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Quiroga DT, Narvaéz Pardo JA, Zubiría MG, Barrales B, Muñoz MC, Giovambattista A, Dominici FP. Acute In Vivo Administration of Compound 21 Stimulates Akt and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in Mouse Heart and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16839. [PMID: 38069161 PMCID: PMC10706736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor has a role in promoting insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms underlying the AT2 receptor-induced facilitation of insulin are still not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated whether acute in vivo administration of AT2 receptor agonist compound 21 (C21) could activate insulin signaling molecules in insulin-target tissues. We report that, in male C57BL/6 mice, an acute (5 min, 0.25 mg/kg; i.v.) injection of C21 induces the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 at activating residues (Ser473 and Thr202/Tyr204, respectively) in both epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and heart tissue. In WAT, the extent of phosphorylation (p) of Akt and ERK1/2 induced by C21 was approximately 65% of the level detected after a bolus injection of a dose of insulin known to induce maximal activation of the insulin receptor (IR). In the heart, C21 stimulated p-Akt to a lesser extent than in WAT and stimulated p-ERK1/2 to similar levels to those attained by insulin administration. C21 did not modify p-IR levels in either tissue. We conclude that in vivo injection of the AT2 receptor agonist C21 activates Akt and ERK1/2 through a mechanism that does not involve the IR, indicating the participation of these enzymes in AT2R-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego T. Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Jorge A. Narvaéz Pardo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - María G. Zubiría
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Barrales
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marina C. Muñoz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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2
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Rabkin SW, Tang JKK. Clozapine-induced Myocarditis: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Implications for Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:60-70. [PMID: 35152873 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220211094910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine, a superior treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia can cause potentially life-threatening myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. While the occurrence of this condition is well known, its molecular mechanisms are unclear and may be multifactorial. Putative mechanisms warrant an in-depth review not only from the perspective of toxicity but also for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the adverse cardiac effects of clozapine and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Clozapine-induced cardiac toxicity encompasses a diverse set of pathways, including (i) immune modulation and proinflammatory processes encompassing an IgEmediated (type I hypersensitivity) response and perhaps a cytokine release syndrome (ii) catecholaminergic activation (iii) induction of free radicals and oxidative stress (iv) activation of cardiomyocyte cell death pathways, including apoptosis, ischemia through impairment in coronary blood flow via changes in endothelial production of NO and vasoconstriction induced by norepinephrine as well as other factors released from cardiac mast cells. (v) In addition, an extensive examination of the effects of clozapine on non-cardiac cellular proteins demonstrates that clozapine can impair enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, such as pyruvate kinase, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, and other proteins, including α-enolase, triosephosphate isomerase and cofilin, which might explain clozapine-induced reductions in myocardial energy generation for cell viability as well as contractile function. Pharmacologic antagonism of these cellular protein effects may lead to the development of strategies to antagonize the cardiac damage induced by clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Rabkin
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Jacky K K Tang
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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3
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González-Blázquez R, Alcalá M, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Steckelings UM, Lorenzo MP, Viana M, Boisvert WA, Unger T, Gil-Ortega M, Somoza B. C21 preserves endothelial function in the thoracic aorta from DIO mice: role for AT2, Mas and B2 receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1145-1163. [PMID: 33899912 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compound 21 (C21), a selective agonist of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), induces vasodilation through NO release. Since AT2R seems to be overexpressed in obesity, we hypothesize that C21 prevents the development of obesity-related vascular alterations. The main goal of the present study was to assess the effect of C21 on thoracic aorta endothelial function in a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and to elucidate the potential cross-talk among AT2R, Mas receptor (MasR) and/or bradykinin type 2 receptor (B2R) in this response. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (CHOW) or a high-fat diet (HF) for 6 weeks and treated daily with C21 (1 mg/kg p.o) or vehicle, generating four groups: CHOW-C, CHOW-C21, HF-C, HF-C21. Vascular reactivity experiments were performed in thoracic aorta rings. Human endothelial cells (HECs; EA.hy926) were used to elucidate the signaling pathways, both at receptor and intracellular levels. Arteries from HF mice exhibited increased contractions to Ang II than CHOW mice, effect that was prevented by C21. PD123177, A779 and HOE-140 (AT2R, Mas and B2R antagonists) significantly enhanced Ang II-induced contractions in CHOW but not in HF-C rings, suggesting a lack of functionality of those receptors in obesity. C21 prevented those alterations and favored the formation of AT2R/MasR and MasR/B2R heterodimers. HF mice also exhibited impaired relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) due to a reduced NO availability. C21 preserved NO release through PKA/p-eNOS and AKT/p-eNOS signaling pathways. In conclusion, C21 favors the interaction among AT2R, MasR and B2R and prevents the development of obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction by stimulating NO release through PKA/p-eNOS and AKT/p-eNOS signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/therapeutic use
- Vascular Diseases/etiology
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Blázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - María S Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M Paz Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB311, Honolulu, HI 96813, U.S.A
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Str., Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid 28925, Spain
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4
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ACE2 and energy metabolism: the connection between COVID-19 and chronic metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:535-554. [PMID: 33533405 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has currently attracted increasing attention due to its potential function in regulating energy homeostasis, other than the actions on cellular growth, blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. The existence of RAS is well established in metabolic organs, including pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, where activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - angiotensin II pathway contributes to the impairment of insulin secretion, glucose transport, fat distribution, and adipokines production. However, the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - angiotensin (1-7) pathway, a novel branch of the RAS, plays an opposite role in the ACE pathway, which could reverse these consequences by improving local microcirculation, inflammation, stress state, structure remolding, and insulin signaling pathway. In addition, new studies indicate the protective RAS arm possesses extraordinary ability to enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and induces browning of white adipose tissue, and consequently, it leads to increased energy expenditure in the form of heat instead of ATP synthesis. Interestingly, ACE2 is the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is threating public health worldwide. The main complications of SARS-CoV-2 infected death patients include many energy metabolism-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes. The specific mechanism leading to this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we summarize the latest pharmacological and genetic tools on regulating ACE/ACE2 balance and highlight the beneficial effects of the ACE2 pathway axis hyperactivity on glycolipid metabolism, as well as the thermogenic modulation.
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5
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Sousa-Lopes A, de Freitas RA, Carneiro FS, Nunes KP, Allahdadi KJ, Webb RC, Tostes RDC, Giachini FR, Lima VV. Angiotensin (1-7) Inhibits Ang II-mediated ERK1/2 Activation by Stimulating MKP-1 Activation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2020; 9:50-61. [PMID: 32832484 PMCID: PMC7422848 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) exerts profound physiological effects on blood pressure regulation and fluid homeostasis, mainly by modulating renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), an end-product of RAS, is recognized by its cardiovascular protective properties through stimulation of the Mas receptor, including vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive actions, and consequently, counter-regulating the well-known Ang II-elicited actions. The overall hypothesis of this study is that Ang-(1-7) inhibits Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), via regulation of mitogen-activated protein phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) activity. Aortas from male Wistar rats were incubated with Ang-(1-7) or vehicle. Concentration-response curves to Ang II were performed in endothelium-denuded aortas, in the presence or absence of ERK1/2 (PD98059) inhibitor or Mas receptor (A-779) antagonist. Expression of proteins was assessed by western blot, and immunohistochemistry was conducted in VSMCs. Ang-(1-7) incubation decreased Ang II-induced contractile response in aortas, and this effect was not observed in the presence of PD98059 or A-779. Stimulation of VSMCs with Ang-(1-7) prevented Ang II-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not C-Raf-activation. Furthermore, Ang II decreased MKP-1 phosphorylation in VSMCs. Interestingly, simultaneous incubation of Ang-(1-7) with Ang II favored MKP-1 phosphorylation, negatively modulating ERK1/2 activation in VSMCs. The results suggest that Ang-(1-7) counter-regulates actions evoked by Ang II overproduction, as observed in cardiovascular diseases, mainly by modulating MKP-1 activity. This evidence suggests that the role of Ang-(1-7) in MKP-1-regulation represents a target for new therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sousa-Lopes
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Raiany Alves de Freitas
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, United States
| | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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6
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Chen F, Cao K, Zhang H, Yu H, Liu Y, Xue Q. Maternal high-fat diet increases vascular contractility in adult offspring in a sex-dependent manner. Hypertens Res 2020; 44:36-46. [PMID: 32719462 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A maternal high-fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in offspring. The aim of the study was to determine whether maternal HFD causes the epigenetic programming of vascular angiotensin II receptors (ATRs) and leads to heightened vascular contraction in adult male offspring in a sex-dependent manner. Pregnant rats were treated with HFD (60% kcal fat). Aortas were isolated from adult male and female offspring. Maternal HFD increased phenylephrine (PE)-and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced contractions of the aorta in male but not female offspring. NG-nitro-L-arginine (ʟ-NNA; 100 μM) abrogated the maternal HFD-induced increase in PE-mediated contraction. HFD caused a decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by acetylcholine in male but not female offspring. However, it had no effect on sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxations of aortas regardless of sex. The AT1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist losartan (10 μM), but not the AT2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist PD123319 (10 μM), blocked Ang II-induced contractions in both control and HFD offspring in both sexes. Maternal HFD increased AT1R but decreased AT2R, leading to an increased ratio of AT1R/AT2R in HFD male offspring, which was associated with selective decreases in DNA methylation at the AT1aR promoter and increases in DNA methylation at the AT2R promoter. The vascular ratio of AT1R/AT2R was not significantly different in HFD female offspring compared with the control group. Our results indicated that maternal HFD caused a differential regulation of vascular AT1R and AT2R gene expression through a DNA methylation mechanism, which may be involved in HFD-induced vascular dysfunction and the development of a hypertensive phenotype in adulthood in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
| | - Kaifang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
| | - Haili Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Qin Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China. .,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China.
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7
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Prenatal high-salt diet impaired vasodilatation with reprogrammed renin-angiotensin system in offspring rats. J Hypertens 2019; 36:2369-2379. [PMID: 30382958 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS High-salt diet is linked to hypertension, and prenatal high-salt diet increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the offspring. The present study investigated whether and how prenatal high-salt diet influenced nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in the offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant rats were fed either normal-salt (1% sodium chloride) or high-salt (8% sodium chloride) diet during gestation. Experiments were conducted in 5-month-old male offspring. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, nitric oxide donor)-induced hypotensive responses (in vivo) and vascular dilatation (in vitro) was significantly attenuated (Emax: 84 ± 2 vs. 51 ± 2, high-salt vs. control, P < 0.001) in the high-salt offspring, indicating reduced vascular relaxations. Pretreatment with Tempol (reactive oxygen species scavenger) alleviated this attenuation. The high-salt offspring showed an increased level of oxidative stress markers in both mesenteric arteries and plasma samples. The antioxidant activity, serum superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly reduced, whereas malondialdehyde was increased in the high-salt offspring. O2 production, and protein expression of Nox2 and Nox4 in mesenteric arteries was significantly increased in the high-salt offspring whereas Nox1 showed no changes. The local renin-angiotensin system in mesenteric arteries was activated, associated with an increased NADPH oxidase. DNA methylation at the proximal promoter of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in the lung was significantly increased in the high-salt offspring (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The results suggest that prenatal high-salt diet impairs nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation because of the increased oxidative stress-affected renin-angiotensin system in the high-salt offspring, providing new information for understanding, and early prevention of cardiovascular diseases in fetal origins.
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8
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Granado M, Amor S, Fernández N, Carreño-Tarragona G, Iglesias-Cruz MC, Martín-Carro B, Monge L, García-Villalón AL. Effects of early overnutrition on the renal response to Ang II and expression of RAAS components in rat renal tissue. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:930-937. [PMID: 28958692 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of early overnutrition (EON) on the expression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) components in renal cortex, renal arteries and renal perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), as well as the vascular response of renal arteries to Angiotensin II (Ang II). METHODS AND RESULTS On birth day litters were adjusted to twelve (L12-control) or three (L3-overfed) pups per mother. Half of the animals were sacrificed at weaning (21 days old) and the other half at 5 months of age. Ang II-induced vasoconstriction of renal artery segments increased in young overfed rats and decreased in adult overfed rats. EON decreased the gene expression of angiotensinogen (Agt), Ang II receptors AT1 and AT2 and eNOS in renal arteries of young rats, while it increased the mRNA levels of AT-2 and ET-1 in adult rats. In renal PVAT EON up-regulated the gene expression of COX-2 and TNF-α in young rats and the mRNA levels of renin receptor both in young and in adult rats. On the contrary, Ang II receptors mRNA levels were downregulated at both ages. Renal cortex of overfed rats showed increased gene expression of Agt in adult rats and of AT1 in young rats. However the mRNA levels of AT1 were decreased in the renal cortex of overfed adult rats. CONCLUSION EON is associated with alterations in the vascular response of renal arteries to Ang II and changes in the gene expression of RAAS components in renal tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/physiopathology
- Age Factors
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Kidney/blood supply
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Nutritional Status
- Overnutrition/genetics
- Overnutrition/metabolism
- Overnutrition/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renal Artery/drug effects
- Renal Artery/metabolism
- Renal Artery/physiopathology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Carreño-Tarragona
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Iglesias-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Martín-Carro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Monge
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A L García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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He Z, Chen Y, Hou C, He W, Chen P. Cigarette Smoke Extract Changes Expression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) and p16(INK4a) and is Related to Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3224-3231. [PMID: 28668968 PMCID: PMC5507800 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is an important pathophysiologic feature in many smoke-related diseases. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the precursors of endothelial cells and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of endothelial integrity and function. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the dominant NOS isoform in the vasculature and plays a central role in the maintenance of endothelial homeostasis. p16(INK4a) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and could be regarded as a major dominant senescence gene. The present study aimed to determine whether the expression of eNOS and p16(INK4a) in EPCs is related to EPCs function and the possible epigenetic mechanism, if any. MATERIAL AND METHODS We investigated EPCs capacity for proliferation, adhesion, and secretion, and the expression of eNOS and p16(INK4a) in EPCs which were altered by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in vitro. Furthermore, Decitabine (Dec), an agent of demethylation, was used to examine whether it could alter the changes induced by CSE. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that EPCs altered by CSE in vitro displayed decreased capacities of proliferation, adhesion, and secretion, which was accompanied by decreased eNOS expression and increased p16(INK4a) expression in EPCs. Furthermore, Dec could alleviate the changes in the expression of eNOS and p16(INK4a), and protect against the EPCs dysfunction caused by CSE. CONCLUSIONS The decreased eNOS expression and increased p16(INK4a) expression was associated with dysfunction of EPCs caused by CSE. The mechanism of methylation, one of the most common epigenetic mechanism, may be involved in the EPCs dysfunction caused by CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui He
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Can Hou
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Wenfang He
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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10
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Schütten MTJ, Houben AJHM, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:197-209. [PMID: 28404736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Yang G, Chu PL, Rump LC, Le TH, Stegbauer J. ACE2 and the Homolog Collectrin in the Modulation of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress in Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Vascular Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:645-659. [PMID: 27889958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hypertension is the leading risk factor causing mortality and morbidity worldwide. Angiotensin (Ang) II, the most active metabolite of the renin-angiotensin system, plays an outstanding role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular injury. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has shown to attenuate devastating effects of Ang II in the cardiovascular system by reducing Ang II degradation and increasing Ang-(1-7) generation leading to Mas receptor activation. Recent Advances: Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis reduces hypertension and improves vascular injury mainly through an increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and decreased reactive oxygen species production. Recent studies reported that shedding of the enzymatically active ectodomain of ACE2 from the cell surface seems to regulate its activity and serves as an interorgan communicator in cardiovascular disease. In addition, collectrin, an ACE2 homolog with no catalytic activity, regulates blood pressure through an NO-dependent mechanism. CRITICAL ISSUES Large body of experimental data confirmed sustained beneficial effects of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation on hypertension and vascular injury. Experimental studies also suggest that activation of collectrin might be beneficial in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Their role in clinical hypertension is unclear as selective and reliable activators of both axes are not yet available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will highlight the results of recent research progress that illustrate the role of both ACE and collectrin in the modulation of NO and oxidative stress in blood pressure homeostasis and vascular injury, providing evidence for the potential therapeutic application of ACE2 and collectrin in hypertension and vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 645-659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pei-Lun Chu
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,3 Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lars C Rump
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thu H Le
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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Liu X, Gao RW, Li M, Si CF, He YP, Wang M, Yang Y, Zheng QY, Wang CY. The ROS derived mitochondrial respirstion not from NADPH oxidase plays key role in Celastrol against angiotensin II-mediated HepG2 cell proliferation. Apoptosis 2016; 21:1315-1326. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sathishkumar K, Balakrishnan MP, Yallampalli C. Enhanced mesenteric arterial responsiveness to angiotensin II is androgen receptor-dependent in prenatally protein-restricted adult female rat offspring. Biol Reprod 2014; 92:55. [PMID: 25550341 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational protein restriction results in intrauterine growth restriction and hypertension in adult female growth-restricted rats. Enhanced vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II is observed, and blockade of the renin-angiotensin system abolishes hypertension in adult growth-restricted rats, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to intrauterine growth restriction-induced hypertension. Moreover, growth-restricted adult rats have higher plasma testosterone levels, and antiandrogen treatment abolishes hypertension, indicating an important role for testosterone. We hypothesized that androgens may play a pivotal role in the enhanced responsiveness to Ang II and hypertension. Female offspring of pregnant rats fed 20% protein (control) or 6% protein diet (protein restricted), at 6 mo of age, were studied. Plasma testosterone and mean arterial pressure in protein-restricted offspring were significantly higher compared to controls. Flutamide treatment (10 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 10 days) reduced mean arterial pressure in protein-restricted offspring but was without significant effect in controls. Vascular Agtr1/Agtr2 ratio was significantly higher in protein-restricted offspring, an effect that was reversed by flutamide. Flutamide treatment did not have any effect on Agtr1/Agtr2 ratio in controls. Enhanced contractile response to angiotensin II in mesenteric arteries was observed in protein-restricted offspring compared with control. Flutamide treatment reversed the enhanced contractile response to angiotensin II in protein-restricted offspring without significant effect in controls. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine was similar between the control and protein-restricted offspring with and without flutamide treatment, suggesting that enhanced contractile response and flutamide's reversal effect is specific to angiotensin II. These results suggest that prenatally protein-restricted rats exhibit an enhanced responsiveness to angiotensin II that is testosterone-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunju Sathishkumar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Meena P Balakrishnan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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