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Tan Y, Liu M, Li M, Chen Y, Ren M. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitory compounds from natural sources. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1046818. [PMID: 36408235 PMCID: PMC9672321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1046818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L-tryptophan metabolism is involved in the regulation of many important physiological processes, such as, immune response, inflammation, and neuronal function. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the first rate-limiting step of tryptophan conversion to kynurenine. Thus, inhibiting IDO1 may have therapeutic benefits for various diseases, such as, cancer, autoimmune disease, and depression. In the search for potent IDO1 inhibitors, natural quinones were the first reported IDO1 inhibitors with potent inhibitory activity. Subsequently, natural compounds with diverse structures have been found to have anti-IDO1 inhibitory activity. In this review, we provide a summary of these natural IDO1 inhibitors, which are classified as quinones, polyphenols, alkaloids and others. The overview of in vitro IDO1 inhibitory activity of natural compounds will help medicinal chemists to understand the mode of action and medical benefits of them. The scaffolds of these natural compounds can also be used for further optimization of potent IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Experiment Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Office of Academic Affairs, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yujuan Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Ren
- United Front Work Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Ren,
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Puopolo T, Chang T, Liu C, Li H, Liu X, Wu X, Ma H, Seeram NP. Gram-Scale Preparation of Cannflavin A from Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) and Its Inhibitory Effect on Tryptophan Catabolism Enzyme Kynurenine-3-Monooxygenase. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:biology11101416. [PMID: 36290320 PMCID: PMC9598531 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), an enzyme in the neurotoxic kynurenine pathway (KP), are potential therapeutics for KP metabolites-mediated neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Although phytochemicals from Cannabis (C. sativa L.) have been reported to show modulating effects on enzymes involved in the KP metabolism, the inhibitory effects of C. sativa compounds, including phytocannabinoids and non-phytocannabinoids (i.e., cannflavin A; CFA), on KMO remain unknown. Herein, CFA (purified from hemp aerial material at a gram-scale) and a series of phytocannabinoids were evaluated for their anti-KMO activity. CFA showed the most active inhibitory effect on KMO, which was comparable to the positive control Ro 61-8048 (IC50 = 29.4 vs. 5.1 μM, respectively). Furthermore, a molecular docking study depicted the molecular interactions between CFA and the KMO protein and a biophysical binding assay with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique revealed that CFA bound to the protein with a binding affinity of 4.1×10−5 M. A competitive SPR binding analysis suggested that CFA and Ro 61-8048 bind to the KMO protein in a competitive manner. Our findings show that C. sativa derived phytochemicals, including CFA, are potential KMO inhibitors, which provides insight into the development of therapeutics targeting the KP and its related pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Puopolo
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tanran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (N.P.S.)
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Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyze the same reaction, oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to N-formyl-kynurenine. In both enzymes, the ferric (FeIII) form is inactive, and ascorbate (Asc) is frequently used as a reductant in in vitro assays to activate the enzymes by reducing the heme iron. Recently, it has been reported that Asc activates IDO2 by acting as a reductant, however, it is also a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Here, the effect of Asc on human TDO (hTDO) is investigated. Similar to its interaction with IDO2, Asc acts as both a reductant and a competitive inhibitor of hTDO in the absence of catalase, and its inhibitory effect was enhanced by the addition of H2O2. Interestingly, however, no inhibitory effect of Asc was observed in the presence of catalase. TDO is known to be activated by H2O2 and a ferryl-oxo (FeIV=O) intermediate (Compound II) is generated during the activation process. The observation that Asc acts as a competitive inhibitor of hTDO only in the absence of catalase can be explained by assuming that the target of Asc is Compound II. Asc seems to compete with L-Trp in an unusual manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Julie Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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Trézéguet V, Fatrouni H, Merched AJ. Immuno-Metabolic Modulation of Liver Oncogenesis by the Tryptophan Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123469. [PMID: 34943977 PMCID: PMC8700200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring in tumor cells is a major hallmark of oncogenesis. Some of the oncometabolites drive suppressive and tolerogenic signals from the immune system, which becomes complicit to the advent and the survival of neoplasia. Tryptophan (TRP) catabolism through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway was reported to play immunosuppressive actions across many types of cancer. Extensive debate of whether the culprit of immunosuppression was the depletion of TRP or rather KYN accumulation in the tumor microenvironment has been ongoing for years. Results from clinical trials assessing the benefit of inhibiting key limiting enzymes of this pathway such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) failed to meet the expectations. Bearing in mind the complexity of the tumoral terrain and the existence of different cancers with IDO1/TDO2 expressing and non-expressing tumoral cells, here we present a comprehensive analysis of the TRP global metabolic hub and the driving potential of the process of oncogenesis with the main focus on liver cancers.
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Yang Y, Liu Q, Shi X, Zheng Q, Chen L, Sun Y. Advances in plant-derived natural products for antitumor immunotherapy. Arch Pharm Res 2021. [PMID: 34751930 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel antitumor strategy in addition to traditional surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It uniquely focuses on immune cells and immunomodulators in the tumor microenvironment and helps eliminate tumors at the root by rebuilding the immune system. Despite remarkable breakthroughs, cancer immunotherapy still faces many challenges: lack of predictable and prognostic biomarkers, adverse side effects, acquired treatment resistance, high costs, etc. Therefore, more efficacious and efficient, safer and cheaper antitumor immunomodulatory drugs have become an urgent requirement. For decades, plant-derived natural products obtained from land and sea have provided the most important source for the development of antitumor drugs. Currently, more attention is being paid to the discovery of potential cancer immunotherapy modulators from plant-derived natural products, such as polysaccharides, phenols, terpenoids, quinones and alkaloids. Some of these agents have outstanding advantages of multitargeting and low side effects and low cost compared to conventional immunotherapeutic agents. We intend to summarize the progress of comprehensive research on these plant-derived natural products and their derivatives and discuss their possible mechanisms in regulating the immune system and their efficacy as monotherapies or in combination with regular chemotherapeutic agents.
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Micek I, Nawrot J, Seraszek-Jaros A, Jenerowicz D, Schroeder G, Spiżewski T, Suchan A, Pawlaczyk M, Gornowicz-Porowska J. Taxifolin as a Promising Ingredient of Cosmetics for Adult Skin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1625. [PMID: 34679758 PMCID: PMC8533573 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active substances, effective in the reduction in or delay of skin changes caused by aging occurring in natural compounds, are desirable. Taxifolin (TXF), a flavonoid of strong antioxidant activity found in the plant Stizolophus balsamita (S. balsamita), has been tested for its biological effects on adult human skin. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two creams: 3% S. balsamita extract and 3% TXF on the function of adult skin. In total, 97 Caucasian women with clinical signs of skin aging were investigated. The biophysical and biomechanical skin parameters were measured before and after applying the creams, using Colorimeter CL400, Mexameter MX16, Skin-pH-Meter PH900, Skin-Thermometer ST 500, Glossymeter GL200, and Cutiscan SC100. Patch tests were performed with the investigated products to assess their potential irritant properties. The percutaneous penetration of creams was examined with the use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and confocal Raman spectroscopy. The 3% S. balsamita extract cream reduced hyperpigmentation, erythema, and elevated pH. All the tested preparations were proven to be nonirritant. A higher penetration rate was revealed for the 3% TXF cream than for the 3% S. balsamita extract cream. A total of 3% TXF cream improved skin viscoelasticity. The obtained results suggested that S. balsamita extract and TXF may be considered as ingredients of skincare products for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Micek
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Joanna Nawrot
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Seraszek-Jaros
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dorota Jenerowicz
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-356 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Schroeder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 Street, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Spiżewski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159 Street, 60-594 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Adela Suchan
- AVA Cosmetic Laboratory, Całowanie 103B, 05-480 Karczew, Poland;
| | - Mariola Pawlaczyk
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
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Mor A, Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Pawlak D. Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:606. [PMID: 34201791 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies are unquestionably a significant public health problem. Their effective treatment is still a big challenge for modern medicine. Tumors have developed a wide range of mechanisms to evade an immune and therapeutic response. As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for research on solutions aimed at overcoming this problem. An accumulation of tryptophan metabolites belonging to the kynurenine pathway can enhance neoplastic progression because it causes the suppression of immune system response against cancer cells. They are also involved in the development of the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to antitumor therapy. Kynurenine belongs to the most potent immunosuppressive metabolites of this pathway and has a significant impact on the development of malignancies. This fact prompted researchers to assess whether targeting the enzymes responsible for its synthesis could be an effective therapeutic strategy for various cancers. To date, numerous studies, both preclinical and clinical, have been conducted on this topic, especially regarding the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and their results can be considered noteworthy. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge about the role of the kynurenine pathway in neoplastic progression and the findings regarding the usefulness of modulating its activity in anticancer therapy.
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Khlupova M, Vasil’eva I, Shumakovich G, Zaitseva E, Chertkov V, Shestakova A, Morozova O, Yaropolov A. Enzymatic Polymerization of Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin) in Betaine-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent and Product Characterization. Catalysts 2021; 11:639. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an alternative to conventional organic solvents in various biocatalytic reactions. Meanwhile, there have been few studies reporting on synthetic reactions in DESs or DES-containing mixtures involving oxidoreductases. In this work, we have studied the effects of several DESs based on betaine as the acceptor of hydrogen bonds on the catalytic activity and stability of laccase from the basidial fungus Trametes hirsuta and performed enzymatic polymerization of the flavonoid dihydroquercetin (DHQ, taxifolin) in a DES–buffer mixture containing 60 vol.% of betaine-glycerol DES (molar ratio 1:2). The use of the laccase redox mediator TEMPO enabled an increased yield of DHQ oligomers (oligoDHQ), with a number average molecular weight of 1800 g mol−1 and a polydispersity index of 1.09. The structure of the synthesized product was studied using different physicochemical methods. NMR spectroscopy showed that oligoDHQ had a linear structure with an average chain length of 6 monomers. A scheme for enzymatic polymerization of DHQ in a DES–buffer mixture was also proposed.
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Cecchi M, Paccosi S, Silvano A, Eid AH, Parenti A. Dexamethasone Induces the Expression and Function of Tryptophan-2-3-Dioxygenase in SK-MEL-28 Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030211. [PMID: 33806305 PMCID: PMC7998133 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is one of the key tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes with immunoregulatory properties in cancer. Contrary to expectation, clinical trials showed that inhibitors of the ubiquitously expressed enzyme, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), do not provide benefits in melanoma patients. This prompted the hypothesis that TDO may be a more attractive target. Because the promoter of TDO harbors glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), we aimed to assess whether dexamethasone (dex), a commonly used glucocorticoid, modulates TDO expression by means of RT-PCR and immunofluorescence and function by assessing cell proliferation and migration as well as metalloproteinase activity. Our results show that, in SK-Mel-28 melanoma cells, dex up-regulated TDO and its downstream effector aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) but not IDO1. Furthermore, dex stimulated cellular proliferation and migration and potentiated MMP2 activity. These effects were inhibited by the selective TDO inhibitor 680C91 and enhanced by IDO1 inhibitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the metastatic melanoma cell line SK-Mel-28 possesses a functional TDO which can also modulate cancer cell phenotype directly rather than through immune suppression. Thus, TDO appears to be a promising, tractable target in the management or the treatment of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Sara Paccosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Angela Silvano
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ali Hussein Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.H.E.); (A.P.); Tel.: +974-4403-7893 (A.H.E.)
| | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.E.); (A.P.); Tel.: +974-4403-7893 (A.H.E.)
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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Zhang S, Guo L, Yang D, Xing Z, Li W, Kuang C, Yang Q. Evaluation and comparison of the commonly used bioassays of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104348. [PMID: 33142415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are potential drugs for the treatment of tumor and neurological diseases. A variety of bioassays have been developed to evaluate IDO1/TDO (IDO1 and/or TDO) inhibitors, with uncertainty regarding how the differences in the assay methods or protocols may influence the assay outcomes. The enzymatic assays of IDO1/TDO are usually performed with NFK assay and Kyn adduct assay while the cellular assays of IDO1 are carried out with Hela assay and HEK293 assay. The present study focused on the comparison of the most common bioassays of IDO1/TDO. In addition, the effects of major factors of bioassays such as reaction time and culture medium on the assay outcomes were evaluated. The study will provide reference for the researchers to select IDO1/TDO inhibitors with bioassays, and promote the development of IDO1/TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Leilei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zikang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Weirui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Paccosi S, Cecchi M, Silvano A, Fabbri S, Parenti A. Different effects of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition on SK-Mel-28 and HCT-8 cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3155-3163. [PMID: 32776284 PMCID: PMC7679327 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) and more recently, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), are tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes with immunoregulatory properties in cancer. IDO1 is more expressed than TDO in many tumours including melanomas; however, IDO inhibitors did not give expected results in clinical trials, highlighting the need to consider TDO. We aimed to characterize both TDO expression and function in a melanoma cell line, named SK-Mel-28, with the purpose to compare it with a colon cancer cell line, HCT-8, and with a human endothelial cell line (HUVEC). Methods TDO expression was assessed as real time-PCR and western blot, for mRNA and protein expression, respectively. While cell proliferation was assessed as cell duplication, cell apoptosis and cell cycle were analysed by means of flow cytometry. Results SK-Mel-28 cells showed higher TDO levels compared to HCT-8 and to HUVEC cells. A selective TDO inhibitor, 680C91, significantly impaired cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, by inducing cell arrest during the G2 phase for SK-Mel-28 and HUVEC cells, while an early apoptosis was increasing in HCT-8 cells. No toxic effects were observed. These data demonstrated that TDO is highly expressed in SK-Mel-28 cells and may be involved in the regulation of their proliferation. Conclusion TDO may directly modulate cancer cell function rather than immune suppression and can be considered as a target for melanoma progression together with IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paccosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Cecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Silvano
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6-50139, Florence, Italy.
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Li Y, Zhang S, Wang R, Cui M, Liu W, Yang Q, Kuang C. Synthesis of novel tryptanthrin derivatives as dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Guo W, Yao S, Sun P, Yang TB, Tang CP, Zheng MY, Ye Y, Meng LH. Discovery and characterization of natural products as novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors through high-throughput screening. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:423-31. [PMID: 31197246 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of malignant tumors characterized by dysregulated tryptophan metabolism. However, the antitumor efficacy of existing small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors is still unsatisfactory, and the underlying mechanism remains largely undefined. To identify novel IDO1 inhibitors, an in-house natural product library of 2000 natural products was screened for inhibitory activity against recombinant human IDO1. High-throughput fluorescence-based screening identified 79 compounds with inhibitory activity > 30% at 20 μM. Nine natural products were further confirmed to inhibit IDO1 activity by > 30% using Ehrlich’s reagent reaction. Compounds 2, 7, and 8 were demonstrated to inhibit IDO1 activity in a cellular context. Compounds 2 and 7 were more potent against IDO1 than TDO2 in the enzymatic assay. The kinetic studies showed that compound 2 exhibited noncompetitive inhibition, whereas compounds 7 and 8 were graphically well matched with uncompetitive inhibition. Compounds 7 and 8 were found to bind to the ferric-IDO1 enzyme. Docking stimulations showed that the naphthalene ring of compound 8 formed “T-shaped” π–π interactions with Phe-163 and that the 6-methyl-naphthalene group formed additional hydrophobic interactions with IDO1. Compound 8 was identified as a derivative of tanshinone, and preliminary SAR analysis indicated that tanshinone derivatives may be promising hits for the development of IDO1 inhibitors. This study provides new clues for the discovery of IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors with novel scaffolds.
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15
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Duhalde Vega M, Aparicio JL, Mandour MF, Retegui LA. The autoimmune response elicited by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59) infection is modulated by liver tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Immunol Lett 2019; 217:25-30. [PMID: 31726186 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work we demonstrated that inhibition of mouse indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by methyltryptophan (MT) exacerbated the pathological actions of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59) infection, suggesting that tryptophan (TRP) catabolism was involved in viral effects. Since there is a second enzyme that dioxygenates TRP, tryptophan-2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is mainly located in liver, we decided to study its role in our model of MHV-infection. Results showed that in vivo TDO inhibition by LM10, a derivative of 3-(2-(pyridyl) ethenyl) indole, resulted in a decrease of anti- MHV Ab titers induced by the virus infection. Besides, a reduction of some alarmin release, i.e, uric acid and high-mobility group box1 protein (HMGB1), was observed. Accordingly, since alarmin liberation was related to the expression of autoantibodies (autoAb) to fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), these autoAb also diminished. Moreover, PCR results indicated that TDO inhibition did not abolish viral replication. Furthermore, histological liver examination did not reveal strong pathologies, whereas mouse survival was hundred percent in control as well as in MHV-infected mice treated with LM10. Data presented in this work indicate that in spite of the various TDO actions already described, specific TDO blockage could also restrain some MHV actions, mainly suppressing autoimmune reactions. Such results should prompt further experiments with various viruses to confirm the possible use of a TDO inhibitor such as LM-10 to treat either viral infections or even autoimmune diseases triggered by a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Duhalde Vega
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - José L Aparicio
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mohamed F Mandour
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lilia A Retegui
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Khurana L, ElGindi M, Tilstam PV, Pantouris G. Elucidating the role of an immunomodulatory protein in cancer: From protein expression to functional characterization. Methods Enzymol 2019; 629:307-360. [PMID: 31727247 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several fundamental discoveries made over the last two decades, in the field of cancer biology, have increased our understanding of the complex tumor micro- and macroenvironments. This has shifted the current empirical cancer therapies to more rationalized treatments targeting immunomodulatory proteins. From the point of identification, a protein target undergoes several interrogations, which are necessary to truly define its druggability. Here, we outline some basic steps that can be followed for in vitro characterization of a potential immunomodulatory protein target. We describe procedures for recombinant protein expression and purification including key annotations on protein cloning, expression systems, purification strategies and protein characterization using structural and biochemical approaches. For functional characterization, we provide detailed protocols for using flow-cytometric techniques in cell lines or primary cells to study protein expression profiles, proliferation, apoptosis and cell-cycle changes. This multilevel approach can provide valuable, in-depth understanding of any protein target with potential immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leepakshi Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mei ElGindi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pathricia V Tilstam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States.
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17
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Ye Z, Yue L, Shi J, Shao M, Wu T. Role of IDO and TDO in Cancers and Related Diseases and the Therapeutic Implications. J Cancer 2019; 10:2771-2782. [PMID: 31258785 PMCID: PMC6584917 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is a significant metabolic pathway of tryptophan (Trp). The metabolites of the Kyn pathway are closely correlated with numerous diseases. Two main enzymes, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO or TDO2), regulate the first and rate-limiting step of the Kyn pathway. These enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cancer, diabetes, and mental disorders. Presently, an increasing number of potential mechanisms have been revealed. In the present review, we depict the structure of IDO and TDO and explicate their functions in various diseases to facilitate a better understanding of them and to indicate new therapeutic plans to target them. Moreover, we summarize the inhibitors of IDO/TDO that are currently under development and their efficacy in the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linxiu Yue
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Shao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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Winters M, DuHadaway JB, Pham KN, Lewis-Ballester A, Badir S, Wai J, Sheikh E, Yeh SR, Prendergast GC, Muller AJ, Malachowski WP. Diaryl hydroxylamines as pan or dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 and tryptophan dioxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:455-464. [PMID: 30469041 PMCID: PMC6318801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) catabolizing enzymes play an important and complex role in the development of cancer. Significant evidence implicates them in a range of inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Whereas inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) have been reported and analyzed in the clinic, fewer inhibitors have been described for tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) which also have been implicated more recently in cancer, inflammation and immune control. Consequently the development of dual or pan inhibitors of these Trp catabolizing enzymes may represent a therapeutically important area of research. This is the first report to describe the development of dual and pan inhibitors of IDO1, TDO and IDO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Winters
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Khoa N Pham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Ariel Lewis-Ballester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Shorouk Badir
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Jenny Wai
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Eesha Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology and, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a very common stress-related mental disorder that carries a huge burden for affected patients and the society. It is associated with a high mortality that derives from suicidality and the development of serious medical conditions such as heart diseases, diabetes, and stroke. Although a range of effective antidepressants are available, more than 50% of the patients do not respond to the first treatment they are prescribed and around 30% fail to respond even after several treatment attempts. The heterogeneous condition of MDD, the lack of biomarkers matching patients with the right treatments and the situation that almost all available drugs are only targeting the serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine signaling, without regulating other potentially dysregulated systems may explain the insufficient treatment status. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of these other systems, there is numerous and robust evidence that it is implicated in MDD and other stress-related conditions, but up to date there is no specific drug targeting HPA axis components that is approved and no test that is routinely used in the clinical setting identifying patients for such a specific treatment. Is there still hope after these many years for a breakthrough of agents targeting the HPA axis? This review will cover tests detecting altered HPA axis function and the specific treatment options such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists, corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 (CRH1) receptor antagonists, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Menke
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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20
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Abstract
The essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) undergoes extensive metabolism along several pathways, resulting in production of many biologically active metabolites which exert profound effects on physiological processes. The disturbance in Trp metabolism and disposition in many disease states provides a basis for exploring multiple targets for pharmaco-therapeutic interventions. In particular, the kynurenine pathway of Trp degradation is currently at the forefront of immunological research and immunotherapy. In this review, I shall consider mammalian Trp metabolism in health and disease and outline the intervention targets. It is hoped that this account will provide a stimulus for pharmacologists and others to conduct further studies in this rich area of biomedical research and therapeutics.
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21
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Qin Y, Wang N, Zhang X, Han X, Zhai X, Lu Y. IDO and TDO as a potential therapeutic target in different types of depression. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1787-1800. [PMID: 30014175 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent worldwide and a leading cause of disabilty. However, the medications currently available to treat depression fail to adequately relieve depressive symptoms for a large number of patients. Research into the aberrant overactivation of the kynurenine pathway and the production of various active metabolites has brought new insight into the progression of depression. IDO and TDO are the first and rate-limiting enzymes in the kynurenine pathway and regulate the production of active metabolites. There is substantial evidence that TDO and IDO enzyme are activated during depression, and therefore, IDO and TDO inhibitors have been identified as ideal therapeutic targets for depressive disorder. Hence, this review will focus on the kynurenine branch of tryptophan metabolism and describe the role of IDO and TDO in the pathology of depression. In addition, this review will compare the relative imbalance between KYNA and neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites in different psychiatric disorders. Finally, this review is also directed toward assessing whether IDO and TDO are potential therapeutic target in depression associated with other diseases such as diabetes and/or cancer, as well as the development of potent IDO and TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yongning Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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22
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Zhang S, Qi F, Fang X, Yang D, Hu H, Huang Q, Kuang C, Yang Q. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory activities of tryptanthrin derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 160:133-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Khlupova ME, Vasil’eva IS, Shumakovich GP, Morozova OV, Zaitseva EA, Chertkov VA, Shestakova AK, Kisin AV, Yaropolov AI. Multicopper Oxidase-Catalyzed Biotransformation of Dihydroquercetin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s002713141805005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Khlupova ME, Morozova OV, Vasil'eva IS, Shumakovich GP, Pashintseva NV, Kovalev LI, Shishkin SS, Chertkov VA, Shestakova AK, Kisin AV, Yaropolov AI. Laccase-Catalyzed Heterocoupling of Dihydroquercetin and p-Aminobenzoic Acid: Effect of the Reaction Product on Cultured Cells. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2018; 83:992-1001. [PMID: 30208835 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Derivatization of the natural flavonoid dihydroquercetin with p-aminobenzoic acid was carried out in an ethyl acetate/citric buffer biphasic system using laccase from the fungus Trametes hirsuta. The main reaction product yield was ~68 mol %. The product was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and its structure was elucidated. The reaction product affected viability of cultured human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cell line) in a dose-dependent manner and, therefore, can be of interest to pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Khlupova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - O V Morozova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - I S Vasil'eva
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - G P Shumakovich
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - N V Pashintseva
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - L I Kovalev
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - S S Shishkin
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - V A Chertkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119899, Russia.
| | - A K Shestakova
- State Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow, 105118, Russia.
| | - A V Kisin
- State Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow, 105118, Russia
| | - A I Yaropolov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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25
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Feng X, Qiu X, Huang H, Wang J, Xu X, Xu P, Ge R, Liu X, Li Z, Bian J. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Reaction of Lawsones and Propargyl Carbonates: Construction of 2,3-Furanonaphthoquinones and Evaluation as Potential Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8003-8010. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaqiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruijia Ge
- The Madeira School, 8328 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 221022, United States
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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26
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Abstract
Iron-containing enzymes such as heme enzymes play crucial roles in biological systems. Three distinct heme-containing dioxygenase enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of l-tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway in mammals. Overexpression of these enzymes causes depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of metabolic products, which contributes to tumor immune tolerance and immune dysregulation in a variety of disease pathologies. In the past few decades, IDO1 has garnered the most attention as a therapeutic target with great potential in cancer immunotherapy. Many potential inhibitors of IDO1 have been designed, synthesized and evaluated, among which indoximod (d-1-MT), INCB024360, GDC-0919 (formerly NLG-919), and an IDO1 peptide-based vaccine have advanced to the clinical trial stage. However, recently, the roles of TDO and IDO2 have been elucidated in immune suppression. In this review, the current drug discovery landscape for targeting TDO, IDO1 and IDO2 is highlighted, with particular attention to the recent use of drugs in clinical trials. Moreover, the crystal structures of these enzymes, in complex with inhibitors, and the mechanisms of Trp catabolism in the first step, are summarized to provide information for facilitating the discovery of new enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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27
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Prendergast GC, Malachowski WP, DuHadaway JB, Muller AJ. Discovery of IDO1 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside. Cancer Res 2018; 77:6795-6811. [PMID: 29247038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) are emerging at the vanguard of experimental agents in oncology. Here, pioneers of this new drug class provide a bench-to-bedside review on preclinical validation of IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target and on the discovery and development of a set of mechanistically distinct compounds, indoximod, epacadostat, and navoximod, that were first to be evaluated as IDO inhibitors in clinical trials. As immunometabolic adjuvants to widen therapeutic windows, IDO inhibitors may leverage not only immuno-oncology modalities but also chemotherapy and radiotherapy as standards of care in the oncology clinic. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6795-811. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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28
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29
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Abstract
The tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has attracted enormous attention in driving cancer immunosuppression, neovascularization, and metastasis. IDO1 suppresses local CD8+ T effector cells and natural killer cells and induces CD4+ T regulatory cells (iTreg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The structurally distinct enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) also has been implicated recently in immune escape and metastatic progression. Lastly, emerging evidence suggests that the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2 may support IDO1-mediated iTreg and contribute to B-cell inflammed states in certain cancers. IDO1 and TDO are upregulated widely in neoplastic cells but also variably in stromal, endothelial, and innate immune cells of the tumor microenviroment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Pharmacological and genetic proofs in preclinical models of cancer have validated IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target. IDO1 inhibitors have limited activity on their own but greatly enhance "immunogenic" chemotherapy or immune checkpoint drugs. IDO/TDO function is rooted in inflammatory programming, thereby influencing tumor neovascularization, MDSC generation, and metastasis beyond effects on adaptive immune tolerance. Discovery and development of two small molecule enzyme inhibitors of IDO1 have advanced furthest to date in Phase II/III human trials (epacadostat and navoximod, respectively). Indoximod, a tryptophan mimetic compound with a different mechanism of action in the IDO pathway has also advanced in multiple Phase II trials. Second generation combined IDO/TDO inhibitors may broaden impact in cancer treatment, for example, in addressing IDO1 bypass (inherent resistance) or acquired resistance to IDO1 inhibitors. This review surveys knowledge about IDO1 function and how IDO1 inhibitors reprogram inflammation to heighten therapeutic responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | | | - Arpita Mondal
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Corporation Inc., Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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30
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Abstract
Natural oils are commonly used in topical pharmaceutical formulations as emulsifiers, stabilizers or solubility enhancers. They are presented as safe and inert components, mainly used for formulation purposes. It is confirmed that natural oils can affect the skin penetration of various substances. Fatty acids are mainly responsible for this effect. Current understanding lacks reliable scientific data on penetration of natural oils into the skin and their skin penetration enhancement potential. In the current study, fatty acid content analysis was used to determine the principal fatty acids in soybean, olive, avocado, sea-buckthorn pulp, raspberry seed and coconut oils. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry bioimaging was used to determine the distribution of these fatty acids in human skin ex vivo after application of the oils. Skin penetration enhancement ratios were determined for a perspective antioxidant compound dihydroquercetin. The results demonstrated skin penetration of fatty acids from all oils tested. Only soybean and olive oils significantly increased the skin distribution of dihydroquercetin and can be used as skin penetration enhancers. However, no correlation can be determined between the fatty acids' composition and skin penetration enhancement using currently available methodological approaches. This indicates that potential chemical penetration enhancement should be evaluated during formulation of topically applied products containing natural oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytis Čižinauskas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, Kaunas 50166, Lithuania.
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France.
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France.
| | - Vitalis Briedis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, Kaunas 50166, Lithuania.
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31
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Abstract
Regulatory and functional aspects of the kynurenine (K) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp) degradation are reviewed. The KP accounts for ~95% of dietary Trp degradation, of which 90% is attributed to the hepatic KP. During immune activation, the minor extrahepatic KP plays a more active role. The KP is rate-limited by its first enzyme, Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), in liver and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) elsewhere. TDO is regulated by glucocorticoid induction, substrate activation and stabilization by Trp, cofactor activation by heme, and end-product inhibition by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate). IDO is regulated by IFN-γ and other cytokines and by nitric oxide. The KP disposes of excess Trp, controls hepatic heme synthesis and Trp availability for cerebral serotonin synthesis, and produces immunoregulatory and neuroactive metabolites, the B3 “vitamin” nicotinic acid, and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Various KP enzymes are undermined in disease and are targeted for therapy of conditions ranging from immunological, neurological, and neurodegenerative conditions to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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32
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Tomek P, Palmer BD, Flanagan JU, Sun C, Raven EL, Ching LM. Discovery and evaluation of inhibitors to the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): Probing the active site-inhibitor interactions. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:983-996. [PMID: 28011425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) for a broad range of malignancies is associated with poor patient prognosis, and the enzyme is a validated target for cancer intervention. To identify novel IDO1 inhibitors suitable for drug development, 1597 compounds in the National Cancer Institute Diversity Set III library were tested for inhibitory activity against recombinant human IDO1. We retrieved 35 hits that inhibited IDO1 activity >50% at 20 μM. Five structural filters and the PubChem Bioassay database were used to guide the selection of five inhibitors with IC50 between 3 and 12 μM for subsequent experimental evaluation. A pyrimidinone scaffold emerged as being the most promising. It showed excellent cell penetration, negligible cytotoxicity and passed four out of the five structural filters applied. To evaluate the importance of Ser167 and Cys129 residues in the IDO1 active site for inhibitor binding, the entire NCI library was subsequently screened against alanine-replacement mutant enzymes of these two residues. The results established that Ser167 but not Cys129 is important for inhibitory activity of a broad range of IDO1 inhibitors. Structure-activity-relationship studies proposed substituents interacting with Ser167 on four investigated IDO1 inhibitors. Three of these four Ser167 interactions associated with an increased IDO1 inhibition and were correctly predicted by molecular docking supporting Ser167 as an important mediator of potency for IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chuanwen Sun
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Raven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand.
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33
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Bai M, Liu H, Xu K, Oso AO, Wu X, Liu G, Tossou MCB, Al-Dhabi NA, Duraipandiyan V, Xi Q, Yin Y. A review of the immunomodulatory role of dietary tryptophan in livestock and poultry. Amino Acids 2016; 49:67-74. [PMID: 27778165 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan, a nutritionally essential amino acid, is active in the regulation of immune responses in animals. The products of tryptophan metabolism, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine, quinolinic acid, and melatonin, may improve immunity in an organism and induce anti-inflammatory responses. The immune tolerance processes mediated by tryptophan metabolites are not well understood. Recent studies have reported that the enzymes that break down tryptophan through the kynurenine metabolic pathway are found in numerous cell types, including immunocytes. Moreover, some tryptophan metabolites have been shown to play a role in the inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation, elevation of immunoglobulin levels in the blood, and promotion of antigen-presenting organization in tissues. This review summarizes the effects and mechanisms of tryptophan and metabolites in immune functions in livestock and poultry. It also highlights the areas in which our understanding of the role(s) of tryptophan is incomplete and suggests possible future research that might prove of benefit to livestock and poultry producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
| | - Kang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Abimbola Oladele Oso
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330029, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Myrlene Carine B Tossou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yinlong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330029, Jiangxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Pantouris G, Loudon-Griffiths J, Mowat CG. Insights into the mechanism of inhibition of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase by isatin derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:70-78. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1170013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Khlupova M, Vasil’eva I, Shumakovich G, Morozova O, Chertkov V, Shestakova A, Kisin A, Yaropolov A. Laccase-mediated biotransformation of dihydroquercetin (taxifolin). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 123:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Wu JS, Lin SY, Liao FY, Hsiao WC, Lee LC, Peng YH, Hsieh CL, Wu MH, Song JS, Yueh A, Chen CH, Yeh SH, Liu CY, Lin SY, Yeh TK, Hsu JTA, Shih C, Ueng SH, Hung MS, Wu SY. Identification of Substituted Naphthotriazolediones as Novel Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase (TDO) Inhibitors through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7807-19. [PMID: 26348881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A structure-based virtual screening strategy, comprising homology modeling, ligand-support binding site optimization, virtual screening, and structure clustering analysis, was developed and used to identify novel tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors. Compound 1 (IC50 = 711 nM), selected by virtual screening, showed inhibitory activity toward TDO and was subjected to structural modifications and molecular docking studies. This resulted in the identification of a potent TDO selective inhibitor (11e, IC50 = 30 nM), making it a potential compound for further investigation as a cancer therapeutic and other TDO-related targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sung Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Yu Liao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chi Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung-Chun Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hui Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Andrew Yueh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yeh Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John T-A Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F. Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Ferns DM, Kema IP, Buist MR, Nijman HW, Kenter GG, Jordanova ES. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) metabolic activity is detrimental for cervical cancer patient survival. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e981457. [PMID: 25949879 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.981457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the immunomodulating enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) suppresses T-lymphocyte function, thus correlating with poor survival in a variety of cancer patients. IDO degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan leading to immunosuppressive kynurenines production. In the present study, concentrations of tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and kynurenine were measured in pre-treatment serum samples of 251 cervical cancer patients by a mass-spectrometric method (XLC-MS/MS) and IDO activity determined by the kynurenine/tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratio. A low concentration of tryptophan was found to be significantly associated with tumors greater than 4 cm and lymph node metastatic spread. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were found between high concentrations of the tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine and advanced disease stage (FIGO >IIA) and lymph node metastases. High levels of kynurenine were further associated with parametrial invasion and tumor size. A high Kyn/Trp ratio was related to lymph node metastasis, FIGO stage, tumor size, parametrial invasion and poor disease-specific survival. These results suggest that IDO activation is linked to poor clinicopathological parameters and worse survival in cervical cancer, warranting the use of IDO inhibitors in future clinical trials.
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Key Words
- FIGO, International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians
- Gy, Gray
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- IDO
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- Kyn/Trp ratio
- Kyn/Trp ratio, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio
- M0, no metastasis
- NK, natural killer
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- TDO. tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase
- TLR: toll-like receptor
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- XLC-MS/MS- extraction: liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry
- cervical cancer
- kynurenine
- tryptophan
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie M Ferns
- Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam; Free University Medical Centre ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University Medical Centre Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Marrije R Buist
- Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam; Academic Medical Centre ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology; University Medical Centre Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam; Free University Medical Centre ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam; Academic Medical Centre ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam; Free University Medical Centre ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) represents an important antiproliferative strategy of the cellular immune response. Tryptophan shortage and accumulation of kynurenine downstream products also affect T-cell responses, providing a negative feedback control of immune activation. IDO1 activity can promote a regulatory phenotype in both T cells and dendritic cells. These phenomena can support tumor immune escape. AREAS COVERED IDO1 activity reflects the course of several malignancies, and determination of kynurenine to tryptophan ratio in serum/plasma can be used to assess immune activation. Moreover, the accelerated breakdown of tryptophan has been correlated with the development of cancer-associated disturbances such as anemia, weight loss and depression. Tumoral IDO1 expression was correlated with a poor prognosis in several types of tumors, which makes it to an interesting target for immunotherapy. In addition, according to recent data, a role of trytptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in tumorigenesis cannot be excluded. EXPERT OPINION Tryptophan metabolism is critical for cell proliferation, inflammation and immunoregulation. Accelerated tryptophan breakdown favors tumor immune escape. Accordingly, targeting IDO1 by immunotherapy may represent a favorable approach; however, blocking crucial immunoregulatory pathways could also introduce the risk of immune system overactivation, finally leading to unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry , Innsbruck 6020 , Austria
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40
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Platten M, von Knebel Doeberitz N, Oezen I, Wick W, Ochs K. Cancer Immunotherapy by Targeting IDO1/TDO and Their Downstream Effectors. Front Immunol 2015; 5:673. [PMID: 25628622 PMCID: PMC4290671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (TRP) to kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is now firmly established as a key regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. A plethora of preclinical models suggests that this immune tolerance pathway - driven by the key and rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase and TRP-2,3-dioxygenase - is active in cancer immunity, autoimmunity, infection, transplant rejection, and allergy. Drugs targeting this pathway, specifically indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, are already in clinical trials with the aim at reverting cancer-induced immunosuppression. In the past years, there has been an increase in our understanding of the regulation and downstream mediators of TRP metabolism, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a receptor for KYN and kynurenic acid. This more detailed understanding will expand our opportunities to interfere with the pathway therapeutically on multiple levels. Here, we discuss the perspective of targeting TRP metabolism at these different levels based on reviewing recent insight into the regulation of TRP metabolism and its downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus von Knebel Doeberitz
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iris Oezen
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ochs
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Gliomas have been viewed for decades as inaccessible for a meaningful antitumor immune response as they grow in a sanctuary site protected from infiltrating immune cells. Moreover, the glioma microenvironment constitutes a hostile environment for an efficient antitumor immune response as glioma-derived factors such as transforming growth factor β and catabolites of the essential amino acid tryptophan paralyze T-cell function. There is growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that a meaningful antitumor immunity exists in glioma patients and that it can be activated by vaccination strategies. As a consequence, the concept of glioma immunotherapy appears to be experiencing a renaissance with the first phase 3 randomized immunotherapy trials entering the clinical arena. On the basis of encouraging results from other tumor entities using immunostimulatory approaches by blocking endogenous T-cell suppressive pathways mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 or programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 with humanized antibodies, there is now a realistic and promising option to combine active immunotherapy with agents blocking the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with gliomas to allow a peripheral antitumor immune response induced by vaccination to become effective. Here we review the current clinical and preclinical evidence of antimicroenvironment immunotherapeutic strategies in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Units, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany,
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42
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Meng B, Wu D, Gu J, Ouyang S, Ding W, Liu ZJ. Structural and functional analyses of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Proteins 2014; 82:3210-6. [PMID: 25066423 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), one of the two key enzymes in the kynurenine pathway, catalyzes the indole ring cleavage at the C2-C3 bond of L-tryptophan. This is a rate-limiting step in the regulation of tryptophan concentration in vivo, and is thus important in drug discovery for cancer and immune diseases. Here, we report the crystal structure of human TDO (hTDO) without the heme cofactor to 2.90 Å resolution. The overall fold and the tertiary assembly of hTDO into a tetramer, as well as the active site architecture, are well conserved and similar to the structures of known orthologues. Kinetic and mutational studies confirmed that eight residues play critical roles in L-tryptophan oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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43
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Chambon M, Bron S, Pilotte L, Colau D, Van den Eynde BJ, Turcatti G, Vogel P, Zoete V, Michielin O. Detailed analysis and follow-up studies of a high-throughput screening for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:284-301. [PMID: 25036789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key regulator of immune responses and therefore an important therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases that involve pathological immune escape, such as cancer. Here, we describe a robust and sensitive high-throughput screen (HTS) for IDO1 inhibitors using the Prestwick Chemical Library of 1200 FDA-approved drugs and the Maybridge HitFinder Collection of 14,000 small molecules. Of the 60 hits selected for follow-up studies, 14 displayed IC50 values below 20 μM under the secondary assay conditions, and 4 showed an activity in cellular tests. In view of the high attrition rate we used both experimental and computational techniques to identify and to characterize compounds inhibiting IDO1 through unspecific inhibition mechanisms such as chemical reactivity, redox cycling, or aggregation. One specific IDO1 inhibitor scaffold, the imidazole antifungal agents, was chosen for rational structure-based lead optimization, which led to more soluble and smaller compounds with micromolar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Chambon
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvian Bron
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luc Pilotte
- de Duve Institute and the Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Didier Colau
- de Duve Institute and the Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Benoît J Van den Eynde
- de Duve Institute and the Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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