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Yarsan E, Yilmaz F, Sevin S, Akdeniz G, Celebi B, Ozturk SH, Ayikol SN, Karatas U, Ese H, Fidan N, Agacdiken B, Babur C, Buldag M, Pehlivan S. Investigation of resistance against to flumethrin using against Varroa destructor in Türkiye. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1683-1696. [PMID: 38509424 PMCID: PMC11147911 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The honeybee ectoparasite Varroa destructor is a major threat to apiculture when evaluating bee diseases and pests. While attempting to control this mite, beekeepers often depend on a small selection of authorized synthetic acaricides, such as flumethrin, which is widely used in Türkiye and globally. However, resistance to flumethrin develops due to incorrect and excessive use. In this study conducted at Ordu Beekeeping Research Institute, trial group were established including an untreated control group and group where flumethrin-based pesticides were applied. Dead varroas collected from pollen traps and live varroas collected from bees were obtained from these trial groups for molecular analysis as positive-negative controls. Varroa samples were collected from provinces representing different regions with intensive beekeeping activities such as Adana, Ankara, Bingöl, Muğla, Ordu, Şanlıurfa, Tekirdağ. Molecular methods were employed to investigate the resistance gene region for pyrethroids (specifically flumethrin) against V. destructor. In our study, individual DNA extractions were performed on dead parasites from colonies subjected to pyrethroid application (resistance negative control) and live parasites (resistance positive control). The DNA samples obtained were used in PCR reactions targeting the region encoding the 925th amino acid of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, which is responsible for resistance formation. The DNA samples were subjected to gel electrophoresis to observe the amplification products of the expected target region. To examine the nucleotide sequence changes that encode leucine at the 925th amino acid, which is associated with resistance, DNA sequence analysis was applied to the amplification products. Out of 332 V. destructor parasites obtained from different provinces, 279 were analysed using molecular methods. It was observed that 31% of the samples showed sensitivity to flumethrin while 69% exhibited resistance to it. Among the resistant samples: 27% had homozygous isoleucine mutation; 28% had homozygous valine mutation; 2.8% had heterozygous isoleucine mutation; 8.5% had heterozygous valine mutation; and 2.8% had heterozygous methionine mutation, all of which were associated with flumethrin resistance. As a result, the rate of flumethrin resistance in parasites varied between 51% and 94% among different provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Yarsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | | | - Sedat Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye.
| | - Gökhan Akdeniz
- Apiculture Research Center, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Celebi
- Microbiology Reference Laboratory Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Sultan Nurhan Ayikol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | | | - Hasan Ese
- Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Nuri Fidan
- Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Bayram Agacdiken
- Ordu-Kabadüz District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Cahit Babur
- Microbiology Reference Laboratory Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Sinem Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Jack CJ, Boncristiani H, Prouty C, Schmehl DR, Ellis JD. Evaluating the seasonal efficacy of commonly used chemical treatments on Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) population resurgence in honey bee colonies. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38805652 PMCID: PMC11132127 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine how common chemical treatments influence Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) population resurgence rates (defined as time posttreatment for mite populations to reach 3 mites/100 adult bees) in managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies seasonally. We conducted 2 experiments that followed the same basic protocol to address this purpose. We established 6 treatment groups in Experiment 1 in the fall of 2014: untreated control, Apivar, Apistan, CheckMite+, ApiLifeVar, and Mite Away II applied to 10 colonies per treatment. In Experiment 2, we applied 8 chemical treatments to each of 4 seasonal (spring, summer, fall, and winter) cohorts of honey bee colonies to determine how mite populations are influenced by the treatments. The treatments/formulations tested were Apivar, Apistan, Apiguard, MAQS, CheckMite+, oxalic acid (dribble), oxalic acid (shop towels), and amitraz (shop towels soaked in Bovitraz). In Experiment 1, Apivar and Mite Away II were able to delay V. destructor resurgence for 2 and 6 months, respectively. In Experiment 2, Apiguard, MAQS, oxalic acid (dribble), and Bovitraz treatments were effective at delaying V. destructor resurgence for at least 2 months during winter and spring. Only the Bovitraz and MAQS treatments were effective at controlling V. destructor in the summer and fall. Of the 2 amitraz-based treatments, the off-label Bovitraz treatment was the only treatment to reduce V. destructor populations in every season. The data gathered through this study allow for the refinement of treatment recommendations for V. destructor, especially regarding the seasonal efficacy of each miticide and the temporal efficacy posttreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Jack
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Humberto Boncristiani
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Inside The Hive Media & Consulting Inc., Odenton, MD, USA
| | - Cody Prouty
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmehl
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James D Ellis
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Erdem E, Koç-İnak N, Rüstemoğlu M, İnak E. Geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in Varroa destructor across Türkiye and a European overview. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:309-321. [PMID: 38401013 PMCID: PMC11035437 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is of paramount significance in modern beekeeping, with infestations presenting a primary challenge that directly influences colony health, productivity, and overall apicultural sustainability. In order to control this mite, many beekeepers rely on a limited number of approved synthetic acaricides, including the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin and organophosphate coumaphos. However, the excessive use of these substances has led to the widespread development of resistance in various beekeeping areas globally. In the present study, the occurrence of resistance mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the target-site of pyrethroids and coumaphos, respectively, was examined in Varroa populations collected throughout the southeastern and eastern Anatolia regions of Türkiye. All Varroa samples belonged to the Korean haplotype, and a very low genetic distance was observed based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. No amino acid substitutions were determined at the key residues of AChE. On the other hand, three amino acid substitutions, (L925V/I/M), previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, were identified in nearly 80% of the Turkish populations. Importantly, L925M, the dominant mutation in the USA, was detected in Turkish Varroa populations for the first time. To gain a more comprehensive perspective, we conducted a systematic analysis of the distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations across Europe, based on the previously reported data. Varroa populations from Mediterranean countries such as Türkiye, Spain, and Greece exhibited the highest frequency of resistance mutation. Revealing the occurrence and geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in V. destructor populations across the country will enhance the development of more efficient strategies for mite management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esengül Erdem
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Şırnak University, Şirnak, Turkey
| | - Nafiye Koç-İnak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Altindag, 06070, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Rüstemoğlu
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Şırnak University, Şirnak, Turkey
| | - Emre İnak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
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Bahreini R, Docherty C, Feindel D, Muirhead S. Comparing the efficacy of synthetic Varroacides and Varroa destructor phenotypic resistance using Apiarium and Mason jar bioassay techniques. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1577-1592. [PMID: 37974358 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, is a major threat for honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies. Beekeepers have used synthetic Varroacides against Varroa mite for decades, but resistance to organophosphates, pyrethroids and formamidine has been reported in many locations worldwide. The goals of this study were to develop a reliable bioassay to assess efficacy and phenotypic resistance to commercial Varroacides. In this study, efficacy and Varroa resistance was evaluated using the Apiarium technique in comparison to the Mason jar method. RESULTS Among tested Varroacides, a high efficacy (89%) for Apivar was identified when compared to Bayvarol (58%), Apistan (44%) and CheckMite (6%), in a 24 h assessment. We also found that CheckMite was toxic to bees in the Mason jar method. In addition, the Apiarium technique revealed a case of phenotypic resistance to Bayvarol, Apistan and CheckMite in the mite population evaluated. CONCLUSION A laboratory protocol was developed using the Apiarium method to evaluate Apivar efficacy. Collectively, the findings indicated that the Apiarium methodology provided a reliable technique to measure Varroacide efficacy and determine the presence of phenotypic resistance in V. destructor. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassol Bahreini
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cassandra Docherty
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David Feindel
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Samantha Muirhead
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
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Lee J, Moon K, Cho S, Lim Y, Kim S, Kim SB, Han SM, Kim YH, Lee SH. Establishment and application of bioassay- and molecular marker-based methods for monitoring fluvalinate resistance of Varroa mites. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105655. [PMID: 38072530 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, is an ectoparasite that infests honey bees. The extensive use of acaricides, including fluvalinate, has led to the emergence of resistance in Varroa mite populations worldwide. This study's objective is to monitor fluvalinate resistance in field populations of Varroa mites in Korea through both bioassay-based and molecular marker-based methods. To achieve this, a residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay was established for on-site resistance monitoring. A diagnostic dose of 200 ppm was determined based on the bioassay using a putative susceptible population. In the RCV bioassay, early mortality evaluation was effective for accurately discriminating mites with the knockdown resistance (kdr) genotype, while late evaluation was useful for distinguishing mites with additional resistance factors. The RCV bioassay of 14 field mite populations collected in 2021 indicated potential resistance development in four populations. As an alternative approach, quantitative sequencing was employed to assess the frequency of the L925I/M mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), associated with fluvalinate kdr trait. While the mutation was absent in 2020 Varroa mite populations, it emerged in 2021, increased in frequency in 2022, and became nearly widespread across the country by 2023. This recent emergence and rapid spread of fluvalinate resistance within a span of three years demonstrate the Varroa mite's significant potential for developing resistance. This situation further underscores the urgent need to replace fluvalinate with alternative acaricides. A few novel VGSC mutations potentially involved in resistance were identified. Potential factors driving the rapid expansion of resistance were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - KyungHwan Moon
- Department of Vector Entomology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - SuSie Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngcheon Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bae Kim
- Apiculture Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Han
- Apiculture Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Vector Entomology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Invertebrate Vector, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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De Rouck S, İnak E, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. A review of the molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in mites and ticks. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 159:103981. [PMID: 37391089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arachnida subclass of Acari comprises many harmful pests that threaten agriculture as well as animal health, including herbivorous spider mites, the bee parasite Varroa, the poultry mite Dermanyssus and several species of ticks. Especially in agriculture, acaricides are often used intensively to minimize the damage they inflict, promoting the development of resistance. Beneficial predatory mites used in biological control are also subjected to acaricide selection in the field. The development and use of new genetic and genomic tools such as genome and transcriptome sequencing, bulked segregant analysis (QTL mapping), and reverse genetics via RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9, have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance in Acari, especially in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae which emerged as a model species. These new techniques allowed to uncover and validate new resistance mutations in a larger range of species. In addition, they provided an impetus to start elucidating more challenging questions on mechanisms of gene regulation of detoxification associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander De Rouck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emre İnak
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Rinkevich FD, Moreno-Martí S, Hernández-Rodríguez CS, González-Cabrera J. Confirmation of the Y215H mutation in the β 2 -octopamine receptor in Varroa destructor is associated with contemporary cases of amitraz resistance in the United States. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36947601 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasitic mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman), is a leading cause of honey bee colony losses around the world. Application of miticides such as amitraz are often the primary method of Varroa control in commercial beekeeping operations in the United States. It is likely that excessive and exclusive amitraz application has led to the development of amitraz resistance in Varroa. A mutation of tyrosine at amino acid position 215 to histidine (Y215H) in the β2 -octopamine receptor was identified in putatively amitraz-resistant Varroa in the United States. This research investigated the presence of the Y215H mutation in quantitatively confirmed amitraz-resistant Varroa from the United States. RESULTS There was a strong association of susceptible and resistant phenotypes with the corresponding susceptible and resistant genotypes respectively, and vice versa. The resistance bioassay may understate resistance levels because of the influence of environmental conditions on the outcome of the test, whereby Varroa with an amitraz-resistant genotype may appear with a susceptible phenotype. CONCLUSION Confirmation of the Y215H mutation in the β2 -octopamine receptor of amitraz-resistant Varroa encourages the development and validation of low-cost, high-throughput genotyping protocols to assess amitraz resistance. Resistance monitoring via genotyping will allow for large-scale passive monitoring to accurately determine the prevalence of amitraz resistance rather than directed sampling of apiaries with known resistance issues. Genotyping of Varroa for amitraz resistance early in the beekeeping season may predict late-season resistance at the colony level and provide beekeepers with enough time to develop an effective Varroa management strategy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Rinkevich
- USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Almecija G, Schimmerling M, Del Cont A, Poirot B, Duquesne V. Varroa destructor resistance to tau-fluvalinate: relationship between in vitro phenotypic test and VGSC L925V mutation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5097-5105. [PMID: 36103265 PMCID: PMC9826128 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Its presence in colonies can lead to a collapse within a few years. The use of acaricides has become essential to manage the hive infestation. However, the repeated and possibly incorrect use of acaricide treatments, as tau-fluvalinate, has led to the development of resistance. The in vitro phenotypic test allows the proportion of susceptible or resistant individuals to be known following an exposure to an active substance. In Varroa mites, resistance to tau-fluvalinate is associated with the presence of mutations at the position 925 of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). RESULTS Here, we compared the results obtained with an in vitro phenotypic test against tau-fluvalinate and those obtained with an allelic discrimination assay on 13 treated and untreated Varroa populations in France. The correlation between the phenotype and the genetic profile rate is found to be 0.89 Varroa mites having resistant phenotypic profile have a probability of 63% to present the L925V mutation (resistance detection reliability). However, 97% of the Varroa mites having the susceptible phenotype do not present the L925V mutation (susceptible detection reliability). CONCLUSION The L925V mutation explains most of the resistance to tau-fluvalinate in V. destructor in the populations tested. However, other mutations or types of resistance may also be involved to explain the survival of Varroa mites in the phenotypic test. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Schimmerling
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Pathology UnitSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Aurélie Del Cont
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Pathology UnitSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Benjamin Poirot
- Apinov, Scientific Beekeeping and Training CentreLagordFrance
| | - Véronique Duquesne
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Pathology UnitSophia AntipolisFrance
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Fritz ML. Utility and challenges of using whole‐genome resequencing to detect emerging insect and mite resistance in agroecosystems. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1505-1520. [PMID: 36330307 PMCID: PMC9624086 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods that invade agricultural ecosystems systematically evolve resistance to the control measures used against them, and this remains a significant and ongoing challenge for sustainable food production systems. Early detection of resistance evolution could prompt remedial action to slow the spread of resistance alleles in the landscape. Historical approaches used to detect emerging resistance included phenotypic monitoring of agricultural pest populations, as well as monitoring of allele frequency changes at one or a few candidate pesticide resistance genes. In this article, I discuss the successes and limitations of these traditional monitoring approaches and then consider whether whole‐genome scanning could be applied to samples collected from agroecosystems over time for resistance monitoring. I examine the qualities of agroecosystems that could impact application of this approach to pesticide resistance monitoring and describe a recent retrospective analysis where genome scanning successfully detected an oligogenic response to selection by pesticides years prior to pest management failure. I conclude by considering areas of further study that will shed light on the feasibility of applying whole‐genome scanning for resistance risk monitoring in agricultural pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Fritz
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
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Jovanovic NM, Glavinic U, Ristanic M, Vejnovic B, Stevanovic J, Cosic M, Stanimirovic Z. Contact varroacidal efficacy of lithium citrate and its influence on viral loads, immune parameters and oxidative stress of honey bees in a field experiment. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1000944. [PMID: 36171978 PMCID: PMC9510912 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With an almost global distribution, Varroa destuctor is the leading cause of weakening and loss of honey bee colonies. New substances are constantly being tested in order to find those that will exhibit high anti-Varroa efficacy at low doses/concentrations, without unwanted effects on bees. Lithium (Li) salts stood out as candidates based on previous research. The aims of this study were to evaluate Li citrate hydrate (Li-cit) for its contact efficacy against Varroa, but also the effect of Li-cit on honey bees by estimating loads of honey bee viruses, expression levels of immune-related genes and genes for antioxidative enzymes and oxidative stress parameters on two sampling occasions, before the treatment and after the treatment. Our experiment was performed on four groups, each consisting of seven colonies. Two groups were treated with the test compound, one receiving 5 mM and the other 10 mM of Li-cit; the third received oxalic acid treatment (OA group) and served as positive control, and the fourth was negative control (C group), treated with 50% w/v pure sucrose-water syrup. Single trickling treatment was applied in all groups. Both tested concentrations of Li-cit, 5 and 10 mM, expressed high varroacidal efficacy, 96.85% and 96.80%, respectively. Load of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after the treatment in group treated with 5 mM of Li-cit. In OA group, loads of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus and Deformed Wing Virus significantly (p < 0.05) increased, and in C group, loads of all viruses significantly (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) increased. Transcript levels of genes for abaecin, apidaecin, defensin and vitellogenin were significantly higher (p < 0.05—p < 0.001), while all oxidative stress parameters were significantly lower (p < 0.05—p < 0.001) after the treatment in both groups treated with Li-cit. All presented results along with easy application indicate benefits of topical Li-cit treatment and complete the mosaic of evidence on the advantages of this salt in the control of Varroa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja M. Jovanovic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Glavinic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ristanic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vejnovic
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jevrosima Stevanovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Jevrosima Stevanovic,
| | - Milivoje Cosic
- Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bijeljina University, Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhorov BS, Dong K. Pyrethroids in an AlphaFold2 Model of the Insect Sodium Channel. INSECTS 2022; 13:745. [PMID: 36005370 PMCID: PMC9409284 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides stabilize the open state of insect sodium channels. Previous mutational, electrophysiological, and computational analyses led to the development of homology models predicting two pyrethroid receptor sites, PyR1 and PyR2. Many of the naturally occurring sodium channel mutations, which confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids, are located within or close to these receptor sites, indicating that these mutations impair pyrethroid binding. However, the mechanism of the state-dependent action of pyrethroids and the mechanisms by which kdr mutations beyond the receptor sites confer resistance remain unclear. Recent advances in protein structure prediction using the AlphaFold2 (AF2) neural network allowed us to generate a new model of the mosquito sodium channel AaNav1-1, with the activated voltage-sensing domains (VSMs) and the presumably inactivated pore domain (PM). We further employed Monte Carlo energy minimizations to open PM and deactivate VSM-I and VSM-II to generate additional models. The docking of a Type II pyrethroid deltamethrin in the models predicted its interactions with many known pyrethroid-sensing residues in the PyR1 and PyR2 sites and revealed ligand-channel interactions that stabilized the open PM and activated VSMs. Our study confirms the predicted two pyrethroid receptor sites, explains the state-dependent action of pyrethroids, and proposes the mechanisms of the allosteric effects of various kdr mutations on pyrethroid action. The AF2-based models may assist in the structure-based design of new insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology & Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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12
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Benito-Murcia M, Martín-Hernández R, Meana A, Botías C, Higes M. Study of pyrethroid resistance mutations in populations of Varroa destructor across Spain. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:34-37. [PMID: 35917591 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The Varroa destructor mite is a serious worldwide pest of honeybees that is usually controlled with pyrethroid-based acaricides. However, the intensive use of these substances over the past decades has led to the development of resistance in these mites. Here, Varroa samples collected between 2006 and 2021 from apiaries across Spain were studied to evaluate the presence of mutations producing pyrethroid resistance, particularly those in the gene encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). Genotyping of the IIS4-IIS5 region of this gene detected the L925V (Leucine 'CTG' to valine 'GTG') mutation at position 925 and confirmed the presence of the M918L (Methionine 'ATG' to Leucine 'TTG') mutation at position 918 in these Spanish Varroa mites. Interestingly, the M918L mutation was always found in combination with L925V, both of which were always homozygous. Over and above the high frequency of pyrethroid-resistant mutations in Spanish Varroa populations, this apparently recent association of the M918L and L925V point mutations is a combination that appears to trigger greater resistance than that produced by L925V alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benito-Murcia
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - R Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain; Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - A Meana
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Botías
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - M Higes
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain.
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13
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Bajda SA, De Clercq P, Van Leeuwen T. Selectivity and molecular stress responses to classical and botanical acaricides in the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:881-895. [PMID: 34862726 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acaricide application remains an integral component of integrated pest management (IPM) for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Species and strains of phytoseiid predatory mites vary significantly in their response to acaricides. For the success of IPM, it is imperative to identify the determinants of selectivity and molecular stress responses of acaricides in predatory mites. RESULTS The three classical acaricides bifenazate, cyflumetofen, and fenbutatin oxide did not affect the survival and fecundity of Phytoseiulus persimilis regardless of the route of exposure. Selectivity of the orange oil and terpenoid blend-based botanical acaricides was low via a combination of direct exposure, acaricide-laced diet, and residual exposure but improved when limiting exposure only to diet. To gain insights into the molecular stress responses, the transcriptome of P. persimilis was assembled. Subsequent gene expression analysis of predatory mites orally exposed to fenbutatin oxide and orange oil yielded only a limited xenobiotic stress response. In contrast, P. persimilis exhibited target-site resistance mutations, including I260M in SdhB, I1017M in CHS1, and kdr and super-kdr in VGSC. Extending the screen using available Phytoseiidae sequences uncovered I136T, S141F in cytb, G119S in AChE, and A2083V in ACC, well-known target-sites of acaricides. CONCLUSION Selectivity of the tested botanical acaricides to P. persimilis was low but could be enhanced by restricting exposure to a single route. Differential gene expression analysis did not show a robust induced stress response after sublethal exposure. In contrast, this study uncovered target-site mutations that may help to explain the physiological selectivity of several classical acaricides to phytoseiid predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Bajda
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vlogiannitis S, Jonckheere W, Laget D, de Graaf DC, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T. Pyrethroid target-site resistance mutations in populations of the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) from Flanders, Belgium. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:205-221. [PMID: 34676469 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee ectoparasite Varroa destructor is considered the major threat to apiculture, as untreated colonies of Apis mellifera usually collapse within a few years. In order to control this mite, many beekeepers rely on a limited number of approved synthetic acaricides, including the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin. Due to the intensive use of these products, resistance is now commonplace in many beekeeping regions across the world. In the present study, the occurrence of amino acid substitutions at residue L925 of the voltage-gate sodium channel-the pyrethroid target site-was studied in Varroa populations collected throughout Flanders, Belgium. Dose-response bioassays supported the involvement of the frequently observed L925V substitution in flumethrin resistance, resulting in a 12.64-fold increase of the LC50 in a Varroa population mostly consisting of homozygous 925 V/V mites. With the presence of L925 substitutions in about four out of 10 screened apiaries, the use of pyrethroid-based varroacides in Flanders, including the recently released PolyVar® Yellow, should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Vlogiannitis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Laget
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Vontas
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Vilarem C, Piou V, Vogelweith F, Vétillard A. Varroa destructor from the Laboratory to the Field: Control, Biocontrol and IPM Perspectives-A Review. INSECTS 2021; 12:800. [PMID: 34564240 PMCID: PMC8465918 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is a real challenger for beekeepers and scientists: fragile out of the hive, tenacious inside a bee colony. From all the research done on the topic, we have learned that a better understanding of this organism in its relationship with the bee but also for itself is necessary. Its biology relies mostly on semiochemicals for reproduction, nutrition, or orientation. Many treatments have been developed over the years based on hard or soft acaricides or even on biocontrol techniques. To date, no real sustainable solution exists to reduce the pressure of the mite without creating resistances or harming honeybees. Consequently, the development of alternative disruptive tools against the parasitic life cycle remains open. It requires the combination of both laboratory and field results through a holistic approach based on health biomarkers. Here, we advocate for a more integrative vision of V. destructor research, where in vitro and field studies are more systematically compared and compiled. Therefore, after a brief state-of-the-art about the mite's life cycle, we discuss what has been done and what can be done from the laboratory to the field against V. destructor through an integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vilarem
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
- M2i Biocontrol–Entreprise SAS, 46140 Parnac, France;
| | - Vincent Piou
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
| | | | - Angélique Vétillard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
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Jack CJ, Ellis JD. Integrated Pest Management Control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), the Most Damaging Pest of (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) Colonies. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6. [PMID: 34536080 PMCID: PMC8449538 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is among the greatest biological threats to western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health worldwide. Beekeepers routinely use chemical treatments to control this parasite, though overuse and mismanagement of these treatments have led to widespread resistance in Varroa populations. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecologically based, sustainable approach to pest management that relies on a combination of control tactics that minimize environmental impacts. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of the components of IPM in a Varroa control context. These include determining economic thresholds for the mite, identification of and monitoring for Varroa, prevention strategies, and risk conscious treatments. Furthermore, we provide a detailed review of cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control strategies, both longstanding and emerging, used against Varroa globally. For each control type, we describe all available treatments, their efficacies against Varroa as described in the primary scientific literature, and the obstacles to their adoption. Unfortunately, reliable IPM protocols do not exist for Varroa due to the complex biology of the mite and strong reliance on chemical control by beekeepers. To encourage beekeeper adoption, a successful IPM approach to Varroa control in managed colonies must be an improvement over conventional control methods and include cost-effective treatments that can be employed readily by beekeepers. It is our intention to provide the most thorough review of Varroa control options available, ultimately framing our discussion within the context of IPM. We hope this article is a call-to-arms against the most damaging pest managed honey bee colonies face worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Jack
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - James D Ellis
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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17
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Residual Tau-Fluvalinate in Honey Bee Colonies Is Coupled with Evidence for Selection for Varroa destructor Resistance to Pyrethroids. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080731. [PMID: 34442297 PMCID: PMC8397018 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is considered one of the most devastating parasites of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and a major problem for the beekeeping industry. Currently, the main method to control Varroa mites is the application of drugs that contain different acaricides as active ingredients. The pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate is one of the acaricides most widely used in beekeeping due to its efficacy and low toxicity to bees. However, the intensive and repetitive application of this compound produces a selective pressure that, when maintained over time, contributes to the emergence of resistant mites in the honey bee colonies, compromising the acaricidal treatments efficacy. Here we studied the presence of tau-fluvalinate residues in hives and the evolution of genetic resistance to this acaricide in Varroa mites from honey bee colonies that received no pyrethroid treatment in the previous four years. Our data revealed the widespread and persistent tau-fluvalinate contamination of beeswax and beebread in hives, an overall increase of the pyrethroid resistance allele frequency and a generalized excess of resistant mites relative to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. These results suggest that tau-fluvalinate contamination in the hives may seriously compromise the efficacy of pyrethroid-based mite control methods.
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18
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Millán-Leiva A, Marín Ó, Christmon K, vanEngelsdorp D, González-Cabrera J. Mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Varroa mite, a parasite of honey bees, are widespread across the United States. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3241-3249. [PMID: 33728766 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Managed honey bees are key pollinators of many crops and play an essential role in the United States food production. For more than ten years, beekeepers in the United States have been reporting high rates of colony losses. One of the drivers of these losses is the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. Maintaining healthy honey bee colonies in the United States is dependent on a successful control of this mite. The pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate (Apistan®) was among the first synthetic varroacides registered in the United States. With over 20 years of use, mites resistant to Apistan® have emerged, and so it is unsurprising that treatment failures have been reported. Resistance to tau-fluvalinate in US mite populations is associated with point mutations at position 925 of the voltage-gated sodium channel. RESULTS Here, we have generated a distribution map of pyrethroid resistance alleles in Varroa samples collected from US apiaries in 2016 and 2017, using a high throughput allelic discrimination assay based on TaqMan®. Our results evidence that knockdown resistance (kdr)-type mutations are widely distributed in Varroa populations across the country showing high variability among apiaries. We used these data to predict the phenotype of the mites in the case of treatments with pyrethroids. CONCLUSION We highlight the relevance of monitoring the resistance in mite populations to achieve an efficient control of this pest. We also put forward the benefits of implementing this methodology to provide data for designing pest management programs aiming to control Varroa. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Millán-Leiva
- Department of Genetics, Institute BIOTECMED, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Óscar Marín
- Department of Genetics, Institute BIOTECMED, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | | | - Joel González-Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Institute BIOTECMED, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Reduced proinsecticide activation by cytochrome P450 confers coumaphos resistance in the major bee parasite Varroa destructor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020380118. [PMID: 33547243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020380118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is one of the main problems in modern beekeeping. Highly selective acaricides with low toxicity to bees are used internationally to control this mite. One of the key acaricides is the organophosphorus (OP) proinsecticide coumaphos, that becomes toxic after enzymatic activation inside Varroa We show here that mites from the island Andros (AN-CR) exhibit high levels of coumaphos resistance. Resistance is not mediated by decreased coumaphos uptake, target-site resistance, or increased detoxification. Reduced proinsecticide activation by a cytochrome P450 enzyme was the main resistance mechanism, a powerful and rarely encountered evolutionary solution to insecticide selection pressure. After treatment with sublethal doses of [14C] coumaphos, susceptible mite extracts had substantial amounts of coroxon, the activated metabolite of coumaphos, while resistant mites had only trace amounts. This indicates a suppression of the P450 (CYP)-mediated activation step in the AN-CR mites. Bioassays with coroxon to bypass the activation step showed that resistance was dramatically reduced. There are 26 CYPs present in the V. destructor genome. Transcriptome analysis revealed overexpression in resistant mites of CYP4DP24 and underexpression of CYP3012A6 and CYP4EP4 RNA interference of CYP4EP4 in the susceptible population, to mimic underexpression seen in the resistant mites, prevented coumaphos activation and decreased coumaphos toxicity.
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20
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Koç N, İnak E, Jonckheere W, Van Leeuwen T. Genetic analysis and screening of pyrethroid resistance mutations in Varroa destructor populations from Turkey. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:433-444. [PMID: 33983538 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the most common ectoparasite of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) worldwide and poses a serious threat to bee health. Synthetic acaricides, particularly pyrethroids, are frequently used to control Varroa mites. However, long-term and repeated use of synthetic pyrethroids has led to the development of resistance. In this study, we report on the presence of resistance mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel in V. destructor populations from Turkish beekeeping areas. Two resistance mutations, L925V and L925I, that were previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, were found in more than 75% of the populations. A general correlation between the presence of mutations and the history of acaricide usage was observed for the sampled hives. In addition, we show there is only a low genetic distance among the sampled V. destructor populations, based on the analysis of three mitochondrial genes: cytochrome b (cytb), ATP synthase subunit 6 (atp6), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3). Revealing the presence and geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in V. destructor populations from Turkish apiaries will contribute to create more effective mite management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiye Koç
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre İnak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Hernández-Rodríguez CS, Marín Ó, Calatayud F, Mahiques MJ, Mompó A, Segura I, Simó E, González-Cabrera J. Large-Scale Monitoring of Resistance to Coumaphos, Amitraz, and Pyrethroids in Varroa destructor. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010027. [PMID: 33406622 PMCID: PMC7824307 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite of Apis mellifera, is causing severe damages to honey bee colonies worldwide. There are very few acaricides available to manage the parasite, and so the evolution of the mite’s resistance to acaricides poses a serious threat to controlling the mite. Using a combined approach that includes bioassays and genotyping, we estimated the expected efficacy of the treatments with acaricide products based on coumaphos, amitraz, and pyrethroids in apiaries from one of the most important beekeeping regions in Spain. This information was shared with the beekeeping community so that they can take informed and scientific-based decisions in the most convenient way to manage the parasite. Abstract Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite causing devastating damages to honey bee colonies around the world. Its impact is considered a major factor contributing to the significant seasonal losses of colonies recorded every year. Beekeepers usually rely on a reduced set of acaricides to manage the parasite, usually the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate or flumethrin, the organophosphate coumaphos, and the formamidine amitraz. However, the evolution of resistance in the mite populations is leading to an unsustainable scenario with almost no alternatives to reach an adequate control of the mite. Here, we present the results from the first large-scale and extensive monitoring of the susceptibility to acaricides in the Comunitat Valenciana, one of the most prominent apicultural regions in Spain. Our ultimate goal is to provide beekeepers with timely information to help them decide what would be the best alternative for a long-term control of the mites in their apiaries. Our data show that there is a significant variation in the expected efficacy of coumaphos and pyrethroids across the region, indicating the presence of a different ratio of resistant individuals to these acaricides in each population. On the other hand, the expected efficacy of amitraz was more consistent, though slightly below the expected efficacy according to the label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sara Hernández-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.H.-R.); (Ó.M.)
| | - Óscar Marín
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.H.-R.); (Ó.M.)
| | - Fernando Calatayud
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola APIADS, Calle Raval 75B, 46193 Montroi, Spain; (F.C.); (E.S.)
| | - María José Mahiques
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola APICAL y APIVAL, C/Sants de la Pedra 75, 03830 Muro de Alcoy, Spain; (M.J.M.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Ana Mompó
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola APICAL y APIVAL, C/Sants de la Pedra 75, 03830 Muro de Alcoy, Spain; (M.J.M.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Inmaculada Segura
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola APICAL y APIVAL, C/Sants de la Pedra 75, 03830 Muro de Alcoy, Spain; (M.J.M.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Enrique Simó
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola APIADS, Calle Raval 75B, 46193 Montroi, Spain; (F.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Joel González-Cabrera
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.H.-R.); (Ó.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-543-122
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Sever HC, Heim JR, Lydy VR, Fung CY, Huff Hartz KE, Giroux MS, Andrzejczyk N, Major KM, Poynton HC, Lydy MJ. Recessivity of pyrethroid resistance and limited interspecies hybridization across Hyalella clades supports rapid and independent origins of resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115074. [PMID: 32629209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several populations of the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides due to non-target exposure, but the dominance of the resistance trait is unknown. The current study investigated the dominance level of point mutations in natural populations of insecticide-resistant H. azteca and determined whether H. azteca from different clades with and without resistant alleles can hybridize and produce viable offspring. A parent generation (P0) of non-resistant homozygous wild type H. azteca was crossbred with pyrethroid-resistant homozygous mutant animals and the tolerance of the filial 1 (F1) generation to the pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, was measured. Then the genotypes of the F1 generation was examined to assure heterozygosity. The resistant parents had permethrin LC50 values that ranged from 52 to 82 times higher than the non-resistant animals and both crossbreeding experiments produced heterozygous hybrid offspring that had LC50 values similar to the non-resistant H. azteca parent. Dominance levels calculated for each of the crosses showed values close to 0, confirming that the L925I and L925V mutations were completely recessive. The lack of reproduction by hybrids of the C x D breeding confirmed that these clades are reproductively isolated and therefore introgression of adaptive alleles across these clades is unlikely. Potential evolutionary consequences of this selection include development of population bottlenecks, which may arise leading to fitness costs and reduced genetic diversity of H. azteca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh C Sever
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer R Heim
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Victoria R Lydy
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences: Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Courtney Y Fung
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Marissa S Giroux
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Kaley M Major
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen C Poynton
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA.
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Assessing the resistance to acaricides in Varroa destructor from several Spanish locations. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3595-3601. [PMID: 32935162 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Varroosis is the disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, one of the most destructive diseases of honeybees. In Spain, there is great concern because there are many therapeutic failures after acaricide treatments intended to control varroosis outbreaks. In some of these cases it is not clear whether such failures are due to the evolution of resistance. Therefore, it is of high interest the development of methodologies to test the level of resistance in mite populations. In this work, a simple bioassay methodology was used to test whether some reports on low efficacy in different regions of Spain were in fact related to reduced Varroa sensitivity to the most used acaricides. This bioassay proved to be very effective in evaluating the presence of mites that survive after being exposed to acaricides. In the samples tested, the mortality caused by coumaphos ranged from 2 to 89%; for tau-fluvalinate, it ranged from 5 to 96%. On the other hand, amitraz caused 100% mortality in all cases. These results suggest the presence of Varroa resistant to coumaphos and fluvalinate in most of the apiaries sampled, even in those where these active ingredients were not used in the last years. The bioassay technique presented here, either alone or in combination with other molecular tools, could be useful in detecting mite populations with different sensitivity to acaricides, which is of vital interest in selecting the best management and/or acaricide strategy to control the parasite in apiaries.
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Almecija G, Poirot B, Cochard P, Suppo C. Inventory of Varroa destructor susceptibility to amitraz and tau-fluvalinate in France. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:1-16. [PMID: 32809187 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is one of the greatest threats for the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. Acaricides are required to control mite infestation. Three conventional chemical acaricide substances are used in France: tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin and amitraz. Tau-fluvalinate was used for over 10 years before experiencing a loss of effectiveness. In 1995, bioassay trials showed the first mite resistance to tau-fluvalinate. In some countries, amitraz was widely used, also leading to resistance of V. destructor to amitraz. In France, some efficiency field tests showed a loss of treatment effectiveness with amitraz. We adapted the bioassay from Maggi and collaborators to determine mite susceptibility to tau-fluvalinate and amitraz in France in 2018 and 2019. The lethal concentration (LC) which kills 90% of susceptible mite strains (LC90) is 0.4 and 12 µg/mL for amitraz and tau-fluvalinate, respectively. These concentrations were chosen as the determining factors to evaluate mite susceptibility. Some mites, collected from different apiaries, present resistance to amitraz and tau-fluvalinate (71% of the mite samples show resistance to amitraz and 57% to tau-fluvalinate). As there are few active substances available in France, and if mite resistance to acaricides continues to increase, the effectiveness of the treatments will decrease and therefore more treatments per year will be necessary. To prevent this situation, a new strategy needs to be put in place to include mite resistance management. We suggest that a bioassay would be a good tool with which to advise the policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Almecija
- APINOV, Research and Training Center, 10 rue Henri Bessemer, 17140, Lagord, France.
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7621, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Benjamin Poirot
- APINOV, Research and Training Center, 10 rue Henri Bessemer, 17140, Lagord, France
| | - Précillia Cochard
- APINOV, Research and Training Center, 10 rue Henri Bessemer, 17140, Lagord, France
| | - Christelle Suppo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7621, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
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25
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Benavent-Albarracín L, Alonso M, Catalán J, Urbaneja A, Davies TGE, Williamson MS, González-Cabrera J. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene associated with deltamethrin resistance in commercially sourced Phytoseiulus persimilis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:373-380. [PMID: 32249467 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of Integrated Pest Management in current agricultural practice is a convenient and very effective strategy to keep pest populations under control. The use of biological control agents, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, is key for the success of such an approach. This predatory mite is widely used as it is very effective for controlling Tetranychus urticae, one of the most devastating crop pests. Here, we identify several mutations located in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of commercially sourced P. persimilis that correlate with a reduced susceptibility to the pyrethroid deltamethrin. We found that the mites sourced from two different biocontrol product companies have intrinsic genotypic differences that correlate with their phenotype when tested with different concentrations of deltamethrin. Mites from Syngenta Bioline, carrying the mutations M918L and A1536T, were able to survive deltamethrin concentrations of up to 10 ppm, while the mites from Koppert Biological Systems, with the combination M918L, L925V and S1539T, survived treatment with 40 ppm. All of the point mutations identified in the predatory mite samples are located in a particular region of the VGSC, previously proposed as the binding site for this family of pesticides and identified as a 'hot spot' for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benavent-Albarracín
- Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Alonso
- Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Catalán
- Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Urbaneja
- Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - T G E Davies
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - M S Williamson
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J González-Cabrera
- Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Vu PD, Rault LC, Jenson LJ, Bloomquist JR, Anderson TD. Voltage-gated chloride channel blocker DIDS as an acaricide for Varroa mites. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104603. [PMID: 32527437 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Varroa mite is a primary driver behind periodical losses of honey bee colonies. These mites require honey bees for food and reproduction and, in turn, elicit physiological deficiencies and diseases that compromise colony health. Current acaricides for Varroa mite control, such as Apistan® (the pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate), CheckMite+® (the organophosphate coumaphos), and Apivar® (the formamidine amitraz) target the nervous system, can have adverse health effects on honey bees, and have limited effectiveness due to reported resistance issues. New target sites are needed to circumvent these obstacles in Varroa mite management, and voltage-gated chloride channels (VGCCs) are promising candidates due to their important role in the maintenance of nerve and muscle excitability in arthropod pests. Toxicological analysis of Varroa mites sensitive to tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos and Varroa mites with reduced sensitivity to these acaricides showed a significant increase in metabolic detoxification enzyme activities for the latter. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the Varroa mites exhibiting reduced mortality to coumaphos was significantly less sensitive to coumaphos-oxon compared to coumaphos-sensitive Varroa mites, which suggests target-site insensitivity to the acaricide. Voltage-gated chloride channel blocker DIDS had significantly greater field efficacy compared to Apistan® and CheckMite+® against Varroa mites from honey bee hives where tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos were observed to be ineffective, respectively. These data suggest that DIDS, and potentially other stilbene chemistries, might serve as candidates for continued field efficacy testing of alternative acaricides in apiaries where Apistan®- and CheckMite+® efficacy has been. reduced or lost for Varroa mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philene D Vu
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lacey J Jenson
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Total Brood Removal and Other Biotechniques for the Sustainable Control of Varroa Mites in Honey Bee Colonies: Economic Impact in Beekeeping Farm Case Studies in Northwestern Italy. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Honey bee colonies are affected by many threats, and the Varroa mite represents one of the most important causes of honey bee disease. The control of the Varroa population is managed by different methods, and in recent years, biotechnical practices are considered preferable to chemical approaches in order to safeguard honey bee health and avoid residues in bee products as well as the appearance of acaricide resistance. However, little is known about the economic performance of beekeeping exploitations in relation to the methods used for tackling Varroa. This study aims to investigate the economic impact of total brood removal (TBR) as a biotechnique to keep Varroa mites under control, and compare this to other common biotechniques and chemical Varroa control in numerous Italian beekeeping case studies. A pool of economic and technical indexes was proposed. The proposed index pool can be included in the development of an expert system (such as a decision support system) able to address the optimal management of this very complex activity, which requires natural resources, land protection, capital and high technical skills. The result showed that the adoption of the TBR biotechnique vs. other biotechniques led to an increase in terms of total revenue (increase values ranging from 11% to 28%) even though more labor is needed (increase values ranging from 43 to 83 min/hive) and a loss of honey production could be recorded in some cases. Additionally, the total expenses, represented mainly by supplemental nutrition and treatments with oxalic acid, affected the economic results of the biotechnical practices. The use of biotechniques vs. chemical control resulted in decreased treatment costs and increased feeding costs. The advantages resulting from not using synthetic acaricides (which are dangerous for honey bee and human health as well as the environment) as well as the advantages linked to the production of new nuclei (which are involved in the maintenance of bee stock and counteract the decline in honey bee population) and pollination ecosystem services could make beekeeping farms more resilient over time.
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Detection of amitraz resistance and reduced treatment efficacy in the Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor, within commercial beekeeping operations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227264. [PMID: 31951619 PMCID: PMC6968863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor and the associated viruses it transmits are responsible for most instances of honey bee colony losses in the United States. As such, beekeepers utilize miticides to control Varroa populations. Widespread resistance has developed to the miticides fluvalinate and coumaphos. However, Varroa has largely maintained susceptibility to amitraz despite a long and extensive use history. Anecdotal reports of reduced amitraz effectiveness have been a widely discussed contemporary issue among commercial beekeepers. Amitraz resistance was measured by in vitro bioassays with technical amitraz as well as Apivar® efficacy tests. Amitraz resistance was evaluated in commercial beekeeping operations in Louisiana, New York, and South Dakota with a long history of amitraz use. This research shows that amitraz remains an effective Varroa control product in many operations. However, apiaries across operations displayed a wide range of amitraz resistance from no resistance to high resistance that resulted in Varroa control failure. The resistance ratios from in vitro amitraz bioassays were correlated with reduced Apivar® efficacy, demonstrating bona fide cases of Varroa control failures due to amitraz resistance. Therefore, amitraz resistance monitoring protocols need to be developed. A resistance monitoring network should be established to ensure the sustainability of miticide use for Varroa control.
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29
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Major KM, Brander SM. The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New Perspective on Aquatic Ecotoxicity. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Erban T, Vaclavikova M, Tomesova D, Halesova T, Hubert J. tau-Fluvalinate and other pesticide residues in honey bees before overwintering. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3245-3251. [PMID: 30983110 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides have often been linked to honey bee colony losses, which occur mainly over winter. In this study, we investigated residues in nine colonies at a model agricultural research site during the period before wintering. Moreover, we applied the acaricide tau-fluvalinate to the colonies via a strip formulation. The pesticide content was determined by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in bees from brood comb initially collected in mid-September immediately prior to the start of tau-fluvalinate treatment and 30 later at the time of tau-fluvalinate strip removal. RESULTS In addition to commonly analyzed pesticides, we detected two plant growth regulators, chlormequat and metazachlor, in the bee colonies. Whereas thiacloprid, chlormequat and acetamiprid decreased after 30 days and contributed considerably to differences between sample time points, other pesticides appeared to be rather stable. Interestingly, we identified diazinon, which has been banned in the European Union since 2007. The residues of methiocarb sulfoxide and imidacloprid-urea in the absence of their parent compounds indicate historical environmental contamination that can be identified by the detection of residues in a bee colony. tau-Fluvalinate was detected only after the 30-day treatment at an average (± SD) concentration of 1.29 ± 1.93 ng/bee, ranging from 0.06 to 7.13 ng/bee. CONCLUSION The multidimensional behavior of pesticides in a bee colony was indicated. Although the research area is used for agriculture, the measured pesticide level was relatively low. The recorded concentrations of tau-fluvalinate should not be dangerous to bees, as the values were ∼ 200-5000-fold lower than the reported median lethal dose (LD50 ) values. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
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31
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Stara J, Pekar S, Nesvorna M, Kamler M, Doskocil I, Hubert J. Spatio-temporal dynamics of Varroa destructor resistance to tau-fluvalinate in Czechia, associated with L925V sodium channel point mutation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1287-1294. [PMID: 30338625 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive application of pyrethroids to control Varroa destructor, an invasive mite devastating bee colonies, has resulted in a global spread of resistant mite populations. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics of resistant V. destructor populations in Czechia, stemming from the L925V mutation. Mites were collected during 2011-2018 directly or from winter beeswax debris, and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and densitometry was used to detect the L925V mutation. RESULTS Pooled samples of 10 mites were classified, based on their PCR-RFLP patterns, as tau-fluvalinate-sensitive (56%), resistant (9%), or mixed (35%), with the latter including sensitive and resistant homo- and heterozygotes. We identified two zones with higher frequencies of resistance, one in southern Moravia and the other in Bohemia. The mutant populations were evenly distributed throughout the monitored districts, with a few temporal and spatial local fluctuations. The greatest increase in resistance was observed in 2016, following massive losses of bee colonies in the winter of 2015. This event appeared to be closely associated with fluctuations in resistant mite populations and their dispersion. CONCLUSION Two outbreaks of resistance were detected in Czechia; however, the amount of applied tau-fluvalinate was not correlated with the frequency of resistance in mites. There was no remarkable increase in mite resistance in 2011-2018, although the use of tau-fluvalinate increased 40-fold between 2011 and 2015. PCR-RFLP analysis, performed on mites present in beeswax debris, is a suitable method for monitoring the L925V mutation in V. destructor. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stano Pekar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Martin Kamler
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechia
| | - Ivo Doskocil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
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Stara J, Pekar S, Nesvorna M, Erban T, Vinsova H, Kopecky J, Doskocil I, Kamler M, Hubert J. Detection of tau-fluvalinate resistance in the mite Varroa destructor based on the comparison of vial test and PCR-RFLP of kdr mutation in sodium channel gene. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:161-171. [PMID: 30810851 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the major cause of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. Mite control is limited to several miticides. The overuse of tau-fluvalinate has resulted in resistance via a knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the sodium channel gene NaVChs (L925V/I/M). In this study, we used the discriminating concentration of tau-fluvalinate (0.25 µg/mL) to detect the resistance of mites in a bioassay. Further, we verified the presence of the kdr mutation in mites from the bioassay via PCR amplification of a fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaVCh), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), and densitometry analyses in pools of surviving or dead mites. Resistance values corresponding to the densitometry of the resistant allele were related to mite survival. In the vial test, the survival of the control group was significantly higher (70.4%) than that of the tau-fluvalinate-treated group (34.3%). Mite survival in the vial test was significantly correlated with the mean proportion of resistance values. Individuals that died after tau-fluvalinate application exhibited an average resistance value of 0.0783, whereas individuals that survived exhibited an average resistance of 0.400. The concentration of tau-fluvalinate in the vials was checked using high performance liquid chromatography under different temperatures and exposure times, and indicates that the stability of tau-fluvalinate stored in the refrigerator (4 ± 1 °C) is at least 14 days. PCR-RFLP of the NaVCh gene fragment verified that the vial test is a suitable, rapid, and cost-effective method for the identification of tau-fluvalinate resistance based on kdr mutation in V. destructor in apiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Stara
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Stano Pekar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Nesvorna
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Erban
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vinsova
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, 252 66, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Doskocil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, 252 66, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hubert
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
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Farjamfar M, Saboori A, González-Cabrera J, Hernández Rodríguez CS. Genetic variability and pyrethroid susceptibility of the parasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Iran. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:139-148. [PMID: 30238306 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is one of the major concerns for worldwide beekeeping. The use of synthetic pyrethroids for controlling the mite was among the most popular treatments until resistance evolved in the mid 1990's. In Iran, beekeepers are dealing with the parasite and they also used pyrethroids for controlling the mite for a long time. After the evolution of resistance to pyrethroids, they based mite control mostly on treatments with amitraz, organic acids and several management practices. Here we conducted a comprehensive characterization of V. destructor populations parasitizing Apis mellifera in Iran. We determined the genetic variability of mites collected from 28 localities distributed throughout the country. The haplotype of V. destructor was determined by PCR-RFLP, analyzing a fragment of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. It was found that only the Korean haplotype was present in samples from all localities. DNA fragments from cox1, atp6, cox3 and cytb mitochondrial genes were sequenced and the results showed that all samples were identical to the K1-1 or the K1-2 V. destructor haplotypes. Moreover, as it has been reported that resistance to pyrethroids in V. destructor is associated with mutations at position 925 of the voltage-gated sodium channel, a TaqMan®-based allelic discrimination assay was conducted to genotype the mites collected. The results showed that all the mites tested were homozygous for the wild-type allele and, therefore, susceptible to treatment with pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Farjamfar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- ERI BIOTECMED, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alireza Saboori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Joel González-Cabrera
- ERI BIOTECMED, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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34
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van Dooremalen C, Cornelissen B, Poleij-Hok-Ahin C, Blacquière T. Single and interactive effects of Varroa destructor
, Nosema
spp., and imidacloprid on honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera
). Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Coby van Dooremalen
- Bees@wur; Wageningen Plant Research; Wageningen University and Research; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Wageningen 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Bram Cornelissen
- Bees@wur; Wageningen Plant Research; Wageningen University and Research; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Wageningen 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Chula Poleij-Hok-Ahin
- Bees@wur; Wageningen Plant Research; Wageningen University and Research; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Wageningen 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd Blacquière
- Bees@wur; Wageningen Plant Research; Wageningen University and Research; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Wageningen 6708 PB The Netherlands
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35
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Major KM, Weston DP, Lydy MJ, Wellborn GA, Poynton HC. Unintentional exposure to terrestrial pesticides drives widespread and predictable evolution of resistance in freshwater crustaceans. Evol Appl 2018; 11:748-761. [PMID: 29875816 PMCID: PMC5979619 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide runoff from terrestrial environments into waterways is often lethal to freshwater organisms, but exposure may also drive evolution of pesticide resistance. We analyzed the degree of resistance and molecular genetic changes underlying resistance in Hyalella azteca, a species complex of freshwater crustaceans inadvertently exposed to pesticide pollution via runoff. We surveyed 16 waterways encompassing most major watersheds throughout California and found that land use patterns are predictive of both pyrethroid presence in aquatic sediments and pyrethroid resistance in H. azteca. Nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel including the M918L, L925I, or L925V confer resistance in H. azteca. The most frequently identified mutation, L925I, appears to be preferred within the species complex. The L925V substitution has been associated with pyrethroid resistance in another insect, but is novel in H. azteca. We documented a variety of pyrethroid resistance mutations across several species groups within this complex, indicating that pyrethroid resistance has independently arisen in H. azteca at least six separate times. Further, the high frequency of resistance alleles indicates that pesticide-mediated selection on H. azteca populations in waterways equals or exceeds that of targeted terrestrial pests. Widespread resistance throughout California suggests current practices to mitigate off-site movement of pyrethroids are inadequate to protect aquatic life from negative ecological impacts and implies the likelihood of similar findings globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M. Major
- School for the EnvironmentUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Donald P. Weston
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Michael J. Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic SciencesCarbondaleILUSA
- Department of ZoologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
| | | | - Helen C. Poynton
- School for the EnvironmentUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
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Dong X, Kashio M, Peng G, Wang X, Tominaga M, Kadowaki T. Isoform-specific modulation of the chemical sensitivity of conserved TRPA1 channel in the major honeybee ectoparasitic mite, Tropilaelaps mercedesae. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160042. [PMID: 27307515 PMCID: PMC4929936 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified and characterized the TRPA1 channel of Tropilaelaps mercedesae (TmTRPA1), one of two major species of honeybee ectoparasitic mite. Three TmTRPA1 isoforms with unique N-terminal sequences were activated by heat, and the isoform highly expressed in the mite's front legs, TmTRPA1b, was also activated by 27 plant-derived compounds including electrophiles. This suggests that the heat- and electrophile-dependent gating mechanisms as nocisensitive TRPA1 channel are well conserved between arthropod species. Intriguingly, one TmTRPA1 isoform, TmTRPA1a, was activated by only six compounds compared with two other isoforms, demonstrating that the N-terminal sequences are critical determinants for the chemical sensitivity. This is the first example of isoform-specific modulation of chemical sensitivity of TRPA1 channel in one species. α-terpineol showed repellent activity towards T. mercedesae in a laboratory assay and repressed T. mercedesae entry for reproduction into the brood cells with fifth instar larvae in hives. Thus, α-terpineol could be used as the potential compound to control two major honeybee ectoparasitic mites, T. mercedesae and Varroa destructor, in the apiculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Makiko Kashio
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Guangda Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kadowaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, People's Republic of China
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37
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Verdonck F, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infestation with Varroa spp. (varroosis). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04997. [PMID: 32625294 PMCID: PMC7009930 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation with Varroa spp. (varroosis) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of varroosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of varroosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to varroosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether varroosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of varroosis with the criteria as in Annex IV to the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in Article 9(1), and which animal species can be considered to be listed for varroosis according to Article 8(3) are also inconclusive.
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Beaurepaire AL, Krieger KJ, Moritz RFA. Seasonal cycle of inbreeding and recombination of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honeybee colonies and its implications for the selection of acaricide resistance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 50:49-54. [PMID: 28216419 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the most devastating parasite of the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera. In the light of the arm race opposing the host and its parasite, the population dynamics and genetic diversity of these organisms are key parameters. However, the life cycle of V. destructor is characterized by extreme inbreeding due to full sibling mating in the host brood cells. We here present an equation reflecting the evolution of inbreeding in such a clonal system, and compare our predictions with empirical data based on the analysis of seven microsatellite markers. This comparison revealed that the mites perform essentially incestuous mating in the beginning of the brood season. However, this pattern changes with the development of mite infestation. Despite the fact that the overall level of genetic diversity of the mites remained low through the season, multiple inbred lineages were identified in the mites we sampled in June. As a response to the decrease of brood availability and the increase of the parasite population in parallel in the colonies, these lineages recombined towards the end of the season as mites co-infest brood cells. Our results suggest that the ratio of the number of mite per brood cell in the colony determines the genetic structure of the populations of V. destructor. This intracolonial population dynamics has great relevance for the selection of acaricide resistance in V. destructor. If chemical treatments occur before the recombination phase, inbreeding will greatly enhance the fixation of resistance alleles at the colony level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Beaurepaire
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle a.d. Saale, Germany; UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, INRA, Centre de Recherche Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Avignon, France.
| | | | - Robin F A Moritz
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle a.d. Saale, Germany; Dept Zoology, Entomology University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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39
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Pinnelli GR, Singh NK, Soroker V, Plettner E. Synthesis of Enantiopure Alicyclic Ethers and Their Activity on the Chemosensory Organ of the Ectoparasite of Honey Bees, Varroa destructor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8653-8658. [PMID: 27792333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of enantiopure conformationally restricted alicyclic ethers and their inhibitory activities on the chemosensory organ of the Varroa destructor, a parasite of honey bees, are reported in this article. We tested the effect of enantiopure ethers of cis-5-(2'-hydroxyethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-ol on the Varroa chemosensory organ by electrophysiology, for their ability to inhibit the responses to two honey bee-produced odors that are important for the mite to locate its host: nurse bee head space odor and (E)-β-ocimene, a honey bee brood pheromone. Previous work with the racemic compounds showed that they suppress the mite's olfactory response to its bee host, which led to incorrect host choice. Based on a structure-activity relationship, we predicted that the two most active compounds-cis-1-butoxy-5-(2'-methoxyethyl)cyclopent-2-ene, cy{4,1}, and (cis-1-ethoxy-5-(2'ethoxyethyl)cyclopent-2-ene, cy{2,2}-could have opposite active enantiomers. Here we studied the enantiomers of both ethers, whose preparation involved enzymatic resolution of racemic diol cis-5-(2'-hydroxyethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-ol using Lipase AK with vinyl acetate. The racemic diol was prepared from commercially available 2,5-norbornadiene. We observed that the responses of the chemosensory organ to honey bee head space volatiles were significantly decreased by both enantiomers of cy{4,1} and cy{2,2}, but that responses to (E)-β-ocimene were decreased significantly only by (+)-cy{4,1} (1R,5S) and (-)-cy{2,2} (1S,5R) and not by their respective enantiomers. The importance of this result is that the racemates could be used to inhibit olfactory detection of bee odors by mites, without a loss in activity relative to the more expensive enantiopure compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhana R Pinnelli
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nitin K Singh
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center , Bet Dagan 75359, Israel
| | - Victoria Soroker
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center , Bet Dagan 75359, Israel
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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40
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Rolke D, Fuchs S, Grünewald B, Gao Z, Blenau W. Large-scale monitoring of effects of clothianidin-dressed oilseed rape seeds on pollinating insects in Northern Germany: effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1648-1665. [PMID: 27644949 PMCID: PMC5093180 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Possible effects of clothianidin seed-treated oilseed rape on honey bee colonies were investigated in a large-scale monitoring project in Northern Germany, where oilseed rape usually comprises 25-33 % of the arable land. For both reference and test sites, six study locations were selected and eight honey bee hives were placed at each location. At each site, three locations were directly adjacent to oilseed rape fields and three locations were situated 400 m away from the nearest oilseed rape field. Thus, 96 hives were exposed to fully flowering oilseed rape crops. Colony sizes and weights, the amount of honey harvested, and infection with parasites and diseases were monitored between April and September 2014. The percentage of oilseed rape pollen was determined in pollen and honey samples. After oilseed rape flowering, the hives were transferred to an extensive isolated area for post-exposure monitoring. Total numbers of adult bees and brood cells showed seasonal fluctuations, and there were no significant differences between the sites. The honey, which was extracted at the end of the exposure phase, contained 62.0-83.5 % oilseed rape pollen. Varroa destructor infestation was low during most of the course of the study but increased at the end of the study due to flumethrin resistance in the mite populations. In summary, honey bee colonies foraging in clothianidin seed-treated oilseed rape did not show any detrimental symptoms as compared to colonies foraging in clothianidin-free oilseed rape. Development of colony strength, brood success as well as honey yield and pathogen infection were not significantly affected by clothianidin seed-treatment during this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rolke
- Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany
| | - Stefan Fuchs
- Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany
| | - Bernd Grünewald
- Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Blenau
- Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany.
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41
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Cong L, Chen F, Yu S, Ding L, Yang J, Luo R, Tian H, Li H, Liu H, Ran C. Transcriptome and Difference Analysis of Fenpropathrin Resistant Predatory Mite, Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E704. [PMID: 27240349 PMCID: PMC4926325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fenpropathrin-resistant predatory mites have been reported. However, the molecular mechanism of the resistance remains unknown. In the present study, the Neoseiulus barkeri (N. barkeri) transcriptome was generated using the Illumina sequencing platform, 34,211 unigenes were obtained, and 15,987 were manually annotated. After manual annotation, attentions were attracted to resistance-related genes, such as voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), cytochrome P450s (P450s), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). A polymorphism analysis detected two point mutations (E1233G and S1282G) in the linker region between VGSC domain II and III. In addition, 43 putative P450 genes and 10 putative GST genes were identified from the transcriptome. Among them, two P450 genes, NbCYP4EV2 and NbCYP4EZ1, and four GST genes, NbGSTd01, NbGSTd02, NbGSTd03 and NbGSTm03, were remarkably overexpressed 3.64-46.69-fold in the fenpropathrin resistant strain compared to that in the susceptible strain. These results suggest that fenpropathrin resistance in N. barkeri is a complex biological process involving many genetic changes and provide new insight into the N. barkeri resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- Sinofert Holdings Limited, Henan Branch, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Shijiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Lili Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Juan Yang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Ren Luo
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Huixia Tian
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Hongjun Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Haoqiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China.
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42
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Novel Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Pyrethroid-Resistant Varroa destructor Populations from the Southeastern USA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155332. [PMID: 27191597 PMCID: PMC4871586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor has a significant worldwide impact on bee colony health. In the absence of control measures, parasitized colonies invariably collapse within 3 years. The synthetic pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin have proven very effective at managing this mite within apiaries, but intensive control programs based mainly on one active ingredient have led to many reports of pyrethroid resistance. In Europe, a modification of leucine to valine at position 925 (L925V) of the V. destructor voltage-gated sodium channel was correlated with resistance, the mutation being found at high frequency exclusively in hives with a recent history of pyrethroid treatment. Here, we identify two novel mutations, L925M and L925I, in tau-fluvalinate resistant V. destructor collected at seven sites across Florida and Georgia in the Southeastern region of the USA. Using a multiplexed TaqMan® allelic discrimination assay, these mutations were found to be present in 98% of the mites surviving tau-fluvalinate treatment. The mutations were also found in 45% of the non-treated mites, suggesting a high potential for resistance evolution if selection pressure is applied. The results from a more extensive monitoring programme, using the Taqman® assay described here, would clearly help beekeepers with their decision making as to when to include or exclude pyrethroid control products and thereby facilitate more effective mite management programmes.
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Campbell EM, McIntosh CH, Bowman AS. A Toolbox for Quantitative Gene Expression in Varroa destructor: RNA Degradation in Field Samples and Systematic Analysis of Reference Gene Stability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155640. [PMID: 27182699 PMCID: PMC4868281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the major pest of Apis mellifera and contributes to the global honey bee health crisis threatening food security. Developing new control strategies to combat Varroa will require the application of molecular biology, including gene expression studies by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Both high quality RNA samples and suitable stable internal reference genes are required for accurate gene expression studies. In this study, ten candidate genes (succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA), NADH dehydrogenase (NADH), large ribsosmal subunit, TATA-binding protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 18S rRNA (18S), heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), cyclophilin, α-tubulin, actin), were evaluated for their suitability as normalization genes using the geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and comparative ΔCq algorithims. Our study proposes the use of no more than two of the four most stable reference genes (NADH, 18S, SDHA and HSP90) in Varroa gene expression studies. These four genes remain stable in phoretic and reproductive stage Varroa and are unaffected by Deformed wing virus load. When used for determining changes in vitellogenin gene expression, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the relatively unstable genes actin and α-tubulin was much lower than for the stable gene combinations (NADH + HSP90 +18S; NADH + HSP90; or NADH). Using both electropherograms and RT-qPCR for short and long amplicons as quality controls, we demonstrate that high quality RNA can be recovered from Varroa up to 10 days later stored at ambient temperature if collected into RNAlater and provided the body is pierced. This protocol allows the exchange of Varroa samples between international collaborators and field sample collectors without requiring frozen collection or shipping. Our results make important contributions to gene expression studies in Varroa by proposing a validated sampling protocol to obtain high quality Varroa RNA and the validation of suitable reference genes for expression studies in this globally important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Campbell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona H McIntosh
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S Bowman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Kamler M, Nesvorna M, Stara J, Erban T, Hubert J. Comparison of tau-fluvalinate, acrinathrin, and amitraz effects on susceptible and resistant populations of Varroa destructor in a vial test. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 69:1-9. [PMID: 26910521 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is a major pest of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera. The development of acaricide resistance in Varroa populations is a global issue. Discriminating concentrations of acaricides are widely used to detect pest resistance. Two methods, using either glass vials or paraffin capsules, are used to screen for Varroa resistance to various acaricides. We found the glass vial method to be useless for testing Varroa resistance to acaridices, so we developed a polypropylene vial bioassay. This method was tested on tau-fluvalinate-, acrinathrin-, and amitraz-resistant mite populations from three apiaries in Czechia. Acetone was used as a control and technical grade acaricide compounds diluted in acetone were applied to the polypropylene vials. The solutions were spread on the vial surface by rolling the vial, and were then evaporated. Freshly collected Varroa females were placed in the vials and the mortality of the exposed mites was measured after 24 h. The Varroa populations differed in mortality between the apiaries and the tested compounds. Mites from the Kyvalka site were resistant to acrinathrin, tau-fluvalinate, and amitraz, while mites from the Postrizin site were susceptible to all three acaricides. In Prelovice apiary, the mites were susceptible to acrinathrin and amitraz, but not to tau-fluvalinate. The calculated discriminating concentrations for tau-fluvalinate, acrinathrin, and amitraz were 0.66, 0.26 and 0.19 µg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that polyproplyne vial tests can be used to determine discriminating concentrations for the early detection of acaricide resistant Varroa. Finally, multiple-resistance in Kyvalka may indicate metabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kamler
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, 252 66, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechia
| | - Marta Nesvorna
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
| | - Jitka Stara
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
| | - Tomas Erban
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia
| | - Jan Hubert
- Laboratory of Plant Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 161 06, Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czechia.
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Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate Mites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:475-98. [PMID: 26982444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chelicerate mites diverged from other arthropod lineages more than 400 million years ago and subsequently developed specific and remarkable xenobiotic adaptations. The study of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, for which a high-quality Sanger-sequenced genome was first available, revealed expansions and radiations in all major detoxification gene families, including P450 monooxygenases, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Novel gene families that are not well studied in other arthropods, such as major facilitator family transporters and lipocalins, also reflect the evolution of xenobiotic adaptation. The acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer provided new routes to handle toxins, for example, the β-cyanoalanine synthase enzyme that metabolizes cyanide. The availability of genomic resources for other mite species has allowed researchers to study the lineage specificity of these gene family expansions and the distinct evolution of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism in mites. Genome-based tools have been crucial in supporting the idiosyncrasies of mite detoxification and will further support the expanding field of mite-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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Peng G, Kashio M, Morimoto T, Li T, Zhu J, Tominaga M, Kadowaki T. Plant-Derived Tick Repellents Activate the Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite TRPA1. Cell Rep 2015; 12:190-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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