1
|
Pan S, Yu X, Liu M, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Ge F, Fan A, Zhang D, Chen M. Banxia Xiexin decoction promotes gastric lymphatic pumping by regulating lymphatic smooth muscle cell contraction and energy metabolism in a stress-induced gastric ulceration rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118015. [PMID: 38499261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula Banxia Xiexin decoction (BXD) has definite therapeutic effect in treating stress-induced gastric ulceration (SIGU) and many other gastrointestinal diseases, but its effect on gastric lymphatic pumping (GLP) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Elucidating the role of GLP in SIGU and BXD treatment, and exploring the molecular mechanisms of GLP regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo GLP imaging were performed on SIGU rat model, and the lymphatic dynamic parameters were evaluated. Gastric antrum tissues and serum were collected for macroscopic, histopathological and ulcerative parameters analysis. Gastric lymphatic vessel (GLV) tissues were collected for RNA-Seq assays. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from RNA-Seq result and submitted for transcriptomic analysis. Key DEGs and their derivative proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and WB. RESULTS GLP was significantly suppressed in SIGU rats. BXD could recover GLP, ameliorate stomach lymphostasis, and alleviate the ulcerative damage. Transcriptome analysis of GLV showed the top up-DEGs were concentrated in smooth muscle contraction signaling pathway, while the top the down-DEGs were concentrated in energy metabolism pathways especially fatty acid degradation pathway, which indicated BXD can promote lymphatic smooth muscle contraction, regulate energy metabolism, and reduce fatty acid degradation. The most possible target of these mechanisms was the lymphatic smooth muscle cells (LSMCs) which drove the GLP. This speculation was further validated by the qRT-PCR and WB assessments for the level of key genes and proteins. CONCLUSIONS By activating the smooth muscle contraction signaling pathway, restoring energy supply, modulating energy metabolism program and reducing fatty acid degradation, BXD effectively recovered GLP, mitigated the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and metabolic wastes in the stomach, which importantly contributes to its efficacy in treating SIGU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Mingyu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Fei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Angran Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 101121, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dorsett G, Pereira FG, Kuennen M, Waugh K, Barnard J, Bennett J, Garcia G, Gillum T. Repeated short cold-water immersions are sufficient to habituate to the cold, but do not lead to adaptations during exercise in normobaric hypoxia. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:659-666. [PMID: 38301228 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
We sought to assess the effects of repeated cold-water immersions (CWI) on respiratory, metabolic, and sympathoadrenal responses to graded exercise in hypoxia. Sixteen (2 female) participants (age: 21.2 ± 1.3 years; body fat: 12.3 ± 7.7%; body surface area 1.87 ± 0.16 m2, VO2peak: 48.7 ± 7.9 mL/kg/min) underwent 6 CWI in 12.0 ± 1.2 °C. Each CWI was 5 min, twice daily, separated by ≥4 h, for three consecutive days, during which metabolic data were collected. The day before and after the repeated CWI intervention, participants ran in normobaric hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.135) for 4 min at 25%, 40%, 60%, and 75% of their sea level peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). CWI had no effect on VO2 (p > 0.05), but reduced the VE (CWI #1: 27.1 ± 17.8 versus CWI #6: 19.9 ± 12.1 L/min) (p < 0.01), VT (CWI #1: 1.3 ± 0.4 vs CWI #6: 1.1 ± 0.4 L) (p < 0.01), and VE:VO2 (CWI #1: 53.5 ± 24.1 vs CWI #6: 41.6 ± 20.5) (p < 0.01) during subsequent CWI. Further, post exercise plasma epinephrine was lower after CWI compared to before (103.3 ± 43.1; 73.4 ± 34.6 pg/mL) (p = 0.03), with no change in pre-exercising values (75.4 ± 30.7; 72.5 ± 25.9 pg/mL). While these changes were noteworthy, it is important to acknowledge there were no changes in pulmonary (VE, VT, and VE:VO2) or metabolic (VO2, SmO2, and SpO2) variables across multiple hypoxic exercise workloads following repeated CWI. CWI habituated participants to cold water, but this did not lead to adaptations during exercise in normobaric hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Dorsett
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Kuennen
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Kyren Waugh
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jackson Barnard
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jonluke Bennett
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Garcia
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jdidi H, Dugué B, de Bisschop C, Dupuy O, Douzi W. The effects of cold exposure (cold water immersion, whole- and partial- body cryostimulation) on cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic control responses in healthy individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103857. [PMID: 38663342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryostimulation and cold-water immersion (CWI) have recently gained widespread attention due to their association with changes in cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic control responses. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the global impact of such cold exposures on cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic activity. METHODS Three databases (PubMed, Embase, Web-of-Science) were used. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were conducted on healthy participants using cryostimulation and/or CWI. The outcomes included measurements of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) indices: RR interval (RR), Root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD), low frequency band (LF), high frequency band (HF), and LF/HF ratio. RESULTS Among the 27 articles included in our systematic literature review, only 24 were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Our results reveal a significant increase in HRV indices: RMSSD (Standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.61, p < 0.001), RR (SMD = 0.77, p < 0.001), and HF (SMD = 0.46, p < 0.001), as well as significantly reduced LF (SMD = -0.41, p < 0.001) and LF/HF ratio (SMD = -0.25, p < 0.01), which persisted up to 15 min following cold exposure. Significantly decreased heart rate (SMD = -0.16, p < 0.05), accompanied by slightly increased mean BP (SMD = 0.28, p < 0.001), was also observed. These results seem to depend on individual characteristics and the cooling techniques. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that cryostimulation and/or CWI exposure enhance parasympathetic nervous activity. There is scarce scientific literature regarding the effect of individual characteristics on cold-induced physiological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hela Jdidi
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory «Mobilité, Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE)-UR 20296», Faculty of Sport Sciences, 86000, Poitiers, France.
| | - Benoit Dugué
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory «Mobilité, Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE)-UR 20296», Faculty of Sport Sciences, 86000, Poitiers, France.
| | - Claire de Bisschop
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory «Mobilité, Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE)-UR 20296», Faculty of Sport Sciences, 86000, Poitiers, France.
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory «Mobilité, Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE)-UR 20296», Faculty of Sport Sciences, 86000, Poitiers, France; University of Montreal, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, HC3 3J7, Canada.
| | - Wafa Douzi
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory «Mobilité, Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE)-UR 20296», Faculty of Sport Sciences, 86000, Poitiers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 4: evolution, thermal adaptation and unsupported theories of thermoregulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:147-218. [PMID: 37796290 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is the final contribution to a four-part, historical series on human exercise physiology in thermally stressful conditions. The series opened with reminders of the principles governing heat exchange and an overview of our contemporary understanding of thermoregulation (Part 1). We then reviewed the development of physiological measurements (Part 2) used to reveal the autonomic processes at work during heat and cold stresses. Next, we re-examined thermal-stress tolerance and intolerance, and critiqued the indices of thermal stress and strain (Part 3). Herein, we describe the evolutionary steps that endowed humans with a unique potential to tolerate endurance activity in the heat, and we examine how those attributes can be enhanced during thermal adaptation. The first of our ancestors to qualify as an athlete was Homo erectus, who were hairless, sweating specialists with eccrine sweat glands covering almost their entire body surface. Homo sapiens were skilful behavioural thermoregulators, which preserved their resource-wasteful, autonomic thermoeffectors (shivering and sweating) for more stressful encounters. Following emigration, they regularly experienced heat and cold stress, to which they acclimatised and developed less powerful (habituated) effector responses when those stresses were re-encountered. We critique hypotheses that linked thermoregulatory differences to ancestry. By exploring short-term heat and cold acclimation, we reveal sweat hypersecretion and powerful shivering to be protective, transitional stages en route to more complete thermal adaptation (habituation). To conclude this historical series, we examine some of the concepts and hypotheses of thermoregulation during exercise that did not withstand the tests of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barwood MJ, Eglin C, Hills SP, Johnston N, Massey H, McMorris T, Tipton MJ, Wakabayashi H, Webster L. Habituation of the cold shock response: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103775. [PMID: 38211547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Cold water immersion (CWI) evokes the life-threatening reflex cold shock response (CSR), inducing hyperventilation, increasing cardiac arrhythmias, and increasing drowning risk by impairing safety behaviour. Repeated CWI induces CSR habituation (i.e., diminishing response with same stimulus magnitude) after ∼4 immersions, with variation between studies. We quantified the magnitude and coefficient of variation (CoV) in the CSR in a systematic review and meta-analysis with search terms entered to Medline, SportDiscus, PsychINFO, Pubmed, and Cochrane Central Register. Random effects meta-analyses, including effect sizes (Cohen's d) from 17 eligible groups (k), were conducted for heart rate (HR, n = 145, k = 17), respiratory frequency (fR, n = 73, k = 12), minute ventilation (Ve, n = 106, k = 10) and tidal volume (Vt, n = 46, k=6). All CSR variables habituated (p < 0.001) with large or moderate pooled effect sizes: ΔHR -14 (10) bt. min-1 (d: -1.19); ΔfR -8 (7) br. min-1 (d: -0.78); ΔVe, -21.3 (9.8) L. min-1 (d: -1.64); ΔVt -0.4 (0.3) L -1. Variation was greatest in Ve (control vs comparator immersion: 32.5&24.7%) compared to Vt (11.8&12.1%). Repeated CWI induces CSR habituation potentially reducing drowning risk. We consider the neurophysiological and behavioural consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Barwood
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, UK.
| | - Clare Eglin
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel P Hills
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Nicola Johnston
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, UK
| | - Heather Massey
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Terry McMorris
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute for Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hitoshi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Ergonomics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lisa Webster
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu Y, Liu W, Qi Z. Adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under physiologically energetic challenges: a remodelled thermogenic system. J Physiol 2024; 602:23-48. [PMID: 38019069 DOI: 10.1113/jp285269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are often thought to be caused by reduced energy expenditure, which poses a serious threat to human health. Cold exposure, exercise and caloric restriction have been shown to promote adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis. These physiological interventions increase energy expenditure and thus have emerged as promising strategies for mitigating metabolic disorders. However, that increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis elevate thermogenic consumption is not a reasonable explanation when humans and animals confront energetic challenges imposed by these interventions. In this review, we collected numerous results on adipose tissue browning and whitening and evaluated this bi-directional conversion of adipocytes from the perspective of energy homeostasis. Here, we propose a new interpretation of the role of adipose tissue browning under energetic challenges: increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under energy challenge is not to enhance energy expenditure, but to reestablish a more economical thermogenic pattern to maintain the core body temperature. This can be achieved by enhancing the contribution of non-shivering thermogenesis (adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis) and lowering shivering thermogenesis and high intensity shivering. Consequently, the proportion of heat production in fat increases and that in skeletal muscle decreases, enabling skeletal muscle to devote more energy reserves to overcoming environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Solianik R, Židonienė K, Brazaitis M. Short-duration cold exposure decreases fasting-induced glucose intolerance but has no effect on resting energy expenditure. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104564. [PMID: 37541564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether brief cold exposure can reverse fasting-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and improve resting energy expenditure (REE). Twelve young non-obese women were randomly assigned to undergo the following conditions: 2 days of fasting with two 10-min whole-body cold-water immersions on separate days (FAST-COLD), 2 days of fasting without cold-water immersions (FAST), 2 days of usual diet with two 10-min whole-body cold-water immersions on separate days (COLD), or 2 days of usual diet without cold-water immersions (CON) in a randomised crossover fashion. Changes in REE and substrate utilisation, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test were examined. The results showed that FAST-COLD and FAST trials increased (P < 0.05) REE and decreased (P < 0.05) respiratory quotient, but these variables did not differ significantly between the FAST-COLD and FAST trials. The glucose and insulin area under the curves (AUCs) were higher (P < 0.05) in the FAST-COLD and FAST trials than in the CON and COLD trials, and these AUCs were lower (P < 0.05) in the FAST-COLD than in the FAST trial. Matsuda index was lower in the FAST trial than in the CON trial (P < 0.05), and tended to be greater after the FAST-COLD trial than after the FAST trial (P = 0.060). In conclusion, cold exposure had no effect on REE but decreased fasting-induced glucose intolerance which was accompanied by a maintained insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Katerina Židonienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sellers AJ, Khovalyg D, van Marken Lichtenbelt W. Thermoregulation of Tuvan pastoralists and Western Europeans during cold exposure. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23933. [PMID: 37314240 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the metabolic and vascular responses, to whole-body and finger cold exposure, of a traditional population lifelong exposed to extreme cold winters with Western Europeans. METHODS Thirteen cold acclimatized Tuvan pastoralist adults (45 ± 9 years; 24.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2 ) and 13 matched Western European controls (43 ± 15 years; 22.6 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ) completed a whole-body cold (10°C) air exposure test and a cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) test, which involved the immersion of the middle finger into ice-water for 30 min. RESULTS During the whole-body cold exposure, the durations until the onset of shivering for three monitored skeletal muscles were similar for both groups. Cold exposure increased the Tuvans' energy expenditure by (mean ± SD) 0.9 ± 0.7 kJ min-1 and the Europeans' by 1.3 ± 1.54 kJ min-1 ; these changes were not significantly different. The forearm-fingertip skin temperature gradient of the Tuvans was lower, indicating less vasoconstriction, than the Europeans during the cold exposure (0 ± 4.5°C vs. 8.8 ± 2.7°C). A CIVD response occurred in 92% of the Tuvans and 36% of the Europeans. In line, finger temperature during the CIVD test was higher in the Tuvans than the Europeans (13.4 ± 3.4°C vs. 3.9 ± 2.3°C). CONCLUSION Cold-induced thermogenesis and the onset of shivering were similar in both populations. However, vasoconstriction at the extremities was reduced in the Tuvans compared to the Europeans. The enhanced blood flow to the extremities could be beneficial for living in an extreme cold environment by improving dexterity, comfort, and reducing the risk of cold-injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Sellers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dolaana Khovalyg
- Laboratory of Integrated Comfort Engineering (ICE), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zwaag J, Timmerman H, Pickkers P, Kox M. Modulation of Pain Sensitivity by a Hyperventilatory Breathing Exercise and Cold Exposure Training. J Pain Res 2023; 16:1979-1991. [PMID: 37333948 PMCID: PMC10276601 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence indicates that healthy individuals who follow a training program comprised hyperventilatory breathing exercises and cold exposure can voluntarily activate their sympathetic nervous system and attenuate their systemic inflammatory response during experimental endotoxemia (intravenous administration of bacterial endotoxin). Furthermore, trained participants reported less endotoxemia-induced flu-like symptoms. However, it remained to be determined whether the effects on symptoms are due to the mitigated inflammatory response or involve direct analgesic effects of (elements of) the training program. Methods In the present study, we used Nijmegen-Aalborg Screening Quantitative sensory testing (NASQ) to objectively map pain sensitivity using non-invasive stimuli to address this question. First, NASQ parameters were evaluated in 20 healthy volunteers before, during, and after the conduct of the hyperventilatory breathing exercise. Second, NASQ measurements were performed before and after 48 healthy volunteers followed different modalities of the training program: breathing exercise training, cold exposure training, the combination of both, or no training. Lastly, NASQ measurements were performed in these 48 subjects during experimental endotoxemia. Results Electrical pain detection thresholds increased during the breathing exercise (p = 0.001) as well as four hours afterwards (p = 0.03). Furthermore, cold exposure training resulted in lower VAS scores during hand immersion in ice water (p < 0.001). Systemic inflammation induced by administration of endotoxin nullified the decreased pain perception during the ice water test in subjects trained in cold exposure. Conclusion A hyperventilatory breathing exercise decreases pain perception induced by an electrical stimulus. Furthermore, cold exposure training may decrease pain perception induced by hand immersion in ice water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Zwaag
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Timmerman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Treigyte V, Eimantas N, Venckunas T, Brazaitis M, Chaillou T. Moderate muscle cooling induced by single and intermittent/prolonged cold-water immersions differently affects muscle contractile function in young males. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1172817. [PMID: 37025384 PMCID: PMC10070757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1172817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the impact of moderate muscle cooling induced by single and intermittent/prolonged cold-water immersions (CWI) on muscle force and contractility in unfatigued state and during the development of fatigue resulting from electrically induced contractions. Methods: Twelve young males participated in this study consisting of two phases [single phase (SP) followed by intermittent/prolonged phase (IPP)], with both phases including two conditions (i.e., four trials in total) performed randomly: control passive sitting (CON) and cold-water immersions (10°C). SP-CWI included one 45 min-bath (from 15 to 60 min). IPP-CWI included three baths (45 min-bath from 15 to 60 min, and 15 min-baths from 165 to 180 min and from 255 to 270 min), with participants sitting at room temperature the rest of the time until 300 min. Blood pressure and intramuscular (Tmu) temperature were assessed, and neuromuscular testing was performed at baseline and 60 min after baseline during SP, and at baseline, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min after baseline during IPP. A fatiguing protocol (100 electrical stimulations) was performed after the last neuromuscular testing of each trial. Results: In unfatigued state, SP-CWI and IPP-CWI reduced electrically induced torque at 100 Hz (P100) but not at 20 Hz (P20), and increased P20/P100 ratio. The changes from baseline for P100 and P20/P100 ratio were lower in IPP-CWI than SP-CWI. Both cold-water immersion conditions slowed down muscle contraction and relaxation, and reduced maximal isokinetic contraction torque, but the changes from baseline were lower after IPP-CWI than SP-CWI. cold-water immersions did not impair maximal voluntary isometric contraction. During the fatiguing protocol, torque fatigue index and the changes in muscle contractile properties were larger after IPP-CWI than SP-CWI, but were in the same range as after CON conditions. The differences of muscle contractile function between SP-CWI and IPP-CWI were accompanied by a lower reduction of superficial Tmu and a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure after IPP-CWI than SP-CWI. Conclusion: IPP-CWI induces a less pronounced fast-to-slow contractile transition compared to SP-CWI, and this may result from the reduced vasoconstriction response and enhanced blood perfusion of the superficial muscle vessels, which could ultimately limit the reduction of superficial Tmu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Treigyte
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Marius Brazaitis, ; Thomas Chaillou,
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marius Brazaitis, ; Thomas Chaillou,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eimonte M, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Kinetics of lipid indicators in response to short- and long-duration whole-body, cold-water immersion. Cryobiology 2022; 109:62-71. [PMID: 36150503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cold exposure-induced secretion of stress hormones activates cold-defense responses and mobilizes substrates for increased energy demands to fuel thermogenesis. However, it is unclear whether acute cold exposure-induced stress hormone response kinetics affect circulating lipid parameter kinetics. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the 2-day kinetics of stress hormones (i.e., cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and the lipid profile (i.e., total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and triglycerides) in response to whole-body long- (intermittent 170 min; 170-CWI) or short-duration (10 min; 10-CWI) cold-water immersion (CWI; 14 °C water) in 17 healthy, young, adult men. Both CWI trials induced a marked release of the stress hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, with higher concentrations detected after 170-CWI (p < 0.05) and a disrupted diurnal peak of cortisol lasting for a few hours. 170-CWI increased triglyceride levels from immediately after until 2 h after CWI, thereafter the concentration decreased at 4 h, 6 h, 1 day and 2 days after CWI (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the HDL-cholesterol level increased immediately after and at 6 h after 170-CWI (p < 0.05), while TC and LDL-cholesterol levels were not altered within 2 days. Lipid parameters were not affected within the 2 days after 10-CWI. Although both CWIs decreased deep body temperature and increased stress hormone levels for a few hours, only long-duration CWI induced changes in the circulating lipid profile within 2 days after CWI. This should be considered when discussing therapeutic protocols to improve circulating lipid profiles and ameliorate diseases associated with such profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milda Eimonte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kopplin CS, Rosenthal L. The positive effects of combined breathing techniques and cold exposure on perceived stress: a randomised trial. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-13. [PMID: 36248220 PMCID: PMC9540300 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pranayama-inspired breathing technique, cold exposure, and their combined application were assessed for their potential to reduce perceived stress in adults and compared to a control group. An experiment involving four groups was conducted, yielding separate cells for breathing technique-only and cold exposure-only, as well as a combined treatment and a control group. Eighty-six individuals participated in the study. Perceived stress is measured employing the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 20-item version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). The instruments exhibit a substantial correlation (r = 0.842, p < 0.001). The combined group exhibited a medium to large positive effect on perceived stress compared to the control group. The breathing technique and cold exposure on their own were not found to yield substantial effects, indicating synergies between both exercises. Combinations of breathing techniques and cold exposure may be employed to decrease individuals' perceived stress.
Collapse
|
14
|
Solianik R, Schwieler L, Trepci A, Erhardt S, Brazaitis M. Two-day fasting affects kynurenine pathway with additional modulation of short-term whole-body cooling: a quasi-randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35791050 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) degradation have attracted interest as potential pathophysiological mediators and future diagnostic biomarkers. A greater knowledge of the pathological implications of the metabolites is associated with a need for a better understanding of how the normal behaviour and physiological activities impact their concentrations. This study aimed to investigate whether fasting (FAST) and whole-body cold-water immersion (CWI) affect KYN pathway metabolites. Thirteen young women were randomly assigned to receive the 2-d FAST with two 10-min CWI on separate days (FAST-CWI), 2-d FAST without CWI (FAST-CON), 2-d two CWI on separate days without FAST (CON-CWI) or the 2-d usual diet without CWI (CON-CON) in a randomised crossover fashion. Changes in plasma concentrations of TRP, kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK), picolinic acid (PIC), quinolinic acid (QUIN) and nicotinamide (NAA) were determined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. FAST-CWI and FAST-CON lowered TRP concentration (P < 0·05, ηp2 = 0·24), and increased concentrations of KYNA, 3-HK and PIC (P < 0·05, ηp2 = 0·21-0·71) with no additional effects of CWI. The ratio of PIC/QUIN increased after FAST-CWI and FAST-CON trials (P < 0·05) but with a blunted effect in the FAST-CWI trial (P < 0·05) compared with the FAST-CON trials (ηp2 = 0·67). Concentrations of QUIN and NAA were unaltered. This study demonstrated that fasting for 2 d considerably impacts the concentration of several metabolites in the KYN pathway. This should be considered when discussing the potential of KYN pathway metabolites as biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ada Trepci
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Keramidas ME, Kölegård R, Gäng P, Wilkins F, Elia A, Eiken O. Acral skin vasoreactivity and thermosensitivity to hand cooling following 5 days of intermittent whole-body cold exposure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R1-R15. [PMID: 35502861 PMCID: PMC9190731 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00021.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We sought to examine whether short-term whole-body cold acclimation would modulate finger vasoreactivity and thermosensitivity to localized cooling. Fourteen men were equally assigned to either the experimental (CA) or the control (CON) group. The CA group was immersed to the chest in 14°C water for ≤120 min daily over a 5-day period, while the skin temperature of the right-hand fingers was clamped at ~35.5°C. The CON group was instructed to avoid any cold exposure during this period. Before and after the intervention, both groups performed, on two different consecutive days, a local cold provocation trial consisting of a 30-min hand immersion in 8°C water, while immersed to the chest once in 21°C (mild-hypothermic trial; 0.5°C fall in rectal temperature from individual pre-immersion values) and on the other occasion in 35.5°C (normothermic trial). In the CA group, the cold-induced reduction in finger temperature was less (mild-hypothermic trial: P = 0.05; normothermic trial: P = 0.02), and the incidence of the cold-induced vasodilation episodes was greater (in normothermic trials: P = 0.04) in the post than in the pre-acclimation trials. The right-hand thermal discomfort was also attenuated (mild-hypothermic trial: P = 0.04; normothermic trial: P = 0.01). The finger temperature responses of the CON group did not vary between testing periods. Our findings suggest that repetitive whole-body exposure to severe cold within a week, may attenuate finger vasoreactivity and thermosensitivity to localized cooling. These regional thermo-adaptions were ascribed to central neural habituation produced by the iterative, generalized cold stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Kölegård
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pit Gäng
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frederick Wilkins
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zwaag J, Naaktgeboren R, van Herwaarden AE, Pickkers P, Kox M. The Effects of Cold Exposure Training and a Breathing Exercise on the Inflammatory Response in Humans: A Pilot Study. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:457-467. [PMID: 35213875 PMCID: PMC9071023 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously showed that a training intervention comprising a combination of meditation, exposure to cold, and breathing exercises enables voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system, reflected by profoundly increased plasma epinephrine levels, and subsequent attenuation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. Several elements of the intervention may contribute to these effects, namely, two different breathing exercises (either with or without prolonged breath retention) and exposure to cold. We determined the contribution of these different elements to the observed effects. METHODS Forty healthy male volunteers were randomized to either a short or an extensive training in both breathing exercises by either the creator of the training intervention or an independent trainer. The primary outcome was plasma epinephrine levels. In a subsequent study, 48 healthy male volunteers were randomized to cold exposure training, training in the established optimal breathing exercise, a combination of both, or no training. These 48 participants were subsequently intravenously challenged with 2 ng/kg LPS. The primary outcome was plasma cytokine levels. RESULTS Both breathing exercises were associated with an increase in plasma epinephrine levels, which did not vary as a function of length of training or the trainer (F(4,152) = 0.53, p = .71, and F(4,152) = 0.92, p = .46, respectively). In the second study, the breathing exercise also resulted in increased plasma epinephrine levels. Cold exposure training alone did not relevantly modulate the LPS-induced inflammatory response (F(8,37) = 0.60, p = .77), whereas the breathing exercise led to significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory and attenuated proinflammatory cytokine levels (F(8,37) = 3.80, p = .002). Cold exposure training significantly enhanced the immunomodulatory effects of the breathing exercise (F(8,37) = 2.57, p = .02). CONCLUSIONS The combination of cold exposure training and a breathing exercise most potently attenuates the in vivo inflammatory response in healthy young males. Our study demonstrates that the immunomodulatory effects of the intervention can be reproduced in a standardized manner, thereby paving the way for clinical trials.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02417155 and NCT03240497.
Collapse
|
17
|
Straat ME, Martinez-Tellez B, Janssen LG, van Veen S, van Eenige R, Kharagjitsing AV, van den Berg SA, de Rijke YB, Haks MC, Rensen PC, Boon MR. The effect of cold exposure on circulating transcript levels of immune genes in Dutch South Asian and Dutch Europid men. J Therm Biol 2022; 107:103259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Eimantas N, Ivanove S, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Exposure to acute noxious heat evokes a cardiorespiratory shock response in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:134-143. [PMID: 35000494 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.2023225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Noxious acute cold stimuli cause cold shock via the sympathetic nervous system. However, no studies have investigated respiratory "heat shock" in response to noxious acute heat stimuli (≥ 42 °C).Methods: In the present study, we examined whether short-duration whole-body immersion (for 5 min) in noxious hot water (45 °C) is a sufficient stimulus to induce a respiratory acute shock response.Results and conclusion: Our results indicate that short-duration whole-body immersion in noxious 45 °C water produces a significantly greater body temperature, heart rate, and perceptual and respiratory strain than immersion in innocuous warm 37 °C water (p < .05). The initial first minute of hot water immersion (HWI) at 45 °C (vs. immersion at 37 °C) caused a cardiorespiratory shock response, which manifested as acute hyperventilation, and increased ventilatory tidal volume, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate (p < .05). Adjustment to this initial respiratory heat shock response within the first minute of immersion was observed as compared with remaining HWI time (1-5 min). Intriguingly, the time-course kinetics of breathing frequency, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide washout did not differ between whole-body immersion at 37 °C and immersion at 45 °C, but were higher than in control thermoneutral conditions of an empty bath (p < .05). This may be because of events initiated not only by the water temperature but also by the change in the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the body when immersed in the water bath.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Soneta Ivanove
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Eimonte M, Paulauskas H, Daniuseviciute L, Eimantas N, Vitkauskiene A, Dauksaite G, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Residual effects of short-term whole-body cold-water immersion on the cytokine profile, white blood cell count, and blood markers of stress. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:696-707. [PMID: 33910456 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1915504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the most challenging environmental extremes is immersion in cold/icy water, and consequent common assumption is that even a brief exposure to cold can lead to cold-related illnesses. The increase in the concentrations of the stress hormones cortisol, epinephrine (Epi), and norepinephrine (NE) in response to acute cold stress are thought to suppress the release of proinflammatory cytokines. No previous study has explored the residual consequences of whole-body short-term cold-water immersion (CWI; 14 °C for 10 min) on the immune response in healthy non-acclimated young adult men (aged 20-30 years).Materials and methods: In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that short-term acute whole-body CWI would induce high blood levels of cortisol, NE, and Epi, which in turn would increase circulating leukocyte numbers and delay the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6). Results: Short-term whole-body CWI produced a stressful physiological reaction, as manifested by hyperventilation and increased muscle shivering, metabolic heat production, and heart rate. CWI also induced the marked release of the stress hormones Epi, NE, and cortisol. The change in IL-6 concentration after CWI was delayed and TNF-α production was decreased, but IL-1β was not affected within 48 h after CWI. A delayed increase in neutrophil percentage and decrease in lymphocyte percentage occurred after CWI.Conclusion: These findings suggest that, even though CWI caused changes in stress and immune markers, the participants showed no predisposition to symptoms of the common cold within 48 h after CWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milda Eimonte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gintare Dauksaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yurkevicius BR, Alba BK, Seeley AD, Castellani JW. Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:122-157. [PMID: 36106151 PMCID: PMC9467574 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1903145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation is an adaptation seen in many organisms, defined by a reduction in the response to repeated stimuli. Evolutionarily, habituation is thought to benefit the organism by allowing conservation of metabolic resources otherwise spent on sub-lethal provocations including repeated cold exposure. Hypermetabolic and/or insulative adaptations may occur after prolonged and severe cold exposures, resulting in enhanced cold defense mechanisms such as increased thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction, respectively. Habituation occurs prior to these adaptations in response to short duration mild cold exposures, and, perhaps counterintuitively, elicits a reduction in cold defense mechanisms demonstrated through higher skin temperatures, attenuated shivering, and reduced cold sensations. These habituated responses likely serve to preserve peripheral tissue temperature and conserve energy during non-life threatening cold stress. The purpose of this review is to define habituation in general terms, present evidence for the response in non-human species, and provide an up-to-date, critical examination of past studies and the potential physiological mechanisms underlying human cold habituation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in this area of study and promote further experiments to understand this physiological adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beau R. Yurkevicius
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie K. Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Afton D. Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - John W. Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eimonte M, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Paulauskas H, Vitkauskiene A, Dauksaite G, Brazaitis M. Recovering body temperature from acute cold stress is associated with delayed proinflammatory cytokine production in vivo. Cytokine 2021; 143:155510. [PMID: 33820701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A poor outcome of whole-body hypothermia often results from a late complication, rather than from acute effects of hypothermia. A low body (cell) temperature or the increase in the concentrations of the stress hormones cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in response to acute cold stress have been proposed as potent proinflammatory cytokine suppressant. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the recovery of body temperature from a whole-body intermittent cold-water immersion (CWI, at 13-14 °C for a total 170 min) is associated with a delayed response of proinflammatory cytokines in young healthy men. Our results revealed a delay in the increase in the proinflammatory interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β cytokines after the CWI, which paralleled the changes in cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and body temperature. CWI decreased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) immediately and 1 h after the CWI. Although TNF-α had recovered to the pre-immersion level at 2 h after CWI, its natural circadian cycle kinetics was disrupted until 12 h after the CWI. Furthermore, we showed that CWI strongly modified the white blood cell counts, with changes reaching a peak between 1 and 2 h after the CWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milda Eimonte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gintare Dauksaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ivanova YM, Blondin DP. Examining the benefits of cold exposure as a therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1448-1459. [PMID: 33764169 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive dysregulation in energy partitioning, often leading to end-organ complications. One emerging approach proposed to target this metabolic dysregulation is the application of mild cold exposure. In healthy individuals, cold exposure can increase energy expenditure and whole body glucose and fatty acid utilization. Repeated exposures can lower fasting glucose and insulin levels and improve dietary fatty acid handling, even in healthy individuals. Despite its apparent therapeutic potential, little is known regarding the effects of cold exposure in populations for which this stimulation could benefit the most. The few studies available have shown that both acute and repeated exposures to the cold can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce fasting glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, critical gaps remain in understanding the prolonged effects of repeated cold exposures on glucose regulation and whole body insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Much of the metabolic benefits appear to be attributable to the recruitment of shivering skeletal muscles. However, further work is required to determine whether the broader recruitment of skeletal muscles observed during cold exposure can confer metabolic benefits that surpass what has been historically observed from endurance exercise. In addition, although cold exposure offers unique cardiovascular responses for a physiological stimulus that increases energy expenditure, further work is required to determine how acute and repeated cold exposure can impact cardiovascular responses and myocardial function across a broader scope of individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna M Ivanova
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The influence of environmental and core temperature on cyclooxygenase and PGE2 in healthy humans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6531. [PMID: 33753764 PMCID: PMC7985197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether cyclooxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) thermoregulatory pathways, observed in rodents, present in humans? Participants (n = 9) were exposed to three environments; cold (20 °C), thermoneutral (30 °C) and hot (40 °C) for 120 min. Core (Tc)/skin temperature and thermal perception were recorded every 15 min, with COX/PGE2 concentrations determined at baseline, 60 and 120 min. Linear mixed models identified differences between and within subjects/conditions. Random coefficient models determined relationships between Tc and COX/PGE2. Tc [mean (range)] increased in hot [+ 0.8 (0.4-1.2) °C; p < 0.0001; effect size (ES): 2.9], decreased in cold [- 0.5 (- 0.8 to - 0.2) °C; p < 0.0001; ES 2.6] and was unchanged in thermoneutral [+ 0.1 (- 0.2 to 0.4) °C; p = 0.3502]. A relationship between COX2/PGE2 in cold (p = 0.0012) and cold/thermoneutral [collapsed, condition and time (p = 0.0243)] was seen, with higher PGE2 associated with higher Tc. A within condition relationship between Tc/PGE2 was observed in thermoneutral (p = 0.0202) and cold/thermoneutral [collapsed, condition and time (p = 0.0079)] but not cold (p = 0.0631). The data suggests a thermogenic response of the COX/PGE2 pathway insufficient to defend Tc in cold. Further human in vivo research which manipulates COX/PGE2 bioavailability and participant acclimation/acclimatization are warranted to elucidate the influence of COX/PGE2 on Tc.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones D, Bowles J, Bergquist-Turori D, Cooper C, Rostomily K, Pautz C, Heaney J. Evaluation of Three Field Rewarming Techniques During Cold Weather Military Training. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:285-290. [PMID: 32682705 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 rewarming techniques to determine how warfighters, and perhaps other populations in wilderness environments, should prioritize field rewarming options after a brief accidental immersion in cold water. METHODS As part of a cold weather military training exercise, 31 military personnel (mean±SD age: 26±5 y, height: 180±10 cm, weight: 83.2±10.9 kg) completed a 10-min immersion in cold (0°C) water and subsequently rewarmed for 60 min using 3 different field rewarming techniques (sleeping bag, sleeping bag + warm fluids, or exercise). Heart rate, core and skin temperatures, thermal and shivering sensations, and manual dexterity (intravenous setup and insertion) were measured during the training exercise. RESULTS Cold water immersion decreased core temperature (pre: 37.4±0.4; post: 36.4±1.0°C; P<0.001) and mean skin temperature (pre: 27.9±1.3; post: 15.6±1.8°C; P<0.001) and impaired manual dexterity (intravenous insertion time, pre: 71±12, post: 166±48 s; P<0.001). Recovery from mild cold stress was similar among all 3 rewarming techniques for all measurements. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggesting similar rewarming responses in field settings are beneficial for the warfighter, and perhaps others, in that rewarming options exist and can be implemented with no compromise in recovery from cold stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Jones
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA; Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA.
| | - Justin Bowles
- Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center, Bridgeport, CA
| | - Dale Bergquist-Turori
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA; Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Christina Cooper
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA; Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Kaitlyn Rostomily
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA; Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Jay Heaney
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jones DM, Bailey SP, De Pauw K, Folger S, Roelands B, Buono MJ, Meeusen R. Evaluation of cognitive performance and neurophysiological function during repeated immersion in cold water. Brain Res 2019; 1718:1-9. [PMID: 31047884 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cold causes disturbances in cognitive performance that can have a profound impact on the safety, performance, and success of populations that frequent cold environments. It has recently been suggested that repeated cold stress, resulting in cold acclimation, may be a potential strategy to mitigate the cognitive impairments frequently seen upon exposure to cold temperatures. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine cognitive and neurophysiological function during repeated cold water immersion. Twelve healthy participants consisting of 8 males and 4 females (mean ± SD age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 174.0 ± 8.9 cm, weight: 75.6 ± 13.1 kg) completed seven 90-minute immersions in 10 °C water, each separated by 24 h. During immersions 1, 4, and 7, a double-digit addition task and a computer-based psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) were administered to assess cognitive performance, while neurophysiological function was assessed using electroencephalography (EEG) measurements collected during the PVT. Findings suggest that participants experienced an insulative type of cold acclimation, evidenced by greater heat retention and less shivering, with possible improvements in cognitive performance. Participants had more correct responses on the double-digit addition task on Immersion 7 (39 ± 5) compared with Immersion 1 (33 ± 6); p < 0.001, yet no differences were observed for reaction time between Immersion 7 (286 ± 31 ms) and Immersion 1 (281 ± 19 ms); p = 0.59. Additionally, EEG analyses indicate no beneficial changes in neurophysiological function. Results demonstrate that individuals who are frequently exposed to cold water may be more suited to handle certain cognitive challenges after several exposures, although additional investigations are needed to provide neurophysiological support for this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Jones
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium; San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
| | - Stephen P Bailey
- Elon University, 100 Campus Drive, Elon, NC 27244, United States
| | - Keven De Pauw
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Steve Folger
- Elon University, 100 Campus Drive, Elon, NC 27244, United States
| | - Bart Roelands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Michael J Buono
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lang L, Xu B, Li SZ, Guo W, Yuan J, Zang S, Chen Y, Yang HM, Lian S. Rno-miR-425-5p targets the DLST and SLC16A1 genes to reduce liver damage caused by excessive energy mobilization under cold stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1251-1262. [PMID: 31087708 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of single-stranded non-coding small RNA molecules, which participate in the regulation of many physiological processes, and play a crucial role in cancer, metabolism and other processes. Rno-miR-425-5p has been shown to play a role in the response to cold stress. To explore the mechanism by which rno-miR-425-5p regulates the response to cold stress, we analysed the candidate target genes of rno-miR-425-5p. After verification in rat hepatocyte BRL cells and in rat liver tissue, we identified several target genes that were altered in expression in response to cold stress. In rat liver tissue, the expression of rno-miR-425-5p was significantly increased and the expression levels of target genes DLST and SLC16A1 were decreased under cold stress. The miRNA and mRNA levels were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and the protein levels were detected by Western blot analysis. Combined with the results of bioinformatic analysis, we concluded that rno-miR-425-5p reduced the expression of DLST and SLC16A1, inhibiting energy release from the tricarboxylic acid cycle and preventing the liver from being injured by excessive energy mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Lang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wenjin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianbin Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shucheng Zang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Huan-Min Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gibson OR, Taylor L, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. Cross-Adaptation: Heat and Cold Adaptation to Improve Physiological and Cellular Responses to Hypoxia. Sports Med 2018; 47:1751-1768. [PMID: 28389828 PMCID: PMC5554481 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To prepare for extremes of heat, cold or low partial pressures of oxygen (O2), humans can undertake a period of acclimation or acclimatization to induce environment-specific adaptations, e.g. heat acclimation (HA), cold acclimation (CA), or altitude training. While these strategies are effective, they are not always feasible due to logistical impracticalities. Cross-adaptation is a term used to describe the phenomenon whereby alternative environmental interventions, e.g. HA or CA, may be a beneficial alternative to altitude interventions, providing physiological stress and inducing adaptations observable at altitude. HA can attenuate physiological strain at rest and during moderate-intensity exercise at altitude via adaptations allied to improved O2 delivery to metabolically active tissue, likely following increases in plasma volume and reductions in body temperature. CA appears to improve physiological responses to altitude by attenuating the autonomic response to altitude. While no cross-acclimation-derived exercise performance/capacity data have been measured following CA, post-HA improvements in performance underpinned by aerobic metabolism, and therefore dependent on O2 delivery at altitude, are likely. At a cellular level, heat shock protein responses to altitude are attenuated by prior HA, suggesting that an attenuation of the cellular stress response and therefore a reduced disruption to homeostasis at altitude has occurred. This process is known as cross-tolerance. The effects of CA on markers of cross-tolerance is an area requiring further investigation. Because much of the evidence relating to cross-adaptation to altitude has examined the benefits at moderate to high altitudes, future research examining responses at lower altitudes should be conducted, given that these environments are more frequently visited by athletes and workers. Mechanistic work to identify the specific physiological and cellular pathways responsible for cross-adaptation between heat and altitude, and between cold and altitude, is warranted, as is exploration of benefits across different populations and physical activity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK. .,Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK.
| | - Lee Taylor
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter W Watt
- Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Burtscher M, Gatterer H, Burtscher J, Mairbäurl H. Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 29867589 PMCID: PMC5964295 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Living, working and exercising in extreme terrestrial environments are challenging tasks even for healthy humans of the modern new age. The issue is not just survival in remote environments but rather the achievement of optimal performance in everyday life, occupation, and sports. Various adaptive biological processes can take place to cope with the specific stressors of extreme terrestrial environments like cold, heat, and hypoxia (high altitude). This review provides an overview of the physiological and morphological aspects of adaptive responses in these environmental stressors at the level of organs, tissues, and cells. Furthermore, adjustments existing in native people living in such extreme conditions on the earth as well as acute adaptive responses in newcomers are discussed. These insights into general adaptability of humans are complemented by outcomes of specific acclimatization/acclimation studies adding important information how to cope appropriately with extreme environmental temperatures and hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL/TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Keramidas ME, Kölegård R, Eiken O. In Shackleton's trails: Central and local thermoadaptive modifications to cold and hypoxia after a man-hauling expedition on the Antarctic Plateau. J Therm Biol 2018; 73:80-90. [PMID: 29549995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cold and hypoxia constitute the main environmental stressors encountered on the Antarctic Plateau. Hence, we examined whether central and/or peripheral acclimatisation to the combined stressors of cold and hypoxia would be developed in four men following an 11-day man-hauling expedition on this polar region. Before and after the journey, participants performed a static whole-body immersion in 21 °C water, during which they were breathing a hypoxic gas (partial pressure of inspired O2: ~97 mmHg). To evaluate their local responses to cold, participants also immersed the hand into 8 °C water for 30 min, while they were whole-body immersed and mildly hypothermic [i.e. 0.5 °C fall in rectal temperature (Trec) from individual pre-immersion values]. Trec and skin temperature (Tsk), skin blood flux, and oxygen uptake (reflecting shivering thermogenesis) were monitored throughout. The polar expedition accelerated by ~14 min the drop in Trec [final mean (95% confidence interval) changes in Trec: Before = -0.94 (0.15) °C, After: - 1.17 (0.23) °C]. The shivering onset threshold [Before: 19 (22) min, After: 25 (19) min] and gain [Before: - 4.19 (3.95) mL min-1 kg-1, After: - 1.70 (1.21) mL min-1 kg-1] were suppressed by the expedition. Tsk did not differ between trials. The development of a greater post-expedition hypothermic state did not compromise finger circulation during the hand-cooling phase. Present findings indicate therefore that a hypothermic pattern of cold acclimatisation, as investigated in hypoxia, was developed following a short-term expedition on the South Polar Plateau; an adaptive response that is characterised mainly by suppressed shivering thermogenesis, and partly by blunted cutaneous vasoconstriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Roger Kölegård
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhen L, Guo W, Peng M, Liu Y, Zang S, Ji H, Li S, Yang H. Identification of cold-responsive miRNAs in rats by deep sequencing. J Therm Biol 2017; 66:114-124. [PMID: 28477904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
miRNA is an endogenously noncoding sRNA, which is involved in post-transcription gene expression regulation of growth, tumor development and stress survival. As a biological marker, miRNA has been used for the early diagnosis of diseases and the evaluation of some physiological state. We constructed two small RNA libraries with the serums of rats treated or not with cold conditions (4℃ for 12h) by deep sequencing, in order to understand the miRNAs' expressions of cold-exposed rats and find new cold-responsive biological markers. 485 conserved miRNAs and 287 novel miRNAs were identified in the two libraries by comparing to the known miRNAs of rat in miRBase 21.0 Differential expression analysis showed that 56 conserved miRNAs and 3 novel miRNAs were expressed differentially in low ambient temperature. The qRT-PCR results confirmed that rno-miR-151-3p, rno-miR-210-3p, rno-miR-425-5p, rno-miR-383-5p, rno-miR-92a-3p, rno-miR-98-5p and rno-miR-328a-3p decreased significantly in rats serums treated with cold exposure. The expressions of the 7 miRNAs changed significantly in cold-exposed rats' livers too. rno-miR-383-5p decreased significantly, but all the others increased significantly. Thus, the 7 miRNAs were considered as cold-responsive miRNAs of rat. 670 target genes of the 7 cold-responsive miRNAs were predicted. KEGG analysis showed that they were enriched in 28 pathways and most of them were enriched by metabolic pathway. Overall, the results of this study suggest an important role for selected miRNA's in the response to cold stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenjin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengling Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanzhi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shucheng Zang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shize Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huanmin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brazaitis M, Paulauskas H, Skurvydas A, Budde H, Daniuseviciute L, Eimantas N. Brief Rewarming Blunts Hypothermia-Induced Alterations in Sensation, Motor Drive and Cognition. Front Physiol 2016; 7:592. [PMID: 27990123 PMCID: PMC5133047 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is well known that cold exposure experienced during occupational or recreational activities may adversely affect motor, cognitive performance, and health. Most research has used prolonged passive external rewarming modalities and focused on the direct effects on the kinetics of physiological and psychological responses in hypothermic subjects. However, the brief whole body rewarming effects on physiological and psychological responses in parallel with functional consequences on cognitive and neurophysiological functions have not been investigated. This study explores these effects in 12 healthy young men. Methods: Subjects (20 ± 1 years) participated in 4 randomized trials, which were designed to compare the effects of whole-body brief (5-min) rewarming in 37°C water with rewarming for the same duration in 24°C (air) thermoneutral environment in mildly hypothermic subjects. After each rewarming, indicators of neuromuscular function (reflexes, central activation ratio, electromyography of exercising muscle, and contractile properties of calf muscles) and cognitive function (attention, simple motor speed, and information processing speed) were assessed. Results: Compared to rewarming in thermoneutral environment, after brief rewarming in 37°C water, significantly lower metabolic heat production (MHP) (206 ± 33.4 vs. 121.9 ± 24.3 W·m2, P < 0.01), heart rate (76 ± 16 vs. 60 ± 12 b·min−1, P < 0.01), cold strain (6.4 ± 3.1 vs. 5.3 ± 2.7, P < 0.01), improved thermal comfort and induced cessation of shivering were found. Electrically induced maximum torque amplitudes increased (P100, 102.8 ± 21.3 vs. 109.2 ± 17.5 Nm and PTT100, 83.1 ± 17.1 vs. 92.7 ± 16.0 Nm, P < 0.05), contraction half-relaxation time decreased (599.0 ± 53.8 vs. 589.0 ± 56.3 ms, P < 0.05), and Mmax-wave latency shortened (17.5 ± 2.2 vs. 15.6 ± 2.0 ms, P < 0.05) after 37°C water rewarming. Unlike rewarming in thermoneutral environment, 37°C water rewarming blunted the hypothermia-induced alterations in neural drive transmission (4.3 ± 0.5 vs. 3.4 ± 0.8 mV H-reflex and 4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 4.4 ± 0.4 mV V-wave, P < 0.05), which increased central fatigue during a 2-min maximum load (P < 0.05). Furthermore, only in brief warm water rewarming cerebral alterations were restored to the control level and it was indicated by shortened reaction times (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Brief rewarming in warm water rather than the same duration rewarming in thermoneutral environment blunted the hypothermia-induced alterations for sensation, motor drive, and cognition, despite the fact that rectal and deep muscle temperature remained lowered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henning Budde
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania; Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School HamburgHamburg, Germany; Sports Science Department, Reykjavik UniversityReykjavik, Iceland
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lucas SJE, Helge JW, Schütz UHW, Goldman RF, Cotter JD. Moving in extreme environments: extreme loading; carriage versus distance. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:6. [PMID: 27110357 PMCID: PMC4840901 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses human capacity for movement in the context of extreme loading and with it the combined effects of metabolic, biomechanical and gravitational stress on the human body. This topic encompasses extreme duration, as occurs in ultra-endurance competitions (e.g. adventure racing and transcontinental races) and expeditions (e.g. polar crossings), to the more gravitationally limited load carriage (e.g. in the military context). Juxtaposed to these circumstances is the extreme metabolic and mechanical unloading associated with space travel, prolonged bedrest and sedentary lifestyle, which may be at least as problematic, and are therefore included as a reference, e.g. when considering exposure, dangers and (mal)adaptations. As per the other reviews in this series, we describe the nature of the stress and the associated consequences; illustrate relevant regulations, including why and how they are set; present the pros and cons for self versus prescribed acute and chronic exposure; describe humans' (mal)adaptations; and finally suggest future directions for practice and research. In summary, we describe adaptation patterns that are often U or J shaped and that over time minimal or no load carriage decreases the global load carrying capacity and eventually leads to severe adverse effects and manifest disease under minimal absolute but high relative loads. We advocate that further understanding of load carrying capacity and the inherent mechanisms leading to adverse effects may advantageously be studied in this perspective. With improved access to insightful and portable technologies, there are some exciting possibilities to explore these questions in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. E. Lucas
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- />Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uwe H. W. Schütz
- />Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Orthopaedic Consulting Office at the Green Tower and Medical Pain Centre Lake Constance–Upper Swabia, Ravensburg, Germany
| | | | - James D. Cotter
- />School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Daanen HAM, Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Human whole body cold adaptation. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:104-18. [PMID: 27227100 PMCID: PMC4861193 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1135688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reviews on whole body human cold adaptation generally do not distinguish between population studies and dedicated acclimation studies, leading to confusing results. Population studies show that indigenous black Africans have reduced shivering thermogenesis in the cold and poor cold induced vasodilation in fingers and toes compared to Caucasians and Inuit. About 40,000 y after humans left Africa, natives in cold terrestrial areas seems to have developed not only behavioral adaptations, but also physiological adaptations to cold. Dedicated studies show that repeated whole body exposure of individual volunteers, mainly Caucasians, to severe cold results in reduced cold sensation but no major physiological changes. Repeated cold water immersion seems to slightly reduce metabolic heat production, while repeated exposure to milder cold conditions shows some increase in metabolic heat production, in particular non-shivering thermogenesis. In conclusion, human cold adaptation in the form of increased metabolism and insulation seems to have occurred during recent evolution in populations, but cannot be developed during a lifetime in cold conditions as encountered in temperate and arctic regions. Therefore, we mainly depend on our behavioral skills to live in and survive the cold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hein A M Daanen
- MOVE Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D Van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology/Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
van der Lans AAJJ, Boon MR, Haks MC, Quinten E, Schaart G, Ottenhoff TH, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Cold acclimation affects immune composition in skeletal muscle of healthy lean subjects. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12394. [PMID: 26149277 PMCID: PMC4552515 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low environmental temperatures have a profound effect on biological processes in the body, including the immune system. Cold exposure coincides with hormonal changes, which may directly or indirectly alter the immune system, even in the skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cold acclimation on immune composition in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 17 healthy lean subjects before and after 10 days of mild cold exposure (15 °: C, 6 h/day). Nonshivering thermogenesis was calculated by indirect calorimetry. We found that cold acclimation increased nonshivering thermogenesis from 10.8 ± 7.5 before to 17.8 ± 11.1% after cold acclimation (P < 0.01), but did not affect plasma catecholamine nor cytokine levels. In contrast, cold acclimation affected mRNA expression of several immune cell markers in skeletal muscle. It downregulated expression of the Th17 markers RORC (-28%, P < 0.01) and NEDD4L (-15%, P < 0.05), as well as the regulatory T-cell marker FOXP3 (-13%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, cold acclimation downregulated expression of the M2 macrophage markers CCL22 (-50%, P < 0.05), CXCL13 (-17%, P < 0.05) and CD209 (-15%, P < 0.05), while the M1 macrophage marker IL12B was upregulated (+141%, P < 0.05). Cold acclimation also enhanced several markers related to interferon (IFN) signaling, including TAP1 (+12%, P < 0.01), IFITM1/3 (+11%, P < 0.05), CD274 (+36%, P < 0.05) and STAT 2 (+10%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, 10 days of intermittent cold exposure induces marked changes in the expression of immune cell markers in skeletal muscle of healthy lean subjects. The physiological consequences and therapeutic relevance of these changes remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk A J J van der Lans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Quinten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Vitkauskiene A, Paulauskas H, Skurvydas A. Two strategies for the acute response to cold exposure but one strategy for the response to heat stress. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:325-35. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1004135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
36
|
Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Mickeviciene D, Steponaviciute R, Skurvydas A. Two strategies for response to 14 °C cold-water immersion: is there a difference in the response of motor, cognitive, immune and stress markers? PLoS One 2014; 9:e109020. [PMID: 25275647 PMCID: PMC4183517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we address the question of why some people have a greater chance of surviving and/or better resistance to cold-related-injuries in prolonged exposure to acute cold environments than do others, despite similar physical characteristics. The main aim of this study was to compare physiological and psychological reactions between people who exhibited fast cooling (FC; n = 20) or slow cooling (SC; n = 20) responses to cold water immersion. Individuals in whom the T(re) decreased to a set point of 35.5 °C before the end of the 170-min cooling time were indicated as the FC group; individuals in whom the T(re) did not decrease to the set point of 35.5 °C before the end of the 170-min cooling time were classified as the SC group. Cold stress was induced using intermittent immersion in bath water at 14 °C. Motor (spinal and supraspinal reflexes, voluntary and electrically induced skeletal muscle contraction force) and cognitive (executive function, short term memory, short term spatial recognition) performance, immune variables (neutrophils, leucocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, IL-6, TNF-α), markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity (cortisol, corticosterone) and autonomic nervous system activity (epinephrine, norepinephrine) were monitored. The data obtained in this study suggest that the response of the FC group to cooling vs the SC group response was more likely an insulative-hypothermic response and that the SC vs the FC group displayed a metabolic-insulative response. The observations that an exposure time to 14 °C cold water--which was nearly twice as short (96-min vs 170-min) with a greater rectal temperature decrease (35.5 °C vs 36.2 °C) in the FC group compared with the SC group--induces similar responses of motor, cognitive, and blood stress markers were novel. The most important finding is that subjects with a lower cold-strain-index (SC group) showed stimulation of some markers of innate immunity and suppression of markers of specific immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brazaitis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Department of Educational Studies, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Mickeviciene
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Steponaviciute
- Department of Laboratory Medicines, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zalewski P, Bitner A, Słomko J, Szrajda J, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL. Whole-body cryostimulation increases parasympathetic outflow and decreases core body temperature. J Therm Biol 2014; 45:75-80. [PMID: 25436954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular, autonomic and thermal response to whole-body cryostimulation exposure are not completely known. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate objectively and noninvasively autonomic and thermal reactions observed after short exposure to very low temperatures. We examined 25 healthy men with mean age 30.1 ± 3.7 years and comparable anthropomorphical characteristic. Each subject was exposed to cryotherapeutic temperatures in a cryogenic chamber for 3 min (approx. -120 °C). The cardiovascular and autonomic parameters were measured noninvasively with Task Force Monitor. The changes in core body temperature were determined with the Vital Sense telemetric measurement system. Results show that 3 min to cryotherapeutic temperatures causes significant changes in autonomic balance which are induced by peripheral and central blood volume changes. Cryostimulation also induced changes in core body temperature, maximum drop of core temperature was observed 50-60 min after the stimulation. Autonomic and thermal reactions to cryostimulation were observed up to 6 h after the exposure and were not harmful for examined subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Zalewski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Bitner
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Słomko
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Szrajda
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J Klawe
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Karlowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Julia L Newton
- Institute for Ageing and Health,The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|