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Luck ME, Li X, Herrnreiter CJ, Choudhry MA. Ethanol Intoxication and Burn Injury Increases Intestinal Regulatory T Cell Population and Regulatory T Cell Suppressive Capability. Shock 2022; 57:230-237. [PMID: 34482318 PMCID: PMC8758514 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Traumatic injuries, such as burn, are often complicated by ethanol intoxication at the time of injury. This leads to a myriad of complications and post-burn pathologies exacerbated by aberrant immune responses. Recent findings suggest that immune cell dysfunction in the gastrointestinal system is particularly important in deleterious outcomes associated with burn injuries. In particular, intoxication at the time of burn injury leads to compromised intestinal T cell responses, which can diminish intestinal immunity and promote bacterial translocation, allowing for increased secondary infections in the injured host and associated sequelae, such as multiple organ failure and sepsis. Regulatory T cells (Treg) have been identified as important mediators of suppressing effector T cell function. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the effects of ethanol intoxication and burn injury on Treg populations in small intestinal immune organs. We also evaluated the suppressive capability of Tregs isolated from injured animals. Male C57BL/6 mice were gavaged with 2.9 g/kg ethanol before receiving a ∼12.5% total body surface area scald burn. One day after injury, we identified a significant increase in Tregs number in small intestine Peyer's patches (∼×1.5) and lamina propria (∼×2). Tregs-producing cytokine IL-10 were also increased in both tissues. Finally, Tregs isolated from ethanol and burn-injured mice were able to suppress proliferation of effector T cells to a greater degree than sham vehicle Tregs. This was accompanied by increased levels of IL-10 and decreased levels of pro-proliferative cytokine IL-2 in cultures containing ethanol + burn Tregs compared with sham Tregs. These findings suggest that Treg populations are increased in intestinal tissues 1 day following ethanol intoxication and burn injury. Tregs isolated from ethanol and burn-injured animals also exhibit a greater suppression of effector T cell proliferation, which may contribute to altered T cell responses following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E. Luck
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
| | - Caroline J. Herrnreiter
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 601553, USA
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Morris NL, Choudhry MA. Maintenance of gut barrier integrity after injury: Trust your gut microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:979-986. [PMID: 33577717 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0120-090rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly dynamic structure essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, and providing an interface to prevent gut bacterial translocation. In order to maintain the barrier function, the gut utilizes many defense mechanisms including proliferation, apoptosis, and apical junctional complexes. Disruption of any of these parameters due to injury or disease could negatively impact the intestinal barrier function and homeostasis resulting in increased intestine inflammation, permeability, bacterial dysbiosis, and tissue damage. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA sequences that are master regulators of normal cellular homeostasis. These regulatory molecules affect cellular signaling pathways and potentially serve as candidates for providing a mechanism of impaired gut barrier integrity following GI-related pathologic conditions, ethanol exposure, or trauma such as burn injury. MicroRNAs influence cellular apoptosis, proliferation, apical junction complex expression, inflammation, and the microbiome. Due to their widespread functional affiliations, altered expression of microRNAs are associated with many pathologic conditions. This review explores the role of microRNAs in regulation of intestinal barrier integrity. The studies reviewed demonstrate that microRNAs largely impact intestine barrier function and provide insight behind the observed adverse effects following ethanol and burn injury. Furthermore, these studies suggest that microRNAs are excellent candidates for therapeutic intervention or for biomarkers to manage gut barrier integrity following trauma such as burn injury and other GI-related pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niya L Morris
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Current address: Department of Medicine: Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University/Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Geogia, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Yue R, Wei X, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Zhong W. Essential Role of IFN-γ in Regulating Gut Antimicrobial Peptides and Microbiota to Protect Against Alcohol-Induced Bacterial Translocation and Hepatic Inflammation in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 11:629141. [PMID: 33536944 PMCID: PMC7848155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.629141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which alcohol provokes bacterial translocation in the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remain incompletely defined. Our previous study demonstrates that impaired gut epithelial antimicrobial defense is critically involved in the pathogenesis of ALD. The study was set to determine the mechanisms of how alcohol inhibits the antimicrobial ability of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and to explore possible solutions to this issue. C57BL/6J mice were fed either alcohol or isocaloric dextrin liquid diet for 8 weeks, and intestinal IFN-γ-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling was analyzed. We found that chronic alcohol exposure led to a significant reduction in intestinal IFN-γ levels compared to a control; the protein levels of phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1) and p-STAT3 were both declined by alcohol. We then tested the effects of IFN-γ-STAT signaling on regulating antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), gut microbiota, and disease progression of ALD in a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding, time-course acute IFN-γ treatment, and in vivo and in vitro IEC-specific STAT1 or STAT3 knockout mouse models, respectively. Administration of IFN-γ activated intestinal STAT1 and STAT3, upregulated the expression of Reg3 and α-defensins, orchestrated gut microbiota, and reversed alcohol-induced intestinal ZO-1 disruption and systemic endotoxin elevation as well as hepatic inflammation. Meanwhile, acute IFN-γ treatment time-dependently induced AMP expression and α-defensin activation. We then dissected the roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in this progress. Lack of IEC-specific STAT3 inhibited IFN-γ-induced expression of Reg3 and α-defensins and hindered activation of α-defensins via inactivating matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7), whereas lack of IEC-specific STAT1 impaired IFN-γ-stimulated expression of α-defensins and the IEC marker, sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3. Lastly, we found that interleukin (IL)-18, a known IFN-γ inducer, was also reduced by alcohol in mice. IL-18 treatment to alcohol-fed mice normalized gut IFN-γ levels and ameliorated organ damages in both the intestine and liver. Taken together, the study reveals that IFN-γ is critically involved in the regulation of AMPs through regulation of STAT1 and STAT3; impaired IFN-γ-STAT signaling provides an explanation for alcohol-induced gut antimicrobial dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis. Therefore, IFN-γ remains a promising host defense-enhancing cytokine with unexplored clinical potential in ALD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Yue
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Luan YY, Zhang L, Zhu FJ, Dong N, Lu JY, Yao YM. Effect of TIPE1 on Immune Function of Dendritic Cells and Its Signaling Pathway in Septic Mice. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:699-709. [PMID: 30957834 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction plays a pivotal role in sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced protein 8 like-1 (TIPE1), a new member of the tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8 family, may be related to cell death. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of TIPE1 on the immune function of DCs and its regulatory mechanism via PD-L1/PD-1 signaling in mice. Sepsis was induced in adult C57BL/6 male mice via cecal ligation and puncture. In vitro, we found that expression of CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class II in DCs and levels of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 12p40, were elevated; similarly, T-cell proliferation and differentiation were promoted when the gene expressing TIPE1 was silenced. Next, we examined the in vivo role of TIPE1 in a cecal ligation and puncture animal model system. Flow cytometry of the immune functional status in DCs revealed negative regulation of TIPE1 on DC maturation, as well as activation. Moreover, changes in PD-L1/PD-1 levels confirmed the negative effect of TIPE1 in DCs. Collectively, we report that TIPE1 might exert negative regulation in sepsis, at least in part by inhibiting DC maturation and subsequent T-cell-mediated immunity via PD-L1/PD-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Luan
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhu
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, 181st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yang Lu
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Luan YY, Yao RQ, Tong S, Dong N, Sheng ZY, Yao YM. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-α induced protein 8 like-2 on immune function of dendritic cells in mice following acute insults. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30178-92. [PMID: 27029075 PMCID: PMC5058673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α induced protein 8 like-2 (TNFAIP8L2, TIPE2) is a lately discovered negative regulator of innate immunity and cellular immunity. The present study was designed to investigate whether naturally occurring dendritic cells (DCs) could express TIPE2 mRNA/protein and its potential significance. Expressions of co-stimulatory molecules on DC surface and cytokines were analyzed to assess the functional role of TIPE2 in controlling DC maturation as well as activation. The activated DCs were assessed for their capacity to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. It was found that TIPE2 was a cytoplasmic protein expressed in DCs, and the percentage of DCs which expressed co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines were obviously up-regulated when TIPE2 gene silenced by siRNA in vitro and in vivo. DCs undergone TIPE2 knockdown were found to promote the maturation of DCs, T-cell proliferation as well as differentiation, and they were significantly elevated IL-2 level and intranuclear NF-AT activation. Conversely, in over-expressing TIPE2 DC cells, it could inhibit T-cell proliferation and differentiation, and markedly down-regulate IL-2 expression and intranuclear NF-AT activation after scald injury. The results suggested that TIPE2 appeared to be a critical immunoregulatory molecule which affected DC maturation and subsequent T-cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Luan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- 10th Student Team, Undergraduate Medical School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Tong
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Sheng
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Li X, Cannon AR, Hammer AM, Morris NL, Choudhry MA. IL-23 restoration of Th17 effector function is independent of IL-6 and TGF-β in a mouse model of alcohol and burn injury. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:915-923. [PMID: 28684599 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1216-527r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in host defense against intestinal bacteria. We have shown that ethanol combined with burn injury suppresses Peyer's patch (PP) Th17 cytokines 1 d after injury. We assessed the mechanism of suppressed Th17 effector functions. Mice were gavaged with ethanol 4 h before burn injury and euthanized 1, 3, and 7 d after injury. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), PPs, and spleen Th1 and Th17 cytokines were assessed. A significant decrease in IL-17, IL-22, IL-2, and IFN-γ were observed in all 3 lymphoid organs 1 and 3 d after injury. We used splenic cells to study the role of IL-6, IL-23, TGF-β, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in suppressing Th17 cytokines. We also assessed whether the AHR agonist 6-formylindolo (3, 2-b) carbazole (FICZ) modulates Th17 cytokines. We found a significant decrease in IL-6 and TGF-β after ethanol and burn; IL-23 was undetectable. The reconstitution of IL-23 in culture medium increased IL-17 by 2-fold and IL-22 by 20-fold in cells from burn ethanol mice. The restoration of IL-6 and TGF-β combined did not influence the release of Th17 cytokines. We observed that AHR was necessary for IL-23 restoration of IL-22 after ethanol and burn injury. The AHR agonist FICZ enhanced IL-22, but not IL-17. None of these treatments influenced the release of Th1 cytokines. Together, these results suggest that IL-23 plays a critical role in regulation of Th17 cytokines. Furthermore, IL-6 and TGF-β do not appear to influence IL-23-mediated restoration of Th17 cytokines after ethanol and burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Abigail R Cannon
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA; and.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam M Hammer
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Niya L Morris
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA; .,Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA; and.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Cabinian A, Sinsimer D, Tang M, Zumba O, Mehta H, Toma A, Sant’Angelo D, Laouar Y, Laouar A. Transfer of Maternal Immune Cells by Breastfeeding: Maternal Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Present in Breast Milk Localize in the Peyer's Patches of the Nursed Infant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156762. [PMID: 27285085 PMCID: PMC4902239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite our knowledge of the protective role of antibodies passed to infants through breast milk, our understanding of immunity transfer via maternal leukocytes is still limited. To emulate the immunological interface between the mother and her infant while breast-feeding, we used murine pups fostered after birth onto MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched dams. Overall, data revealed that: 1) Survival of breast milk leukocytes in suckling infants is possible, but not significant after the foster-nursing ceases; 2) Most breast milk lymphocytes establish themselves in specific areas of the intestine termed Peyer’s patches (PPs); 3) While most leukocytes in the milk bolus were myeloid cells, the majority of breast milk leukocytes localized to PPs were T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in particular; 4) These CTLs exhibit high levels of the gut-homing molecules α4β7 and CCR9, but a reduced expression of the systemic homing marker CD62L; 5) Under the same activation conditions, transferred CD8 T cells through breast milk have a superior capacity to produce potent cytolytic and inflammatory mediators when compared to those generated by the breastfed infant. It is therefore possible that maternal CTLs found in breast milk are directed to the PPs to compensate for the immature adaptive immune system of the infant in order to protect it against constant oral infectious risks during the postnatal phase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Female
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired/immunology
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Lactation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk/cytology
- Milk/immunology
- Mothers
- Peyer's Patches/cytology
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Cabinian
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel Sinsimer
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - May Tang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Osvaldo Zumba
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hetali Mehta
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Annmarie Toma
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Derek Sant’Angelo
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yasmina Laouar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (YL)
| | - Amale Laouar
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (YL)
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Abstract
Traumatic injury remains one of the most prevalent reasons for patients to be hospitalized. Burn injury accounts for 40,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually, resulting in a large burden on both the health and economic system and costing millions of dollars every year. The complications associated with postburn care can quickly cause life-threatening conditions including sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction and failure. In addition, alcohol intoxication at the time of burn injury has been shown to exacerbate these problems. One of the biggest reasons for the onset of these complications is the global suppression of the host immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. It has been hypothesized that infections after burn and other traumatic injury may stem from pathogenic bacteria from within the host's gastrointestinal tract. The intestine is the major reservoir of bacteria within the host, and many studies have demonstrated perturbations of the intestinal barrier after burn injury. This article reviews the findings of these studies as they pertain to changes in the intestinal immune system after alcohol and burn injury.
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