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Yi L, Ma H, Yang X, Zheng Q, Zhong J, Ye S, Li X, Chen D, Li H, Li C. Cotransplantation of NSCs and ethyl stearate promotes synaptic plasticity in PD rats by Drd1/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117292. [PMID: 37806537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine views kidney shortage as a significant contributor to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative condition that is closely linked to aging. In clinical, patients with Parkinson's disease are often treated with Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum (Plastrum Testudinis, PT), a traditional Chinese medication that tonifies the kidney. Previous research has demonstrated that ethyl stearate (PubChem CID: 8122), an active component of Plastrum Testudinis Extracted with ethyl acetate (PTE), may encourage neural stem cells (NSCs) development into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. However, the effectiveness and mechanism of cotransplantation of ethyl stearate and NSCs in treating PD model rats still require further investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY PD is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the loss and degradation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Synaptic damage is also a critical pathology in PD. Because of their self-renewal, minimal immunogenicity, and capacity to differentiate into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, NSCs are a prospective treatment option for Parkinson's disease cell transplantation therapy. However, encouraging transplanted NSCs to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons and enhancing synaptic plasticity in vivo remains a significant challenge in improving the efficacy of NSCs transplantation for PD. This investigation seeks to examine the efficacy of cotransplantation of NSCs and ethyl stearate in PD model rats and its mechanism related to synaptic plasticity. MATERIALS AND METHODS On 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD model rats, we performed NSCs transplantation therapy and cotransplantation therapy involving ethyl stearate and NSCs. Rotating behavior induced by apomorphine (APO) and pole climbing tests were used to evaluate behavioral changes. Using a variety of methods, including Western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we examined the function and potential molecular mechanisms of ethyl stearate in combined NSCs transplantation therapy. RESULTS In the rat PD model, cotransplantation of ethyl stearate with NSCs dramatically reduced motor dysfunction, restored TH protein levels, and boosted dopamine levels in the striatum, according to our findings. Furthermore, the expression levels of SYN1 and PSD95, markers of synaptic plasticity, and BDNF, closely related to synaptic plasticity, were significantly increased. Cotransplantation with ethyl stearate and NSCs also increased the expression levels of Dopamine Receptor D1 (Drd1), an important receptor in the dopamine neural circuit, accompanied by an increase in MMP9 levels, ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels, and c-fos protein levels. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of our investigation, cotransplantation of ethyl stearate and NSCs significantly improves the condition of PD model rats. We found that cotransplantation of ethyl stearate and NSCs may promote the expression of MMP9 by regulating the Drd1-ERK-AP-1 pathway, thus improving synaptic plasticity after NSCs transplantation. These findings provide new experimental support for the treatment of PD with the kidney tonifying Chinese medicine Plastrum Testudinis and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for PD based on cotransplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Huaxia Vocational College, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510935, PR China
| | - Haisheng Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Qi Zheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Jun Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Sen Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Xican Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China.
| | - Caixia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China; Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China.
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Salsinha AS, Socodato R, Rodrigues A, Vale-Silva R, Relvas JB, Pintado M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Potential of omega-3 and conjugated fatty acids to control microglia inflammatory imbalance elicited by obesogenic nutrients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159331. [PMID: 37172801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet-induced obesity detrimentally affects brain function by inducing chronic low-grade inflammation. This neuroinflammation is, at least in part, likely to be mediated by microglia, which are the main immune cell population in the brain. Microglia express a wide range of lipid-sensitive receptors and their activity can be modulated by fatty acids that cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, by combining live cell imaging and FRET technology we assessed how different fatty acids modulate microglia activity. We demonstrate that the combined action of fructose and palmitic acid induce Ikβα degradation and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit nuclear factor kB (NF-κB) in HCM3 human microglia. Such obesogenic nutrients also lead to reactive oxygen species production and LynSrc activation (critical regulators of microglia inflammation). Importantly, short-time exposure to omega-3 (EPA and DHA), CLA and CLNA are sufficient to abolish NF-κB pathway activation, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role. Omega-3 and CLA also show an antioxidant potential by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, and the activation of LynSrc in microglia. Furthermore, using chemical agonists (TUG-891) and antagonists (AH7614) of GPR120/FFA4, we demonstrated that omega-3, CLA and CLNA inhibition of the NF-κB pathway is mediated by this receptor, while omega-3 and CLA antioxidant potential occurs through different signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Salsinha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Socodato
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Rodrigues
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Vale-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J B Relvas
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - L M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Discovery of Therapeutics Targeting Oxidative Stress in Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060764. [PMID: 35745683 PMCID: PMC9228961 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative inherited disorders. The resulting motor incoordination and progressive functional disabilities lead to reduced lifespan. There is currently no cure for ARCAs, likely attributed to the lack of understanding of the multifaceted roles of antioxidant defense and the underlying mechanisms. This systematic review aims to evaluate the extant literature on the current developments of therapeutic strategies that target oxidative stress for the management of ARCAs. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct Scopus for relevant peer-reviewed articles published from 1 January 2016 onwards. A total of 28 preclinical studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. We first evaluated the altered cellular processes, abnormal signaling cascades, and disrupted protein quality control underlying the pathogenesis of ARCA. We then examined the current potential therapeutic strategies for ARCAs, including aromatic, organic and pharmacological compounds, gene therapy, natural products, and nanotechnology, as well as their associated antioxidant pathways and modes of action. We then discussed their potential as antioxidant therapeutics for ARCAs, with the long-term view toward their possible translation to clinical practice. In conclusion, our current understanding is that these antioxidant therapies show promise in improving or halting the progression of ARCAs. Tailoring the therapies to specific disease stages could greatly facilitate the management of ARCAs.
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Tiwari PC, Chaudhary MJ, Pal R, Kartik S, Nath R. Pharmacological, Biochemical and Immunological Studies on Protective Effect of Mangiferin in 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Ann Neurosci 2022; 28:137-149. [PMID: 35341236 PMCID: PMC8948331 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211051976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and is marked by
inflammation and death of neurons in the striatum region of the midbrain. It
has been reported that expression of NF-κB increases during Parkinson’s
disease, which promotes oxidative stress, stimulates release of
proinflammatory cytokines, and induces expression of nitric oxide.
Therefore, in this study, we have used mangiferin a specific NF-κB
inhibitor. Mangiferin is a polyphenolic compound traditionally used for its
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: The study utilized male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g (56 rats;
n = 8/group). On day “0,” stereotaxic surgery of rats
was done to induce 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in rats. Coordinates for
substantia nigra were anteroposterior-2 mm, mediolateral-5 mm and
dorsoventral-8.2 mm. After 14 days, those rats which show at least 210
contralateral rotations after administration of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg S.C.)
were selected for the study and were given treatment for 28 days. On day 28
of treatment, rats were subjected to behavioral studies to evaluate the
effect of mangiferin and their brains were taken out after euthanasia to
perform biochemical, molecular and immunological studies. Results: Treatment with mangiferin significantly improves the key parameters of
locomotor activity and oxidative stress and reduces the parameters of
inflammatory stress. Also, the activity of caspases was reduced. Significant
decrease in activity of both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 was also observed.
Maximum improvement in all parameters was observed in rats treated with
grouping of mangiferin 45 µg/kg and levodopa 10 mg/kg. Treatment with
levodopa alone has no significant effect on biochemical and molecular
parameters though it significantly improves behavioral parameters. Conclusion: Current treatment of Parkinson’s disease does not target progression of
Parkinson’s disease. Results of this study suggest that mangiferin has
protective effect in hemi-Parkinsonian rats. Therefore, the combination
therapy of mangiferin and levodopa can be helpful in management of
Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Chandra Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manju J Chaudhary
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishi Pal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shipra Kartik
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ravisankar P, Ravishankar P, Prithviraj E, Ravindran R. Evaluation of antioxidants in discrete regions of brain after the transplantation of human amniotic epithelial cells in 2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenylethylamine-lesioned wistar albino rats. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2022; 12:103-110. [PMID: 35754664 PMCID: PMC9215183 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_692_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Material and Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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6
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C. Role of Liver Growth Factor (LGF) in Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3031-3042. [PMID: 33608826 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder with unclear etiology and only symptomatic treatment to date. Toward the development of novel disease-modifying agents, neurotrophic factors represent a reasonable and promising therapeutic approach. However, despite the robust preclinical evidence, clinical trials using glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin have been unsuccessful. In this direction, the therapeutic potential of other trophic factors in PD and the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms are of paramount importance. The liver growth factor (LGF) is an albumin-bilirubin complex acting as a hepatic mitogen, which also exerts regenerative effects on several extrahepatic tissues including the brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that intracerebral and peripheral administration of LGF can enhance the outgrowth of nigrostriatal dopaminergic axonal terminals; promote the survival, migration, and differentiation of neuronal stem cells; and partially protect against dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra of PD animal models. In most studies, these effects are accompanied by improved motor behavior of the animals. Potential underlying mechanisms involve transient microglial activation, TNF-α upregulation, and activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and of the transcription factor cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (CREB), along with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Herein, we summarize recent preclinical evidence on the potential role of LGF in PD pathogenesis, aiming to shed more light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic opportunities for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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7
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Yang JL, Gao JH, Du TF, Yi HK, Ma KL. Distribution of the Alpha-Synuclein in the Brain and the Primary Organs of the Rhesus Monkey. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3187-3201. [PMID: 34097253 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein is a major trigger of neurodegenerative diseases. The expression level of α-syn in different brain regions and the disease-susceptible regions varies with the development of the disease. The expression pattern of the α-syn protein in mouse brain has been precisely described in the literature. Some studies have also reported the ubiquitous expression of the α-syn protein in the central and peripheral in nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, little is known about the expression pattern of α-syn in the brain or in the primary organs of NHPs. Here, we investigated the expression profile of α-syn in different brain regions and the primary organs of NHPs. The α-syn protein was mainly distributed in layers III and V of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. In addition, strong immunofluorescent signals were detected in the striatum and the substantia nigra, especially in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars compacta, where the expression was significantly and particularly strong, compared with that in the cerebellum or the cortex. In the cerebellum, intense α-syn signal was observed in the molecular layer, where it was significantly higher than in the nucleus or the medulla. In the brain, the α-syn was always detected both in the cytoplasm and the synapses. Additionally, the α-syn was widely expressed in primary organs. The α-syn signal was higher in the liver and small intestine than in the spleen. Thus, the regions displaying the highest α-syn expression are also those affected during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. These results may provide basic reference data for the study of multi-systemic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ting-Fu Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Hong-Kun Yi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Kai-Li Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China. .,Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China.
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Perucho J, Vallejo-Muñoz M, Casarejos MJ, Reimers D, Jiménez-Escrig A, Gómez A, Ulzurrun de Asanza GM, Bazán E. Liver Growth Factor "LGF" as a Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239201. [PMID: 33276671 PMCID: PMC7730107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in aging populations. Although the pathological hallmarks of AD are well defined, currently no effective therapy exists. Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic albumin-bilirubin complex with activity as a tissue regenerating factor in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Friedreich's ataxia. Our aim here was to analyze the potential therapeutic effect of LGF on the APPswe mouse model of AD. Twenty-month-old mice received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 1.6 µg LGF or saline, twice a week during three weeks. Mice were sacrificed one week later, and the hippocampus and dorsal cortex were prepared for immunohistochemical and biochemical studies. LGF treatment reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) content, phospho-Tau/Tau ratio and the number of Aβ plaques with diameter larger than 25 µm. LGF administration also modulated protein ubiquitination and HSP70 protein levels, reduced glial reactivity and inflammation, and the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Because the administration of this factor also restored cognitive damage in APPswe mice, we propose LGF as a novel therapeutic tool that may be useful for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Perucho
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Manuela Vallejo-Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Maria José Casarejos
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Adriano Jiménez-Escrig
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Gonzalo M. Ulzurrun de Asanza
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (M.V.-M.); (M.J.C.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (A.G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-368-168
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9
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Reimers D, Casarejos MJ, Calatrava Ferreras L, Vallejo-Muñoz M, Jiménez-Escrig A, Diaz-Gil JJ, Ulzurrun de Asanza GM, Bazán E. Liver Growth Factor Induces Glia-Associated Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson´s Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050315. [PMID: 32455921 PMCID: PMC7287666 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), which leads to a loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. Current treatments relieve the symptoms of the disease, but none stop or delay neuronal degeneration. Liver growth factor (LGF) is an albumin-bilirubin complex that stimulates axonal growth in the striatum and protects DA neurons in the SN of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Our previous results suggested that these effects observed in vivo are mediated by microglia and/or astrocytes. To determine if these cells are LGF targets, E14 (embryos from Sprague Dawley rats of 14 days) rat mesencephalic glial cultures were used. Treatment with 100 pg/mL of LGF up-regulated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in glial cultures, and it increased the microglia marker Iba1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) protein levels. The treatment of E14 midbrain neurons with a glial-conditioned medium from LGF-treated glial cultures (GCM-LGF) prevented the loss of DA neurons caused by 6-hydroxy-dopamine. This neuroprotective effect was not observed when GCM-LGF was applied in the presence of a blocking antibody of TNF-alpha activity. Altogether, our findings strongly suggest the involvement of microglia and TNF-alpha in the neuroprotective action of LGF on DA neurons observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (E.B.); Tel.: +34-913-368-168 (R.G.-G. & E.B.)
| | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - María José Casarejos
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Lucía Calatrava Ferreras
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Manuela Vallejo-Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | | | - Juan José Diaz-Gil
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Gonzalo M. Ulzurrun de Asanza
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (E.B.); Tel.: +34-913-368-168 (R.G.-G. & E.B.)
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10
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Calatrava-Ferreras L, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Casarejos MJ, Jiménez-Escrig A, Regadera J, Velasco-Martín J, Vallejo-Muñoz M, Díaz-Gil JJ, Bazán E. Liver Growth Factor (LGF) Upregulates Frataxin Protein Expression and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Friedreich's Ataxia Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2066. [PMID: 27941692 PMCID: PMC5187866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is a severe disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance that is caused by the abnormal expansion of GAA repeat in intron 1 of FRDA gen. This alteration leads to a partial silencing of frataxin transcription, causing a multisystem disorder disease that includes neurological and non-neurological damage. Recent studies have proven the effectiveness of neurotrophic factors in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we intend to determine if liver growth factor (LGF), which has a demonstrated antioxidant and neuroprotective capability, could be a useful therapy for FA. To investigate the potential therapeutic activity of LGF we used transgenic mice of the FXNtm1MknTg (FXN)YG8Pook strain. In these mice, intraperitoneal administration of LGF (1.6 μg/mouse) exerted a neuroprotective effect on neurons of the lumbar spinal cord and improved cardiac hypertrophy. Both events could be the consequence of the increment in frataxin expression induced by LGF in spinal cord (1.34-fold) and heart (1.2-fold). LGF also upregulated by 2.6-fold mitochondrial chain complex IV expression in spinal cord, while in skeletal muscle it reduced the relation oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione. Since LGF partially restores motor coordination, we propose LGF as a novel factor that may be useful in the treatment of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Calatrava-Ferreras
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diana Reimers
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio S Herranz
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María J Casarejos
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Regadera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28400 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Velasco-Martín
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28400 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuela Vallejo-Muñoz
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan José Díaz-Gil
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Service of Neurobiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Qudrat A, Unni N. Theoretical Approaches to Lentiviral Mediated Neurotrophin Delivery in Potential Treatments of Parkinson's Disease. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:215-25. [PMID: 27354847 PMCID: PMC4918865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease, characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor symptoms include postural instability, rigidity, and tremor, while non-motor symptoms include anxiety, dementia, and depression. In this integrative review, we discuss PD disease pathophysiology in detail and introduce how neurotrophic growth factor delivery via a retroviral-based system can be used as efficacious tools for targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Qudrat
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Anam Qudrat, Rosebrugh Building, Rm. 407, 164 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9; Tele: 647-627-4049; anam.qudrat@mail.utoronto.ca
| | - Netra Unni
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Girón-Martínez Á, Pérez-Rial S, Terrón-Expósito R, Díaz-Gil JJ, González-Mangado N, Peces-Barba G. Proliferative activity of liver growth factor is associated with an improvement of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112995. [PMID: 25401951 PMCID: PMC4234533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema is a major component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD treatment is based on the administration of bronchodilators and corticosteroids to control symptoms and exacerbations, however, to date, there are no effective therapies to reverse disease progression. Liver growth factor (LGF) is an albumin-bilirubin complex with mitogenic properties, whose therapeutic effects have previously been reported in a model of emphysema and several rodent models of human disease. To approach the therapeutic effect of LGF in a model of previously established emphysema, morphometric and lung function parameters, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and the expression of several markers, such as VEGF, PCNA, 3NT and Nrf2, were assessed in air-exposed and CS-exposed C57BL/6J male mice with and without intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LGF. CS-exposed mice presented a significant enlargement of alveolar spaces, higher alveolar internal area and loss of lung function that correlated with higher MMP activity, higher expression of 3NT and lower expression of VEGF. CS-exposed mice injected with LGF, showed an amelioration of emphysema and improved lung function, which correlated with lower MMP activity and 3NT expression and higher levels of VEGF, PCNA and Nrf2. Taken together, this study suggests that LGF administration ameliorates CS-induced emphysema, highlights the ability of LGF to promote alveolar cell proliferation and may be a promising strategy to revert COPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Girón-Martínez
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz - CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-CIBERES-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra Pérez-Rial
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz - CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-CIBERES-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Terrón-Expósito
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz - CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-CIBERES-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Díaz-Gil
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz - CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-CIBERES-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás González-Mangado
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz - CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-CIBERES-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Peces-Barba
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz - CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-CIBERES-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Neuroprotective role of liver growth factor "LGF" in an experimental model of cerebellar ataxia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19056-73. [PMID: 25338046 PMCID: PMC4227260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias (CA) comprise a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a lack of motor coordination. They are caused by disturbances in the cerebellum and its associated circuitries, so the major therapeutic goal is to correct cerebellar dysfunction. Neurotrophic factors enhance the survival and differentiation of selected types of neurons. Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic mitogen that shows biological activity in neuroregenerative therapies. We investigate the potential therapeutic activity of LGF in the 3-acetylpiridine (3-AP) rat model of CA. This model of CA consists in the lesion of the inferior olive-induced by 3-AP (40 mg/kg). Ataxic rats were treated with 5 µg/rat LGF or vehicle during 3 weeks, analyzing: (a) motor coordination by using the rota-rod test; and (b) the immunohistochemical and biochemical evolution of several parameters related with the olivo-cerebellar function. Motor coordination improved in 3-AP-lesioned rats that received LGF treatment. LGF up-regulated NeuN and Bcl-2 protein levels in the brainstem, and increased calbindin expression and the number of neurons receiving calbindin-positive projections in the cerebellum. LGF also reduced extracellular glutamate and GABA concentrations and microglia activation in the cerebellum. In view of these results, we propose LGF as a potential therapeutic agent in cerebellar ataxias.
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14
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Pérez-Rial S, Del Puerto-Nevado L, Girón-Martínez A, Terrón-Expósito R, Díaz-Gil JJ, González-Mangado N, Peces-Barba G. Liver growth factor treatment reverses emphysema previously established in a cigarette smoke exposure mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L718-26. [PMID: 25172913 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00293.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disease largely associated with cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) and characterized by pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations, including systemic inflammation. Liver growth factor (LGF) is an albumin-bilirubin complex with demonstrated antifibrotic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive actions even at extrahepatic sites. We aimed to determine whether short LGF treatment (1.7 μg/mouse ip; 2 times, 2 wk), once the lung damage was established through the chronic CSE, contributes to improvement of the regeneration of damaged lung tissue, reducing systemic inflammation. We studied AKR/J mice, divided into three groups: control (air-exposed), CSE (chronic CSE), and CSE + LGF (LGF-treated CSE mice). We assessed pulmonary function, morphometric data, and levels of various systemic inflammatory markers to test the LGF regenerative capacity in this system. Our results revealed that the lungs of the CSE animals showed pulmonary emphysema and inflammation, characterized by increased lung compliance, enlargement of alveolar airspaces, systemic inflammation (circulating leukocytes and serum TNF-α level), and in vivo lung matrix metalloproteinase activity. LGF treatment was able to reverse all these parameters, decreasing total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and T-lymphocyte infiltration in peripheral blood observed in emphysematous mice and reversing the decrease in monocytes observed in chronic CSE mice, and tends to reduce the neutrophil population and serum TNF-α level. In conclusion, LGF treatment normalizes the physiological and morphological parameters and levels of various systemic inflammatory biomarkers in a chronic CSE AKR/J model, which may have important pathophysiological and therapeutic implications for subjects with stable COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez-Rial
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Del Puerto-Nevado
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Girón-Martínez
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Terrón-Expósito
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Díaz-Gil
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás González-Mangado
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Peces-Barba
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Santiago JA, Potashkin JA. System-based approaches to decode the molecular links in Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:84-91. [PMID: 24718034 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates an increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD) among people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The relationship between the etiology and development of both chronic diseases is beginning to be uncovered and recent studies show that PD and T2DM share remarkably similar dysregulated pathways. It has been proposed that a cascade of events including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and metabolic inflammation trigger neurodegeneration in T2DM models. Network-based approaches have elucidated a potential molecular framework linking both diseases. Further, transcriptional signatures that modulate the neurodegenerative phenotype in T2DM have been identified. Here we contextualize the current experimental approaches to dissect the mechanisms underlying the association between PD and T2DM and discuss the existing challenges toward the understanding of the coexistence of these devastating aging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Santiago
- The Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judith A Potashkin
- The Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Calatrava-Ferreras L, Perucho J, Reimers D, Casarejos MJ, Herranz AS, Jiménez-Escrig A, Díaz-Gil JJ, Bazán E. Liver growth factor as a tissue regenerating factor in neurodegenerative diseases. RECENT PATENTS ON CNS DRUG DISCOVERY 2014; 9:173-80. [PMID: 25537484 PMCID: PMC4485410 DOI: 10.2174/1574889809666141224123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic mitogen purified by our group in 1986. In the following years we demonstrated its activity both in "in vivo" and "in vitro" systems, stimulating hepatocytes mitogenesis as well as liver regeneration in several models of liver injury. Furthermore, we established its chemical composition (albumin-bilirubin complex) and its mitogenic actions in liver. From 2000 onwards we used LGF as a tissue regenerating factor in several models of extrahepatic diseases. The use of Liver growth factor as a neural tissue regenerator has been recently protected (Patent No US 2014/8,642,551 B2). LGF administration stimulates neurogenesis and neuron survival, promotes migration of newly generated neurons, and induces the outgrowth of striatal dopaminergic terminals in 6-hidroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Furthermore, LGF treatment raises striatal dopamine levels and protects dopaminergic neurons in hemiparkinsonian animals. LGF also stimulates survival of grafted foetal neural stem cells in the damaged striatum, reduces rotational behaviour and improves motor coordination. Interestingly, LGF also exerts a neuroprotective role both in an experimental model of cerebellar ataxia and in a model of Friedrich´s ataxia. Microglia seem to be the cellular target of LGF in the CNS. Moreover, the activity of the factor could be mediated by the stimulation of MAPK´s signalling pathway and by regulating critical proteins for cell survival, such as Bcl-2 and phospho-CREB. Since the factor shows neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects we propose LGF as a patented novel therapeutic tool that may be useful for the treatment of Parkinson´s disease and cerebellar ataxias. Currently, our studies have been extended to other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (Patent No: US 2014/0113859 A1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Lucia Calatrava-Ferreras
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Juan Perucho
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - María J. Casarejos
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Antonio S. Herranz
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | | | - Juan J. Díaz-Gil
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). Madrid, 28034, Spain
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