1
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Qin M, Yu-Wai-Man C. Glaucoma: Novel antifibrotic therapeutics for the trabecular meshwork. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 954:175882. [PMID: 37391006 PMCID: PMC10804937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and visual field defects, and currently affects around 1% of the world's population. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the best-known modifiable risk factor and a key therapeutic target in hypertensive glaucoma. The trabecular meshwork (TM) is the main site of aqueous humor outflow resistance and therefore a critical regulator of IOP. Fibrosis, a reparative process characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components and contractile myofibroblasts, can impair TM function and contribute to the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) as well as the failure of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) devices. This paper provides a detailed overview of the current anti-fibrotic therapeutics targeting the TM in glaucoma, along with their anti-fibrotic mechanisms, efficacy as well as the current research progress from pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Qin
- King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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2
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Chantree P, Tarasuk M, Prathaphan P, Ruangtong J, Jamklang M, Chumkiew S, Martviset P. Type I Cystatin Derived from Fasciola gigantica Suppresses Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030395. [PMID: 36986318 PMCID: PMC10051455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an inverse relationship between the high incidence of helminth infection and the low incidence of inflammatory disease. Hence, it may be that helminth molecules have anti-inflammatory effects. Helminth cystatins are being extensively studied for anti-inflammatory potential. Therefore, in this study, the recombinant type I cystatin (stefin-1) of Fasciola gigantica (rFgCyst) was verified to have LPS-activated anti-inflammatory potential, including in human THP-1-derived macrophages and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The results from the MTT assay suggest that rFgCyst did not alter cell viability; moreover, it exerted anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 at the gene transcription and protein expression levels, as determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Further, the secretion levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α determined by ELISA and the NO production level determined by the Griess test were decreased. Furthermore, in Western blot analysis, the anti-inflammatory effects involved the downregulation of pIKKα/β, pIκBα, and pNF-κB in the NF-κB signaling pathway, hence reducing the translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus of pNF-κB, which subsequently turned on the gene of proinflammatory molecules. Therefore, cystatin type 1 of F. gigantica is a potential candidate for inflammatory disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Research Group in Medical Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mayuri Tarasuk
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Parisa Prathaphan
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittiporn Ruangtong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mantana Jamklang
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Chumkiew
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Research Group in Medical Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-863590511
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3
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Pan HY, Valapala M. Role of TFEB in Diseases Associated with Lysosomal Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:319-325. [PMID: 37440051 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a very important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. TFEB is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes in the Coordinated Lysosomal Expression and Regulation (CLEAR) network. The CLEAR network genes are known to regulate many processes associated with the autophagy pathway and lysosome biogenesis. Lysosomes, which are degradative organelles in the cell, are associated with several cellular mechanisms, such as autophagy and phagocytosis. Recent studies have shown that TFEB dysregulation and lysosomal dysfunction are associated with several degenerative diseases. Thus, enhancing TFEB activity and accompanied induction of lysosomal function and autophagy can have tremendous therapeutic potential for the treatment of several degenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this chapter, we briefly illustrate the expression and regulation of TFEB in response to several cellular stressors and discuss the effects of TFEB overexpression to induce cellular clearance functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yeh Pan
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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4
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Keenan BP, McCarthy EE, Ilano A, Yang H, Zhang L, Allaire K, Fan Z, Li T, Lee DS, Sun Y, Cheung A, Luong D, Chang H, Chen B, Marquez J, Sheldon B, Kelley RK, Ye CJ, Fong L. Circulating monocytes associated with anti-PD-1 resistance in human biliary cancer induce T cell paralysis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111384. [PMID: 36130508 PMCID: PMC10060099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressive myeloid cells can contribute to immunotherapy resistance, but their role in response to checkpoint inhibition (CPI) in anti-PD-1 refractory cancers, such as biliary tract cancer (BTC), remains elusive. We use multiplexed single-cell transcriptomic and epitope sequencing to profile greater than 200,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells from advanced BTC patients (n = 9) and matched healthy donors (n = 8). Following anti-PD-1 treatment, CD14+ monocytes expressing high levels of immunosuppressive cytokines and chemotactic molecules (CD14CTX) increase in the circulation of patients with BTC tumors that are CPI resistant. CD14CTX can directly suppress CD4+ T cells and induce SOCS3 expression in CD4+ T cells, rendering them functionally unresponsive. The CD14CTX gene signature associates with worse survival in patients with BTC as well as in other anti-PD-1 refractory cancers. These results demonstrate that monocytes arising after anti-PD-1 treatment can induce T cell paralysis as a distinct mode of tumor-mediated immunosuppression leading to CPI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget P Keenan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth E McCarthy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arielle Ilano
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hai Yang
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Allaire
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zenghua Fan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony Li
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David S Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Cheung
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diamond Luong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hewitt Chang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Chen
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jaqueline Marquez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brenna Sheldon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robin K Kelley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA; J. David Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Pathak E, Atri N, Mishra R. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Role of Pancreatic Secretome in COVID-19 Associated Multi-organ Dysfunctions. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:863-878. [PMID: 35394619 PMCID: PMC8990272 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-022-00513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the lungs, heart, kidney, intestine, olfactory epithelia, liver, and pancreas and brings forward multi-organ dysfunctions (MODs). However, mechanistic details of SARS-CoV-2-induced MODs are unclear. Here, we have investigated the role of pancreatic secretory proteins to mechanistically link COVID-19 with MODs using single-cell transcriptome analysis. Secretory proteins were identified using the Human Protein Atlas. Gene ontology, pathway, and disease enrichment analyses were used to highlight the role of upregulated pancreatic secretory proteins (secretome). We show that SARS-CoV-2 infection shifts the expression profile of pancreatic endocrine cells to acinar and ductal cell-specific profiles, resulting in increased expression of acinar and ductal cell-specific genes. Among all the secretory proteins, the upregulated expression of IL1B, AGT, ALB, SPP1, CRP, SERPINA1, C3, TFRC, TNFSF10, and MIF was mainly associated with disease of diverse organs. Extensive literature and experimental evidence are used to validate the association of the upregulated pancreatic secretome with the coagulation cascade, complement activation, renin-angiotensinogen system dysregulation, endothelial cell injury and thrombosis, immune system dysregulation, and fibrosis. Our finding suggests the influence of an upregulated secretome on multi-organ systems such as nervous, cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and urogenital systems. Our study provides evidence that an upregulated pancreatic secretome is a possible cause of SARS-CoV-2-induced MODs. This finding may have a significant impact on the clinical setting regarding the prevention of SARS-CoV-2-induced MODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Pathak
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Neelam Atri
- Bioinformatics Department, MMV, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Department of Botany, MMV, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Bioinformatics Department, MMV, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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6
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Saudenova M, Promnitz J, Ohrenschall G, Himmerkus N, Böttner M, Kunke M, Bleich M, Theilig F. Behind every smile there's teeth: Cathepsin B's function in health and disease with a kidney view. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119190. [PMID: 34968578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB) is a very abundant lysosomal protease with endo- and carboxydipeptidase activities and even ligase features. In this review, we will provide a general characterization of CatB and describe structure, structure-derived properties and location-dependent proteolytic actions. We depict CatB action within lysosome and its important roles in lysosomal biogenesis, lysosomal homeostasis and autophagy rendering this protease a key player in orchestrating lysosomal functions. Lysosomal leakage and subsequent escape of CatB into the cytosol lead to harmful actions, e.g. the role in activating the NLPR3 inflammasome, affecting immune responses and cell death. The second focus of this review addresses CatB functions in the kidney, i.e. the glomerulus, the proximal tubule and collecting duct with strong emphasis of its role in pathology of the respective segment. Finally, observations regarding CatB functions that need to be considered in cell culture will be discussed. In conclusion, CatB a physiologically important molecule may, upon aberrant expression in different cellular context, become a harmful player effectively showing its teeth behind its smile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhabbat Saudenova
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Jessica Promnitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerrit Ohrenschall
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Böttner
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Madlen Kunke
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Theilig
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Ji X, Zhao L, Umapathy A, Fitzmaurice B, Wang J, Williams DS, Chang B, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. Deficiency in Lyst function leads to accumulation of secreted proteases and reduced retinal adhesion. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254469. [PMID: 35239671 PMCID: PMC8893605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chediak–Higashi syndrome, caused by mutations in the Lysosome Trafficking Regulator (Lyst) gene, is a recessive hypopigmentation disorder characterized by albinism, neuropathies, neurodegeneration, and defective immune responses, with enlargement of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. Although recent studies have suggested that Lyst mutations impair the regulation of sizes of lysosome and lysosome-related organelle, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of Chediak–Higashi syndrome is still unclear. Here we show striking evidence that deficiency in LYST protein function leads to accumulation of photoreceptor outer segment phagosomes in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and reduces adhesion between photoreceptor outer segment and retinal pigment epithelial cells in a mouse model of Chediak–Higashi syndrome. In addition, we observe elevated levels of cathepsins, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 3 and oxidative stress markers in the retinal pigment epithelium of Lyst mutants. Previous reports showed that impaired degradation of photoreceptor outer segment phagosomes causes elevated oxidative stress, which could consequently lead to increases of cysteine cathepsins and MMPs in the extracellular matrix. Taken together, we conclude that the loss of LYST function causes accumulation of phagosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium and elevation of several extracellular matrix-remodeling proteases through oxidative stress, which may, in turn, reduce retinal adhesion. Our work reveals previously unreported pathogenic events in the retinal pigment epithelium caused by Lyst deficiency. The same pathogenic events may be conserved in other professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages in the immune system, contributing to overall Chediak–Higashi syndrome pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ji
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhao
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Ankita Umapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Jieping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Jürgen K. Naggert
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JKN); (PMN)
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JKN); (PMN)
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8
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Yoon MC, Christy MP, Phan VV, Gerwick WH, Hook G, O'Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Molecular Features of CA-074 pH-Dependent Inhibition of Cathepsin B. Biochemistry 2022; 61:228-238. [PMID: 35119840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CA-074 is a selective inhibitor of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease. CA-074 has been utilized in numerous studies to demonstrate the role of this protease in cellular and physiological functions. Cathepsin B in numerous human disease mechanisms involves its translocation from acidic lysosomes of pH 4.6 to neutral pH 7.2 of cellular locations, including the cytosol and extracellular environment. To gain in-depth knowledge of CA-074 inhibition under these different pH conditions, this study evaluated the molecular features, potency, and selectivity of CA-074 for cathepsin B inhibition under acidic and neutral pH conditions. This study demonstrated that CA-074 is most effective at inhibiting cathepsin B at an acidic pH of 4.6 with nM potency, which was more than 100-fold more potent than its inhibition at a neutral pH of 7.2. The pH-dependent inhibition of CA-074 was abolished by methylation of its C-terminal proline, indicating the requirement for the free C-terminal carboxyl group for pH-dependent inhibition. Under these acidic and neutral pH conditions, CA-074 maintained its specificity for cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins, displayed irreversible inhibition, and inhibited diverse cleavages of peptide substrates of cathepsin B assessed by profiling mass spectrometry. Molecular docking suggested that pH-dependent ionic interactions of the C-terminal carboxylate of CA-074 occur with His110 and His111 residues in the S2' subsite of the enzyme at pH 4.6, but these interactions differ at pH 7.2. While high levels of CA-074 or CA-074Me (converted by cellular esterases to CA-074) are used in biological studies to inhibit cathepsin B at both acidic and neutral pH locations, it is possible that adjusted levels of CA-074 or CA-074Me may be explored to differentially affect cathepsin B activity at these different pH values. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the molecular, kinetic, and protease specificity features of CA-074 pH-dependent inhibition of cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Mitchell P Christy
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Von V Phan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - William H Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037-5149, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States.,Department of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
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9
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Shen S, Wang Z, Sun H, Ma L. Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Ventricular Remodeling. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e934255. [PMID: 35042840 PMCID: PMC8790935 DOI: 10.12659/msm.934255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy is the optimal therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but acute inflammatory injury and chronic heart failure (HF) after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) remain the leading cause of death after AMI. Pyroptosis, a newly discovered form of cell death, has been proven to play a significant role in the acute reperfusion process and the subsequent chronic process of ventricular remodeling. Current research shows that multiple stimuli activate the pyroptotic signaling pathway and contribute to cell death and nonbacterial inflammation after MI/R. These stimuli promote the assembly of the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by activating NLRP3. The mature NLRP3 inflammasome cleaves procaspase-1 to active caspase-1, which leads to mature processing of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein. That eventually results in cell lysis and generation of nonbacterial inflammation. The present review summarizes the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after MI/R and discusses the role that NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis plays in the pathophysiology of MI/R injury and ventricular remodeling. We also discuss potential mechanisms and targeted therapy for which there is evidence supporting treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Haozhong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Likun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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10
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Sun H, Mao J, Wang Y, Fan Z, Yuan C, Wang X, Tian Y, Han B, Hao Z, Ding J, Chang Y. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of the Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) in response to Polydora infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5966-5977. [PMID: 36382199 PMCID: PMC9641012 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yesso scallop is a large and ancient molluscan group with great economic value; however, it has recently suffered severe cases of Polydora infection. Polydora parasitizes the shells of scallops, badly damaging shell structures and affecting growth and mortality. To investigate the molecular mechanism of Yesso scallops’ response to Polydora infection, proteomic profiling changes in the mantle tissues of Polydora-infected (diseased) and healthy scallops were systematically analysed by tandem mass tags (TMT) labelling technology in this study. A total of 519 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed most innated immune-related functions and pathways were significantly downregulated in diseased scallops, except the phagocytosis pathway, indicating an important role of phagocytosis in response to Polydora infection. DEPs involved in the phagocytosis pathway were associated with phagocytic receptor recognition, phagosome biogenesis and pathogen degradation, and they were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The results elucidate the molecular components of phagocytosis in molluscs for the first time. Polydora can be encapsulated by melanization with an obvious appearance in shells; indeed, melanization-related DEPs were upregulated in diseased scallops. Inhibition of apoptosis and nervous modulation may be also involved in the response mechanism, with some highly associated proteins significantly differentially expressed. Finally, a protein–protein interaction network was constructed to provide a global view of the interaction relationships of the DEPs. The study predicts the molecular response mechanism of Yesso scallops to Polydora infection, and lays a theoretical foundation for Polydora disease control.
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Soundararajan A, Ghag SA, Vuda SS, Wang T, Pattabiraman PP. Cathepsin K Regulates Intraocular Pressure by Modulating Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Actin-Bundling in the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112864. [PMID: 34831087 PMCID: PMC8616380 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and actin dynamics in the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway plays a critical role in intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. We studied the role of cathepsin K (CTSK), a lysosomal cysteine protease and a potent collagenase, on ECM modulation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in the TM outflow pathway and the regulation of IOP. Initially, we found that CTSK was negatively regulated by pathological stressors known to elevate IOP. Further, inactivating CTSK using balicatib, a pharmacological cell-permeable inhibitor of CTSK, resulted in IOP elevation due to increased levels and excessive deposition of ECM-like collagen-1A in the TM outflow pathway. The loss of CTSK activity resulted in actin-bundling via fascin and vinculin reorganization and by inhibiting actin depolymerization via phospho-cofilin. Contrarily, constitutive expression of CTSK decreased ECM and increased actin depolymerization by decreasing phospho-cofilin, negatively regulated the availability of active TGFβ2, and reduced the levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), indicating an antifibrotic action of CTSK. In conclusion, these observations, for the first time, demonstrate the significance of CTSK in IOP regulation by maintaining the ECM homeostasis and actin cytoskeleton-mediated contractile properties of the TM outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Soundararajan
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Sachin Anil Ghag
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Sai Supriya Vuda
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2266, USA
| | - Padmanabhan Paranji Pattabiraman
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2266, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-2652
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Xu Q, Zhao B, Ye Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Gu L. Relevant mediators involved in and therapies targeting the inflammatory response induced by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:123. [PMID: 34059091 PMCID: PMC8166383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a member of the NLR family of inherent immune cell sensors. The NLRP3 inflammasome can detect tissue damage and pathogen invasion through innate immune cell sensor components commonly known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs promote activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thus increasing the transcription of genes encoding proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a complex with multiple components, including an NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1 (NACHT) domain; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC); and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. After ischemic stroke, the NLRP3 inflammasome can produce numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating nerve cell dysfunction and brain edema and ultimately leading to nerve cell death once activated. Ischemic stroke is a disease with high rates of mortality and disability worldwide and is being observed in increasingly younger populations. To date, there are no clearly effective therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. Understanding the NLRP3 inflammasome may provide novel ideas and approaches because targeting of upstream and downstream molecules in the NLRP3 pathway shows promise for ischemic stroke therapy. In this manuscript, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the composition and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, the molecules involved in inflammatory pathways, and corresponding drugs or molecules that exert effects after cerebral ischemia. This evidence may provide possible targets or new strategies for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Pouw AE, Greiner MA, Coussa RG, Jiao C, Han IC, Skeie JM, Fingert JH, Mullins RF, Sohn EH. Cell-Matrix Interactions in the Eye: From Cornea to Choroid. Cells 2021; 10:687. [PMID: 33804633 PMCID: PMC8003714 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in all parts of the eye, from maintaining clarity and hydration of the cornea and vitreous to regulating angiogenesis, intraocular pressure maintenance, and vascular signaling. This review focuses on the interactions of the ECM for homeostasis of normal physiologic functions of the cornea, vitreous, retina, retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and choroid as well as trabecular meshwork, optic nerve, conjunctiva and tenon's layer as it relates to glaucoma. A variety of pathways and key factors related to ECM in the eye are discussed, including but not limited to those related to transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic-fibroblastic growth factor, connective tissue growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases (including MMP-2 and MMP-9, and MMP-14), collagen IV, fibronectin, elastin, canonical signaling, integrins, and endothelial morphogenesis consistent of cellular activation-tubulogenesis and cellular differentiation-stabilization. Alterations contributing to disease states such as wound healing, diabetes-related complications, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, angiogenesis, fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and posteriorly inserted vitreous base are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Pouw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark A. Greiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Razek G. Coussa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ian C. Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jessica M. Skeie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
| | - John H. Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elliott H. Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Abstract
Proteases comprise a variety of enzymes defined by their ability to catalytically hydrolyze the peptide bonds of other proteins, resulting in protein lysis. Cathepsins, specifically, encompass a class of at least twenty proteases with potent endopeptidase activity. They are located subcellularly in lysosomes, organelles responsible for the cell’s degradative and autophagic processes, and are vital for normal lysosomal function. Although cathepsins are involved in a multitude of cell signaling activities, this chapter will focus on the role of cathepsins (with a special emphasis on Cathepsin B) in neuronal plasticity. We will broadly define what is known about regulation of cathepsins in the central nervous system and compare this with their dysregulation after injury or disease. Importantly, we will delineate what is currently known about the role of cathepsins in axon regeneration and plasticity after spinal cord injury. It is well established that normal cathepsin activity is integral to the function of lysosomes. Without normal lysosomal function, autophagy and other homeostatic cellular processes become dysregulated resulting in axon dystrophy. Furthermore, controlled activation of cathepsins at specialized neuronal structures such as axonal growth cones and dendritic spines have been positively implicated in their plasticity. This chapter will end with a perspective on the consequences of cathepsin dysregulation versus controlled, localized regulation to clarify how cathepsins can contribute to both neuronal plasticity and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Cathepsin B Localizes in the Caveolae and Participates in the Proteolytic Cascade in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Potential New Drug Target for the Treatment of Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010078. [PMID: 33379277 PMCID: PMC7795952 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is one of the hallmarks of glaucoma, a group of human diseases and leading cause of permanent blindness. The molecular mechanisms underlying ECM deposition in the glaucomatous TM are not known, but it is presumed to be a consequence of excessive synthesis of ECM components, decreased proteolytic degradation, or both. Targeting ECM deposition might represent a therapeutic approach to restore outflow facility in glaucoma. Previous work conducted in our laboratory identified the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B (CTSB) to be expressed on the cellular surface and to be secreted into the culture media in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. Here, we further investigated the role of CTSB on ECM remodeling and outflow physiology in vitro and in CSTBko mice. Our results indicate that CTSB localizes in the caveolae and participates in the pericellular degradation of ECM in TM cells. We also report here a novel role of CTSB in regulating the expression of PAI-1 and TGFβ/Smad signaling in TM cells vitro and in vivo in CTSBko mice. We propose enhancing CTSB activity as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate fibrosis and ECM deposition in the glaucomatous outflow pathway.
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Abstract
Tumor progression is profoundly influenced by interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among the various non-neoplastic cells present, immune cells are critical players in tumor development and have thus emerged as attractive therapeutic targets. Malignant gliomas exhibit a unique immune landscape characterized by high numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Despite encouraging preclinical results, targeting TAMs has yielded limited clinical success as a strategy for slowing glioma progression. The slow translational progress of TAM-targeted therapies is due in part to an incomplete understanding of the factors driving TAM recruitment, differentiation, and polarization. Furthermore, the functions that TAMs adopt in gliomas remain largely unknown. Progress in addressing these gaps requires sophisticated culture platforms capable of capturing key cellular and physical TME features. This review summarizes the current understanding of TAMs in gliomas and highlights the utility of in vitro TME models for investigating TAM-cancer cell cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Akins
- University of California, Berkeley – University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- University of California, Berkeley – University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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17
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Wang J, Zhang D, Cao C, Yao J. Betalain exerts a protective effect against glaucoma is majorly through the association of inflammatory cytokines. AMB Express 2020; 10:125. [PMID: 32666339 PMCID: PMC7360000 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed at evaluating the protective role of betalain on the in vitro glaucoma model using PC12 neuronal cells. The cultured neuronal cells in a customized pressurized chamber were analyzed for the onset of glutathione, myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin, expression of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX-1), lipoxygenase (5- LOX), sPLA2 caveolin-1, glaucoma markers and other inflammatory cytokines in the presence and absence of betalain. The results have shown that a significant increase in the expression of oxidative stress with increased activity of cathepsin B and D. On the other hand, the activity of inflammatory enzymes such as COX-1, 5- LOX, sPLA2 were significantly increased in pressure exposed cells. In addition, glaucoma simulated cells demonstrated a significant increase in the VEGF, TGF-β, BDGF, and neuroserpin compared to control. Moreover, cells predisposed to hydrostatic pressure demonstrated an increase in (p < 0.01) inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, CXCR4, IL-17, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. However, cells pre-treated with betalain improved the glutathione levels with attenuated MPO activity. Simultaneously, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and other glaucoma marker genes found restored in drug pre-treated cells. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that the use of betalain on ocular cells can prevent the progression of the disease that can be a suggestive therapeutic for controlling glaucoma like conditions.
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A novel cystatin derived from Trichinella spiralis suppresses macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008192. [PMID: 32236093 PMCID: PMC7153903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis can modulate host immune responses to retain a suitable environment for its long-term survival. Incidentally, the parasite elicits regulatory effects through immunomodulatory molecule release, which can suppress host inflammation and may be used for the treatment of unrelated inflammatory diseases in someday. Here we identified and characterized a novel T. spiralis cystatin (TsCstN), which inhibits inflammation mediated by LPS-treated macrophages.Proteins contained in the excretory-secretory (ES) product of muscle-stage T. spiralis (ES-L1) were fractionated, and each was treated with mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDMs) before LPS stimulation. The fractions that exhibited high immunomodulatory property by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines were identified by mass spectrometry. Incidentally, the conserved hypothetical protein (Tsp_04814) was selected for further characterization as it presented the most significant MS score. An annotation of Tsp_04814 using protein structural homology comparison suggested that it has high structural similarity to human cystatin E/M (TM score 0.690). The recombinant T. spiralis novel cystatin (rTsCstN) was expressed in Escherichia coli at a molecular weight of approximately 13 kDa. Mouse anti-rTsCstN polyclonal antibody (pAb) could detect native TsCstN in crude worm antigens (CWA) and ES-L1 and be predominantly localized in the stichosome and subcuticular cells. rTsCstN inhibited cysteine proteases in vitro, especially cathepsin L, at an optimal pH of 6. Besides, rTsCstN could be internalized into mBMDMs, which were mostly distributed in the cytoplasm and lysosome both before and after LPS stimulation. To evaluate the rTsCstN immunomodulatory properties on mBMDMs, rTsCstN was incubated with mBMDM before LPS stimulation; this demonstrated that rTsCstN suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production and MHC class II expression.T. spiralis L1-derived TsCstN was characterized as a novel cysteine protease inhibitor. The protein elicits an anti-inflammatory property by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and interfering with the antigen presentation process through depletion of MHC class II expression.
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Beekman AM, Cominetti MMD, Cartwright OC, Boger DL, Searcey M. A small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) of DUPA and a duocarmycin built on the solid phase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2170-2174. [PMID: 32879717 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00279k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a proof-of-concept study, solid phase synthesis allowed the rapid generation of a small molecule drug conjugate in which the glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) targeting small molecule DUPA was conjugated to the alkylating subunit of the potent cytotoxin duocarmycin SA. The targeted SMDC contained a cathepsin B cleavable linker, which was shown to be active and selective against cathepsin B over-expressing and GCPII-expressing tumour cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Michael Beekman
- School of Pharmacy & School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich , Norfolk , NR47TJ , UK . ;
| | - Marco M D Cominetti
- School of Pharmacy & School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich , Norfolk , NR47TJ , UK . ;
| | - Oliver Charles Cartwright
- School of Pharmacy & School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich , Norfolk , NR47TJ , UK . ;
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , USA
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy & School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich , Norfolk , NR47TJ , UK . ;
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Faralli JA, Filla MS, Peters DM. Role of Fibronectin in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Cells 2019; 8:E1518. [PMID: 31779192 PMCID: PMC6953041 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma and the 2nd most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the United States. Nearly 67 million people have the disease worldwide including >3 million in the United States. A major risk factor for POAG is an elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP). The increase in IOP is believed to be caused by an increase in the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, in particular fibronectin, in a region of the eye known as the trabecular meshwork (TM). How fibronectin contributes to the increase in IOP is not well understood. The increased density of fibronectin fibrils is thought to increase IOP by altering the compliance of the trabecular meshwork. Recent studies, however, also suggest that the composition and organization of fibronectin fibrils would affect IOP by changing the cell-matrix signaling events that control the functional properties of the cells in the trabecular meshwork. In this article, we will discuss how changes in the properties of fibronectin and fibronectin fibrils could contribute to the regulation of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faralli
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.F.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Mark S. Filla
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.F.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.F.); (M.S.F.)
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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21
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Zheng QN, Wei XH, Pan CS, Li Q, Liu YY, Fan JY, Han JY. QiShenYiQi Pills ® ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial fibrosis involving RP S19-mediated TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104272. [PMID: 31085230 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
QiShenYiQi Pills (QSYQ) is a compound Chinese medicine widely used in China for treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, limited data are available regarding the anti-fibrotic role of QSYQ after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of post-treatment with QSYQ on myocardial fibrosis after I/R-induced myocardium injury, and the role of different compounds of QSYQ, focusing especially on the involvement of chemokine ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) dimer and monocyte migration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion with or without administration of QSYQ (0.6, 1.2, or 1.8 g/kg) once daily by gavage for 6 days. Post-treatment with QSYQ diminished I/R-induced infarct size, alleviated myocardium injury, attenuated myocardial fibrosis after 6 days of reperfusion, and restored heart function and myocardial blood flow after I/R. In addition, the drug significantly inhibited monocyte infiltration and macrophage polarization towards M2, which was attributable to chemokine RP S19 dimer. Moreover, Western blots revealed that QSYQ blocked I/R-induced increase in TGFβ1 and TGFβRⅡ and reversed its relevant gene expression, such as Smad3,4,6,7, and inhibited the increase of MMP 2,9 expression. As the major components of QSYQ, astragaloside IV (AsIV), 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl lactic acid (DLA), and notoginsenoside R1 (R1) were assessed as to the contribution of each of them to the expression of the proteins concerned. The results showed that the effect of AsIV was similar to QSYQ, while DLA and R1 only partly simulated the effect of QSYQ. The results provide evidence for the potential role of QSYQ in treating myocardial fibrosis following I/R injury. This effect may be associated with QSYQ's inhibition effect on monocyte chemotaxis and TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway with different component targeting distinct link (s) of the signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ning Zheng
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wei
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chun-Shui Pan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Quan Li
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yu Fan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Inhibiting Extracellular Cathepsin D Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Sprague⁻Dawley Rats †. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050171. [PMID: 31060228 PMCID: PMC6571693 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and lifestyle changes are leading to an increased occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using a hyperlipidemic murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we have previously demonstrated that the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD) is involved with lipid dysregulation and inflammation. However, despite identifying CTSD as a major player in NAFLD pathogenesis, the specific role of extracellular CTSD in NAFLD has not yet been investigated. Given that inhibition of intracellular CTSD is highly unfavorable due to its fundamental physiological function, we here investigated the impact of a highly specific and potent small-molecule inhibitor of extracellular CTSD (CTD-002) in the context of NAFLD. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with CTD-002, and incubation of hepatic HepG2 cells with a conditioned medium derived from CTD-002-treated macrophages, resulted in reduced levels of inflammation and improved cholesterol metabolism. Treatment with CTD-002 improved hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed rats. Additionally, plasma levels of insulin and hepatic transaminases were significantly reduced upon CTD-002 administration. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that modulation of extracellular CTSD can serve as a novel therapeutic modality for NAFLD.
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Campden RI, Zhang Y. The role of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 670:32-42. [PMID: 30807742 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine cathepsins are a family of proteases that are involved in a myriad of cellular processes from proteolytic degradation in the lysosome to bone resorption. These proteins mature following the cleavage of a pro-domain in the lysosome to become either exo- or endo-peptidases. The cathepsins B, C, L, S and Z have been implicated in NLRP3 inflammasome activation following their activation with ATP, monosodium urate, silica crystals, or bacterial components, among others. These five cathepsins have both compensatory and independent functions in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. There is much evidence in the literature to support the release of cathepsin B following lysosomal membrane degradation which leads to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This is likely due to a hitherto unidentified role of this protein in the cytoplasm, although other interactions with autophagy proteins and within lysosomes have been proposed. Cathepsin C is involved in the processing of neutrophil IL-1β through processing of upstream proteases. Cathepsin Z is non-redundantly required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation following nigericin, ATP and monosodium urate activation. Lysosomal cysteine cathepsins are members of a diverse and complementary family, and likely share both overlapping and independent functions in NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon I Campden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Hirt J, Porter K, Dixon A, McKinnon S, Liton PB. Contribution of autophagy to ocular hypertension and neurodegeneration in the DBA/2J spontaneous glaucoma mouse model. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:14. [PMID: 30210817 PMCID: PMC6127277 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by axonal degeneration and retinal ganglion cells loss. Several factors have been postulated to play a role in glaucoma, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) being the best well-known causative factor. The mechanisms leading to ocular hypertension and glaucoma are still not fully understood. An increasing number of evidence indicates a role of autophagy in the pathophysiological process of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. However, while all of the studies agree that autophagy is induced in RGCs in response to injury, autophagy was found to either protect or promote cell death depending on the experimental model used. In order to gain more insight into both, the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and the effect of chronic IOP elevation in the autophagy pathway, we have investigated here for the first time autophagy in the iridocorneal angle region, retinal ganglion cell bodies, and ON axons in the spontaneous ocular hypertensive DBA/2J mouse glaucoma model and in the transgenic DBA/2J::GFP-LC3 mice, generated in our laboratory. Our results indicate decreased autophagic flux in the outflow pathway cells in the DBA/2J mice, characterized by increased levels of LC3-II and p62 together with a decrease in the lysosomal marker LAMP1, evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence. Elevated presence of autophagic vacuoles in the DBA/2J and, in particular, in the DBA/2J::GFP-LC3 mice was also observed. Expression of the GFP-LC3 transgene was associated to higher cumulative IOP in the DBA/2J background. In addition to higher elevation in IOP, DBA/2J::GFP-LC3 were characterized by further RGCs and exacerbated axonal degeneration compared to DBA/2J. This was accompanied by the notable high presence of autophagic figures within degenerating axons. These results strongly suggest overactivation of autophagy as a potential cellular mechanism leading to ON degeneration in the chronic hypertensive DBA/2J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hirt
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kris Porter
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Angela Dixon
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Stuart McKinnon
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC USA
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Abstract
Cardiac stress can induce morphological, structural and functional changes of the heart, referred to as cardiac remodeling. Myocardial infarction or sustained overload as a result of pathological causes such as hypertension or valve insufficiency may result in progressive remodeling and finally lead to heart failure (HF). Whereas pathological and physiological (exercise, pregnancy) overload both stimulate cardiomyocyte growth (hypertrophy), only pathological remodeling is characterized by increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, termed fibrosis, and loss of cardiomyocytes by necrosis, apoptosis and/or phagocytosis. HF is strongly associated with age, and cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis are typical signs of the aging heart. Fibrosis results in stiffening of the heart, conductivity problems and reduced oxygen diffusion, and is associated with diminished ventricular function and arrhythmias. As a consequence, the workload of cardiomyocytes in the fibrotic heart is further augmented, whereas the physiological environment is becoming less favorable. This causes additional cardiomyocyte death and replacement of lost cardiomyocytes by fibrotic material, generating a vicious cycle of further decline of cardiac function. Breaking this fibrosis-cell death axis could halt further pathological and age-related cardiac regression and potentially reverse remodeling. In this review, we will describe the interaction between cardiac fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell death, and discuss potential strategies for tackling progressive cardiac remodeling and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piek
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Graphene oxide quantum dots disrupt autophagic flux by inhibiting lysosome activity in GC-2 and TM4 cell lines. Toxicology 2016; 374:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Langdon YG, Fuentes R, Zhang H, Abrams EW, Marlow FL, Mullins MC. Split top: a maternal cathepsin B that regulates dorsoventral patterning and morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1016-28. [PMID: 26893345 PMCID: PMC4813285 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic dorsoventral axis is established and patterned by Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, respectively. Whereas Wnt signaling establishes the dorsal side of the embryo and induces the dorsal organizer, a BMP signaling gradient patterns tissues along the dorsoventral axis. Early Wnt signaling is provided maternally, whereas BMP ligand expression in the zebrafish is zygotic, but regulated by maternal factors. Concomitant with BMP activity patterning dorsoventral axial tissues, the embryo also undergoes dramatic morphogenetic processes, including the cell movements of gastrulation, epiboly and dorsal convergence. Although the zygotic regulation of these cell migration processes is increasingly understood, far less is known of the maternal regulators of these processes. Similarly, the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning, and in particular the maternal control of ventral tissue specification, is poorly understood. We identified split top, a recessive maternal-effect zebrafish mutant that disrupts embryonic patterning upstream of endogenous BMP signaling. Embryos from split top mutant females exhibit a dorsalized embryonic axis, which can be rescued by BMP misexpression or by derepressing endogenous BMP signaling. In addition to dorsoventral patterning defects, split top mutants display morphogenesis defects that are both BMP dependent and independent. These morphogenesis defects include incomplete dorsal convergence, delayed epiboly progression and an early lysis phenotype during gastrula stages. The latter two morphogenesis defects are associated with disruption of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton within the yolk cell and defects in the outer enveloping cell layer, which are both known mediators of epiboly movements. Through chromosomal mapping and RNA sequencing analysis, we identified the lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin Ba (ctsba) as the gene deficient in split top embryos. Our results identify a novel role for Ctsba in morphogenesis and expand our understanding of the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette G Langdon
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Millsaps College, Department of Biology, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliott W Abrams
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cantres-Rosario YM, Hernandez N, Negron K, Perez-Laspiur J, Leszyk J, Shaffer SA, Meléndez LM. Interacting partners of macrophage-secreted cathepsin B contribute to HIV-induced neuronal apoptosis. AIDS 2015. [PMID: 26208400 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 infection of macrophages increases cathepsin B secretion and induces neuronal apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. DESIGN We identified macrophage-secreted cathepsin B protein interactions extracellularly and their contribution to neuronal death in vitro. METHODS Cathepsin B was immunoprecipitated from monocyte-derived macrophage supernatants after 12 days postinfection. The cathepsin B interactome was identified by label-free tandem mass spectrometry and compared with uninfected supernatants. Proteins identified were validated by western blot. Neurons were exposed to macrophage-conditioned media in presence or absence of antibodies against cathepsin B and interacting proteins. Apoptosis was measured using TUNEL labeling. Immunohistochemistry of postmortem brain tissue samples from healthy, HIV-infected and Alzheimer's disease patients was performed to observe the ex-vivo expression of the proteins identified. RESULTS Nine proteins co-immunoprecipitated differentially with cathepsin B between uninfected and HIV-infected macrophages. Serum amyloid P component (SAPC)-cathepsin B interaction increased in HIV-infected macrophage supernatants, while matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9)-cathepsin B interaction decreased. Pre-treatment of HIV-infected macrophage-conditioned media with antibodies against cathepsin B and SAPC decreased neuronal apoptosis. The addition of MMP-9 antibodies was not neuro-protective SAPC was overexpressed in postmortem brain tissue from HIV-positive neurocognitive impaired patients compared with HIV positive with normal cognition and healthy controls, although MMP-9 expression was similar in all tissues. CONCLUSION Inhibiting SAPC-cathepsin B interaction protects against HIV-induced neuronal death and may help to find alternative treatments for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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29
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Liton PB. The autophagic lysosomal system in outflow pathway physiology and pathophysiology. Exp Eye Res 2015; 144:29-37. [PMID: 26226231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM)/schlemm's canal (SC) conventional outflow pathway is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and, therefore, increased risk of developing glaucoma, a potentially blinding disease affecting more than 70 million people worldwide. This TM/SC tissue is subjected to different types of stress, including mechanical, oxidative, and phagocytic stress. Long-term exposure to these stresses is believed to lead to a progressive accumulation of damaged cellular and tissue structures causing permanent alterations in the tissue physiology, and contribute to the pathologic increase in aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance. Autophagy is emerging as an essential cellular survival mechanism against a variety of stressors. In addition to performing basal functions, autophagy acts as a cellular survival pathway and represents an essential mechanism by which organisms can adapt to acute stress conditions and repair stress-induced damage. A decline in autophagy has been observed in most tissues with aging and has been considered responsible, at least in part, for the accumulation of damaged cellular components in almost all tissues of aging organisms. Dysfunction in the autophagy pathway is associated with several human diseases, from infectious diseases to cancer and neurodegeneration. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of the emerging roles of autophagy in outflow tissue physiology and pathophysiology, including novel evidence suggesting compromised autophagy in the glaucomatous outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B Liton
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
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30
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Vranka JA, Kelley MJ, Acott TS, Keller KE. Extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork: intraocular pressure regulation and dysregulation in glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:112-25. [PMID: 25819459 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) is located in the anterior segment of the eye and is responsible for regulating the outflow of aqueous humor. Increased resistance to aqueous outflow causes intraocular pressure to increase, which is the primary risk factor for glaucoma. TM cells reside on a series of fenestrated beams and sheets through which the aqueous humor flows to exit the anterior chamber via Schlemm's canal. The outer trabecular cells are phagocytic and are thought to function as a pre-filter. However, most of the outflow resistance is thought to be from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the juxtacanalicular region, the deepest portion of the TM, and from the inner wall basement membrane of Schlemm's canal. It is becoming increasingly evident that the extracellular milieu is important in maintaining the integrity of the TM. In glaucoma, not only have ultrastructural changes been observed in the ECM of the TM, and a significant number of mutations in ECM genes been noted, but the stiffness of glaucomatous TM appears to be greater than that of normal tissue. Additionally, TGFβ2 has been found to be elevated in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients and is assumed to be involved in ECM changes deep with the juxtacanalicular region of the TM. This review summarizes the current literature on trabecular ECM as well as the development and function of the TM. Animal models and organ culture models targeting specific ECM molecules to investigate the mechanisms of glaucoma are described. Finally, the growing number of mutations that have been identified in ECM genes and genes that modulate ECM in humans with glaucoma are documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Vranka
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mary J Kelley
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ted S Acott
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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31
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Wu QQ, Xu M, Yuan Y, Li FF, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhou MQ, Bian ZY, Deng W, Gao L, Li H, Tang QZ. Cathepsin B deficiency attenuates cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload via TNF-α/ASK1/JNK pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1143-54. [PMID: 25713304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00601.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB), a member of the lysosomal cathepsin family that is expressed in both murine and human hearts, was previously shown to participate in apoptosis, autophagy, and the progression of certain types of cancers. Recently, CTSB has been linked to myocardial infarction. Given that cathepsin L, another member of the lysosomal cathepsin family, ameliorates pathological cardiac hypertrophy, we hypothesized that CTSB plays a role in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. Here we report that CTSB was upregulated in cardiomyocytes in response to hypertrophic stimuli both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, knockout of CTSB attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, dysfunction, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the aortic banding-induced activation of TNF-α, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), c-Jun, and release of cytochrome c was blunted by CTSB deficiency, which was further confirmed in in vitro studies induced by angiotensin II. In cardiomyocytes pretreatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed the cardiomyocytes hypertrophy by inhibiting the ASK1/JNK pathway. Altogether, these data indicate that the CTSB protein functions as a necessary modulator of hypertrophic response by regulating TNF-α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway involved in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Meng-Qiao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
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Rab14 regulates maturation of macrophage phagosomes containing the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1523-35. [PMID: 25644001 PMCID: PMC4363425 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02917-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoidance of innate immune defense is an important mechanism contributing to the pathogenicity of microorganisms. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans undergoes morphogenetic switching from the yeast to the filamentous hyphal form following phagocytosis by macrophages, facilitating its escape from the phagosome, which can result in host cell lysis. We show that the intracellular host trafficking GTPase Rab14 plays an important role in protecting macrophages from lysis mediated by C. albicans hyphae. Live-cell imaging of macrophages expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Rab14 or dominant negative Rab14, or with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Rab14, revealed the temporal dynamics of this protein and its influence on the maturation of macrophage phagosomes following the engulfment of C. albicans cells. Phagosomes containing live C. albicans cells became transiently Rab14 positive within 2 min following engulfment. The duration of Rab14 retention on phagosomes was prolonged for hyphal cargo and was directly proportional to hyphal length. Interference with endogenous Rab14 did not affect the migration of macrophages toward C. albicans cells, the rate of engulfment, the overall uptake of fungal cells, or early phagosome processing. However, Rab14 depletion delayed the acquisition of the late phagosome maturation markers LAMP1 and lysosomal cathepsin, indicating delayed formation of a fully bioactive lysosome. This was associated with a significant increase in the level of macrophage killing by C. albicans. Therefore, Rab14 activity promotes phagosome maturation during C. albicans infection but is dysregulated on the phagosome in the presence of the invasive hyphal form, which favors fungal survival and escape.
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Hendrikx T, Walenbergh SMA, Hofker MH, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Lysosomal cholesterol accumulation: driver on the road to inflammation during atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Obes Rev 2014; 15:424-33. [PMID: 24629059 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show an association between the accumulation of cholesterol inside lysosomes and the progression towards inflammatory disease states that are closely related to obesity. While in the past, the knowledge regarding lysosomal cholesterol accumulation was limited to its association with plaque severity during atherosclerosis, recently, a growing body of evidence indicates a causal link between lysosomal cholesterol accumulation and inflammation. These findings make lysosomal cholesterol accumulation an important target for intervention in metabolic diseases that are characterized by the presence of an inflammatory response. In this review, we aim to show the importance of cholesterol trapping inside lysosomes to the development of inflammation by focusing upon cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in particular. We summarize current data supporting the hypothesis that lysosomal cholesterol accumulation plays a key role in the development of inflammation during atherosclerosis and NASH. In addition, potential mechanisms by which disturbed lysosomal function can trigger the inflammatory response, the challenges in improving cholesterol trafficking in macrophages and recent successful research directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hendrikx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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