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Zhao L, Zhou J, Abbasi F, Fathzadeh M, Knowles JW, Leung LLK, Morser J. Chemerin in Participants with or without Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:924. [PMID: 38672278 PMCID: PMC11048116 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemokine/adipokine, regulating inflammation, adipogenesis and energy metabolism whose activity depends on successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. Chemerin levels and processing are correlated with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that chemerin processing would be higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in those who are insulin resistant (IR). This hypothesis was tested by characterizing different chemerin forms by specific ELISA in the plasma of 18 participants with T2D and 116 without T2D who also had their insulin resistance measured by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during an insulin suppression test. This approach enabled us to analyze the association of chemerin levels with a direct measure of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration). Participants were divided into groups based on their degree of insulin resistance using SSPG concentration tertiles: insulin sensitive (IS, SSPG ≤ 91 mg/dL), intermediate IR (IM, SSPG 92-199 mg/dL), and IR (SSPG ≥ 200 mg/dL). Levels of different chemerin forms were highest in patients with T2D, second highest in individuals without T2D who were IR, and lowest in persons without T2D who were IM or IS. In the whole group, chemerin levels positively correlated with both degree of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration) and adiposity (BMI). Participants with T2D and those without T2D who were IR had the most proteolytic processing of chemerin, resulting in higher levels of both cleaved and degraded chemerin. This suggests that increased inflammation in individuals who have T2D or are IR causes more chemerin processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan Zhou
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA;
| | - Fahim Abbasi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Mohsen Fathzadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Lawrence L. K. Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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2
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Zhang Q, Ye J, Wang X. Progress in the contrary effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 and chemerin on obesity development. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2020-2029. [PMID: 38058030 PMCID: PMC10800121 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231214270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted by intestinal L-cells, plays a pivotal role in the modulation of β-cell insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, concurrently promoting β-cell survival and β-cell mass. Notably, GLP-1 has emerged as an effective second-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, gaining further prominence for its pronounced impact on body weight reduction, positioning it as a potent antiobesity agent. However, the mechanism by which GLP-1 improves obesity remains unclear. Some reports suggest that this mechanism may be associated with the regulation of adipokine synthesis within adipose tissue. Chemerin, a multifunctional adipokine and chemokine, has been identified as a pivotal player in adipocyte differentiation and the propagation of systemic inflammation, a hallmark of obesity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which GLP-1 and chemerin play crucial roles in obesity and obesity-related diseases. It discusses well-established aspects, such as their effects on food intake and glycolipid metabolism, as well as recent insights, including their influence on macrophage polarization and adipose tissue thermogenesis. GLP-1 has been shown to increase the population of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, promote brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and induce the browning of white adipose tissue. In contrast, chemerin exhibits opposite effects in these processes. In addition, recent research findings have demonstrated the promising potential of GLP-1-based therapies in directly or indirectly regulating chemerin expression. In an intriguing reciprocal relationship, chemerin has also been newly identified as a negative regulator of GLP-1 in vivo. This review delineates the intricate interplay between GLP-1 and chemerin, unraveling their mutual inhibitory interactions. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reviews have focused on this specific topic, making this review particularly valuable in expanding our understanding of the endocrine mechanisms of obesity and providing potential strategies for the treatment of obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Center for Advanced Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Barber TM, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AFH, Weickert MO. Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: A Review of Complex Interlinks. Metabolites 2023; 13:757. [PMID: 37367914 PMCID: PMC10304744 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has now surpassed alcohol excess as the most common cause of chronic liver disease globally, affecting one in four people. Given its prevalence, MAFLD is an important cause of cirrhosis, even though only a small proportion of patients with MAFLD ultimately progress to cirrhosis. MAFLD suffers as a clinical entity due to its insidious and often asymptomatic onset, lack of an accurate and reliable non-invasive diagnostic test, and lack of a bespoke therapy that has been designed and approved for use specifically in MAFLD. MAFLD sits at a crossroads between the gut and the periphery. The development of MAFLD (including activation of the inflammatory cascade) is influenced by gut-related factors that include the gut microbiota and intactness of the gut mucosal wall. The gut microbiota may interact directly with the liver parenchyma (through translocation via the portal vein), or indirectly through the release of metabolic metabolites that include secondary bile acids, trimethylamine, and short-chain fatty acids (such as propionate and acetate). In turn, the liver mediates the metabolic status of peripheral tissues (including insulin sensitivity) through a complex interplay of hepatokines, liver-secreted metabolites, and liver-derived micro RNAs. As such, the liver plays a key central role in influencing overall metabolic status. In this concise review, we provide an overview of the complex mechanisms whereby MAFLD influences the development of insulin resistance within the periphery, and gut-related factors impact on the development of MAFLD. We also discuss lifestyle strategies for optimising metabolic liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Barber
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Lambooy S, Heida A, Joschko C, Nakladal D, van Buiten A, Kloosterhuis N, Huijkman N, Gerding A, van de Sluis B, Henning R, Deelman L. Selective Hepatic Cbs Knockout Aggravates Liver Damage, Endothelial Dysfunction and ROS Stress in Mice Fed a Western Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087019. [PMID: 37108182 PMCID: PMC10138434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) is highly expressed in the liver, and deficiencies in Cbs lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy) and disturbed production of antioxidants such as hydrogen sulfide. We therefore hypothesized that liver-specific Cbs deficient (LiCKO) mice would be particularly susceptible to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD was induced by a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFC) diet; LiCKO and controls were split into eight groups based on genotype (con, LiCKO), diet (normal diet, HFC), and diet duration (12 weeks, 20 weeks). LiCKO mice displayed intermediate to severe HHCy. Plasma H2O2 was increased by HFC, and further aggravated in LiCKO. LiCKO mice fed an HFC diet had heavier livers, increased lipid peroxidation, elevated ALAT, aggravated hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. LiCKO mice showed decreased L-carnitine in the liver, but this did not result in impaired fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, HFC-fed LiCKO mice demonstrated vascular and renal endothelial dysfunction. Liver and endothelial damage correlated significantly with systemic ROS status. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an important role for CBS in the liver in the development of NAFLD, which is most probably mediated through impaired defense against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Lambooy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Heida
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Joschko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dalibor Nakladal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Azuwerus van Buiten
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Deelman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Krajewski PK, Matusiak Ł, Szepietowski JC. Adipokines as an important link between hidradenitis suppurativa and obesity: a narrative review. Br J Dermatol 2023; 188:320-327. [PMID: 36641766 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, debilitating disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. Although its pathophysiology is not fully explained, inflammation seems to play an essential role in the development of HS. A link between obesity - often considered a state of chronic inflammation - and a higher prevalence of HS has been described. Nevertheless, the exact association is not well understood. Adipose tissue is a highly active endocrine organ that produces and secretes a variety of metabolically and immunologically active molecules called adipokines. The imbalances in concentrations of several adipokines in patients with HS have already been described. A shift towards the overproduction of proinflammatory adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) with the suppression of anti-inflammatory ones (adiponectin) has been noted. We conducted a review of the available data on adipokines in HS, concentrating on the described imbalances in adipokine concentrations, as well as possible implications in HS pathogenesis. Moreover, new, unstudied adipokines with possible implications in the development of HS are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Krajewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Matusiak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Francisco V, Sanz MJ, Real JT, Marques P, Capuozzo M, Ait Eldjoudi D, Gualillo O. Adipokines in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Are We on the Road toward New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets? Biology 2022; 11:1237. [PMID: 36009862 PMCID: PMC9405285 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an unmet medical need due to its increasingly high incidence, severe clinical consequences, and the absence of feasible diagnostic tools and effective drugs. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data on adipokines, cytokine-like hormones secreted by adipose tissue, and NAFLD. The aim is to establish the potential of adipokines as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets for NAFLD. The limitations of current research are also discussed, and future perspectives are outlined. Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the major cause of chronic hepatic illness and the leading indication for liver transplantation in the future decades. NAFLD is also commonly associated with other high-incident non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular complications, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Aggravating the socio-economic impact of this complex pathology, routinely feasible diagnostic methodologies and effective drugs for NAFLD management are unavailable. The pathophysiology of NAFLD, recently defined as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is correlated with abnormal adipose tissue–liver axis communication because obesity-associated white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction prompt hepatic insulin resistance (IR), lipid accumulation (steatosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Accumulating evidence links adipokines, cytokine-like hormones secreted by adipose tissue that have immunometabolic activity, with NAFLD pathogenesis and progression; however, much uncertainty still exists. Here, the current knowledge on the roles of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), visfatin, chemerin, and adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein (AFABP) in NAFLD, taken from preclinical to clinical studies, is overviewed. The effect of therapeutic interventions on adipokines’ circulating levels are also covered. Finally, future directions to address the potential of adipokines as therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers for NAFLD are discussed.
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Pohl R, Eichelberger L, Feder S, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, McMullen N, Sinal CJ, Bruckmann A, Weiss TS, Beck M, Höring M, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Wiest R, Wanninger J, Buechler C. Hepatocyte expressed chemerin-156 does not protect from experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2059-2071. [PMID: 35449483 PMCID: PMC9237010 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly growing liver disease. The chemoattractant chemerin is abundant in hepatocytes, and hepatocyte expressed prochemerin protected from NASH. Prochemerin is inactive and different active isoforms have been described. Here, the effect of hepatocyte expressed muChem-156, a highly active murine chemerin isoform, was studied in the methionine–choline deficient dietary model of NASH. Mice overexpressing muChem-156 had higher hepatic chemerin protein. Serum chemerin levels and the capability of serum to activate the chemerin receptors was unchanged showing that the liver did not release active chemerin. Notably, activation of the chemerin receptors by hepatic vein blood did not increase in parallel to total chemerin protein in patients with liver cirrhosis. In experimental NASH, muChem-156 had no effect on liver lipids. Accordingly, overexpression of active chemerin in hepatocytes or treatment of hepatocytes with recombinant chemerin did not affect cellular triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Importantly, overexpression of muChem-156 in the murine liver did not change the hepatic expression of inflammatory and profibrotic genes. The downstream targets of chemerin such as p38 kinase were neither activated in the liver of muChem-156 producing mice nor in HepG2, Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells overexpressing this isoform. Recombinant chemerin had no effect on global gene expression of primary human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells within 24 h of incubation. Phosphorylation of p38 kinase was, however, increased upon short-time incubation of HepG2 cells with chemerin. These findings show that muChem-156 overexpression in hepatocytes does not protect from liver steatosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Eichelberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Feder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Christopher J Sinal
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Astrid Bruckmann
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Beck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef Wanninger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Yun H, Dumbell R, Hanna K, Bowen J, McLean SL, Kantamneni S, Pors K, Wu QF, Helfer G. The Chemerin-CMKLR1 Axis is Functionally important for Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:897105. [PMID: 35711300 PMCID: PMC9196942 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.897105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is an adipokine involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism, and has been hypothesized as a link between obesity and type II diabetes. In humans affected by obesity, chemerin gene expression in peripheral tissues and circulating levels are elevated. In mice, plasma levels of chemerin are upregulated by high-fat feeding and gain and loss of function studies show an association of chemerin with body weight, food intake and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, chemerin is an important blood-borne mediator that, amongst its other functions, controls appetite and body weight. Almost all studies of chemerin to date have focused on its release from adipose tissue and its effects on peripheral tissues with the central effects largely overlooked. To demonstrate a central role of chemerin, we manipulated chemerin signaling in the hypothalamus, a brain region associated with appetite regulation, using pharmacological and genetic manipulation approaches. Firstly, the selective chemerin receptor CMKLR1 antagonist α-NETA was administered i.c.v. to rats to test for an acute physiological effect. Secondly, we designed a short-hairpin-RNA (shRNA) lentivirus construct targeting expression of CMKLR1. This shRNA construct, or a control construct was injected bilaterally into the arcuate nucleus of male Sprague Dawley rats on high-fat diet (45%). After surgery, rats were maintained on high-fat diet for 2 weeks and then switched to chow diet for a further 2 weeks. We found a significant weight loss acutely and inhibition of weight gain chronically. This difference became apparent after diet switch in arcuate nucleus-CMKLR1 knockdown rats. This was not accompanied by a difference in blood glucose levels. Interestingly, appetite-regulating neuropeptides remained unaltered, however, we found a significant reduction of the inflammatory marker TNF-α suggesting reduced expression of CMKLR1 protects from high-fat diet induced neuroinflammation. In white and brown adipose tissue, mRNA expression of chemerin, its receptors and markers of adipogenesis, lipogenesis and brown adipocyte activation remained unchanged confirming that the effects are driven by the brain. Our behavioral analyses suggest that knockdown of CMKLR1 had an impact on object recognition. Our data demonstrate that CMKLR1 is functionally important for the central effects of chemerin on body weight regulation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesung Yun
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hanna
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Junior Bowen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha L McLean
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Sriharsha Kantamneni
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Pors
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gisela Helfer
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
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9
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Fang P, Han L, Yu M, Han S, Wang M, Huang Y, Guo W, Wei Q, Shang W, Min W. Development of metabolic dysfunction in mice lacking chemerin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111369. [PMID: 34171420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin, an adipocyte-secreted adipokine, is hypothesized to participate in energy homeostasis and glucoregulation. However, the physiologic effect of endogenous chemerin on glucose metabolism is unclear. The present studies tested the hypotheses that chemerin deficiency alters whole-body glucose homeostasis following switches to high-fat diet. Adult, male chemerin knockout and C57BL/6J control wild type mice were studied. During the following 4 weeks, chow- or high-fat diet maintained chemerin knockout mice showed elevated fasting glucose levels and glucose intolerance as well as insulin intolerance. Chemerin deficiency impaired adaptation to glucose and insulin challenge, leading to increased glucose levels. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of GLUT4 and PGC-1α expression in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were significantly decreased in chemerin knockout mice relative to the wild type, respectively. Taken together, the results support the hypotheses that chemerin helps adapt glucose metabolism to changes in dietary fat and modulates glucose consumption in mice by activation of PGC-1α/GLUT4 axis. Chemerin may play a significant role in elevation of glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity to promote glucose clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Long Han
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shiyu Han
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - Wancheng Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - Qingbo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Minister of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenbing Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Wen Min
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Bone Injury of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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Taylor EB. The complex role of adipokines in obesity, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:731-52. [PMID: 33729498 DOI: 10.1042/CS20200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic is a major contributor to chronic disease and disability in the world today. Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, a multitude of studies have characterized the pathological changes that occur within adipose tissue in the obese state. One significant change is the dysregulation of adipokine production. Adipokines are an indispensable link between metabolism and optimal immune system function; however, their dysregulation in obesity contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation and disease pathology. Herein, I will highlight current knowledge on adipokine structure and physiological function, and focus on the known roles of these factors in the modulation of the immune response. I will also discuss adipokines in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases.
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Thomas MM, Zaki ME, Youness E, Hamed K, Khedr AA, Abd El-Massieh PM, Abdo SM, El-Bassyouni HT. Measurement of Serum Chemerin, Oxidized LDL, and Vitamin D Levels in Prader–Willi Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pediatric Egyptian Patients. Journal of Child Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is the commonest genetic cause of obesity. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Alterations of vitamin D (25-OHD) levels are commonly encountered with obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze serum chemerin, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and 25-OHD values in pediatric PWS patients in comparison with obese healthy children and nonobese control groups, highlighting possible correlations with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Twenty-six PWS Egyptian patients and 26 obese healthy individuals referred to the outpatient clinic of the Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, and 20 control patients with matching age and sex were enrolled in the study. Patients were clinically diagnosed and confirmed by routine cytogenetic and fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and BMI was calculated by weight/height2 (kg/m2), and BMI z score was also determined. Serum chemerin, ox-LDL, and vitamin D were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chemerin levels, which reflected chronic inflammation, were significantly elevated as compared with obese and nonobese controls (p ≤ 0.0001). Concerning oxidative damage, children with PWS showed higher Ox-LDL levels compared with obese and nonobese controls (p < 0.0001). Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in PWS patients compared with obese and nonobese controls (p ≤ 0.0001). Our data showed that obesity in PWS is associated with oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation. Ox-LDL is a good indicator of oxidative stress, and chemerin could be used as a biomarker for the chronic inflammatory state. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation is recommended in PWS patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Thomas
- Clinical Genetics Department, Center of Scientific Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moushira E. Zaki
- Department of Biological Anthropology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Youness
- Department of Biological Anthropology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Hamed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Center of Scientific Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azzah A. Khedr
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Phoebe M. Abd El-Massieh
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Oro-dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara M. Abdo
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala T. El-Bassyouni
- Clinical Genetics Department, Center of Scientific Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Huang B, Zhao H, Huang C, Wu L, Xiang L, Chen J, Wang B, Xiao T, Li M, Ren L, Niu J, Zhang JV. CMKLR1 deficiency attenuates androgen-induced lipid accumulation in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E371-E380. [PMID: 31910029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00176.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excess androgen-induced obesity has become a public health problem, and its prevalence has increased substantially in recent years. Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), a receptor of chemerin secreted by adipose tissue, is linked to adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue development, and obesity. However, the effect of CMKLR1 signaling on androgen-mediated adiposity in vivo remains unclear. Using CMKLR1-knockout mice, we constructed an androgen-excess female mouse model through 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment and an androgen-deficient male mouse model by orchidectomy (ORX). For mechanism investigation, we used 2-(α-Naphthoyl) ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (α-NETA), an antagonist of CMKLR1, to suppress CMKLR1 in vivo and wortmannin, a PI3K signaling antagonist, to treat brown adipose tissue (BAT) explant cultures in vitro. Furthermore, we used histological examination and quantitative PCR, as well as Western blot analysis, glucose tolerance tests, and biochemical analysis of serum, to describe the phenotypes and the changes in gene expression. We demonstrated that excess androgen in the female mice resulted in larger cells in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the BAT, whereas androgen deprivation in the male mice induced a reduction in cell size. Both of these adipocyte size effects could be attenuated in the CMKLR1-knockout mice. CMKLR1 deficiency influenced the effect of androgen treatment on adipose tissue by regulating the mRNA expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and adipocyte markers (such as Fabp4 and Cidea). Moreover, suppression of CMKLR1 by α-NETA could also reduce the extent of the adipocyte cell enlargement caused by DHT. Furthermore, we found that DHT could reduce the levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in the BAT, while CMKLR1 inactivation inhibited this effect, which had been induced by DHT, through the PI3K signaling pathway. These findings reveal an antiobesity role of CMKLR1 deficiency in regulating lipid accumulation, highlighting the scientific importance for the further development of small-molecule CMKLR1 antagonists as fundamental research tools and/or as potential drugs for use in the treatment of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Huang
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huashan Zhao
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Xiang
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baobei Wang
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianxia Xiao
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lirong Ren
- Department of Obstetric, ShenZhen Baoan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Jacenik D, Fichna J. Chemerin in immune response and gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:146-153. [PMID: 32070869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional protein involved among others in adipogenesis, angiogenesis and lipid as well as glucose metabolism. Chemerin is an essential factor in promotion of chemotaxis of numerous immune cell types and plays an important role in several pathophysiologic conditions. Chemerin receptors are present on monocytes/macrophages, T cells, natural killer and dendritic cells as well as neutrophils. However, the role of chemerin and chemerin receptors in immune response and gastrointestinal diseases is still poorly understood. Accumulating, clinical and experimental studies observed disturbation of chemerin and chemerin receptors in a number of disorders including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatic dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Moreover, chemerin and chemerin receptors have been shown to regulate proliferation, migration and invasion of gastrointestinal and immune cells as well as cancer-associated fibroblasts. In this review we present the current state of knowledge about the contribution of chemerin to immune response and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Cytobiochemistry, Pomorska St. 141/143, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Mazowiecka St. 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Huang B, Huang C, Zhao H, Zhu W, Wang B, Wang H, Chen J, Xiao T, Niu J, Zhang J. Impact of GPR1 signaling on maternal high-fat feeding and placenta metabolism in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E987-E997. [PMID: 30835511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00437.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin and G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) are increased in serum and placenta in mice during pregnancy. Interestingly, we observed increased serum chemerin levels and decreased GPR1 expression in placenta of high-fat-diet-fed mice compared with chow-fed mice at gestational day 18. GPR1 protein and gene levels were significantly decreased in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patient placentas. Therefore, we hypothesized that chemerin/GPR1 signaling might participate in the pathogenic mechanism of GDM. We investigated the role of GPR1 in carbohydrate homeostasis during pregnancy using pregnant mice transfected with small interfering RNA for GPR1 or a negative control. GPR1 knockdown exacerbated glucose intolerance, disrupted lipid metabolism, and decreased β-cell proliferation and insulin levels. Glucose transport protein-3 and fatty acid binding protein-4 were downregulated with reducing GPR1 in vivo and in vitro via phosphorylated AKT pathway. Taken together, our findings first demonstrate the expression of GPR1, the characterization of its direct biological effects in humans and mice, as well as the molecular mechanism that indicates the role of GPR1 signaling in maternal metabolism during pregnancy, suggesting a novel feedback mechanism to regulate glucose balance during pregnancy, and GPR1 could be a potential target for the detection and therapy of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Huang
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Chen Huang
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Huashan Zhao
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Baobei Wang
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Hefei Wang
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jie Chen
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Tianxia Xiao
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Centre for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
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Abstract
During the last 40 years, there has been a world-wide increase in both the prevalence of obesity and an increase in the number of persons over the age of 60 due to a decline in deaths from infectious disease and the nutrition transition in low and middle income nations. While the increase in the elderly population indicates improvements in global public health, this population may experience a diminished quality of life due to the negative impacts of obesity on age-associated inflammation. Aging alters adipose tissue composition and function resulting in insulin resistance and ectopic lipid storage. A reduction in brown adipose tissue activity, declining sex hormones levels, and abdominal adipose tissue expansion occur with advancing years through the redistribution of lipids from the subcutaneous to the visceral fat compartment. These changes in adipose tissue function and distribution influence the secretion of adipose tissue derived hormones, or adipokines, that promote a chronic state of low-grade systemic inflammation. Ultimately, obesity accelerates aging by enhancing inflammation and increasing the risk of age-associated diseases. The focus of this review is the impact of aging on adipose tissue distribution and function and how these effects influence the elaboration of pro and anti-inflammatory adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mancuso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Mancuso
| | - Benjamin Bouchard
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Zhao H, Yan D, Xiang L, Huang C, Li J, Yu X, Huang B, Wang B, Chen J, Xiao T, Ren PG, Zhang JV. Chemokine-like receptor 1 deficiency leads to lower bone mass in male mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:355-367. [PMID: 30374519 PMCID: PMC11105338 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adipokine Chemerin and its receptor, chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), are associated with osteoblastogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoclastogenic differentiation of osteoclast precursors in vitro, suggesting that CMKLR1 would affect the bone mineral density (BMD). However, the role of CMKLR1 on BMD in vivo remains unknown. Here, using CMKLR1 knockout mouse model, we unveiled that CMKLR1 effected the amount of Leydig cells in testis and regulated androgen-dependent bone maintenance in male mice, which exhibited lower serum testosterone levels, thereby reducing the trabecular bone mass. Correspondingly, the mRNA expression of testosterone synthesis enzymes in testis decreased. The bone tissue also showed decreased mRNAs expression of osteogenic markers and increased mRNA levels for osteoclast markers. Furthermore, by in vitro differentiation models, we found CMKLR1-deficiency could break the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis that caused a shift from osteogenic to adipogenic differentiation in MSCs and enhanced osteoclast formation. In addition, bone mass increase in CMKLR1 KO male mice can be promoted by treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the inactivation of CMKLR1 in male wild-type (WT) mice with antagonist treatment can lead to low bone mass. Taken together, these data indicate that CMKLR1 positively regulates bone metabolism through mediating testosterone production and the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Zhao
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dewen Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Liang Xiang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangfang Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baobei Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tianxia Xiao
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pei-Gen Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Dranse HJ, Zheng A, Comeau AM, Langille MGI, Zabel BA, Sinal CJ. The impact of chemerin or chemokine-like receptor 1 loss on the mouse gut microbiome. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5494. [PMID: 30225164 PMCID: PMC6139019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is an adipocyte derived signalling molecule (adipokine) that serves as a ligand activator of Chemokine-like receptor 1(CMKLR1). Chemerin/CMKLR1 signalling is well established to regulate fundamental processes in metabolism and inflammation. The composition and function of gut microbiota has also been shown to impact the development of metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we assessed the microbiome composition of fecal samples isolated from wildtype, chemerin, or CMKLR1 knockout mice using Illumina-based sequencing. Moreover, the knockout mice and respective wildtype mice used in this study were housed at different universities allowing us to compare facility-dependent effects on microbiome composition. While there was no difference in alpha diversity within samples when compared by either facility or genotype, we observed a dramatic difference in the presence and abundance of numerous taxa between facilities. There were minor differences in bacterial abundance between wildtype and chemerin knockout mice, but significantly more differences in taxa abundance between wildtype and CMKLR1 knockout mice. Specifically, CMKLR1 knockout mice exhibited decreased abundance of Akkermansia and Prevotella, which correlated with body weight in CMKLR1 knockout, but not wildtype mice. This is the first study to investigate a linkage between chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling and microbiome composition. The results of our study suggest that chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling influences metabolic processes through effects on the gut microbiome. Furthermore, the dramatic difference in microbiome composition between facilities might contribute to discrepancies in the metabolic phenotype of CMKLR1 knockout mice reported by independent groups. Considered altogether, these findings establish a foundation for future studies to investigate the relationship between chemerin signaling and the gut microbiome on the development and progression of metabolic and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Dranse
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashlee Zheng
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - André M Comeau
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Integrated Microbiome Resource, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Morgan G I Langille
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Integrated Microbiome Resource, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States of America
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a global public health problem and predisposes individuals to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, accumulating evidence has uncovered a critical role of adipokines. Chemerin, encoded by the gene Rarres2, is a newly discovered adipokine involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. In humans, local and circulating levels of chemerin are positively correlated with BMI and obesity-related biomarkers. In this review, we discuss both peripheral and central roles of chemerin in regulating body metabolism. In general, chemerin is upregulated in obese and diabetic animals. Previous studies by gain or loss of function show an association of chemerin with adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, food intake and body weight. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates peripheral afferent signals including adipokines to regulate appetite and energy homeostasis. Chemerin increases food intake in seasonal animals by acting on hypothalamic stem cells, the tanycytes. In peripheral tissues, chemerin increases cell expansion, inflammation and angiogenesis in adipose tissue, collectively resulting in adiposity. While chemerin signalling enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, contradictory results have been reported on how chemerin links to obesity and insulin resistance. Given the association of chemerin with obesity comorbidities in humans, advances in translational research targeting chemerin are expected to mitigate metabolic disorders. Together, the exciting findings gathered in the last decade clearly indicate a crucial multifaceted role for chemerin in the regulation of energy balance, making it a promising candidate for urgently needed pharmacological treatment strategies for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Helfer
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesUniversity of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Q-F Wu:
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20
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Kennedy AJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CIII: Chemerin Receptors CMKLR1 (Chemerin 1) and GPR1 (Chemerin 2) Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:174-196. [PMID: 29279348 PMCID: PMC5744648 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin, a chemoattractant protein and adipokine, has been identified as the endogenous ligand for a G protein–coupled receptor encoded by the gene CMKLR1 (also known as ChemR23), and as a consequence the receptor protein was renamed the chemerin receptor in 2013. Since then, chemerin has been identified as the endogenous ligand for a second G protein–coupled receptor, encoded by the gene GPR1. Therefore, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification recommends that the official name of the receptor protein for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) is chemerin receptor 1, and G protein–coupled receptor 1 is chemerin receptor 2 to follow the convention of naming the receptor protein after the endogenous ligand. Chemerin receptor 1 and chemerin receptor 2 can be abbreviated to Chemerin1 and Chemerin2, respectively. Chemerin requires C-terminal processing for activity, and human chemerin21–157 is reported to be the most active form, with peptide fragments derived from the C terminus biologically active at both receptors. Small-molecule antagonist, CCX832, selectively blocks CMKLR1, and resolvin E1 activation of CMKLR1 is discussed. Activation of both receptors by chemerin is via coupling to Gi/o, causing inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and increased Ca2+ flux. Receptors and ligand are widely expressed in humans, rats, and mice, and both receptors share ∼80% identity across these species. CMKLR1 knockout mice highlight the role of this receptor in inflammation and obesity, and similarly, GPR1 knockout mice exhibit glucose intolerance. In addition, the chemerin receptors have been implicated in cardiovascular disease, cancer, steroidogenesis, human immunodeficiency virus replication, and neurogenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kennedy
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Wu M, Zhu X, Wang T, He K, Li P, Wu X. PI3K inhibition protects mice from NAFLD by down-regulating CMKLR1 and NLRP3 in Kupffer cells. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:583-594. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zimny S, Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Haberl EM, Krautbauer S, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Chemokine (CC-motif) receptor-like 2 mRNA is expressed in hepatic stellate cells and is positively associated with characteristics of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and men. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Buechler C, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Aslanidis C. Adipokines in Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1392. [PMID: 28661458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis, which is considered a serious disease. The Child-Pugh score and the model of end-stage liver disease score have been established to assess residual liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis. The development of portal hypertension contributes to ascites, variceal bleeding and further complications in these patients. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is used to lower portal pressure, which represents a major improvement in the treatment of patients. Adipokines are proteins released from adipose tissue and modulate hepatic fibrogenesis. These proteins affect various biological processes that are involved in liver function, including angiogenesis, vasodilation, inflammation and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The best studied adipokines are adiponectin and leptin. Adiponectin protects against hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis, and leptin functions as a profibrogenic factor. These and other adipokines are supposed to modulate disease severity in patients with liver cirrhosis. Consequently, circulating levels of these proteins have been analyzed to identify associations with parameters of hepatic function, portal hypertension and its associated complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. This review article briefly addresses the role of adipokines in hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Here, studies having analyzed these proteins in systemic blood in cirrhotic patients are listed to identify adipokines that are comparably changed in the different cohorts of patients with liver cirrhosis. Some studies measured these proteins in systemic, hepatic and portal vein blood or after TIPS to specify the tissues contributing to circulating levels of these proteins and the effect of portal hypertension, respectively.
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Neumann M, Meier EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Krautbauer S, Eisinger K, Aslanidis C, Pohl R, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Chemokine-Like Receptor 1 mRNA Weakly Correlates with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Score in Male but Not Female Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1335. [PMID: 27548138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) ligands resolvin E1 and chemerin are known to modulate inflammatory response. The progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with inflammation. Here it was analyzed whether hepatic CMKLR1 expression is related to histological features of NASH. Therefore, CMKLR1 mRNA was quantified in liver tissue of 33 patients without NAFLD, 47 patients with borderline NASH and 38 patients with NASH. Hepatic CMKLR1 mRNA was not associated with gender and body mass index (BMI) in the controls and the whole study group. CMKLR1 expression was similar in controls and in patients with borderline NASH and NASH. In male patients weak positive correlations with inflammation, fibrosis and NASH score were identified. In females CMKLR1 was not associated with features of NAFLD. Liver CMKLR1 mRNA tended to be higher in type 2 diabetes patients of both genders and in hypercholesterolemic women. In summary, this study shows that hepatic CMKLR1 mRNA is weakly associated with features of NASH in male patients only.
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Hellwege JN, Palmer ND, Dimitrov L, Keaton JM, Tabb KL, Sajuthi S, Taylor KD, Ng MC, Speliotes EK, Hawkins GA, Long J, Ida Chen YD, Lorenzo C, Norris JM, Rotter JI, Langefeld CD, Wagenknecht LE, Bowden DW. Genome-wide linkage and association analysis of cardiometabolic phenotypes in Hispanic Americans. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:175-84. [PMID: 27535031 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Linkage studies of complex genetic diseases have been largely replaced by genome-wide association studies, due in part to limited success in complex trait discovery. However, recent interest in rare and low-frequency variants motivates re-examination of family-based methods. In this study, we investigated the performance of two-point linkage analysis for over 1.6 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) combined with single variant association analysis to identify high impact variants, which are both strongly linked and associated with cardiometabolic traits in up to 1414 Hispanics from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRASFS). Evaluation of all 50 phenotypes yielded 83 557 000 LOD (logarithm of the odds) scores, with 9214 LOD scores ⩾3.0, 845 ⩾4.0 and 89 ⩾5.0, with a maximal LOD score of 6.49 (rs12956744 in the LAMA1 gene for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) receptor 2). Twenty-seven variants were associated with P<0.005 as well as having an LOD score >4, including variants in the NFIB gene under a linkage peak with TNFα receptor 2 levels on chromosome 9. Linkage regions of interest included a broad peak (31 Mb) on chromosome 1q with acute insulin response (max LOD=5.37). This region was previously documented with type 2 diabetes in family-based studies, providing support for the validity of these results. Overall, we have demonstrated the utility of two-point linkage and association in comprehensive genome-wide array-based SNP genotypes.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of adipose tissue as a higly active endocrine tissue, adipokines, peptides produced by adipose tissue and exerting autocrine, paracrine and endocrine function, have gained increasing interest in various obesity-related diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data regarding the association between NAFLD and circulating leptin and adiponectin levels are generally well documented: leptin levels increase, whereas adiponectin levels decrease, by increasing the severity of NAFLD. Data regarding other adipokines in histologically confirmed NAFLD populations are inconclusive (e.g., resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein-4, chemerin) or limited (e.g., adipsin, obestatin, omentin, vaspin etc.). This review summarizes evidence on the association between adipokines and NAFLD. The first part of the review provides general consideration on the interplay between adipokines and NAFLD, and the second part provides evidence on specific adipokines possibly involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. A thorough insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking adipokines with NAFLD may result in the design of studies investigating the combined adipokine use as noninvasive diagnostic markers of NAFLD and new clinical trials targeting the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Huang C, Wang M, Ren L, Xiang L, Chen J, Li M, Xiao T, Ren P, Xiong L, Zhang JV. CMKLR1 deficiency influences glucose tolerance and thermogenesis in mice on high fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:435-41. [PMID: 26972253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global epidemic disease, contributing to increases in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. CMKLR1, one of the receptors for chemerin, has a wide range of functions in physiological and pathological activity, including innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, metabolism and reproduction. In our study, CMKLR1 deficiency did not influence the gain of body weight but did exacerbate glucose intolerance, increase serum insulin level, and promote insulin resistance in mice on high fat diets. The expression of thermogenesis related genes was examined and indicated to decrease in CMKLR1 knockout (KO) mice in both normal and cold environments, which indicated CMKLR1 influence the thermogenesis process. Cold exposure induced significant body mass decrease and improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in wild type HFD mice but had no obvious effect on CMKLR1 KO HFD mice. In vitro, loss of CMKLR1 did not significantly influence the differentiation of stromal vascular fibroblasts (SVFs) derived from adipose tissue, but did suppress the expression of thermogenesis related genes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CMKLR1 deficiency induces inbalance of glucose metabolism and impairs the cold induced-thermogenesis process in high diet models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, 215123, China
| | - Lirong Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518133, China
| | - Liang Xiang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China
| | - Tianxia Xiao
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China
| | - Peigen Ren
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China
| | - Likuan Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518133, China.
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China.
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Horn P, Metzing UB, Steidl R, Romeike B, Rauchfuß F, Sponholz C, Thomas-Rüddel D, Ludewig K, Birkenfeld AL, Settmacher U, Bauer M, Claus RA, von Loeffelholz C. Chemerin in peritoneal sepsis and its associations with glucose metabolism and prognosis: a translational cross-sectional study. Crit Care 2016; 20:39. [PMID: 26873079 PMCID: PMC4751629 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress hyperglycaemia (SHG) is a common complication in sepsis associated with poor outcome. Chemerin is an adipocytokine associated with inflammation and impaired glucose homeostasis in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to investigate how alterations of circulating chemerin levels and corresponding visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expression are linked to glucose metabolism and prognosis in sepsis. METHODS Clinical data and tissue samples were taken from a cross-sectional study including control, T2D and sepsis patients, all undergoing laparotomy. A second independent patient cohort of patients with sepsis was included to evaluate associations with prognosis. This was complemented by a murine model of peritoneal infection and a high-fat diet. We analysed circulating chemerin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and VAT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Circulating chemerin was increased in sepsis 1.69-fold compared with controls (p = 0.012) and 1.47-fold compared with T2D (p = 0.03). Otherwise, chemerin VAT mRNA expression was decreased in patients with sepsis (p = 0.006) and in septic diabetic animals (p = 0.009). Circulating chemerin correlated significantly with intra-operative glucose (r = 0.662; p = 0.01) and in trend with fasting glucose (r = 0.528; p = 0.052). After adjusting for body mass index or haemoglobin A1c, chemerin correlated in trend with insulin resistance evaluated using the logarithmised homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.539, p = 0.071; r = 0.553, p = 0.062). Chemerin was positively associated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score in patients with sepsis (p = 0.036) and with clinical severity in septic mice (p = 0.031). In an independent study population, we confirmed association of chemerin with glucose levels in multivariate linear regression analysis (β = 0.556, p = 0.013). In patients with sepsis with SHG, non-survivors had significantly lower chemerin levels than survivors (0.38-fold, p = 0.006), while in patients without SHG, non-survivors had higher chemerin levels, not reaching significance (1.64-fold, p = 0.089). No difference was apparent in patients with pre-existing T2D (p = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS We show, for the first time to our knowledge, that chemerin is increased in sepsis and that it associates with impaired glucose metabolism and survival in these patients. It could be further evaluated as a biomarker to stratify mortality risk of patients with SHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Horn
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Uta Barbara Metzing
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ricardo Steidl
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bernd Romeike
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Falk Rauchfuß
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Sponholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Daniel Thomas-Rüddel
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ludewig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ralf Alexander Claus
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian von Loeffelholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Iyer S, Upadhyay PK, Majumdar SS, Nagarajan P. Animal Models Correlating Immune Cells for the Development of NAFLD/NASH. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:239-45. [PMID: 26628841 PMCID: PMC4632099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review mainly elaborates on the animal models available for understanding the pathogenesis of the second hit of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involving immune system. This is known to be a step forward from simple steatosis caused during the first hit, which leads to the stage of inflammation followed by more serious liver conditions like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Immune-deficient animal models serve as an important tool for understanding the role of a specific cell type or a cytokine in the progression of NAFLD. These animal models can be used in combination with the already available animal models of NAFLD, including dietary models, as well as genetically modified mouse models. Advancements in molecular biological techniques enabled researchers to produce several new animal models for the study of NAFLD, including knockin, generalized knockout, and tissue-specific knockout mice. Development of NASH/NAFLD in various animal models having compromised immune system is discussed in this review.
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Key Words
- APPs, acute-phase proteins
- BAFF, B cell activating factor
- Btk, Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IRFs, Interferon regulatory factors
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MCD, methionine choline-deficient
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NLRs, Nod-like receptors
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- immune cells
- mouse models
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Perumal Nagarajan
- Address for correspondence: Perumal Nagarajan, National Institute of Immunology, Experimental Animal Facility, JNU Campus, New Delhi 110067, India. Tel.: +91 11 26703709; fax: +91 11 26742125.
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Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Meier EM, Eisinger K, Krautbauer S, Buechler C. Resolvin E1 and chemerin C15 peptide do not improve rodent non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:295-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wolfs MGM, Gruben N, Rensen SS, Verdam FJ, Greve JW, Driessen A, Wijmenga C, Buurman WA, Franke L, Scheja L, Koonen DPY, Shiri-Sverdlov R, van Haeften TW, Hofker MH, Fu J. Determining the association between adipokine expression in multiple tissues and phenotypic features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e146. [PMID: 25664838 PMCID: PMC4338415 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an obesity-associated disease, and in obesity adipokines are believed to be involved in the development of NAFLD. However, it is still not clear whether adipokines in the liver and/or adipose tissues can be related to the development of specific characteristics of NAFLD, such as steatosis and inflammation. We aimed to address this question by simultaneously examining the adipokine expression in three tissue types in obese individuals. Methods: We enrolled 93 severely obese individuals with NAFLD, varying from simple steatosis to severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Their expression of 48 adipokines in the liver, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was correlated to their phenotypic features of NAFLD. We further determined whether the correlations were tissue specific and/or independent of covariates, including age, sex, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Results: The expression of adipokines showed a liver- and adipose tissue-specific pattern. We identified that the expression of leptin, angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) and chemerin in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was associated with different NAFLD features, including steatosis, ballooning, portal and lobular inflammation. In addition, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) (IGF1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) in the liver tissue and the expression of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) in both the liver and SAT were associated with NAFLD features. The correlations between ANGPT2 and CXCL10, and NAFLD features were dependent on insulin resistance and T2D, but for the other genes the correlation with at least one NAFLD feature remained significant after correcting for the covariates. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in obese individuals, VAT-derived leptin and chemerin, and hepatic expression of TNF, IGF1, IL1RN and PAI-1 are involved in the development of NAFLD features. Further, functional studies are warranted to establish a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G M Wolfs
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Gruben
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Rensen
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F J Verdam
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Greve
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Driessen
- 1] Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands [2] Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - C Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W A Buurman
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Franke
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - L Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D P Y Koonen
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T W van Haeften
- 1] Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M H Hofker
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wargent ET, Zaibi MS, O'Dowd JF, Cawthorne MA, Wang SJ, Arch JRS, Stocker CJ. Evidence from studies in rodents and in isolated adipocytes that agonists of the chemerin receptor CMKLR1 may be beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. PeerJ 2015; 3:e753. [PMID: 25699203 PMCID: PMC4327305 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature is unclear on whether the adipokine chemerin has pro- or anti-inflammatory properties or plays any role in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes or obesity. To address these questions, and in particular the potential of agonists or antagonists of the chemerin receptor CMKLR1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, we studied the metabolic phenotypes of both male and female, CMKLR1 knockout and heterozygote mice. We also investigated changes in plasma chemerin levels and chemerin gene mRNA content in adipose tissue in models of obesity and diabetes, and in response to fasting or administration of the insulin sensitizing drug rosiglitazone, which also has anti-inflammatory properties. The effects of murine chemerin and specific C-terminal peptides on glucose uptake in wild-type and CMKLR1 knockout adipocytes were investigated as a possible mechanism by which chemerin affects the blood glucose concentration. Both male and female CMKLR1 knockout and heterozygote mice displayed a mild tendency to obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis, but only when they were fed on a high-fat died, rather than a standard low-fat diet. Obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis did not occur concurrently, suggesting that obesity was not the sole cause of impaired glucose homeostasis. Picomolar concentrations of chemerin and its C15- and C19-terminal peptides stimulated glucose uptake in the presence of insulin by rat and mouse wild-type epididymal adipocytes, but not by murine CMKLR1 knockout adipocytes. The insulin concentration-response curve was shifted to the left in the presence of 40 pM chemerin or its C-15 terminal peptide. The plasma chemerin level was raised in diet-induced obesity and ob/ob but not db/db mice, and was reduced by fasting and, in ob/ob mice, by treatment with rosiglitazone. These findings suggest that an agonist of CMKLR1 is more likely than an antagonist to be of value in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and to have associated anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory activities. One mechanism by which an agonist of CMKLR1 might improve glucose homeostasis is by increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Wargent
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Mohamed S Zaibi
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Jacqueline F O'Dowd
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Michael A Cawthorne
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Steven J Wang
- AstraZeneca R & D, Alderley Park , Macclesfield , UK
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Claire J Stocker
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
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33
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Eisinger K, Krautbauer S, Wiest R, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Reduced serum chemerin in patients with more severe liver cirrhosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:208-13. [PMID: 25595667 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a well-established modulator of immune cell function and its serum levels are induced in inflammatory diseases. Liver cirrhosis is associated with inflammation which is aggravated by portal hypertension. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether chemerin is induced in patients with more severe liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Chemerin has been measured by ELISA in the portal venous serum (PVS), systemic venous serum (SVS) and hepatic venous serum (HVS) of 45 patients with liver cirrhosis. Chemerin is higher in HVS compared to PVS in accordance with our recently published finding. SVS, HVS and PVS chemerin decline in patients with more advanced liver injury defined by the CHILD-PUGH score. Hepatic chemerin has been determined in a small cohort and is similarly expressed in normal and cirrhotic liver. MELD score and serum markers of liver and kidney function do not correlate with chemerin. There is a positive correlation of chemerin in all compartments with Quick prothrombin time and of SVS chemerin with systolic blood pressure. PVS chemerin is induced in patients with modest/massive ascites but this does not translate into higher HVS and SVS levels. Chemerin is not associated with variceal size. Reduction of portal pressure by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt does not affect chemerin levels. These data show that low chemerin in patients with more severe liver cirrhosis is associated with reduced Quick prothrombin time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Chemerin is an adipose-derived signaling protein (adipokine) that regulates adipocyte differentiation and function, immune function, metabolism, and glucose homeostasis through activation of chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). A second chemerin receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) in mammals, binds chemerin with an affinity similar to CMKLR1; however, the function of GPR1 in mammals is essentially unknown. Herein, we report that expression of murine Gpr1 mRNA is high in brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle. In contrast to chemerin (Rarres2) and Cmklr1, Gpr1 expression predominates in the non-adipocyte stromal vascular fraction of WAT. Heterozygous and homozygous Gpr1-knockout mice fed on a high-fat diet developed more severe glucose intolerance than WT mice despite having no difference in body weight, adiposity, or energy expenditure. Moreover, mice lacking Gpr1 exhibited reduced glucose-stimulated insulin levels and elevated glucose levels in a pyruvate tolerance test. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to report the effects of Gpr1 deficiency on adiposity, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis in vivo. Moreover, these novel results demonstrate that GPR1 is an active chemerin receptor that contributes to the regulation of glucose homeostasis during obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Chemokines
- Chemotactic Factors/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Female
- Glucose/metabolism
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Rourke
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Helen J Dranse
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Nichole M McMullen
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Christopher J Sinal
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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