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Moreira C, Rodrigues RR, da Cunha CEP, Donassolo RA, Ferreira MRA, Finger PF, Oliveira HGS, da Cruz KP, Moreira ÂN, Salvarani FM, Conceição FR. Evaluation of long-term immune response in cattle to botulism using a recombinant E. coli bacterin formulated with Montanide™ ISA 50 and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106596. [PMID: 38395317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Botulism is a severe disease caused by potent botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum. This disease is associated with high-lethality outbreaks in cattle, which have been linked to the ingestion of preformed BoNT serotypes C and D, emphasizing the need for effective vaccines. The potency of current commercial toxoids (formaldehyde-inactivated BoNTs) is assured through tests in guinea pigs according to government regulatory guidelines, but their short-term immunity raises concerns. Recombinant vaccines containing the receptor-binding domain have demonstrated potential for eliciting robust protective immunity. Previous studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of recombinant E. coli bacterin, eliciting high titers of neutralizing antibodies against C. botulinum and C. perfringens in target animal species. In this study, neutralizing antibody titers in cattle and the long-term immune response against BoNT/C and D were used to assess the efficacy of the oil-based adjuvant compared with that of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in cattle. The vaccine formulation containing Montanide™ ISA 50 yielded significantly higher titers of neutralizing antibody against BoNT/C and D (8.64 IU/mL and 9.6 IU/mL, respectively) and induced an immune response that lasted longer than the response induced by aluminum, extending between 30 and 60 days. This approach represents a straightforward, cost-effective strategy for recombinant E. coli bacterin, enhancing both the magnitude and duration of the immune response to botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Paula F Finger
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97508-000, Brazil
| | - Hanna G S Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Karoline P da Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
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2
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Mbhele Z, Thwala L, Khoza T, Ramagoma F. Evaluation of Aluminium Hydroxide Nanoparticles as an Efficient Adjuvant to Potentiate the Immune Response against Clostridium botulinum Serotypes C and D Toxoid Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1473. [PMID: 37766149 PMCID: PMC10535070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum serotypes C and D cause botulism in livestock, a neuroparalytic disease that results in substantial economic losses. Vaccination with aluminium-based toxoid vaccines is widely used to control the spread of botulism. Aluminium-based adjuvants are preferred owing to their apparent stimulation of the immune responses to toxoid vaccines when compared to other adjuvants. The aim of our study was to evaluate aluminium hydroxide nanoparticles as a potential substitute for alhydrogel in the botulism bivalent vaccine. Botulism vaccines were formulated with either alhydrogel or nanoalum and comparative efficacy between the two formulations was conducted by evaluating the immune response in vaccinated guinea pigs. A significant increase in immunological parameters was observed, with the antibody titres higher in the serum of guinea pigs (20 IU/mL of anti-BoNT C/D) injected with nanoalum-containing vaccine than guinea pigs inoculated with the standard alhydrogel-containing vaccine (8.7 IU/mL and 10 IU/mL of anti-BoNT C and anti-BoNT D, respectively). Additionally, the nanoalum-containing vaccine demonstrated potency in a multivalent vaccine (20 IU/mL of anti-BoNT C/D), while the standard alhydrogel-containing vaccine showed a decline in anti-BoNT C (5 IU/mL) antibody titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziphezinhle Mbhele
- Onderstepoort Biological Products, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (Z.M.); (L.T.)
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
| | - Lungile Thwala
- Onderstepoort Biological Products, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (Z.M.); (L.T.)
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, National Laser Centre, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Khoza
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
| | - Faranani Ramagoma
- Onderstepoort Biological Products, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (Z.M.); (L.T.)
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3
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Abdolmohammadi Khiav L, Zahmatkesh A. Major pathogenic Clostridia in human and progress toward the clostridial vaccines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1059-1068. [PMID: 36246067 PMCID: PMC9526890 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65518.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Clostridium genus is composed of a large spectrum of heterogeneous bacteria. They are Gram-positive, mostly mesophilic, and anaerobic spore-forming strains. Clostridia are widely distributed in oxygen-free habitats. They are found principally in the soil and intestines of ruminants as normal flora, but also are the cause of several infections in humans. The infections produced by important species in humans include botulism, tetanus, pseudomembranous colitis, antibiotics-associated diarrhea, and gas gangrene. Immunization with toxoid or bacterin-toxoid or genetically modified or other vaccines is a protective way against clostridial infection. Several experimental or commercial vaccines have been developed worldwide. Although conventional vaccines including toxoid vaccines are very important, the new generation of vaccines is an effective alternative to conventional vaccines. Recent advances have made it possible for new vaccines to increase immunogenicity. This review discusses briefly the important species of clostridia in humans, their toxins structure, and vaccine development and usage throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Abdolmohammadi Khiav
- Department of Anaerobic Vaccine Research and Production, Specialized Clostridia Research Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran,Corresponding author: Lida Abdolmohammadi Khiav. Department of Anaerobic Vaccine Research and Production, Specialized Clostridia Research Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran. Tel: +98-2634570038; Fax: +98-2634552194;
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Anaerobic Vaccine Research and Production, Specialized Clostridia Research Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
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4
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Pitcovski J, Gruzdev N, Abzach A, Katz C, Ben-Adiva R, Brand-Shwartz M, Yadid I, Ratzon-Ashkenazi E, Emquies K, Israeli H, Haviv H, Rapoport I, Bloch I, Shadmon R, Eitan Z, Eliahu D, Hilel T, Laster M, Kremer-Tal S, Byk-Tennenbaum T, Shahar E. Oral subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces systemic neutralizing IgG, IgA and cellular immune responses and can boost neutralizing antibody responses primed by an injected vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:1098-1107. [PMID: 35078662 PMCID: PMC8768024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its devastating medical and economic impacts, triggered an unprecedented race toward development of effective vaccines. The commercialized vaccines are parenterally administered, which poses logistic challenges, while adequate protection at the mucosal sites of virus entry is questionable. Furthermore, essentially all vaccine candidates target the viral spike (S) protein, a surface protein that undergoes significant antigenic drift. This work aimed to develop an oral multi-antigen SARS-CoV-2 vaccine comprised of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral S protein, two domains of the viral nucleocapsid protein (N), and heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB), a potent mucosal adjuvant. The humoral, mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses of both a three-dose vaccination schedule and a heterologous subcutaneous prime and oral booster regimen were assessed in mice and rats, respectively. Mice receiving the oral vaccine compared to control mice showed significantly enhanced post-dose-3 virus-neutralizing antibody, anti-S IgG and IgA production and N-protein-stimulated IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion by T cells. When administered as a booster to rats following parenteral priming with the viral S1 protein, the oral vaccine elicited markedly higher neutralizing antibody titres than did oral placebo booster. A single oral booster following two subcutaneous priming doses elicited serum IgG and mucosal IgA levels similar to those raised by three subcutaneous doses. In conclusion, the oral LTB-adjuvanted multi-epitope SARS-CoV-2 vaccine triggered versatile humoral, cellular and mucosal immune responses, which are likely to provide protection, while also minimizing technical hurdles presently limiting global vaccination, whether by priming or booster programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Nady Gruzdev
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Anna Abzach
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Chen Katz
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Ran Ben-Adiva
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | | | - Itamar Yadid
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | | - Ken Emquies
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Hadasa Israeli
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Hadar Haviv
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Irena Rapoport
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Itai Bloch
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | | | | | - Dalia Eliahu
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Talia Hilel
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ehud Shahar
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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5
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Lublin A, Katz C, Gruzdev N, Yadid I, Bloch I, Farnoushi Y, Simanov L, Berkowitz A, Elyahu D, Pitcovski J, Shahar E. Protection against avian coronavirus conferred by oral vaccination with live bacteria secreting LTB-fused viral proteins. Vaccine 2022; 40:726-733. [PMID: 34998606 PMCID: PMC8717763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The devastating impact of infectious bronchitis (IB) triggered by the IB virus (IBV), on poultry farms is generally curbed by livestock vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. Yet, this approach is challenged by continuously emerging variants and by time limitations of vaccine preparation techniques. This work describes the design and evaluation of an anti-IBV vaccine comprised of E. coli expressing and secreting viral spike 1 subunit (S1) and nucleocapsid N-terminus and C-terminus polypeptides fused to heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) (LS1, LNN, LNC, respectively). Following chicken oral vaccination, anti-IBV IgY levels and cellular-mediated immunity as well as protection against virulent IBV challenge, were evaluated 14 days following the booster dose. Oral vaccination induced IgY levels that exceeded those measured following vaccination with each component separately. Following exposure to inactivated IBV, splenocytes isolated from chicks orally vaccinated with LNN or LNC -expressing bacteria, showed a higher percentage of CD8+ cells as compared to splenocytes isolated from chicks vaccinated with wild type or LTB-secreting E. coli and to chicks subcutaneously vaccinated. Significant reduction in viral load and percent of shedders in the vaccinated chicks was evident starting 3 days following challenge with 107.5 EID50/ml virulent IBV. Taken together, orally delivered LTB-fused IBV polypeptide-expressing bacteria induced virus-specific IgY antibody production and was associated with significantly shorter viral shedding on challenge with a live IBV. The proposed vaccine design and delivery route promise an effective and rapidly adaptable means of protecting poultry farms from devastating IB outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Lublin
- The Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute,
Israel
| | - Chen Katz
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel
| | - Nady Gruzdev
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel
| | - Itamar Yadid
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel,Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Itai Bloch
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel
| | - Yigal Farnoushi
- The Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute,
Israel
| | - Luba Simanov
- The Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute,
Israel
| | - Asaf Berkowitz
- The Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute,
Israel
| | - Dalia Elyahu
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel,Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Ehud Shahar
- MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel,Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel,Corresponding author at: MIGAL Research Institute in the Galilee,
Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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6
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Recombinant Escherichia coli Cell Lysates as a Low-Cost Alternative for Vaccines Against Veterinary Clostridial Diseases. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2411:105-115. [PMID: 34816401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes a practical, industry-friendly, and efficient vaccine protocol based on the use of Escherichia coli cell fractions (inclusion bodies or cell lysate supernatant) containing the recombinant antigen. This approach was characterized and evaluated in laboratory and farm animals by the seroneutralization assay in mice, thereby showing to be an excellent alternative to induce a protective immune response against clostridial diseases.
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7
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Oliveira RDC, de Oliveira Júnior CA, Alves GG, Assis RA, Silva ROS, de Sousa Xavier MA, Lobato FCF. Cattle and goats' humoral response to vaccination with Clostridium perfringens type D purified epsilon toxoids. Anaerobe 2021; 72:102465. [PMID: 34662696 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herd vaccination is an important preventive measure against enterotoxemia in ruminants. Vaccination in goats should be performed every four months, and recent studies have shown that immunity in cattle lasts for less than one year. One of the mechanisms for increasing the duration of the immune response is to use purified toxoids as immunogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the humoral response in cattle and goats after vaccination with purified and semi-purified Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxoid. The following three different vaccines were used: vaccine 1 (V1), a semi-purified toxoid adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide; vaccine 2 (V2), a purified toxoid adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide; and vaccine (V3), a purified toxoid adsorbed on chitosan microparticles. Groups of cattle (n = 6-7) and goats (n = 6-7) were vaccinated on days 0 and 30, and serum samples for antitoxin titration were collected every 30 days for one-year post-vaccination. Goats were revaccinated on day 360, and their serum was evaluated on days 367 and 374. The antibody peaks ranged between 6.90 and 11.47 IU/mL in cattle and from 1.11 to 4.40 IU/mL in goats. In cattle administered with the V1 and V2 vaccines, we observed that the antibody titers were maintained above 0.2 IU/mL until the end of the experiment. In goats, V2 elicited long-lasting antibodies, and all animals maintained the protective titers for 210 days after the first dose. In conclusion, the purified toxoid vaccine with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was able to induce strong and long-lasting humoral responses in both species and could be an alternative for improving the immunization schedule against enterotoxemia in goats and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Castro Oliveira
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, MG, Brazil; Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Avenida Comendador Loureiro Ramos, 1500, Montes Claros, CEP 39.404-003, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto de Oliveira Júnior
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Guerra Alves
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronnie Antunes Assis
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, MG, Brazil; Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Avenida Comendador Loureiro Ramos, 1500, Montes Claros, CEP 39.404-003, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Aparecido de Sousa Xavier
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Avenida, Professor Rui Braga, S/N Montes Claros, CEP 39.401-089, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, MG, Brazil.
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8
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A Four-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C and D. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090641. [PMID: 34564645 PMCID: PMC8472335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human botulism can be caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A to G. Here, we present an antibody-based antitoxin composed of four human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against BoNT/C, BoNT/D, and their mosaic toxins. This work built on our success in generating protective mAbs to BoNT /A, B and E serotypes. We generated mAbs from human immune single-chain Fv (scFv) yeast-display libraries and isolated scFvs with high affinity for BoNT/C, BoNT/CD, BoNT/DC and BoNT/D serotypes. We identified four mAbs that bound non-overlapping epitopes on multiple serotypes and mosaic BoNTs. Three of the mAbs underwent molecular evolution to increase affinity. A four-mAb combination provided high-affinity binding and BoNT neutralization of both serotypes and their mosaic toxins. The mAbs have potential utility as therapeutics and as diagnostics capable of recognizing and neutralizing BoNT/C and BoNT/D serotypes and their mosaic toxins. A derivative of the four-antibody combination (NTM-1634) completed a Phase 1 clinical trial (Snow et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2019) with no drug-related serious adverse events.
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9
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Genotoxic Effects of Aluminum Chloride and Their Relationship with N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea (NMU)-Induced Breast Cancer in Sprague Dawley Rats. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020031. [PMID: 32325967 PMCID: PMC7355831 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, soluble forms of aluminum for human use or consumption have been determined to be potentially toxic due to their association with hepatic, neurological, hematological, neoplastic, and bone conditions. This study aims to assess the genotoxic effect of aluminum chloride on genomic instability associated with the onset of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced breast cancer in Sprague Dawley rats. The dietary behavior of the rats was assessed, and the concentration of aluminum in the mammary glands was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Genomic instability was determined in the histological sections of mammary glands stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Moreover, micronucleus in peripheral blood and comet assays were performed. The results of dietary behavior evaluation indicated no significant differences between the experimental treatments. However, aluminum concentration in breast tissues was high in the +2000Al/−NMU treatment. This experimental treatment caused moderate intraductal cell proliferation, lymph node hyperplasia, and serous gland adenoma. Furthermore, micronucleus and comet test results revealed that +2000Al/−NMU led to a genotoxic effect after a 10-day exposure and the damage was more evident after a 15-day exposure. Therefore, in conclusion, genomic instability is present and the experimental conditions assessed are not associated with breast cancer.
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10
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Otaka DY, Barbosa JD, de Souza LA, Moreira C, Ferreira MRA, Donassolo RA, Conceição FR, Salvarani FM. Recombinant vaccine against botulism in buffaloes: Evaluation of the humoral immune response over 12 months. Anaerobe 2020; 63:102201. [PMID: 32247696 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Botulism is a neuroparalytic intoxication, usually fatal, caused by the botulinum toxins (BoNTs). Vaccination is the best-known strategy to prevent this disease in ruminants. Serotypes C and D and their variants CD and DC are the main types responsible for botulism in bovine and buffaloes in Brazil and cattle in Japan and Europe. Brazil has a herd of approximately 1.39 million buffaloes and is the largest producer in the Western world. This study aimed to assess the humoral immune response of buffaloes during the 12-month period after vaccination against BoNT serotypes C and D with a recombinant vaccine in three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 μg) of non-purified recombinant proteins (Vrec) and also with a bivalent commercial toxoid (Vcom). Vrec400 was the best vaccine among those tested because it induced higher levels of antibodies and maintained higher levels of antibodies for the longest time, while Vrec200 could be considered the most cost-effective vaccine for large-scale production. None of the vaccines were able to promote continuous immunological protection within the timeframe proposed by the current Brazilian vaccination protocol. Further studies should focus on vaccine adjustments to ensure continued humoral protection against botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Y Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal, 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - José D Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal, 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - Loise A de Souza
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal, 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal, 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
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11
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Saylor K, Gillam F, Lohneis T, Zhang C. Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153587 PMCID: PMC7050619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, vaccinologists have come to understand that the hallmark of any protective immune response is the antigen. However, it is not the whole antigen that dictates the immune response, but rather the various parts comprising the whole that are capable of influencing immunogenicity. Protein-based antigens hold particular importance within this structural approach to understanding immunity because, though different molecules can serve as antigens, only proteins are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immunity. This fact, coupled with the versatility and customizability of proteins when considering vaccine design applications, makes protein-based vaccines (PBVs) one of today's most promising technologies for artificially inducing immunity. In this review, we follow the development of PBV technologies through time and discuss the antigen-specific receptors that are most critical to any immune response: pattern recognition receptors, B cell receptors, and T cell receptors. Knowledge of these receptors and their ligands has become exceptionally valuable in the field of vaccinology, where today it is possible to make drastic modifications to PBV structure, from primary to quaternary, in order to promote recognition of target epitopes, potentiate vaccine immunogenicity, and prevent antigen-associated complications. Additionally, these modifications have made it possible to control immune responses by modulating stability and targeting PBV to key immune cells. Consequently, careful consideration should be given to protein structure when designing PBVs in the future in order to potentiate PBV efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Saylor
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Locus Biosciences, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Lohneis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- BioPharmaceutical Technology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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12
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Moreira C, Ferreira MRA, Finger PF, Magalhães CG, Cunha CEP, Rodrigues RR, Otaka DY, Galvão CC, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Protective efficacy of recombinant bacterin vaccine against botulism in cattle. Vaccine 2020; 38:2519-2526. [PMID: 32037222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the intoxication of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Among the seven immunologically distinct serotypes of neurotoxins (BoNTs A - G), serotypes C and D, or a chimeric fusion termed C/D or D/C, are responsible for animal botulism. The most effective way to prevent botulism in cattle is through vaccination; however, the commercially available vaccines produced by detoxification of native neurotoxins are time-consuming and hazardous. To overcome these drawbacks, a non-toxic recombinant vaccine was developed as an alternative. In this study, the recombinant protein vaccine was produced using an Escherichia coli cell-based system. The formaldehyde-inactivated E. coli is able to induce 7.45 ± 1.77 and 6.6 ± 1.28 IU/mL neutralizing mean titers against BoNTs C and D in cattle, respectively, determined by mouse neutralization bioassay, and was deemed protective by the Brazilian legislation. Moreover, when the levels of anti-BoNT/C and D were compared with those achieved by the recombinant purified vaccines, no significant statistical difference was observed. Cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine developed 1.33 and 3.33 IU/mL neutralizing mean titers against BoNT serotypes C and D, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on recombinant E. coli bacterin vaccine against botulism. The vaccine was safe and effective in generating protective antibodies and, thus, represents an industry-friendly alternative for the prevention of cattle botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Paula F Finger
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Magalhães
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Denis Y Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Cleideanny C Galvão
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
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13
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Prisilla A, Chellapandi P. Cloning and expression of immunogenic Clostridium botulinum C2I mutant proteins designed from their evolutionary imprints. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:207-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Augusto de Oliveira C, Duarte MC, Antunes de Assis R, Alves GG, Silva ROS, Faria Lobato FC. Humoral responses in cattle to commercial vaccines containing Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid and C. botulinum types C and D toxoids last less than a-year. Anaerobe 2019; 59:72-75. [PMID: 31129336 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the titers of neutralizing antibodies in cattle inoculated with multivalent commercial clostridial vaccines containing C. botulinum type C (BoNTC), C. botulinum type D (BoNTD), and C. perfringens epsilon (ETX) toxoids for a period of one year. Cattle (Bos taurus), aged 4-6 months and not previously immunized, were vaccinated under four different protocols at days 0 and 30 and followed over one year. Individual serum titration was performed by a serum neutralization test in mice or in MDCK cells. The number of animals with detectable neutralizing antibodies ranged from 40.6% to 78.1%, but only 12.5% of animals showed neutralizing antibodies against all tested antigens. Neutralizing antibodies were found only until 60 days for ETX, 120 days for BoNTC, and 180 days for BoNTD. The absence of detectable neutralizing antibodies against the three antigens before 360 days, suggests that cattle remained unprotected for a long period before the recommended booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto de Oliveira
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho Duarte
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Ronnie Antunes de Assis
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Guerra Alves
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
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15
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da Cunha CEP, Bettin EB, Bakry AFAAY, Seixas Neto ACP, Amaral MG, Dellagostin OA. Evaluation of different strategies to promote a protective immune response against leptospirosis using a recombinant LigA and LigB chimera. Vaccine 2019; 37:1844-1852. [PMID: 30826147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution, caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira species. The vaccines that are currently available are bacterins, with limited human use, that confer short-term, serovar-specific immunity. Lig proteins are considered to be the best vaccine candidates to date. Here, we aimed to construct a recombinant Lig chimera (LC) comprised of LigAni and LigBrep fragments, and to evaluate it as subunit or DNA vaccine using different administration strategies. Vaccines were formulated with 50 µg of recombinant LC associated with different adjuvants or with 100 µg of pTARGET/LC. Four-week-old hamsters received two doses of vaccine with different strategies and were challenged with 5 × DL50Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130. The immune response generated by Lig chimera conferred 100% protection to hamsters treated with at least one dose of recombinant LC. Despite the high levels of antibodies that vaccinated animals produced, a sterilizing immunity was not achieved. The lack of a sterilizing immunity could indicate the importance of a mixed humoral and cellular immune response. The present study generated insights that will be useful in the future development of improved subunit vaccines against leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marta Gonçalves Amaral
- Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Odir Antonio Dellagostin
- Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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16
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Silva ROS, Duarte MC, Oliveira Junior CA, de Assis RA, Lana AMQ, Lobato FCF. Comparison of humoral neutralizing antibody response in rabbits, guinea pigs, and cattle vaccinated with epsilon and beta toxoids from Clostridium perfringens and C. botulinum types C and D toxoids. Anaerobe 2018; 54:19-22. [PMID: 30076896 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits and guinea pigs are used in the official control and validation of clostridial vaccines, but it is unknown whether the antitoxin titers obtained in these animals corroborate with the humoral response in bovine. The objective of the study was to compare the humoral antibody response of guinea pig and rabbits to those obtained in cattle vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing Clostridium perfringens epsilon and beta, and Clostridium botulinum types C and D toxoids. This study revealed the same level of humoral response in rabbits and cattle for all four toxoids tested, including C. botulinum types C and D toxoids. In contrast, the titers of neutralizing antibodies against C. botulinum type C toxin in guinea pigs differed from those obtained in cattle. Thus, the present work suggests that the potency test for C. botulinum types C in rabbits agrees more with the humoral response in cattle than the potency test in guinea pigs, thereby making it possible to use only rabbits as models in the official control and validations of clostridial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - Marina Carvalho Duarte
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Oliveira Junior
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Ronnie Antunes de Assis
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Quintão Lana
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
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17
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Csordas BG, Cunha RC, Garcia MV, da Silva SS, Leite FL, Andreotti R. Molecular characterization of the recombinant protein RmLTI-BmCG-LTB: Protective immunity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191596. [PMID: 29415034 PMCID: PMC5802849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is found in several tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This parasite transmits pathogens that cause disease, such as babesiosis (Babesia bovis and B. bigemina) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale). Tick infestations cause enormous livestock losses, and controlling tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne diseases remains a challenge for the livestock industry. Because the currently available commercial vaccines offer only partial protection against R. (B.) microplus, there is a need for more efficient vaccines. Several recombinant antigens have been evaluated using different immunization strategies, and they show great promise. This work describes the construction and immunological characterization of a multi-antigen chimera composed of two R. (B.) microplus antigens (RmLTI and BmCG) and one Escherichia coli antigen (B subunit, LTB). The immunogenic regions of each antigen were selected and combined to encode a single polypeptide. The gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli. For all of the experiments, two groups (treated and control) of four Angus heifers (3-6 months old) were used. The inoculation was performed via intramuscular injection with 200 μg of purified recombinant chimeric protein and adjuvated. The chimeric protein was recognized by specific antibodies against each subunit and by sera from cattle inoculated with the chimera. Immunization of RmLTI-BmCG-LTB cattle reduced the number of adult female ticks by 6.29% and vaccination of cattle with the chimeric antigen provided 55.6% efficacy against R. (B.) microplus infestation. The results of this study indicate that the novel chimeric protein is a potential candidate for the future development of a more effective vaccine against R. (B.) microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Guimarães Csordas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Bolsista de Doutorado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Casquero Cunha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Marcos Valério Garcia
- Bolsista de Pós-Doutorado, Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Carrapato, Departamento de Sanidade Animal, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Silva da Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Fábio Leivas Leite
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Renato Andreotti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Carrapato, Departamento de Sanidade Animal, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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18
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Otaka DY, Barbosa JD, Moreira C, Ferreira MRA, Cunha CEP, Brito ARS, Donassolo RA, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR, Salvarani FM. Humoral Response of Buffaloes to a Recombinant Vaccine against Botulism Serotypes C and D. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100297. [PMID: 28937601 PMCID: PMC5666344 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a fatal intoxication caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which are mainly produced by Clostridium botulinum and characterized by flaccid paralysis. The BoNTs C and D are the main serotypes responsible for botulism in animals, including buffaloes. Botulism is one of the leading causes of death in adult ruminants in Brazil due to the high mortality rates, even though botulism in buffaloes is poorly reported and does not reflect the real economic impact of this disease in Brazilian herds. Vaccination is reported as the most important prophylactic measure for botulism control, although there are no specific vaccines commercially available for buffaloes in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response of buffalo groups vaccinated with three different concentrations of recombinant proteins (100, 200, and 400 µg) against BoNTs serotypes C and D as well as to compare the groups to each other and with a group vaccinated with a bivalent commercial toxoid. The recombinant vaccine with a concentration of 400 μg of proteins induced the highest titers among the tested vaccines and was proven to be the best choice among the formulations evaluated and should be considered as a potential vaccine against botulism in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Y Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - José D Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos E P Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Antônio R S Brito
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
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19
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Molecular Evolutionary Constraints that Determine the Avirulence State of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin. J Mol Evol 2017; 84:174-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-017-9791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Feng M, Zhang X. Immunity to Avian Leukosis Virus: Where Are We Now and What Should We Do? Front Immunol 2016; 7:624. [PMID: 28066434 PMCID: PMC5174080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an avian oncogenic retrovirus causing enormous economic losses in the global poultry industry. Although ALV-related research has lasted for more than a century, there are no vaccines to protect chickens from ALV infection. The interaction between chickens and ALV remains not fully understood especially with regard to the host immunity. The current review provides an overview of our current knowledge of innate and adaptive immunity induced by ALV infection. More importantly, we have pointed out the unknown area involved in ALV-related studies, which is worthy of our serious exploring in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Anti-botulism single-shot vaccine using chitosan for protein encapsulation by simple coacervation. Anaerobe 2016; 42:182-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ferreira MRA, Moreira GMSG, Cunha CEPD, Mendonça M, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E340. [PMID: 27879630 PMCID: PMC5127136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. This bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. The species is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. Each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are the main causes of disease. Vaccinations that generate neutralizing antibodies are the most common prophylactic measures that are currently in use. These vaccines consist of toxoids that are obtained from C. perfringens cultures. Recombinant vaccines offer several advantages over conventional toxoids, especially in terms of the production process. As such, they are steadily gaining ground as a promising vaccination solution. This review discusses the main strategies that are currently used to produce recombinant vaccines containing alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of C. perfringens, as well as the potential application of these molecules as vaccines for mammalian livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Marçal S G Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo P da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns CEP 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96010-610, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Moreira C, da Cunha CEP, Moreira GMSG, Mendonça M, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Protective potential of recombinant non-purified botulinum neurotoxin serotypes C and D. Anaerobe 2016; 40:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hansbauer EM, Skiba M, Endermann T, Weisemann J, Stern D, Dorner MB, Finkenwirth F, Wolf J, Luginbühl W, Messelhäußer U, Bellanger L, Woudstra C, Rummel A, Fach P, Dorner BG. Detection, differentiation, and identification of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes C, CD, D, and DC by highly specific immunoassays and mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:5281-97. [PMID: 27353114 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes C and D and their mosaic variants CD and DC cause severe cases of botulism in animal husbandry and wildlife. Epidemiological data on the exact serotype or toxin variant causing outbreaks are rarely available, mainly because of their high sequence identity and the lack of fast and specific screening tools to detect and differentiate the four similar toxins. To fill this gap, we developed four highly specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) able to detect and differentiate botulinum neurotoxins type BoNT/C, D, CD, and DC based on four distinct combinations of specific monoclonal antibodies targeting both conserved and divergent subdomains of the four toxins. Here, highly sensitive detection with detection limits between 2 and 24 pg mL(-1) was achieved. The ELISAs were extensively validated and results were compared with data obtained by quantitative real-time PCR using a panel of Clostridium botulinum strains, real sample materials from veterinary botulism outbreaks, and non-BoNT-producing Clostridia. Additionally, in order to verify the results obtained by ELISA screening, the new monoclonal antibodies were used for BoNT enrichment and subsequent detection (i) on a functional level by endopeptidase mass spectrometry (Endopep-MS) assays and (ii) on a protein sequence level by LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Based on all technical information gathered in the validation study, the four differentiating ELISAs turned out to be highly reliable screening tools for the rapid analysis of veterinary botulism cases and should aid future field investigations of botulism outbreaks and the acquisition of epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany.
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Ma Y. Recent advances in nontoxicEscherichia coliheat-labile toxin and its derivative adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1361-1371. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1182868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Moreira GMSG, Salvarani FM, da Cunha CEP, Mendonça M, Moreira ÂN, Gonçalves LA, Pires PS, Lobato FCF, Conceição FR. Immunogenicity of a Trivalent Recombinant Vaccine Against Clostridium perfringens Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins in Farm Ruminants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22816. [PMID: 27004612 PMCID: PMC4804304 DOI: 10.1038/srep22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that produces several toxins. Of these, the alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are responsible for causing the most severe C. perfringens-related diseases in farm animals. The best way to control these diseases is through vaccination. However, commercially available vaccines are based on inactivated toxins and have many production drawbacks, which can be overcome through the use of recombinant antigens. In this study, we produced recombinant alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins in Escherichia coli to formulate a trivalent vaccine. Its effectiveness was evaluated through a potency test in rabbits, in which the vaccine generated 9.6, 24.4, and 25.0 IU/mL of neutralizing antibodies against the respective toxins. Following this, cattle, sheep, and goats received the same formulation, generating, respectively, 5.19 ± 0.48, 4.34 ± 0.43, and 4.70 ± 0.58 IU/mL against alpha toxin, 13.71 ± 1.17 IU/mL (for all three species) against beta toxin, and 12.74 ± 1.70, 7.66 ± 1.69, and 8.91 ± 2.14 IU/mL against epsilon toxin. These levels were above the minimum recommended by international protocols. As such, our vaccine was effective in generating protective antibodies and, thus, may represent an interesting alternative for the prevention of C. perfringens-related intoxications in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pouey da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Ângela Nunes Moreira
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aramuni Gonçalves
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Prhiscylla Sadanã Pires
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30123-970, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
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27
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Moreira GMSG, Moreira C, da Cunha CEP, Mendonça M, Conceição FR. Recombinant Botulinum Toxoids: A Practical Guide for Production. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1404:621-632. [PMID: 27076326 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus that produces a potent neurotoxin. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are classified from serotypes A to H, and even though they have similar mechanisms of action, they show preferential hosts. In veterinary medicine, BoNT serotypes C and D are the most important, once several animal species are susceptible to them. Since BoNTs are the most potent toxins known in nature, the best way to control botulism in animals is through vaccination. However, current commercial vaccines are based on inactivated toxins (toxoids) and cells (bacterins) and present many drawbacks, such as a time-consuming production with variable antigen yield and biosafety risks. Recombinant vaccines, especially those produced by Escherichia coli expression system, have proved to be an interesting alternative to overcome these problems. E. coli is a very well-known microorganism that allows the production of large amounts of nontoxic recombinant antigens in a short period using simple culture medium reducing the production complexity and decreasing most of the biosafety risks involved in the process. We describe herein a method for the production of recombinant vaccines for veterinary medicine application, involving initial steps of gene design up to vaccine formulation and evaluation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marçal S G Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo P da Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
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28
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Weisemann J, Krez N, Fiebig U, Worbs S, Skiba M, Endermann T, Dorner MB, Bergström T, Muñoz A, Zegers I, Müller C, Jenkinson SP, Avondet MA, Delbrassinne L, Denayer S, Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Åstot C, Dorner BG, Rummel A. Generation and Characterization of Six Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxins as Reference Material to Serve in an International Proficiency Test. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5035-54. [PMID: 26703728 PMCID: PMC4690111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and identification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is complex due to the existence of seven serotypes, derived mosaic toxins and more than 40 subtypes. Expert laboratories currently use different technical approaches to detect, identify and quantify BoNT, but due to the lack of (certified) reference materials, analytical results can hardly be compared. In this study, the six BoNT/A1–F1 prototypes were successfully produced by recombinant techniques, facilitating handling, as well as improving purity, yield, reproducibility and biosafety. All six BoNTs were quantitatively nicked into active di-chain toxins linked by a disulfide bridge. The materials were thoroughly characterized with respect to purity, identity, protein concentration, catalytic and biological activities. For BoNT/A1, B1 and E1, serotypes pathogenic to humans, the catalytic activity and the precise protein concentration were determined by Endopep-mass spectrometry and validated amino acid analysis, respectively. In addition, BoNT/A1, B1, E1 and F1 were successfully detected by immunological assays, unambiguously identified by mass spectrometric-based methods, and their specific activities were assigned by the mouse LD50 bioassay. The potencies of all six BoNT/A1–F1 were quantified by the ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay, allowing a direct comparison. In conclusion, highly pure recombinant BoNT reference materials were produced, thoroughly characterized and employed as spiking material in a worldwide BoNT proficiency test organized by the EQuATox consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Krez
- Toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 90182 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Ingrid Zegers
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Christian Müller
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse 1, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen P Jenkinson
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse 1, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Marc-Andre Avondet
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse 1, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Laurence Delbrassinne
- Scientific Service of Food-Borne Pathogens, Operational Directorate of Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Denayer
- Scientific Service of Food-Borne Pathogens, Operational Directorate of Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Crister Åstot
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 90182 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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29
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Prathiviraj R, Prisilla A, Chellapandi P. Structure–function discrepancy inClostridium botulinumC3 toxin for its rational prioritization as a subunit vaccine. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1317-29. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1078745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Xu Q, Ma X, Wang F, Li H, Zhao X. Evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against avian leukosis virus subgroup J in chickens. Virus Res 2015. [PMID: 26196055 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The intricate sequence and antigenic variability of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) have led to unprecedented difficulties in the development of vaccines. Much experimental evidence demonstrates that ALV-J mutants have caused immune evasion and pose a challenge for traditional efforts to develop effective vaccines. To investigate the potential of a multi-epitope vaccination strategy to prevent chickens against ALV-J infections, a recombinant chimeric multi-epitope protein X (rCMEPX) containing both immunodominant B and T epitope concentrated domains selected from the major structural protein of ALV-J using bioinformatics approach was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). Its immunogenicity and protective efficacy was studied in chickens. The results showed that rCMEPX could elicit neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses, and antibodies induced by rCMEPX could specifically recognize host cell naturally expressed ALV-J proteins, which indicated that the rCMEPX is a good immunogen. Challenge experiments showed 80% chickens that received rCMEPX were well protected against ALV-J challenge. This is the first report of a chimeric multi-epitope protein as a potential immunogen against ALV-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xingjiang Ma
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Recombinant rabies virus particles presenting botulinum neurotoxin antigens elicit a protective humoral response in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14046. [PMID: 26015984 PMCID: PMC4362357 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are one of the most potent toxins found in nature, with broad medical applications from cosmetics to the treatment of various neuropathies. Additionally, these toxins are classified as Category A-Tier 1 agents, with human lethal doses calculated at as little as 90 ng depending upon the route of administration. Of the eight distinct botulinum neurotoxin serotypes, the most common causes of human illness are from serotypes /A, /B, and /E. Protection can be achieved by eliciting antibody responses against the receptor-binding domain of the neurotoxin. Our previous research has shown that recombinant rabies virus–based particles can effectively present heterologous antigens. Here, we describe a novel strategy using recombinant rabies virus particles that elicits a durable humoral immune response against the botulinum neurotoxin receptor binding domains from serotypes /A, /B, and /E. Following intramuscular administration of β-propiolactone-inactivated rabies virus particles, mice elicited specific immune responses against the cognate antigen. Administration of a combination of these vectors also demonstrated antibody responses against all three serotypes based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements, with minimal decay within the study timeline. Complete protection was achieved against toxin challenge from the serotypes /A and /B and partial protection for /E, indicating that a multivalent approach is feasible.
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32
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Production of recombinant botulism antigens: A review of expression systems. Anaerobe 2014; 28:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cunha CE, Moreira GM, Salvarani FM, Neves MS, Lobato FC, Dellagostin OA, Conceição FR. Vaccination of cattle with a recombinant bivalent toxoid against botulism serotypes C and D. Vaccine 2014; 32:214-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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