtOH consumption and EtOH preference in mice subjected to "drinking in the dark" (DID) and "two-bottle choice" paradigms, respectively. This effect seems to be a consequence of increased KYN concentration, since systemic KYN administration (100 mg/kg, i.p.) similarly deters binge EtOH consumption in the DID model. Despite KYN and KYNA being well-established ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), administration of AhR antagonists (TMF 5 mg/kg and CH-223191 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and of an agonist (TCDD 50 μg/kg, intragastric) demonstrates that signalling through this receptor is not involved in EtOH consumption behaviour. Ro 61-8048 did not alter plasma acetaldehyde concentration, but prevented EtOH-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell. These results point to a critical involvement of the reward circuitry in the reduction of EtOH consumption induced by KYN and KYNA increments. PNU-120596 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a positive allosteric modulator of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, partially prevented the Ro 61-8048-induced decrease in EtOH consumption. Overall, our results highlight the usefulness of manipulating the KYN pathway as a pharmacological tool for modifying EtOH consumption and point to a possible modulator of alcohol drinking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Giménez-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gutiérrez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Vidal
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Abuin-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther O'Shea
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Colado
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Breda C, Sathyasaikumar KV, Sograte Idrissi S, Notarangelo FM, Estranero JG, Moore GG, Green EW, Kyriacou CP, Schwarcz R, Giorgini F. Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5435-40. [PMID: 27114543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604453113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) degradation have been closely linked to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Recent work has highlighted the therapeutic potential of inhibiting two critical regulatory enzymes in this pathway-kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Much evidence indicates that the efficacy of KMO inhibition arises from normalizing an imbalance between neurotoxic [3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK); quinolinic acid (QUIN)] and neuroprotective [kynurenic acid (KYNA)] KP metabolites. However, it is not clear if TDO inhibition is protective via a similar mechanism or if this is instead due to increased levels of TRP-the substrate of TDO. Here, we find that increased levels of KYNA relative to 3-HK are likely central to the protection conferred by TDO inhibition in a fruit fly model of Huntington's disease and that TRP treatment strongly reduces neurodegeneration by shifting KP flux toward KYNA synthesis. In fly models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, we provide genetic evidence that inhibition of TDO or KMO improves locomotor performance and ameliorates shortened life span, as well as reducing neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's model flies. Critically, we find that treatment with a chemical TDO inhibitor is robustly protective in these models. Consequently, our work strongly supports targeting of the KP as a potential treatment strategy for several major neurodegenerative disorders and suggests that alterations in the levels of neuroactive KP metabolites could underlie several therapeutic benefits.
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17
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Abstract
Neuroactive metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation have been closely linked to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis, and in higher eukaryotes is also converted into the key neurotransmitters serotonin and tryptamine. However, in mammals >95% of tryptophan is metabolized through the KP, ultimately leading to the production of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). A number of the pathway metabolites are neuroactive; e.g. can modulate activity of several glutamate receptors and generate/scavenge free radicals. Imbalances in absolute and relative levels of KP metabolites have been strongly associated with neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. The KP has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of other brain disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), as well as several cancers and autoimmune disorders such as HIV. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the KP has been shown to ameliorate neurodegenerative phenotypes in a number of model organisms, suggesting that it could prove to be a viable target for the treatment of such diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the KP, its role in neurodegeneration and the current strategies for therapeutic targeting of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Maddison
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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18
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Wonodi I, McMahon RP, Krishna N, Mitchell BD, Liu J, Glassman M, Hong LE, Gold JM. Influence of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase ( KMO) gene polymorphism on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 160:80-7. [PMID: 25464917 PMCID: PMC4516229 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits compromise quality of life and productivity for individuals with schizophrenia and have no effective treatments. Preclinical data point to the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism as a potential target for pro-cognitive drug development. We have previously demonstrated association of a kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) gene variant with reduced KMO gene expression in postmortem schizophrenia cortex, and neurocognitive endophenotypic deficits in a clinical sample. KMO encodes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), the rate-limiting microglial enzyme of cortical kynurenine metabolism. Aberration of the KMO gene might be the proximal cause of impaired cortical kynurenine metabolism observed in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between KMO variation and cognitive function in schizophrenia is unknown. This study examined the effects of the KMO rs2275163C>T C (risk) allele on cognitive function in schizophrenia. METHODS We examined the association of KMO polymorphisms with general neuropsychological performance and P50 gating in a sample of 150 schizophrenia and 95 healthy controls. RESULTS Consistent with our original report, the KMO rs2275163C>T C (risk) allele was associated with deficits in general neuropsychological performance, and this effect was more marked in schizophrenia compared with controls. Additionally, the C (Arg452) allele of the missense rs1053230C>T variant (KMO Arg452Cys) showed a trend effect on cognitive function. Neither variant affected P50 gating. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that KMO variation influences a range of cognitive domains known to predict functional outcome. Extensive molecular characterization of this gene would elucidate its role in cognitive function with implications for vertical integration with basic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikwunga Wonodi
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert P. McMahon
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nithin Krishna
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judy Liu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Glassman
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M. Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhang J, Wang CM, Liu L, Guo H, Liu GD, Li YW, Deng SH. Investigation of carbon dioxide emission in China by primary component analysis. Sci Total Environ 2014; 472:239-247. [PMID: 24295745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions (COEs) stemming from fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing and their affecting factors. Eight affecting factors, namely, Population (P), Urban Population (UP); the Output Values of Primary Industry (PIOV), Secondary Industry (SIOV), and Tertiary Industry (TIOV); and the Proportions of Primary Industry's Output Value (PPIOV), Secondary Industry's Output Value (PSIOV), and Tertiary Industry's Output Value (PTIOV), are chosen. PCA is employed to eliminate the multicollinearity of the affecting factors. Two principal components, which can explain 92.86% of the variance of the eight affecting factors, are chosen as variables in the regression analysis. Ordinary least square regression is used to estimate multiple linear regression models, in which COEs and the principal components serve as dependent and independent variables, respectively. The results are given in the following. (1) Theoretically, the carbon intensities of PIOV, SIOV, and TIOV are 2573.4693, 552.7036, and 606.0791 kt per one billion $, respectively. The incomplete statistical data, the different statistical standards, and the ideology of self sufficiency and peasantry appear to show that the carbon intensity of PIOV is higher than those of SIOV and TIOV in China. (2) PPIOV, PSIOV, and PTIOV influence the fluctuations of COE. The parameters of PPIOV, PSIOV, and PTIOV are -2706946.7564, 2557300.5450, and 3924767.9807 kt, respectively. As the economic structure of China is strongly tied to technology level, the period when PIOV plays the leading position is characterized by lagging technology and economic developing. Thus, the influence of PPIOV has a negative value. As the increase of PSIOV and PTIOV is always followed by technological innovation and economic development, PSIOV and PTIOV have the opposite influence. (3) The carbon intensities of P and UP are 1.1029 and 1.7862 kt per thousand people, respectively. The carbon intensity of the rural population can be inferred to be lower than 1.1029 kt per thousand people. The characteristics of poverty and the use of bio-energy in rural areas result in a carbon intensity of the rural population that is lower than that of P.
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Key Words
- BTS
- C(i,j)
- CO(2)
- Carbon dioxide emissions
- Economic development
- Economic structures
- Energy consumption
- GDP
- GHG
- Green House Gas
- KMO
- P
- PIOV
- PPIOV
- PSIOV
- PTIOV
- Population
- SIOV
- TIOV
- UP
- the Bartlett's test of sphericity
- the CO(2) emissions defined in this study are those stemming from fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing. They include the CO(2) produced by gas flaring and that produced during the consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels. Its unit is kiloton
- the Gross Domestic Production in China, its unit is one billion $
- the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin
- the Output Value of Primary Industry, its unit is one billion $
- the Output Value of Secondary Industry, its unit is one billion $
- the Output Value of Tertiary Industry, its unit is one billion $
- the Population, its unit is one million people
- the Proportion of Primary Industry's Output Value, its unit is %
- the Proportion of Secondary Industry's Output Value, its unit is %
- the Proportion of Tertiary Industry's Output Value, its unit is %
- the Urban Population, its unit is one million people
- the loading coefficient which indicates how much the ith variable participates in defining the PC(j)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China; College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, MI, USA; Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Ming Wang
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lian Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hang Guo
- Chengdu Modern Agriculture Development & Investment Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuan-Wei Li
- College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shi-Huai Deng
- College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
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Campbell BM, Charych E, Lee AW, Möller T. Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:12. [PMID: 24567701 PMCID: PMC3915289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolizes the essential amino acid tryptophan and generates a number of neuroactive metabolites collectively called the kynurenines. Segregated into at least two distinct branches, often termed the “neurotoxic” and “neuroprotective” arms of the KP, they are regulated by the two enzymes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase, respectively. Interestingly, several enzymes in the pathway are under tight control of inflammatory mediators. Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in our understanding of neuroinflammation in CNS disease. This review will focus on the regulation of the KP by inflammatory mediators as it pertains to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Campbell
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Erik Charych
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Anna W Lee
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
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Myint AM, Kim YK. Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:304-13. [PMID: 24184687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of immune system activation in the pathophysiology of certain psychiatric disorders is well documented. Inflammatory molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines could enhance the activity of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme which is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the tryptophan degradation pathway, the kynurenine pathway. The increased tryptophan degradation could induce serotonin depletion and depressive mood. On the other hand, the downstream metabolites from this pathway, such as 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid, are neuroactive metabolites which can modulate several neurotransmissions, such as glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmissions, which in turn induce changes in neuronal-glial network and neuropsychiatric consequences. In this issue, we have revised the previous 'neurodegeneration hypothesis,' which explained the involvement of cytokines and IDO pathway interaction in depression, with a further extended view related to the network beyond IDO, the network between immune molecules, tryptophan metabolites and different neurotransmitters, in depression and other major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and childhood psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye-Mu Myint
- Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7; D-80336 Munich, Germany; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Pantouris G, Mowat CG. Antitumour agents as inhibitors of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:28-31. [PMID: 24269239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in cancer biology has recently been described, with the enzyme playing an immunomodulatory role, suppressing antitumour immune responses and promoting tumour cell survival and proliferation. This finding reinforces the need for specific inhibitors of TDO that may potentially be developed for therapeutic use. In this work we have screened ~2800 compounds from the library of the National Cancer Institute USA and identified seven potent inhibitors of TDO with inhibition constants in the nanomolar or low micromolar range. All seven have antitumour properties, killing various cancer cell lines. For comparison, the inhibition potencies of these compounds were tested against IDO and their inhibition constants are reported. Interestingly, this work reveals that NSC 36398 (dihydroquercetin, taxifolin), with an in vitro inhibition constant of ~16 μM, is the first TDO-selective inhibitor reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pantouris
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Christopher G Mowat
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.
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Tomlinson A, Hair M, McFadyen A. Statistical approaches to assessing single and multiple outcome measures in dry eye therapy and diagnosis. Ocul Surf 2013; 11:267-84. [PMID: 24112230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye is a multifactorial disease which would require a broad spectrum of test measures in the monitoring of its treatment and diagnosis. However, studies have typically reported improvements in individual measures with treatment. Alternative approaches involve multiple, combined outcomes being assessed by different statistical analyses. In order to assess the effect of various statistical approaches to the use of single and combined test measures in dry eye, this review reanalyzed measures from two previous studies (osmolarity, evaporation, tear turnover rate, and lipid film quality). These analyses assessed the measures as single variables within groups, pre- and post-intervention with a lubricant supplement, by creating combinations of these variables and by validating these combinations with the combined sample of data from all groups of dry eye subjects. The effectiveness of single measures and combinations in diagnosis of dry eye was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tomlinson
- Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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