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Nasiry Z, Mazlan M, Noordin MM, Mohd Lila MA. Evaluation of Dynamics, Demography and Estimation of Free-Roaming Dog Population in Herat City, Afghanistan. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071126. [PMID: 37048382 PMCID: PMC10093563 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
FRDs pose a serious challenge in countries where dog-bite-related rabies is endemic. Understanding the size and core demographic characteristics of FRD populations is essential for the planning and implementation of effective dog-population and canine-rabies-control programmes. The photographic sight-resight method was used to estimate the FRD population and evaluate its demographic characteristics in Herat city. A total of 928 free-roaming dogs (FRD) were identified through 3172 sightings, and the total free-roaming population was estimated to amount to 1821 (95% CI: 1565-2077), which led to the estimation of 10 dogs/km2 and the human-to-FRD ratio of 315:1. The male-to-female ratio was 2.85:1. The majority of them were healthy, with an ideal body score. Although the FRD density is considered low, it is still a concern and significant, since the majority of the people are unaware of the importance of canine populations in the transmission of zoonotic diseases such as rabies, and there were no specific measures for managing and controlling FRD populations. The information gained can be useful in animal health planning to design effective dog-population-control programmes, and for the planning of national rabies-prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabihullah Nasiry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Paraclinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Herat University, Herat 3001, Afghanistan
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Giraudet CSE, Liu K, McElligott AG, Cobb M. Are children and dogs best friends? A scoping review to explore the positive and negative effects of child-dog interactions. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14532. [PMID: 36570006 PMCID: PMC9774011 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal wellbeing is greatly influenced by our childhood and adolescence, and the relationships formed during those phases of our development. The human-dog bond represents a significant relationship that started thousands of years ago. There is a higher prevalence of dog ownership around the world, especially in households including children. This has resulted in a growing number of researchers studying our interactions with dogs and an expanding evidence base from the exploration of child-dog interactions. We review the potential effects of child-dog interactions on the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of both species. A search of the SCOPUS database identified documents published between January 1980 and April 2022. Filtering for key inclusion criteria, duplicate removals, and inspecting the references of these documents for additional sources, we reviewed a total of 393 documents, 88% of which were scientific articles. We were able to define the numerous ways in which children and dogs interact, be it neutral (e.g., sharing a common area), positive (e.g., petting), or negative (e.g., biting). Then, we found evidence for an association between childhood interaction with dogs and an array of benefits such as increased physical activities, a reduction of stress, and the development of empathy. Nonetheless, several detrimental outcomes have also been identified for both humans and dogs. Children are the most at-risk population regarding dog bites and dog-borne zoonoses, which may lead to injuries/illness, a subsequent fear of dogs, or even death. Moreover, pet bereavement is generally inevitable when living with a canine companion and should not be trivialized. With a canine focus, children sometimes take part in caretaking behaviors toward them, such as feeding or going for walks. These represent opportunities for dogs to relieve themselves outside, but also to exercise and socialize. By contrast, a lack of physical activity can lead to the onset of obesity in both dogs and children. Dogs may present greater levels of stress when in the presence of children. Finally, the welfare of assistance, therapy, and free-roaming dogs who may interact with children remains underexplored. Overall, it appears that the benefits of child-dog interactions outweigh the risks for children but not for dogs; determination of the effects on both species, positive as well as negative, still requires further development. We call for longitudinal studies and cross-cultural research in the future to better understand the impact of child-dog interactions. Our review is important for people in and outside of the scientific community, to pediatricians, veterinarians, and current or future dog owners seeking to extend their knowledge, and to inform future research of scientists studying dogs and human-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. E. Giraudet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Animal Health Research Centre, Chengdu Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, China
| | - Alan G. McElligott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mia Cobb
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kanankege KS, Errecaborde KM, Wiratsudakul A, Wongnak P, Yoopatthanawong C, Thanapongtharm W, Alvarez J, Perez A. Identifying high-risk areas for dog-mediated rabies using Bayesian spatial regression. One Health 2022; 15:100411. [PMID: 36277110 PMCID: PMC9582562 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing control efforts, rabies remains an endemic zoonotic disease in many countries. Determining high-risk areas and the space-time patterns of rabies spread, as it relates to epidemiologically important factors, can support policymakers and program managers alike to develop evidence-based targeted surveillance and control programs. In this One Health approach which selected Thailand as the example site, the location-based risk of contracting dog-mediated rabies by both human and animal populations was quantified using a Bayesian spatial regression model. Specifically, a conditional autoregressive (CAR) Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression was fitted to the reported human and animal rabies case counts of each district, from the 2012–2017 period. The human population was used as an offset. The epidemiologically important factors hypothesized as risk modifiers and therefore tested as predictors included: number of dog bites/attacks, the population of dogs and cats, number of Buddhist temples, garbage dumps, animal vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, poverty, and shared administrative borders. Disparate sources of data were used to improve the estimated associations and predictions. Model performance was assessed using cross-validation. Results suggested that accounting for the association between human and animal rabies with number of dog bites/attacks, number of owned and un-owned dogs; shared country borders, number of Buddhist temples, poverty levels, and accounting for spatial dependence between districts, may help to predict the risk districts for dog-mediated rabies in Thailand. The fitted values of the spatial regression were mapped to illustrate the risk of dog-mediated rabies. The cross-validation indicated an adequate performance of the spatial regression model (AUC = 0.81), suggesting that had this spatial regression approach been used to identify districts at risk in 2015, the cases reported in 2016/17 would have been predicted with model sensitivity and specificity of 0.71 and 0.80, respectively. While active surveillance is ideal, this approach of using multiple data sources to improve risk estimation may inform current rabies surveillance and control efforts including determining rabies-free zones, and the roll-out of human post-exposure prophylaxis and anti-rabies vaccines for animals in determining high-risk areas. Bayesian spatial regression was used to quantify location-based risk of dog-mediated rabies Available and publicly accessible data from disparate sources were gathered Risk was estimated using the association between Risk estimates were compared over time to determine the prediction ability Study suggests while active surveillance is ideal, using multiple data sources may improve risk estimation
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Flockhart DTT, Rowan AN, Boone JD. Owned dog population size and ownership patterns in Costa Rica. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946603. [PMID: 36532345 PMCID: PMC9751483 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are one of the most common pets around the world but ownership patterns and human-dog interactions have been changing, particularly in developing nations. We conducted household surveys in Costa Rica to characterize dog ownership, the owned dog population, where dogs were confined at night and in the morning, and behaviors regarding selected dog care issues. We also compared these results to similar questionnaires used in Costa Rica over the past 20 years. We found 76% of households in Costa Rica owned at least one dog and on average there were about 1.4 dogs owned per household. These dog ownership rates are higher than previous estimates. The probability of owning a dog was highest on farms and lowest in single family dwellings without a yard, higher among respondents that owned their homes and decreasing with increasing human population density The total number of owned dogs in Costa Rica was estimated to be 2,222,032 (95% confidence intervals: 1,981,497-2,503,751). The sterilization rate for homed dogs in 2020 was approximately 62% (females: 67%, males: 61%) which is higher than the 18% of owned dogs that were sterilized in a 2003 survey. Overall, only 1.2% (95% CI: 0.3-2.5%) of owned dogs slept on the street with a slightly higher proportion on the street at 8 am. The number of owned dogs roaming the streets at night nation-wide was estimated to be 27,208 (95% CI: 7,557-56,619) compared to 43,142 (95% CI: 20,118-73,618) on the street at 8 am. The number of unowned free-roaming dogs in Costa Rica has never been estimated but we can generate some idea of the size of the unowned dog population by determining the proportion of free-roaming dogs on the street wearing collars. There was a negative relationship between human population density and owned dogs being on the street meaning fewer dogs roam the streets in highly populated areas compared to less populated areas. Overall, we identify trends against which future progress can be measured and provide information that are critical in designing effective humane dog management programs in Costa Rica in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew N. Rowan
- Wellbeing International, Potomac, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Andrew N. Rowan
| | - John D. Boone
- Great Basin Bird Observatory, Reno, NV, United States
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Subrata IM, Harjana NPA, Agustina KK, Purnama SG, Kardiwinata MP. Designing a rabies control mobile application for a community-based rabies surveillance system during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1237-1245. [PMID: 35765482 PMCID: PMC9210830 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1237-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rabies remains a public health concern in Indonesia, and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has stymied rabies prevention and control efforts. There is a need to transform the rabies program to be adaptable to pandemic situations to improve program coverage on dog vaccination and rabies surveillance. This study aimed to create a rabies control (RaCon) mobile application for a community-based rabies surveillance system during COVID-19 in Bali, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: We employ the Design Science Research methodology. Surveillance officers, veterinarians, community leaders, outreach workers, and dog owners participated in a series of offline in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The RaCon prototype was evaluated using the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) framework, which included the system's usefulness, information quality, and interface quality. In this study, we used both a qualitative (n=50) and quantitative (n=342) approach.
Results: According to the findings of this study, integrating public health and animal health into the rabies surveillance system are critical to supporting the One Health approach and encouraging community engagement in rabies programs. The RaCon prototype is expected to include features such as pet ownership, case report, news and announcements, nearest vet, health information, outbreak radar, emergency call, and app feedback. The RaCon prototype passed both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, indicating that it could be used to support the rabies surveillance system, particularly in the COVID-19 situation.
Conclusion: The RaCon prototype was accepted by the users and got positive feedback in terms of the system's usefulness, information quality, and interface quality dimension. As a result, this prototype has the potential to be integrated into the rabies surveillance system in Bali, particularly to strengthen the community-based rabies surveillance system. Even though this prototype received positive feedback, this study focuses solely on the design development and evaluation of its user interface. As a result, further development is required before incorporating RaCon into the rabies prevention and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ngakan Putu Anom Harjana
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia; Center for Public Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Sang Gede Purnama
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Made Pasek Kardiwinata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
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Gill GS, Singh BB, Dhand NK, Aulakh RS, Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020075. [PMID: 35202328 PMCID: PMC8878280 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overpopulation of stray dogs is a serious public health and animal welfare concern in India. Neglected zoonotic diseases such as rabies and echinococcosis are transmitted at the stray–dog human interface, particularly in low to middle-income countries. The current study was designed to estimate the stray dog populations in Punjab to enhance the implementation of animal birth and disease (for example, rabies vaccination) control programs. This is the first systematic estimation of the stray dog population using a recommended method (mark–re-sight) in Punjab, India. The study was conducted from August 2016 to November 2017 in selected villages or wards in Punjab. For the rural areas, 22 sub-districts in each district were randomly selected, then one village from each of the 22 selected sub-districts was selected (by convenience sampling). For urban areas, 3 towns (less than 100,000 human population) and 2 large cities (more than or equal to 100,000 human population) were randomly selected, followed by convenience selection of two wards from each of the 5 selected towns/cities. To estimate the dog population size, we used a modified mark–re-sight procedure and analysed counts using two methods; the Lincoln–Petersen formula with Chapman’s correction, and an application of Good–Turing theory (SuperDuplicates method; estimated per km2 and per 1000 adult humans and were compared between localities (villages vs. towns), dog sex (male vs. female) and age group (young vs. adult) using linear mixed models with district as a random effect. The predicted mean (95% CI) count of the dogs per village or ward were extrapolated to estimate the number of stray dogs in Punjab based on (a) the number of villages and wards in the state; (b) the adult human population of the state and (c) the built-up area of the state. Median stray dog populations per village and per ward using the Lincoln–Petersen formula with Chapman’s correction were estimated to be 33 and 65 dogs, respectively. Higher estimates of 61 per village and 112 per ward are reported using the SuperDuplicates method. The number of males was significantly higher than the number of females and the number of adult dogs was about three times the number of young dogs. Based on different methods, estimates of the mean stray dog population in the state of Punjab ranged from 519,000 to 1,569,000. The current study revealed that there are a substantial number of stray dogs and a high number reside in rural (versus urban) areas in Punjab. The estimated stray dog numbers pose a potential public health hazard in Punjab. This impact requires assessment. The estimated stray dog numbers will help develop a dog population and rabies control program in which information about the logistics required as well as costs of implementing such programmes in Punjab can be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurlal S. Gill
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana 141001, India; (G.S.G.); (R.S.A.)
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Balbir B. Singh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana 141001, India; (G.S.G.); (R.S.A.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (N.K.D.); (M.P.W.); (V.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (N.K.D.); (M.P.W.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Rabinder S. Aulakh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana 141001, India; (G.S.G.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (N.K.D.); (M.P.W.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (N.K.D.); (M.P.W.); (V.J.B.)
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Kalthoum S, Ben Salah C, Rzeigui H, Gharbi R, Guesmi K, Ben Salem A, Ferchichi S, Zammel F, Fatnassi N, Bahloul C, Seghaier C. Owned and free-roaming dogs in the North West of Tunisia: estimation, characteristics and application for the control of dog rabies. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08347. [PMID: 34816041 PMCID: PMC8593464 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure of dog population and the evaluation of the accessibility of dogs to vaccination is essential to succeed in the fight against dog rabies and to adapt the strategy of its control. We studied the characteristics of the unowned and owned dogs using the beck method during a rabies vaccination campaign in randomly selected sectors (urban and rural sites) in the North West of Tunisia. During a door-to-door investigation of households, data on owned dogs were collected to describe the owned population dog. A photographic-recapture method was used to characterize and estimate the size of the unowned dogs. A total of 1432 households accounting for 5403 inhabitants were interviewed during the survey (1298 (90.6%) in the urban site and 134 (9.3%) in the rural site). The dog-owning households were significantly higher in the rural site (76.1% (102/134)) compared to the urban site (17.8% (231/1298)) (P < 0.000000). Of the 17.8% dog-owning households in urban site, 58.4% owned one dog and 9% between 4 and 8 dogs. While, of the 76.1% dog-owning households in rural site, 24.5% owned one dog and 32.3% owned between 4 and 10 dogs. The dog: human ratio was 1:11 in the urban site and 1:1.6 in the rural site. The dog population density was estimated at 16 dogs/km2 and 4 dogs/km2 in the urban and rural sites, respectively. The confinement practices varied significantly among the urban and rural sites (P < 0.000000). The percentage of free-roaming owned dogs was 51.1% in the rural site and 31.4% in the urban site. More than 60.0% of the owned dogs in the urban site were confined. The majority of dogs in the rural site were born in the house, although, a high percentage (56.7%) of owned dogs in the urban site was adopted from neighbours, others sectors, or countries. The vaccination coverage findings indicated that 77.8% and 84.2% of the owned dog were vaccinated in the urban and rural sites, respectively. The estimated size of the free-roaming dogs was 72 dogs in the urban site (Kalaat Senan) and 16 dogs in the rural site (Sod el Khir).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kalthoum
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C. Ben Salah
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - H. Rzeigui
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - R. Gharbi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K. Guesmi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A. Ben Salem
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S. Ferchichi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - F. Zammel
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - N. Fatnassi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C. Bahloul
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, B.P. 741002, Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - C. Seghaier
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
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Chevalier V, Davun H, Sorn S, Ly P, Pov V, Ly S. Large scale dog population demography, dog management and bite risk factors analysis: A crucial step towards rabies control in Cambodia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254192. [PMID: 34237103 PMCID: PMC8266089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cambodia is a rabid-endemic country. However, data on dog population characteristics are lacking, and there is no national dog vaccination program. We implemented the first extensive door-to-door longitudinal survey in 2 Cambodian provinces, namely Kandal and Battambang, to estimate dog population demographic parameters, identify dog ownership determinants, analyze dog management practices and estimate the yearly cumulative bite incidence and associated factors. During the first session, more than 5000 dogs were recorded and identified. Data on families, dogs and cats characteristics, as well as the number of bites experienced the year before in the family, were recorded. One year later, a second session was performed in both provinces to record missing dogs and the reasons for missing. Age-specific survival rates of the dog populations were computed using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Ownership determinants and bite risk factors were identified using a negative binomial regression model. Dog trade and dog meat consumption were often reported. We estimated high dog-to-human ratios (1:3.8 in Kandal, and 1:3.3 in Battambang). The mean age of dog populations was 26.4 months in Kandal against 24.3 in Battambang, with a survival rate of 52% at 24 months in Kandal (34% only in Battambang). They were no feral dogs, but the large majority of recorded dogs were free roaming. In both provinces, the number of dogs significantly increased in families with children younger than 15, and when the head of the family was a male. The estimated yearly cumulative bite incidences were 2.3 and 3.1% in Kandal and Battambang provinces respectively, and are among the highest in the world. Our survey provides valuable data to focus information programs, parametrize transmission models and identify efficient vaccination strategies to control rabies in Cambodia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chevalier
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
| | - Holl Davun
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheak Sorn
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pitou Ly
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vutha Pov
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Natoli E, Bonanni R, Cafazzo S, Mills DS, Pontier D, Pilot M. Genetic inference of the mating system of free-ranging domestic dogs. Behav Ecol 2021; 32:646-656. [PMID: 34539241 PMCID: PMC8444980 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication has greatly changed the social and reproductive behavior of dogs relative to that of wild members of the genus Canis, which typically exhibit social monogamy and extended parental care. Unlike a typical gray wolf pack that consists of a single breeding pair and their offspring from multiple seasons, a group of free-ranging dogs (FRDs) can include multiple breeding individuals of both sexes. To understand the consequences of this shift in reproductive behavior, we reconstructed the genetic pedigree of an FRD population and assessed the kinship patterns in social groups, based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes. Consistent with behavioral observations, the mating system of the study population was characterized by polygynandry. Instead of the discreet family units observed in wolves, FRDs were linked by a network of kinship relationships that spread across packs. However, we also observed reproduction of the same male-female pairs in multiple seasons, retention of adult offspring in natal packs, and dispersal between neighboring packs-patterns in common with wolves. Although monogamy is the predominant mating system in wolves, polygyny and polyandry are occasionally observed in response to increased food availability. Thus, polygynandry of domestic dogs was likely influenced by the shift in ecological niche from an apex predator to a human commensal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Natoli
- Canile Sovrazonale, ASL Roma 3 (Local Health Unit Rome 3), Via della Magliana 856H, 00148 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniel S Mills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Małgorzata Pilot
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680 Gdańsk, Poland
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Warembourg C, Fournié G, Abakar MF, Alvarez D, Berger-González M, Odoch T, Wera E, Alobo G, Carvallo ETL, Bal VD, López Hernandez AL, Madaye E, Maximiano Sousa F, Naminou A, Roquel P, Hartnack S, Zinsstag J, Dürr S. Predictors of free-roaming domestic dogs' contact network centrality and their relevance for rabies control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12898. [PMID: 34145344 PMCID: PMC8213792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Free roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) are the main vectors for rabies transmission to humans worldwide. To eradicate rabies from a dog population, current recommendations focus on random vaccination with at least 70% coverage. Studies suggest that targeting high-risk subpopulations could reduce the required vaccination coverage, and increase the likelihood of success of elimination campaigns. The centrality of a dog in a contact network can be used as a measure of its potential contribution to disease transmission. Our objectives were to investigate social networks of FRDD in eleven study sites in Chad, Guatemala, Indonesia and Uganda, and to identify characteristics of dogs, and their owners, associated with their centrality in the networks. In all study sites, networks had small-world properties and right-skewed degree distributions, suggesting that vaccinating highly connected dogs would be more effective than random vaccination. Dogs were more connected in rural than urban settings, and the likelihood of contacts was negatively correlated with the distance between dogs' households. While heterogeneity in dog's connectedness was observed in all networks, factors predicting centrality and likelihood of contacts varied across networks and countries. We therefore hypothesize that the investigated dog and owner characteristics resulted in different contact patterns depending on the social, cultural and economic context. We suggest to invest into understanding of the sociocultural structures impacting dog ownership and thus driving dog ecology, a requirement to assess the potential of targeted vaccination in dog populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Warembourg
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Danilo Alvarez
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Monica Berger-González
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Terence Odoch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ewaldus Wera
- Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), West Timor, Indonesia
| | - Grace Alobo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Enos Madaye
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Filipe Maximiano Sousa
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abakar Naminou
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Pablo Roquel
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Rabies in Our Neighbourhood: Preparedness for an Emerging Infectious Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:375. [PMID: 33804778 PMCID: PMC8003993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious disease (EID) events have the potential to cause devastating impacts on human, animal and environmental health. A range of tools exist which can be applied to address EID event detection, preparedness and response. Here we use a case study of rabies in Southeast Asia and Oceania to illustrate, via nearly a decade of research activities, how such tools can be systematically integrated into a framework for EID preparedness. During the past three decades, canine rabies has spread to previously free areas of Southeast Asia, threatening the rabies-free status of countries such as Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and Australia. The program of research to address rabies preparedness in the Oceanic region has included scanning and surveillance to define the emerging nature of canine rabies within the Southeast Asia region; field studies to collect information on potential reservoir species, their distribution and behaviour; participatory and sociological studies to identify priorities for disease response; and targeted risk assessment and disease modelling studies. Lessons learnt include the need to develop methods to collect data in remote regions, and the need to continuously evaluate and update requirements for preparedness in response to evolving drivers of emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia;
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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12
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Tiwari HK, Robertson ID, O'Dea M, Vanak AT. Demographic characteristics of free-roaming dogs (FRD) in rural and urban India following a photographic sight-resight survey. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16562. [PMID: 31719565 PMCID: PMC6851138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the core demographic characteristics of the sub-populations of FRD is essential to effectively implement both rabies control interventions through mass vaccination of FRD, and dog population control programmes. This study compares the data obtained following photographic sight-resight surveys in rural (Shirsuphal village in west India) and urban (Municipal Corporation Panchkula in north India) locations . A total of 263 and 1408 FRD were seen at least once through 617 and 3465 sightings in the rural and urban sites, respectively. The rural location had a lower proportion of females (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.7) and a higher proportion of poor and fair conditioned dogs (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.3) compared to the urban setting. The rural site also had fewer active FRD (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.7) and FRD were less likely to be sighted within 20 m of garbage points (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.3) compared to the urban site. The demographic composition of the FRD population was found to vary within the urban location, with the odds of sighting a de-sexed dog being significantly higher in residential areas compared to other areas. The study underlines the importance of knowing the demographic composition of FRD for implementation of effective interventions against rabies. Fewer female dogs in the rural location indicate that spaying could be an effective tool for dog population management in this setting, while presence of dogs within 20 m of garbage points in urban settings highlights that an improved garbage management may reduce the carrying capacity of the urban locality resulting in smaller FRD population. It is concluded that quick and low cost surveys can generate useful demographic data for FRD in urban and rural settings which can be useful to understand the epidemiology of rabies and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kumar Tiwari
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- Ashoka Trust for Research on Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India.
- AUSVET, 5 Shuffrey Street, Fremantle, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ian D Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mark O'Dea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Abi Tamim Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Research on Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India
- Wellcome Trust/DBT India-Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104816. [PMID: 31739219 PMCID: PMC7126844 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11 % of Australian veterinary hospitals reported >40 canine parvovirus cases in 2016. Socioeconomic disadvantage was the strongest risk factor for canine parvovirus. Euthanasia is the leading cause of fatality for canine parvovirus related disease. Hottest month of the year is associated with canine parvovirus case occurrence. Low rainfall is associated with higher canine parvovirus cases.
Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (>40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50–110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) – the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (rSP = –0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (rSP = –0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (rSP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.
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14
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Mbilo C, Kabongo JB, Pyana PP, Nlonda L, Nzita RW, Luntadila B, Badibanga B, Hattendorf J, Zinsstag J. Dog Ecology, Bite Incidence, and Disease Awareness: A Cross-Sectional Survey among a Rabies-Affected Community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E98. [PMID: 31454908 PMCID: PMC6789516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of safe and efficacious human and animal rabies vaccines, millions of people remain at risk of exposure to this deadly zoonotic disease through bites of infected dogs. Sub-Saharan African countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), bear the highest per capita death rates from rabies where dog vaccination and availability of lifesaving post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is scarce. Mass dog vaccination is the most cost-effective and sustainable approach to prevent human rabies deaths. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey in a rabies-affected community in Matadi, DRC, to estimate the size of the owned dog population and dog bite incidence and assess knowledge and practices regarding rabies, as preparation for future mass dog vaccination campaigns. Our study revealed that the owned dog population in Matadi was almost ten times larger than assumed by local veterinary officials, with a large proportion of free-roaming unvaccinated dogs. The annual dog bite incidence of 5.2 per 1000 person years was high, whereas community rabies knowledge was low resulting in poor practices. Given these findings, human rabies deaths are likely to occur in this community. Lack of disease awareness could negatively affect participation in future mass dog vaccination campaigns. A public sensitization campaign is needed to promote appropriate rabies prevention (washing bite wounds and PEP) and control (dog vaccination) measures in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pati Patient Pyana
- Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Avenue de la Démocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa/Gombe, Congo
| | - Léon Nlonda
- Clinique Vétérinaire d'Etat de Matadi, Matadi, Congo
| | | | - Bobo Luntadila
- Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Avenue de la Démocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa/Gombe, Congo
| | - Badivé Badibanga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
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Canejo-Teixeira R, Neto I, Baptista LV, Niza MMRE. Identification of dysfunctional human-dog dyads through dog ownership histories. Open Vet J 2019; 9:140-146. [PMID: 31360653 PMCID: PMC6626146 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human–dog relationship is at least 16,000-years old and is mutually beneficial to both dyadic members. When the human–dog relationship becomes dysfunctional, however, there can be serious consequences for both parties and for society. Unfortunately, dysfunctional dyads are normally only identified after consequences have been felt (e.g., dog–human aggression) limiting the action that can be taken to prevent such occurrences. To evaluate whether these dysfunctional dyads can be preemptively identified, a questionnaire analyzing the owners’ dog health care histories was administered to an urban dog owning population. Multiple correspondence analysis (n = 1,385) was conducted and identified three clusters accounting for 37.1% of the total variance, while four moderate positive correlations were found: “unspecified trauma” with “vehicular trauma” (r = 0.303, p < 0.001), “bitten” with “bit other animal” (r = 0.345, p < 0.001), “bit a person” with “bit other animal” (r = 0.369, p < 0.001), and “chronic illness” with “hospitalized” (r = 0.297, p < 0.001). These results suggest that a simple questionnaire can identify potential characteristics of functional and dysfunctional dyads. In functional dyads, humans tend to be responsible for their dogs’ well-being, while dysfunctional dyads show the opposite characteristics, reporting experience with trauma and dog aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Neto
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária/Ulisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís V Baptista
- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Utami NWA, Agustina KK, Atema KN, Bagus GN, Girardi J, Harfoot M, Haryono Y, Hiby L, Irawan H, Januraga PP, Kalalo L, Purnama SG, Subrata IM, Swacita IBN, Swarayana IMI, Wirawan DN, Hiby E. Evaluation of Community-Based Dog Welfare and Rabies Project in Sanur, a Sub-district of the Indonesian Island Province of Bali. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:193. [PMID: 31338368 PMCID: PMC6629783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indonesian island province of Bali experienced its first rabies incursion in 2008. Mass vaccination of the dog population has proven effective and rabies cases in dogs and people have decreased, however the virus is still circulating among the dog population. Vaccination coverage must be maintained until rabies elimination. Increasing efficiency and effectiveness of vaccination campaigns is therefore desired. Community engagement leading to preventative health actions by community members can reduce disease incidence and costs of control. Here we evaluate 2 years of a novel community-based dog welfare and rabies control project (Program Dharma) in the Sanur sub-district. The project engaged the services of people living in the project area with an interest or experience in dogs or community health services. These people spoke with owners within their own community about dog welfare and health, monitored owned and unowned dogs and increased owner and carer efforts to access vaccination and further veterinary services. The evaluation focused on a sample of dogs whose owners had been regularly engaged with project. Vaccination coverage was increased and there were no dog or human rabies cases reported in the project area; the percentage of the dogs that had never been vaccinated was reduced by an average 28.3% (baseline unvaccinated 41–49%, post-project unvaccinated 11–19%). The welfare of dogs improved from an average of 20.7% of dogs with visible welfare problems at baseline to 2.7% after project implementation. Roaming dog density observed on street surveys also decreased in all project areas (24–47% reduction dependent on desa). A participatory evaluation event with a sample of Program Dharma community-based agents highlighted several additional successes, including that the community appeared to welcome and value their services and were beginning to support the cost of project activities. Conversely, challenges included identifying dogs in the database during revisits, sustaining the costs of community member time spent working on Program Dharma activities and the costs of veterinary care, whilst avoiding dependency of owners on free veterinary services. The benefits revealed by the evaluation were judged to be sufficient to extend Program Dharma to new areas, whilst evolving activities to resolve challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wayan Arya Utami
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Mike Harfoot
- Independent Researcher, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lex Hiby
- Conservation Research Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hendra Irawan
- Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA), Ubud, Indonesia
| | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Levin Kalalo
- Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA), Ubud, Indonesia
| | - Sang Gede Purnama
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - I Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | | | - Dewa Nyoman Wirawan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Elly Hiby
- International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, MA, United States
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17
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Dhillon J, Hoopes J, Epp T. Scoping decades of dog evidence: a scoping review of dog bite-related sequelae. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; 110:364-375. [PMID: 30378009 PMCID: PMC6964408 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-018-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been considerable literature published focusing on various sequelae to dog bites over the last three decades. Much of the literature has focused on rabies, particularly canine rabies variant, which accounts for the majority of rabies deaths worldwide. This paper describes the complications, the pathogens, and other sequelae resulting from dog bites documented in the literature. METHODS This paper used evidence found through a scoping review which charted the published peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed gray literature and online information relating to dog bite incidents. Each complication or sequela was additionally assessed from the viewpoint of Canadian Indigenous, rural, and geographically remote communities, which experience a high number of dog bite incidents annually. SYNTHESIS Peer-reviewed literature (N = 693; case report, original research, and review articles) provided detailed information on specific pathogens, infections, and diseases of interest, especially rabies. However, in addition to these, the sequelae from dog bites may include moderate to severe injuries that further result in anxiety around dogs or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS While a lot of focus in the literature is on rabies as a sequela to dog bites, the impacts of anxiety and PTSD are not as well articulated. Treatment of dog bite injuries may be standardized; however, improved collaborations between diverse health professionals (physicians, veterinarians, counseling services, animal behaviourists, and others) could be of considerable benefit in decreasing the effects of dog bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Dhillon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0Y9, Canada
| | | | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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18
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Hudson EG, Brookes VJ, Ward MP. Demographic studies of owned dogs in the Northern Peninsula Area, Australia, to inform population and disease management strategies. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:487-494. [PMID: 30478842 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate domestic dog demographic information to aid population and disease management in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities of the Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland, Australia. METHODS Sight-resight surveys using standard and modified methods were conducted to estimate the free-roaming dog population size. A cross-sectional questionnaire of dog owners was used to gather dog demographic information and investigate owners' dog management behaviours. A survey was also conducted to estimate the total dog population size. RESULTS The mean total dog population size was estimated to be 813 (range, 770-868). The roaming dog population was 430 or 542 (95% confidence interval (CI) 254-608; 95% CI 405-680, standard and modified methods, respectively). Therefore, the roaming population represents 52.8% or 66.7% of the total population based on the sight-resight methodology. We surveyed 65 dog owners who owned 165 dogs (1 : 1 ratio of male : female dogs). Only 14% (95% CI 9-19) of dogs were sterilised and significantly more males were entire (P = 0.02). Although most dogs were pets (65%), hunting dogs were significantly more likely to be taken outside of the resident community (P < 0.001). The birth rate was 2.4 puppies/dog-owning house/year, which was higher than the death rate (1.7 dogs/dog-owning house/year). In the previous 12 months, 90% of the 109 deaths were dogs aged 0-2 years old. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that most of the dog population in the NPA is free-roaming and that the population has increased, likely because of a lack of population management strategies such as sterilisation. This information will be used to develop population and disease management strategies in the NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Hudson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - V J Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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19
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Hiby E, Agustina KK, Nattras Atema K, Bagus GN, Girardi J, Harfoot M, Haryono Y, Hiby L, Irawan H, Kalalo L, Purnama SG, Subrata IM, Swacita IBN, Utami NWA, Januraga PP, Wirawan DN. Dog Ecology and Rabies Knowledge of Owners and Non-Owners in Sanur, A Sub-District of the Indonesian Island Province of Bali. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8070112. [PMID: 29976915 PMCID: PMC6070915 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study gained an understanding of dog demographics, owner behaviour, and knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to rabies in three villages in Sanur, Bali, providing insights for an intervention to improve responsible dog ownership. A combination of a census of all dogs, street surveys of roaming dogs, and a Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey was used to study both dogs and people. A total of 6009 dogs were recorded, of which only 3.3% appeared to be unowned; unowned dogs had poorer welfare and were more likely to be wary of attempted approaches by people. The source of dogs, method of confinement used by owners, and whether dogs were sterilised differed between three breed types; purebred dogs, mixed breed, and Bali dogs (native breed). Three variables were found to have significant effects on the chances of not being vaccinated: age, dog type, and confinement. A mean of 3.81 roaming dogs per km of street surveyed was recorded along 28 sub-village routes. Responses to attitude statements showed that most people had a positive attitude towards dogs and vaccination and did not agree with culling. Knowledge of appropriate bite treatment and symptoms of rabies in dogs was good.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | | | - Gusti Ngurah Bagus
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Janice Girardi
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Mike Harfoot
- UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.
| | - Yacinta Haryono
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Lex Hiby
- Conservation Research Ltd., Cambridge, CB22 5AL, UK, .
| | - Hendra Irawan
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Levin Kalalo
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Sang Gede Purnama
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - I Made Subrata
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Ni Wayan Arya Utami
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Dewa Nyoman Wirawan
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
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de Jong W, Rusli M, Bhoelan S, Rohde S, Rantam FA, Noeryoto PA, Hadi U, Gorp ECMV, Goeijenbier M. Endemic and emerging acute virus infections in Indonesia: an overview of the past decade and implications for the future. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:487-503. [PMID: 29451044 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1438986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Being the largest archipelago country in the world, with a tropical climate and a unique flora and fauna, Indonesia habitats one of the most diverse biome in the world. These characteristics make Indonesia a popular travel destination, with tourism numbers increasing yearly. These characteristics also facilitate the transmission of zoonosis and provide ideal living and breading circumstances for arthropods, known vectors for viral diseases. A review of the past 10 years of literature, reports of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia and ProMED-mail shows a significant increase in dengue infection incidence. Furthermore, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and rabies are proven to be endemic in Indonesia. The combination of cohort studies, governmental data and ProMED-mail reveals an integrated overview for those working in travel medicine and public health, focusing on both endemic and emerging acute virus infections. This review summarizes the epidemiology of acute virus infections in Indonesia, including outbreak reports, as well as public health response measurements and their potential or efficacy. Knowledge about human behaviour, animal reservoirs, climate factors, environment and their role in emerging virus infection are discussed. We aim to support public health authorities and health care policy makers in a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley de Jong
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Musofa Rusli
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical & Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Soerajja Bhoelan
- c Department of Internal medicine , Havenziekenhuis Institute for Tropical Medicine , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Sofie Rohde
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Fedik A Rantam
- d Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Purwati A Noeryoto
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical & Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Usman Hadi
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical & Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Eric C M van Gorp
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Internal medicine , Havenziekenhuis Institute for Tropical Medicine , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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Kay A, Coe JB, Pearl D, Young I. A scoping review of published research on the population dynamics and control practices of companion animals. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dürr S, Dhand NK, Bombara C, Molloy S, Ward MP. What influences the home range size of free-roaming domestic dogs? Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1339-1350. [PMID: 28202088 PMCID: PMC10027489 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In many regions of the world domestic dogs are free roaming and live in close relationship with humans. These free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) can cause public health problems such as dog bites and transmission of infectious diseases. To effectively control diseases transmitted by FRDD, knowledge on the dogs' behaviour is required. To identify predictors of home range (HR) size, we collected global positioning system data from 135 FRDD living in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Northern Australia. The core HR size ranged from 0·17 to 2·33 ha and the extended HR size from 0·86 to 40·46 ha. Using a linear mixed effect model with a Restricted Maximum Likelihood approach, the dog's sex and reproductive status were identified as predictors of roaming. Non-castrated males had the largest HRs, followed by neutered females. Also, FRDDs were found to roam further during the pre- than the post-wet season. These findings have implications for infectious disease spread. Identification of risk groups for disease spread within a population allows for more targeted disease response and surveillance. Further investigation of predictors of roaming in other FRDD populations worldwide would increase the external validity of such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty,University of Bern,Switzerland
| | - N K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science,The University of Sydney,Australia
| | - C Bombara
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science,The University of Sydney,Australia
| | - S Molloy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science,The University of Sydney,Australia
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science,The University of Sydney,Australia
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Hudson EG, Dhand N, Dürr S, Ward MP. A Survey of Dog Owners in Remote Northern Australian Indigenous Communities to Inform Rabies Incursion Planning. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004649. [PMID: 27115351 PMCID: PMC4846002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia is underprepared for a rabies incursion due to a lack of information about how a rabies outbreak would spread within the susceptible canine populations and which control strategies would be best to control it. The aim of this study was to collect information to parameterize a recently developed dog rabies spread model as well as use this information to gauge how the community would accept potential control strategies. Such information-together with model outputs-would be used to inform decision makers on the best control strategies and improve Australia's preparedness against a canine rabies incursion. The parameters this study focussed on were detection time, vaccination rates and dog-culling and dog movement restriction compliance. A cross-sectional survey of 31 dog-owners, using a questionnaire, was undertaken in the five communities of the Northern Peninsular Area (NPA) in northern Australia regarding community dog movements, veterinary visits, reporting systems, perceptions of sick dogs and potential human behaviours during hypothetical rabies outbreaks. It highlighted the significant shortfalls in veterinary care that would need to be vastly improved during an outbreak, who educational programs should be targeted towards and which dog movements should be restricted. The results indicate that men were significantly more likely than women to allow their dogs to roam and to move their dogs. The current low vaccination rate of 12% highlighted the limited veterinary services that would need to be substantially increased to achieve effective rabies control. Participation in mass vaccination was accepted by 100% of the respondents. There was lower acceptance for other possible rabies control strategies with 10-20% of the respondents stating a resistance to both a mass culling program and a ban on dog movements. Consequently, movement bans and mass dog culling would have limited effectiveness as a control strategy in the NPA community. More than half of the respondents said that they would report their sick dogs within a week. This would lead to a much more optimistic rabies detection time than observed in other regions with recent dog rabies outbreaks. Findings from this study can be used to parameterize a recently developed dog rabies spread model as well as to develop informed policies for managing a future rabies incursion, thus improving Australia's preparedness against a canine rabies incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Hudson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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