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Reinholdz H, Agardh A, Verputten M, Byenda J, Frielingsdorf H. Care-seeking patterns and timely access to care among survivors of sexual violence in North Kivu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective file-based study. Glob Health Action 2024; 17:2336708. [PMID: 38660982 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2336708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence is widespread in war-torn North Kivu province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Timely access to care is crucial for the healing and wellbeing of survivors of sexual violence, but is problematic due to a variety of barriers. Through a better understanding of care-seeking behaviours and factors influencing timely access to care, programmes can be adapted to overcome some of the barriers faced by survivors of sexual violence. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe demographics, care-seeking patterns and factors influencing timely care-seeking by survivors of sexual violence. METHODS Retrospective file-based data analysis of sexual violence survivors accessing care within two Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) programmes supporting the Ministry of Health, in North Kivu, DRC, 2014-2018. RESULTS Most survivors (66%) sought care at specialised sexual violence clinics and a majority of the survivors were self-referred (51%). Most survivors seeking care (70%) did so within 3 days. Male survivors accessing care were significantly more likely to seek care within 3 days compared to females. All age groups under 50 years old were more likely to seek care within 3 days compared to those aged 50 years and older. Being referred by the community, a family member, mobile clinic or authorities was significantly associated with less probability of seeking care within 3 days compared to being self-referred. CONCLUSION Access to timely health care for survivors of sexual violence in North Kivu, DRC, is challenging and varies between different groups of survivors. Providers responding to survivors of sexual violence need to adapt models of care and awareness raising strategies to ensure that programmes are developed to enable timely access to care for all survivors. More research is needed to further understand the barriers and enablers to access timely care for different groups of survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Reinholdz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Public Health Department, Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anette Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Meggy Verputten
- Public Health Department, Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph Byenda
- North Kivu Country Programme, Médecins Sans Frontières, Goma, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Helena Frielingsdorf
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Schedwin M, Bisumba Furaha A, Elimian K, King C, Malembaka EB, Yambayamba MK, Tylleskär T, Alfvén T, Carter SE, Welo Okitayemba P, Mapatano MA, Hildenwall H. Facility capacity and provider knowledge for cholera surveillance and diarrhoea case management in cholera hotspots in the Democratic Republic of Congo - a mixed-methods study. Glob Health Action 2024; 17:2317774. [PMID: 38441883 PMCID: PMC10916892 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2317774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wider healthcare-strengthening interventions are recommended in cholera hotspots and could benefit other types of diarrhoeal diseases which contribute to greater mortality than cholera. OBJECTIVE Describe facility capacity and provider knowledge for case management of diarrhoea and cholera surveillance in cholera hotspots in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) among health facilities, drug shops, and traditional health practitioners. METHODS We conducted a sequential exploratory mixed-method study, using focus group discussions, facility audits, and provider knowledge questionnaires during September and October 2022 in North Kivu and Tanganyika provinces, Eastern DRC. Content analysis was used for qualitative data. Quantitative data were summarised by facility level and healthcare provider type. Audit and knowledge scores (range 0-100) were generated. Multivariable linear regression estimated association between scores and explanatory factors. Qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated during interpretation. RESULTS Overall, 244 facilities and 308 providers were included. The mean audit score for health facilities was 51/100 (SD: 17). Private facilities had an -11.6 (95% CI, -16.7 to -6.6) lower adjusted mean score compared to public. Mean knowledge score was 59/100 (95% CI, 57 to 60) for health facility personnel, 46/100 (95% CI, 43 to 48) for drug shop vendors and 37/100 (95% CI, 34 to 39) for traditional health practitioners. Providers had particularly low knowledge concerning when to check for low blood sugar, use of nasogastric tubes, and dosing schedules. Knowledge about case definitions for cholera was similar between groups (range 41-58%) except for traditional health practitioners for the definition during an outbreak 15/73 (21%). CONCLUSIONS Increasing awareness of cholera case definitions in this context could help improve cholera surveillance and control. Increased support and supervision, especially for private providers, could help ensure facilities are equipped to provide safe care. More nuanced aspects of case management should be emphasised in provider training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Schedwin
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Bisumba Furaha
- Paediatric Department, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kelly Elimian
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Exhale Health Foundation, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Carina King
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espoir Bwenge Malembaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marc K Yambayamba
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Section Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorkild Tylleskär
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tobias Alfvén
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sach’s Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone E Carter
- Public Health Emergencies, UNICEF, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Placide Welo Okitayemba
- Programme National d’Elimination du Choléra et de lutte contre les autres Maladies Diarrhéiques, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mala Ali Mapatano
- Department of Nutrition, Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Helena Hildenwall
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Guyeux C, Senelle G, Le Meur A, Supply P, Gaudin C, Phelan JE, Clark TG, Rigouts L, de Jong B, Sola C, Refrégier G. Newly Identified Mycobacterium africanum Lineage 10, Central Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:560-563. [PMID: 38407162 PMCID: PMC10902520 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.231466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of genome sequencing data from >100,000 genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using TB-Annotator software revealed a previously unknown lineage, proposed name L10, in central Africa. Phylogenetic reconstruction suggests L10 could represent a missing link in the evolutionary and geographic migration histories of M. africanum.
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Kallay R, Mbuyi G, Eggers C, Coulibaly S, Kangoye DT, Kubuya J, Soke GN, Mossoko M, Kazambu D, Magazani A, Fonjungo P, Luce R, Aruna A. Assessment of the integrated disease surveillance and response system implementation in health zones at risk for viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, following a major Ebola outbreak, 2021. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1150. [PMID: 38658902 PMCID: PMC11044341 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) experienced its largest Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in 2018-2020. As a result of the outbreak, significant funding and international support were provided to Eastern DRC to improve disease surveillance. The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy has been used in the DRC as a framework to strengthen public health surveillance, and full implementation could be critical as the DRC continues to face threats of various epidemic-prone diseases. In 2021, the DRC initiated an IDSR assessment in North Kivu province to assess the capabilities of the public health system to detect and respond to new public health threats. METHODS The study utilized a mixed-methods design consisting of quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative assessment of the performance in IDSR core functions was conducted at multiple levels of the tiered health system through a standardized questionnaire and analysis of health data. Qualitative data were also collected through observations, focus groups and open-ended questions. Data were collected at the North Kivu provincial public health office, five health zones, 66 healthcare facilities, and from community health workers in 15 health areas. RESULTS Thirty-six percent of health facilities had no case definition documents and 53% had no blank case reporting forms, limiting identification and reporting. Data completeness and timeliness among health facilities were 53% and 75% overall but varied widely by health zone. While these indicators seemingly improved at the health zone level at 100% and 97% respectively, the health facility data feeding into the reporting structure were inconsistent. The use of electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response is not widely implemented. Rapid response teams were generally available, but functionality was low with lack of guidance documents and long response times. CONCLUSION Support is needed at the lower levels of the public health system and to address specific zones with low performance. Limitations in materials, resources for communication and transportation, and workforce training continue to be challenges. This assessment highlights the need to move from outbreak-focused support and funding to building systems that can improve the long-term functionality of the routine disease surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kallay
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Gisèle Mbuyi
- National Epidemiology Surveillance Direction, DRC Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Prevention Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Carrie Eggers
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Soumaila Coulibaly
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bizzell US, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - David Tiga Kangoye
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bizzell US, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Janvier Kubuya
- North Kivu Provincial Health Direction, DRC Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gnakub Norbert Soke
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mathias Mossoko
- National Epidemiology Surveillance Direction, DRC Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Prevention Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ditu Kazambu
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alain Magazani
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Peter Fonjungo
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Luce
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aaron Aruna
- National Epidemiology Surveillance Direction, DRC Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Prevention Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kalonji T, Malembi E, Matela JP, Likafi T, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Vakaniaki EH, Hoff NA, Aziza A, Muyembe F, Kabamba J, Cooreman T, Nguete B, Witte D, Ayouba A, Fernandez-Nuñez N, Roge S, Peeters M, Merritt S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Delaporte E, Pukuta E, Mariën J, Bangwen E, Lakin S, Lewis C, Doty JB, Liesenborghs L, Hensley LE, McCollum A, Rimoin AW, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Shongo R, Kaba D, Mbala-Kingebeni P. Co-Circulating Monkeypox and Swinepox Viruses, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:761-765. [PMID: 38526165 PMCID: PMC10977837 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In September 2022, deaths of pigs manifesting pox-like lesions caused by swinepox virus were reported in Tshuapa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Two human mpox cases were found concurrently in the surrounding community. Specific diagnostics and robust sequencing are needed to characterize multiple poxviruses and prevent potential poxvirus transmission.
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Taty N, Bompangue D, Moore S, Muyembe JJ, de Richemond NM. Spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera hotspots in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1973 to 2022. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:360. [PMID: 38549076 PMCID: PMC10976723 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the early 1970s, cholera outbreaks have been a major public health burden in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Cholera cases have been reported in a quasi-continuous manner in certain lakeside areas in the Great Lakes Region. As these cholera-endemic health zones constitute a starting point for outbreaks and diffusion towards other at-risk areas, they play a major role in cholera dynamics in the country. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera hotspots and adjusting interventions accordingly thus reduces the disease burden in an efficient and cost-effective manner. METHODS A literature review was conducted to describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera in the DRC at the province level from 1973 to 1999. We then identified and classified cholera hotspots at the provincial and health zone levels from 2003 to 2022 and described the spatiotemporal evolution of hotspots. We also applied and compared three different classification methods to ensure that cholera hotspots are identified and classified according to the DRC context. RESULTS According to all three methods, high-priority hotspots were concentrated in the eastern Great Lakes Region. Overall, hotspots largely remained unchanged over the course of the study period, although slight improvements were observed in some eastern hotspots, while other non-endemic areas in the west experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks. The Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) and the Department of Ecology and Infectious Disease Control (DEIDC) methods largely yielded similar results for the high-risk hotspots. However, the medium-priority hotspots identified by the GTFCC method were further sub-classified by the DEIDC method, thereby providing a more detailed ranking for priority targeting. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings of this comprehensive study shed light on the dynamics of cholera hotspots in the DRC from 1973 to 2022. These results may serve as an evidence-based foundation for public health officials and policymakers to improve the implementation of the Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan, guiding targeted interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the impact of cholera in vulnerable communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Taty
- Department of Infectious Disease Ecology and Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Montpellier Geography and Spatial Planning Laboratory, Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 University, Montpellier, France.
- National Program for the Elimination of Cholera and the Fight against Other Diarrheal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Didier Bompangue
- Department of Infectious Disease Ecology and Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- National Program for the Elimination of Cholera and the Fight against Other Diarrheal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR 6249, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - J J Muyembe
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nancy Meschinet de Richemond
- Montpellier Geography and Spatial Planning Laboratory, Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 University, Montpellier, France
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Malemo LK, Yap A, Mitume B, Salmon C, Karafuli K, Poenaru D, Onyango R. Essential surgery delivery in the Northern Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Surg 2024; 24:95. [PMID: 38519894 PMCID: PMC10958871 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-024-02386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical services are an essential part of a functional healthcare system, but the Lancet Commission of Global Surgery (LCoGS) indicators of surgical capacity such as perioperative workforce and surgical volume are unknown in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We aimed to determine the surgical capacity and its associated factors within the DRC. METHODS Hospitals were assessed in the North Kivu province of the DRC. Hospital characteristics and surgical rates were determined using the WHO-PGSSC hospital assessment tool and operating room (OR) registries. The primary outcome of interest was the number of Bellwether operations (i.e. Caesarean sections, laparotomies, and external fixation for bone fractures) per 100,000 people. Univariate and multiple linear regressions were performed. Primary predictors were the number of trained surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and obstetricians (SAOs) and the number of perioperative providers (including clinical officers and nurse anaesthetists) per 100,000 people. RESULTS Twenty-eight hospitals in North Kivu were assessed over one year in 2021; 24 (86%) were first-level referral health centres while 4 (14%) were second-level referral hospitals. In total, 11,176 Bellwether procedures were performed in the region in one year. Rates per 100,000 people were 1,461 Bellwether surgical interventions, 1.05 SAOs, and 13.1 perioperative providers. In univariate linear regression analysis, each additional SAO added 239 additional cases annually (p = 0.023), while each additional perioperative provider added 110 cases annually (p < 0.001). In our multiple regression analysis adjusting for other hospital services, the association between workforce and Bellwether surgeries was no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS The surgical workforce in DRC did not meet the LCoGS benchmark of 20 SAOs per 100,000 people but was not an independent predictor of surgical capacity. Major investment is needed to simultaneously bolster healthcare facilities and increase surgical workforce training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Kalisya Malemo
- School of Medicine, The University of Goma, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Ava Yap
- Center of Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Boniface Mitume
- Department of Computer Engineering, Université Officielle de Ruwenzori, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Christian Salmon
- Centre for Global Health Engineering, Department of Engineering Management and Industrial Engineering, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Kambale Karafuli
- Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dan Poenaru
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rosebella Onyango
- Department of Community Health and Development, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
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Charnley GEC, Green N, Kelman I, Malembaka EB, Gaythorpe KAM. Evaluating the risk of conflict on recent Ebola outbreaks in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:860. [PMID: 38509557 PMCID: PMC10953285 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing Ebola virus transmission relies on the ability to identify cases and limit contact with infected bodily fluids through biosecurity, safe sex practices, safe burial and vaccination. Armed conflicts can complicate outbreak detection and interventions due to widespread disruption to governments and populations. Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have historically reported the largest and the most recent Ebola virus outbreaks. Understanding if conflict played a role in these outbreaks may help in identifying key risks factors to improve disease control. METHODS We used data from a range of publicly available data sources for both Ebola virus cases and conflict events from 2018 to 2021 in Guinea and the DRC. We fitted these data to conditional logistic regression models using the Self-Controlled Case Series methodology to evaluate the magnitude in which conflict increased the risk of reported Ebola virus cases in terms of incidence rate ratio. We re-ran the analysis sub-nationally, by conflict sub-event type and tested any lagged effects. RESULTS Conflict was significantly associated with an increased risk of reported Ebola virus cases in both the DRC and Guinea in recent outbreaks. The effect was of a similar magnitude at 1.88- and 1.98-times increased risk for the DRC and Guinea, respectively. The greatest effects (often higher than the national values) were found in many conflict prone areas and during protest/riot-related conflict events. Conflict was influential in terms of Ebola virus risk from 1 week following the event and remained important by 10 weeks. CONCLUSION Extra vigilance is needed following protests and riot-related conflict events in terms of Ebola virus transmission. These events are highly disruptive, in terms of access to transportation and healthcare and are often in urban areas with high population densities. Additional public health messaging around these types of conflict events, relating to the risks and clinical symptoms may be helpful in reducing transmission. Future work should aim to further understand and quantify conflict severity and intensity, to evaluate dose-response relationships in terms of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina E C Charnley
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Nathan Green
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ilan Kelman
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
- University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Espoir B Malembaka
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health (CTDGH), Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Katy A M Gaythorpe
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Masirika LM, Udahemuka JC, Schuele L, Ndishimye P, Otani S, Mbiribindi JB, Marekani JM, Mambo LM, Bubala NM, Boter M, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Lang T, Kalalizi EB, Musabyimana JP, Aarestrup FM, Koopmans M, Oude Munnink BB, Siangoli FB. Ongoing mpox outbreak in Kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with monkeypox virus of a novel Clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400106. [PMID: 38487886 PMCID: PMC10941309 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.11.2400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of 2023, the number of people with suspected monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection have sharply increased in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We report near-to-complete MPXV genome sequences derived from six cases from the South Kivu province. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the MPXV affecting the cases belongs to a novel Clade I sub-lineage. The outbreak strain genome lacks the target sequence of the probe and primers of a commonly used Clade I-specific real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandre Murhula Masirika
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, DS Bukavu, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jean Claude Udahemuka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
- Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Leonard Schuele
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pacifique Ndishimye
- Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Research and Innovation Centre, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jean M Marekani
- Unit of Animal Production and Health, Nature Conservation and Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Léandre Mutimbwa Mambo
- Zone de Santé de Kamituga, Kamituga, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Marjan Boter
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David F Nieuwenhuijse
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trudie Lang
- The Global Health Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Balyahamwabo Kalalizi
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jean Pierre Musabyimana
- Research, innovation and data science division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
- Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Belesi Siangoli
- These authors contributed equally
- Division Provinciale de la Santé, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Godwe C, Vidal N, Muwonga J, Butel C, Serrano L, Edidi S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Koro Koro F, Etoa X, Tongo M, Peeters M, Ayouba A. Structural Features and Genetic Diversity in Gag Gene of Rare HIV-1 Subtypes from the Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:181-187. [PMID: 37335033 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 HIV (HIV-1) group M (HIV-1M) genetic diversity is highest in the Congo Basin where the epidemic ignited a century ago. HIV-1M has diversified into multiple subtypes, sub-subtypes, and circulating and unique recombinant forms (CRFs/URFs). An unanswered question is why some rare subtypes never reached epidemic levels despite their age. Several studies identified the role of HIV-1M accessory genes nef and vpu in virus adaptation to human hosts and subsequent spread. Other reports also pointed out the pivotal role of gag in transmissibility, virulence, and replication capacity. In this study we characterized the HIV-1 gag gene of 148 samples collected in different localities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 1997 and 2013. We used nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the whole gag gene. PCR products were sequenced either by Sanger method or by next generation sequencing on Illumina MiSeq or iSeq100 platforms. Generated sequences were used for subsequent analyses using different bioinformatic tools. Phylogenetic analysis of the generated sequences revealed a high genetic diversity with up to 22 different subtypes, sub-subtypes, CRFs. Up to 15% (22/148) URFs were identified, in addition to rare subtypes such as H, J, and K. At least two amino acid motifs present in the gag gene have been shown to modulate HIV-1 replication, budding, and fitness: the P(T/S)AP and the LYPXnL motifs. Structural analysis revealed the presence of P(T/S)AP in all the 148 sequences with the majority (136/148) bearing the PTAP. Three samples presented a duplication of this motif. The LYPXnL motif was identified in 38 of 148 sequences. There was no clear link between the frequency of these motifs and HIV-1M subtypes. In summary, we confirmed a high genetic diversity of HIV-1M in the DRC. We observed the presence of amino acid motifs important for viral replication and budding even in some rare HIV-1 subtypes. Their impact on viral fitness needs be further evaluated by in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célestin Godwe
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Cremer, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d'Études des Plantes Médicinales (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Nicole Vidal
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, IRD, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémie Muwonga
- National AIDS Control Program, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Christelle Butel
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, IRD, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laetitia Serrano
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, IRD, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Edidi
- National AIDS Control Program, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Department of Virology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francioli Koro Koro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Xavier Etoa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marcel Tongo
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Cremer, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d'Études des Plantes Médicinales (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, IRD, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Cremer, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d'Études des Plantes Médicinales (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, IRD, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Ciswaka H, Oduoye MO, Masimango G, Bavurhe RF, Bulondo D, Biamba C, Kibukila F, Feza P, Akilimali A, Nyakio O. Prevention and elimination efforts of HIV/AIDS caused by sexual violence against women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An editorial. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 164:385-386. [PMID: 37694612 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
SynopsisHIV is a major public health problem in the Democratic Republic of the Congo due to its high incidence and prevalence and its continuing spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henoch Ciswaka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Standing Committee of Research and Exchange, Medical Student Association (MSA), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Gaston Masimango
- Faculty of Medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rodrigue Fikiri Bavurhe
- Faculty of Medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daniel Bulondo
- Standing Committee of Research and Exchange, Medical Student Association (MSA), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of medicine, La Sapientia Catholic University, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Chrispin Biamba
- Standing Committee of Research and Exchange, Medical Student Association (MSA), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of medicine, University of Goma, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fabrice Kibukila
- Faculty of Medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pamela Feza
- Standing Committee of Research and Exchange, Medical Student Association (MSA), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of medicine, University of Goma, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aymar Akilimali
- Standing Committee of Research and Exchange, Medical Student Association (MSA), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of medicine, La Sapientia Catholic University, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olivier Nyakio
- Faculty of Medicine, Evangelic University in Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Nyakio O, Kibukila F, Mukwege D, Bwani J, Tambwe A, Bhattacharjee P, Bandyopadhyay S, Akilimali A, Kakudji P, Kakoma JB. A cross-sectional study exploring the characteristics of female survivors of sexual violence living with HIV/AIDS in the eastern region of Democratic Republic of Congo. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2024. [PMID: 38272828 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence remains a persistent and devastating issue in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). AIM To elucidate the sociodemographic, sexual, and obstetrical characteristics associated with the experiences of victims of sexual violence (VSV) among women in the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 625 women from eastern DRC. Participants provided self-reported data, collected through interviews conducted by trained female interviewers in secure environments. Associations between VSV and various sociodemographic and reproductive health factors were examined. RESULTS Of the respondents, 26.1% reported experiences of sexual violence. VSV were predominantly younger, with 56.44% aged between 15 and 24 years. Single women comprised 57.67% of VSV, and 37.42% identified as farmers. There were 33.13% of VSV who were illiterate, and 81.60% belonged to the low socio-economic stratum. Early physiological and reproductive milestones characterised VSV: 52.15% experienced menarche at or before 13 years, 34.97% initiated sexual intercourse before age 15, and 18.70% reported their first pregnancy before age 15. Higher nulliparity was observed in VSV (29.45%) compared to non-VSV (9.31%). A lower prevalence of HIV infection was found among VSV (11.04%) relative to non-VSV (25.76%). CONCLUSION Sexual violence in the eastern DRC exhibits multifactorial associations. Younger women, those in certain occupations, and those with specific reproductive histories appear more vulnerable. The findings underscore the urgency for targeted interventions, enhanced access to education, and improved reproductive health services. Addressing these pressing issues should remain a primary focus in both societal and public health spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nyakio
- Faculty of Medicine, Evangelic University in Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Fabrice Kibukila
- Faculty of Medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Denis Mukwege
- Faculty of Medicine, Evangelic University in Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Joyeux Bwani
- Faculty of Medicine, Evangelic University in Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Albert Tambwe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soham Bandyopadhyay
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Oxford University Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aymar Akilimali
- Department of Research, Medical Research Circle (MedReC), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Standing committee of research and exchange, Medical Students Association of DR Congo
| | - Prosper Kakudji
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Baptiste Kakoma
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Altare C, Matadi Basadia L, Kostandova N, Nsio Mbeta J, Bruneau S, Antoine C, Petry M. The implementation of infection prevention and control measures and health care utilisation in ACF-supported health facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2020. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2258711. [PMID: 37846089 PMCID: PMC10583608 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2258711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection prevention and control (IPC) was a central component of the Democratic Republic of the Congo's COVID-19 response in 2020, aiming to prevent infections and ensure safe health service provision. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the evolution of IPC capacity in 65 health facilities supported by Action Contre la Faim in three health zones in Kinshasa (Binza Meteo (BM), Binza Ozone (BO), and Gombe), investigate how triage and alert validation were implemented, and estimate how health service utilisation changed in these facilities (April-December 2020). METHODS We used three datasets: IPC Scorecard data assessing health facilities' IPC capacity at baseline, monthly and weekly triage data, and monthly routine data on eight health services. We examined factors associated with triage and isolation capacity with a mixed-effects negative binomial model and estimated changes in health service utilisation with a mixed-model with random intercept and long-term trend for each health facility. We reported incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for level change when the pandemic began, for trend change, and for lockdown and post-lockdown periods (Gombe). We estimated cumulative and monthly percent differences with expected consultations. RESULTS IPC capacity reached an average score of 90% by the end of the programme. A one-point increase in the IPC score was associated with +6% and +5% increases in triage capacity in BO and Gombe, respectively, and with +21% and +10% increases in isolation capacity in the same zones. When the pandemic began, decreases were seen in outpatient consultations (IRR: 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.48-0.95] BM&BO-combined; IRR: 0.29, 95%CI [0.16-0.53] Gombe), consultations for respiratory tract infections (IRR: 0.48, 95%CI [0.28-0.87] BM&BO-combined), malaria (IRR: 0.60, 95%CI [0.43-0.84] BM&BO-combined, IRR: 0.33, 95%CI [0.18-0.58] Gombe), and vaccinations (IRR: 0.27, 95%CI [0.10-0.71] Gombe). Maternal health services decreased in Gombe (ANC1: IRR: 0.42, 95%CI [0.21-0.85]). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of the triage and alert validation process was affected by the complexity of implementing a broad clinical definition in limited-resource settings with a pre-pandemic epidemiological profile characterised by infectious diseases with symptoms like COVID-19. Readily available testing capacity remains key for future pandemic response to improve the disease understanding and maintain health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Altare
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Matadi Basadia
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Action contre la Faim, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Natalya Kostandova
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justus Nsio Mbeta
- Technical Secretariat, Multisectorial Response Committee, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Sophie Bruneau
- Department of Operations, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Antoine
- Technical and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Marie Petry
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Action contre la Faim, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo
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Zimmerman E, Kau M, Tovohasimbavaka RKN, Ngandu A, Kangudie DM, Van Lith L, Rajan R, Naugle D, Sherburne L. Behavioural drivers of child feeding during and after illness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: results from a qualitative study through the lens of behavioural science. Public Health Nutr 2023; 27:e80. [PMID: 38148180 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002300294x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For young children experiencing an illness, adequate nutrition is critical for recovery and to prevent malnutrition, yet many children do not receive the recommended quantities of food during illness and recuperation. Our research applied a behavioural science lens to identify drivers of feeding behaviours, including barriers inhibiting caregivers from following the feeding guidelines. DESIGN In 2021, we conducted qualitative research informed by the behavioural design process. Data from in-depth interviews and observations were analysed for themes. SETTING Research was conducted in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. PARTICIPANTS Research participants included caregivers of young children, other family members, health workers and other community members. RESULTS Five key findings about behavioural drivers emerged: (1) poverty and scarcity impose practical constraints and a cognitive and emotional burden on caregivers; (2) health providers are distracted and discouraged from counselling on feeding during sick visits; (3) a focus on quality and hesitations about quantity obscure benefits of feeding greater amounts of available foods; (4) perceptions of inappropriate foods limit caregivers' choices; and (5) deference to a child's limited appetite leads to missed opportunities to encourage them to eat. CONCLUSIONS Each of these behavioural drivers is triggered by one or more addressable features in caregivers' and health workers' environment, suggesting concrete opportunities for programmes to support caregivers and health workers to improve feeding of young children during illness and recovery. In other settings where these features of the environment are similar, the insights and programming implications are likely to translate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeline Kau
- ideas42, 80 Broad St, Floor 30, New York, NY10004, USA
| | | | - Augustin Ngandu
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD21202, USA
| | - Didier Mbayi Kangudie
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD21202, USA
| | - Lynn Van Lith
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD21202, USA
| | - Radha Rajan
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD21202, USA
| | - Danielle Naugle
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD21202, USA
| | - Lisa Sherburne
- JSI Research and Training Institute, 44 Farnsworth Street, Boston, MA02210, USA
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Endres K, Mwishingo A, Thomas E, Boroto R, Ntumba Nyarukanyi W, Bisimwa JC, Sanvura P, Perin J, Bengehya J, Maheshe G, Cikomola C, George CM. A Quantitative and Qualitative Program Evaluation of a Case-Area Targeted Intervention to Reduce Cholera in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 38248491 PMCID: PMC10815631 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Individuals living near cholera patients have an increased risk of cholera infections. Case-area targeted interventions (CATIs) promoting improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) present a promising approach to reducing cholera for those residing near cholera cases. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness and implementation of this approach in increasing WASH behaviors. We conducted a mixed-methods program evaluation in rural and urban eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The quantitative component included household structured observations and spot checks in CATI and control areas to assess WASH conditions and behaviors. The qualitative component included semi-structured interviews with CATI recipients, non-recipients, and implementers to assess CATI implementation. A total of 399 participants were enrolled in the quantitative evaluation conducted within 1 month of CATI delivery. For the qualitative evaluation, 41 semi-structured interviews were conducted, 30 with individuals in CATI areas (recipients and non-recipients) and 11 with CATI implementers. Handwashing with soap was low among both CATI and control area participants (1% vs. 2%, p = 0.89). Significantly more CATI area households (75%) had chlorine tablets present compared to control area households (0%) (p < 0.0001); however, the percentage of households with stored water free chlorine concentrations > 0.2 mg/L was low for both CATI and control area households (11% vs. 6%, p = 0.45). Implementers reported an insufficient supply of soap for distribution to recipients and mistrust in the community of their activities. CATI recipients demonstrated low knowledge of the correct preparation and use of chlorine for water treatment. Recipients also indicated a need for CATI implementers to engage community leaders. As CATIs are part of cholera control plans in many cholera-endemic countries, it is important to evaluate existing programs and develop evidence-based approaches to deliver CATIs that are both tailored to the local context and engage affected communities to increase WASH behaviors to reduce the spread of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Endres
- Department of International Health, Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.E.); (E.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Alain Mwishingo
- Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.); (R.B.); (W.N.N.); (J.-C.B.); (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of International Health, Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.E.); (E.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Raissa Boroto
- Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.); (R.B.); (W.N.N.); (J.-C.B.); (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Wivine Ntumba Nyarukanyi
- Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.); (R.B.); (W.N.N.); (J.-C.B.); (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Jean-Claude Bisimwa
- Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.); (R.B.); (W.N.N.); (J.-C.B.); (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Presence Sanvura
- Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.); (R.B.); (W.N.N.); (J.-C.B.); (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Jamie Perin
- Department of International Health, Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.E.); (E.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Justin Bengehya
- Bureau de l’Information Sanitaire, Surveillance Epidémiologique et Recherche Scientifique Division Provinciale de la Santé/Sud Kivu, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Hygiène et Prévention, Bukavu B.P 1899, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Ghislain Maheshe
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Cirhuza Cikomola
- Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.); (R.B.); (W.N.N.); (J.-C.B.); (P.S.); (C.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Christine Marie George
- Department of International Health, Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.E.); (E.T.); (J.P.)
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Seekles ML, Kadima JK, Ding Y, Bulambo CB, Kim JJ, Kukola JK, Omumbu POL, Mulamba RM, Nganda M, Ngenyibungi SM, Ngondu FL, Sabuni LP, Dean L. Mental health, stigma and the quality of life of people affected by neglected tropical diseases of the skin in Kasai Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a sex-disaggregated analysis. Int Health 2023; 15:iii28-iii36. [PMID: 38118158 PMCID: PMC10732685 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, persons affected by skin Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) may experience stigma and discrimination, which could lead to impaired societal functioning and poor mental wellbeing. Evidence of comorbidity of NTDs and mental health conditions is dominated by Leprosy, largely lacking in post-conflict areas, and rarely disaggregated by sex. METHODS This cross-sectional survey is the first to explore depression, anxiety, stigma, and quality of life amongst people affected by Lymphatic Filariasis, Buruli Ulcer, Onchocerciasis or Leprosy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. After a census through active case identification, the survey was completed by 118 persons (response rate 94.4%). RESULTS In total, 58.3% of men and 80.0% of women screened positive for major depressive disorder (PHQ-9). Symptoms indicative of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD-7) were displayed by 54.8% of men and 62.2% of women. Being female, having a disability, experiencing stigma and lower physical quality of life were predictors of depression. Anxiety was predicted by age, physical quality of life, disability (for men only) and environmental quality of life (for women only). CONCLUSIONS Integrated, intersectoral and gender-sensitive initiatives are needed to respond to the many biopsychosocial challenges that persons affected face. CONTEXTE Dans le monde entier, les personnes atteintes de maladies tropicales négligées (MTN) peuvent faire l'objet d'une stigmatisation et d'une discrimination, ce qui peut entraîner une altération du fonctionnement de la société et un mauvais bien-être mental. Les preuves de la comorbidité des MTN et des troubles de la santé mentale sont dominées par la lèpre, manquent largement dans les zones post-conflit et sont rarement ventilées par sexe. MÉTHODES UTILISÉES Cette enquête transversale est la première à explorer la dépression, l'anxiété, la stigmatisation et la qualité de vie chez les personnes atteintes de filariose lymphatique, d'ulcère de Buruli, d'onchocercose ou de lèpre en République démocratique du Congo. Après un recensement par identification active des cas, 118 personnes ont répondu à l'enquête (taux de réponse 94,4%). RÉSULTATS Au total, 58,3% des hommes et 80,0% des femmes ont été dépistés positifs pour un trouble dépressif majeur (PHQ-9). Des symptômes indiquant un trouble anxieux généralisé (GAD-7) ont été observés chez 54,8 % des hommes et 62,2 % des femmes. Le fait d'être une femme, d'avoir un handicap, d'être stigmatisé et d'avoir une qualité de vie physique inférieure était un facteur prédictif de la dépression. L'anxiété était prédite par l'âge, la qualité de vie physique, le handicap (pour les hommes uniquement) et la qualité de vie environnementale (pour les femmes uniquement). CONCLUSIONS Des initiatives intégrées, intersectorielles et sensibles au genre sont nécessaires pour répondre aux nombreux défis biopsychosociaux auxquels sont confrontées les personnes touchées. ANTECEDENTES En todo el mundo, las personas afectadas por Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas (ETD) cutáneas pueden sufrir estigmatización y discriminación, lo que podría conducir a un deterioro del funcionamiento social y a un bienestar mental deficiente. La evidencia científica sobre la comorbilidad de las ETD y las afecciones mentales está dominada por la lepra, en general insuficiente en zonas post-conflicto y rara vez se desglosan por sexo. MÉTODOS Esta encuesta transversal es la primera que explora la depresión, la ansiedad, el estigma y la calidad de vida entre las personas afectadas por la filariasis linfática, la úlcera de Buruli, la oncocercosis o la lepra en la República Democrática del Congo. Tras un censo mediante identificación activa de casos, la encuesta fue completada por 118 personas (tasa de respuesta del 94,4%). RESULTADOS En total, el 58,3% de los hombres y el 80,0% de las mujeres arrojaron resultados positivos para el trastorno depresivo mayor (PHQ-9). El 54,8% de los hombres y el 62,2% de las mujeres presentaban síntomas indicativos de trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG-7). Ser mujer, tener una discapacidad, sufrir estigmatización y una menor calidad de vida física fueron factores predictivos de la depresión. La edad, la calidad de vida física, la discapacidad (sólo en el caso de los hombres) y la calidad de vida ambiental (sólo en el caso de las mujeres) fueron factores predictivos de la ansiedad. CONCLUSIONES Se necesitan iniciativas integradas, intersectoriales y con perspectiva de género para responder a los numerosos retos biopsicosociales a los que se enfrentan las personas afectadas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike L Seekles
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of International Public Health, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jacob K Kadima
- The Leprosy Mission DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yan Ding
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of International Public Health, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Joy J Kim
- Effect: Hope, Program Team, Markham, ON L3R 6G1, Canada
| | - Junior K Kukola
- The Leprosy Mission DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Motto Nganda
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of International Public Health, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Stephanie M Ngenyibungi
- University of Kinshasa, Department of Psychology, Kinshasa H8J56PX, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Florent L Ngondu
- Ministry of Health, Leprosy Programme, Kinshasa, M8R29W2, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Louis P Sabuni
- The Leprosy Mission DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Laura Dean
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of International Public Health, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Biluala F, Kayembe HC, Batumbo D, Kapour G, Mumbanza F, Bokabo E, Longo-Mbenza B, Zinga B. Magnitude and factors associated with sexual re-victimization among adolescent girls and young women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective multicenter study. Reprod Health 2023; 20:179. [PMID: 38057905 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls and young women are more exposed to sexual violence. A significant proportion of victims of sexual abuse are victims of sexual re-victimization. However, information on the burden of sexual re-victimization among AGYW in contexts other than conflict-affected areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of sexual re-victimization among AGYW and to identify associated risk factors in the capital, Kinshasa. METHODS We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study in which sexual violence records between 2015 and 2020 were used to extract and analyze victims' sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and profiles of sexual violence perpetrated. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to identify factors associated with sexual re-victimization using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and p value < 0.05. RESULTS We found that 74 (31%) of the 241 AGYW included in this study had experienced sexual re-victimization. Sexual re-victimization was associated with being older (> 19 years), sexually active, and living in a single-parent family, and with perpetrator types, particularly intimate partners and family members. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide tools for developing and implementing targeted prevention and intervention programs to reduce sexual violence in general and sexual re-victimization in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fifiya Biluala
- Master of Ecology and Governance of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Harry César Kayembe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Doudou Batumbo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Germain Kapour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Félicitée Mumbanza
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Bokabo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Berthe Zinga
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Boisson-Walsh A, Thompson P, Fried B, Shea CM, Ngimbi P, Lumande F, Tabala M, Kashamuka MM, Babakazo P, Domino ME, Yotebieng M. Childhood immunization uptake determinants in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: ordered regressions to assess timely infant vaccines administered at birth and 6-weeks. Glob Health Res Policy 2023; 8:50. [PMID: 38057919 PMCID: PMC10698958 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-023-00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite global efforts to reduce preventable childhood illness by distributing infant vaccines, immunization coverage in sub-Saharan African settings remains low. Further, timely administration of vaccines at birth-tuberculosis (Bacille Calmette-Guérin [BCG]) and polio (OPV0)-remains inconsistent. As countries such as Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) prepare to add yet another birth-dose vaccine to their immunization schedule, this study aims to improve current and future birth-dose immunization coverage by understanding the determinants of infants receiving vaccinations within the national timeframe. METHODS The study used two ordered regression models to assess barriers to timely BCG and first round of the hepatitis B (HepB3) immunization series across multiple time points using the Andersen Behavioral Model to conceptualize determinants at various levels. The assessment leveraged survey data collected during a continuous quality improvement study (NCT03048669) conducted in 105 maternity centers throughout Kinshasa Province, DRC. The final sample included 2398 (BCG analysis) and 2268 (HepB3 analysis) women-infant dyads living with HIV. RESULTS Between 2016 and 2020, 1981 infants (82.6%) received the BCG vaccine, and 1551 (68.4%) received the first dose of HepB3 vaccine. Of those who received the BCG vaccine, 26.3%, 43.5%, and 12.8% received BCG within 24 h, between one and seven days, and between one and 14 weeks, respectively. Of infants who received the HepB3 vaccine, 22.4% received it within six weeks, and 46% between six and 14 weeks of life. Many factors were positively associated with BCG uptake, including higher maternal education, household wealth, higher facility general readiness score, and religious-affiliated facility ownership. The factors influencing HepB3 uptake included older maternal age, higher education level, household wealth, transport by taxi to a facility, higher facility general and immunization readiness scores, and religious-affiliated facility ownership. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the study participants' uptake of vaccines was consistent with the country average, but not in a timely manner. Various factors were associated with timely uptake of BCG and HepB3 vaccines. These findings suggest that investment to strengthen the vaccine delivery system might improve timely vaccine uptake and equity in vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Boisson-Walsh
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Peyton Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bruce Fried
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christopher Michael Shea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Patrick Ngimbi
- Ecole de Santé Publique de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fidéle Lumande
- Ecole de Santé Publique de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Martine Tabala
- Ecole de Santé Publique de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Pélagie Babakazo
- Ecole de Santé Publique de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marisa Elaine Domino
- Center for Health Information and Research, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Marcel Yotebieng
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Glover AL, Mulunda JC, Akilimali P, Kayembe D, Bertrand JT. Expanding access to safe abortion in DRC: charting the path from decriminalisation to accessible care. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2273893. [PMID: 37955526 PMCID: PMC10653615 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2273893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to safe and comprehensive abortion care has the potential to save thousands of lives and prevent significant injury in a vast and populous country such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). While the signing of the Maputo Protocol in 2003 strengthened the case for accessible abortion care across the African continent, the DRC has grappled with de jure ambiguity resulting in de facto confusion about women's ability to access safe, legal abortion care for the past two decades. Conflicting laws and the legacy of the colonial penal code created ambiguity and uncertainty that has just recently been resolved through medical and legal advocacy oriented towards facilitating an enabling policy environment that supports reproductive healthcare. A study of the complex - and frequently contradictory - pathway from criminalised abortion to legalisation that DRC has taken from ratification of the protocol in 2008 to passage of the 2018 Public Health Law and subsequent Ministry of Health guidelines for abortion care, is an instructive case study for the international sexual health and reproductive rights community. Through this analysis, health and legal advocates can better understand the interdependence of law and public health and how a comprehensive approach to advocacy that includes legal, systems, and clinical accessibility can transform a country's system of care and the protection of women's rights. In DRC, new legislation and service delivery guidelines demonstrate a path forward towards concrete improvements for safe abortion care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Glover
- Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of International Health & Sustainable Development, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Fellow, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Fogarty Global Health Center
| | | | - Pierre Akilimali
- Professor, Kinshasa School of Public Health & Kinshasa School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dynah Kayembe
- Field Coordinator, Kinshasa School of Public Health & Kinshasa School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jane T. Bertrand
- Professor, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Department of Health Policy & Management, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Akilimali P, Moreau C, Byrne M, Kayembe D, Larson E, Bell SO. Estimating induced abortion incidence and the use of non-recommended abortion methods and sources in two provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa and Kongo Central) in 2021: results from population-based, cross-sectional surveys of reproductive-aged women. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2207279. [PMID: 37216481 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2207279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The changing abortion legal and practice landscape in the DRC in recent years calls for a re-examining of induced abortion experiences. The current study provides population-level estimates of induced abortion incidence and safety by women's characteristics in two provinces using direct and indirect approaches to assess indirect method performance. We use representative survey data on women aged 15-49 in Kinshasa and Kongo Central collected from December 2021 to April 2022. The survey had questions on respondents' and their closest friends' experience with induced abortion, including methods and sources used. We estimated one-year abortion incidence and proportion using non-recommended methods and sources overall and by background characteristics for each province separately for respondents and friends. The fully adjusted one-year friend abortion rate was 105.3 per 1000 women of reproductive age in Kinshasa and 44.3 per 1000 in Kongo Central in 2021; these were substantially higher than corresponding respondent estimates. Women earlier in their reproductive lifespan were more likely to have had a recent abortion. Approximately 17.0% of abortions in Kinshasa and one-third of abortions in Kongo Central involved non-recommended methods and sources according to respondent and friend estimates. The more accurate friend abortion incidence estimates indicate that women in the DRC often rely on abortion to regulate their fertility. Many use non-recommended means and sources to terminate, thus, significant work remains to actualise the commitments made in the Maputo Protocol to provide comprehensive reproductive health services that combine primary and secondary prevention services to reduce unsafe abortion and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Akilimali
- Professor, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DRC
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Associate Professor, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Soins Primaires et Prévention, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, Villejuif F-94800, France
| | - Meagan Byrne
- Senior Program Officer, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dynah Kayembe
- Field Coordinator, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DRC
| | - Elizabeth Larson
- PhD Student, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne O Bell
- Assistant Professor, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mukala Mayoyo E, Criel B, Sow A, Coppieters Y, Chenge F. Understanding the mix of services for mental health care in urban DR Congo: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1206. [PMID: 37925407 PMCID: PMC10625694 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health workers (MHWs) are exposed to conflicts of competence daily when performing tasks related to the provision of mental health services. This may be linked to a lack of understanding of their tasks as caregivers and providers. Furthermore, in most low-income settings, it is unclear how the available services are organized and coordinated to provide mental health care. To understand the above, this study aimed to identify the current mix of services for mental health care in the urban Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). METHODS A qualitative descriptive study was carried out in Lubumbashi from February to April 2021. We conducted 7 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 74 key informants (family members, primary care physicians, etc.) and 13 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with key informants (traditional healers, psychiatrists, etc.). We performed a qualitative content analysis, guided by an analytical framework, that led to the development of a comprehensive inventory of MHWs from the household level to specialized facilities, exploring their tasks in care delivery, identifying existing services, and defining their current organization. RESULTS Analysis of transcripts from the FGDs and IDIs showed that traditional healers and family caregivers are the leading providers in Lubumbashi. The exploration of the tasks performed by MHWs revealed that lifestyle, traditional therapies, psychotherapy, and medication are the main types of care offered/advised to patients. Active informal caregivers do not currently provide care corresponding to their competencies. The rare mental health specialists available do not presently recognize the tasks of primary care providers and informal caregivers in care delivery, and their contribution is considered marginal. We identified five types of services: informal services, traditional therapy services, social services, primary care services, and psychiatric services. Analyses pointed out an inversion of the ideal mix of these services. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a suboptimal mix of services for mental health and point to a clear lack of collaboration between MHWs. There is an urgent need to clearly define the tasks of MHWs, build the capacity of nonspecialists, shift mental health-related tasks to them, and raise awareness about collaborative care approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Mukala Mayoyo
- School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR, Congo.
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Community Health, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kananga, Kananga, DR, Congo.
- National Mental Health Program, Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.
- Centre de Connaissances en Santé en RD Congo, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.
| | - Bart Criel
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdoulaye Sow
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yves Coppieters
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Faustin Chenge
- School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR, Congo
- Centre de Connaissances en Santé en RD Congo, Kinshasa, DR, Congo
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Kalisya LM, Yap A, Mitume B, Salmon C, Karafuli K, Poenaru D, Onyango R. Determinants of Access to Essential Surgery in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Surg Res 2023; 291:480-487. [PMID: 37536189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the determinants and barriers of essential surgical care are not well described, hindering efforts to improve national surgical programs and access. METHODS A cross-sectional study evaluated access to essential surgery in the Butembo and Katwa health zones in the North Kivu province of DRC. A double-clustered random sample of community members was surveyed using questions derived from the Surgeons OverSeas Surgical Needs Assessment Survey, a validated tool to determine the reasons for not seeking, reaching, or receiving a Bellwether surgery (i.e., caesarean delivery, laparotomy, and external fixation of a fracture) when needed. RESULTS Overall, 887 households comprising 5944 community members were surveyed from April to August 2022. Six percent (n = 363/5944) of the study population involving 35% (n = 309/887) households needed a Bellwether surgery in the previous year, 30% (n = 108/363) of whom died. Of those who needed surgery, 25% (n = 78) did not go to the hospital to seek care and were more likely to find transportation unaffordable (P = 0.042). The most common reasons for not seeking care were lack of funds for hospitalization, prior poor hospital experience, and fear of hospital care. CONCLUSIONS Access and delivery of essential surgery are drastically limited in the North Kivu province of the DRC, such that a quarter of households needing surgery fails to seek surgical care. Poor access was predominantly driven by households' inability to pay for surgery and community distrust of the hospital system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Malemo Kalisya
- Department of Community Health and Development, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ava Yap
- Center of Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Boniface Mitume
- Department of Computer Engineering, Université Officielle de Ruwenzori, Butembo, DRC
| | - Christian Salmon
- Center for Global Health Engineering, Department of Engineering Management and Industrial Engineering, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dan Poenaru
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rosebella Onyango
- Department of Community Health and Development, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
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Schwartz DA, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Patterson K, Huggins JW, Pittman PR. Congenital Mpox Syndrome (Clade I) in Stillborn Fetus after Placental Infection and Intrauterine Transmission, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2198-2022. [PMID: 37705112 PMCID: PMC10617360 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the autopsy pathology findings of a 21-week stillborn fetus with congenital mpox syndrome that occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2008. The fetus acquired mpox from the mother after intrauterine transplacental monkeypox virus transmission. We confirmed monkeypox virus infection in the mother, fetus, and placenta by using a monkeypox virus-specific quantitative PCR. Subtyping of the virus was not performed, but the mother and fetus were almost certainly infected with the clade I variant that was endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the time. Risk for intrauterine infection appears to differ between virus clades, but clinicians should be aware of potential for intrauterine monkeypox virus transmission among pregnant persons during ongoing and future mpox outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Perinatal Pathology Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (D.A. Schwartz)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (P. Mbala-Kingebeni)
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (K. Patterson, J.W. Hudgins, P.R. Pittman)
| | - Kerry Patterson
- Perinatal Pathology Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (D.A. Schwartz)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (P. Mbala-Kingebeni)
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (K. Patterson, J.W. Hudgins, P.R. Pittman)
| | - John W. Huggins
- Perinatal Pathology Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (D.A. Schwartz)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (P. Mbala-Kingebeni)
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (K. Patterson, J.W. Hudgins, P.R. Pittman)
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Migabo PA, Bulabula AA, Bujiriri RM, Baguma M, Mubenga LEM, Maheshe GB. MRI and CT findings in anterior thoracic myelomeningocele associated with scoliosis: A case of an 8-year-old child. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:3815-3819. [PMID: 37663571 PMCID: PMC10474354 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior Thoracic Myelomeningocele is a very rare condition. The diagnosis may be made before or after birth. Association with loss of physiologic curvature of the spine is common. We report the case of an 8-year-old boy with congenital dorsal sinistro-convex scoliosis, which was considered nonspecific and improved slightly after physical therapy. The onset of urinary and fecal incontinence at the age of 8 years led the parents to consult a urologist. MRI of the spinal cord revealed an anterior thoracic heterogeneous cystic lesion extending from the third to the eighth dorsal vertebrae. The heterogeneous cystic mass contained a solid spinal cord-like structure on all sequences. No abnormal enlargement, no torsion of the cauda equina or cerebellar amygdala. No malformation of the posterior fossa. CT scan showed aplasia of the right pedicle of the third thoracic vertebrae (T3) with thoracic scoliosis. The associated anterior thoracic myelomeningocele was the final diagnosis that motivated the transfer of the patient to a specialized neurosurgical center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patient Aganze Migabo
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Abasi Amisi Bulabula
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roméo Murhega Bujiriri
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Surgery Department, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marius Baguma
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Neurology Ward, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Global Health (CTDGH), Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Léon-Emmanuel Mukengeshayi Mubenga
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Surgery Department, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ghislain Balemba Maheshe
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Tapsoba Y, Ndokabilya E, Wema JC, Engels T, Paul É. Mapping and analysis of health financing in South Kivu province (DRC). Sante Publique 2023; 35:315-328. [PMID: 37848378 DOI: 10.3917/spub.233.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In South-Kivu, the health system is underfunded due to numerous constraints. Several initiatives have been tested but are insufficient for increasing and sustaining health financing. Purpose of research Analyze the health financing system in South-Kivu, through a mapping as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis of health financing mechanisms. Results The provincial health financing system is fragmented, with poorly coordinated mechanisms and interventions, leading to duplication of health system strengthening activities in addition to the absence of a mechanism for pooling external funding flows. Costs recovery (i.e. user fees) and external supports are the most widely used schemes while the government hardly contributes to the financing of the provincial health system. Mutual health insurance is supposed to improve access to health care, but its coverage is still extremely low. Results-Based Financing and free health care programs, fully financed by external donors, are irregular and insufficiently sustainable. Conclusions It would be critical to implement a strategic purchasing model that is anchored in local institutions, owned by all stakeholders, and integrating all existing financing mechanisms, which could be supported by a common fund supporting the provincial health system. The “Single Contract” initiative developed to harmonize, pool, and sustain external programs, could be a good basis in this respect. This would involve strengthening policy dialogue, developing an investment case to support resource mobilization and implementing a joint monitoring and evaluation platform for disbursements led by the provincial health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eustache Ndokabilya
- Coopération suisse – Direction du Développement et de la Coopération – Bukavu – RDC
| | | | | | - Élisabeth Paul
- Université Libre de Bruxelles – École de santé publique – Bruxelles – Belgique
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Okitawutshu J, Tshefu A, Kalenga JC, Delvento G, Burri C, Hetzel MW, Lengeler C, Signorell A. Assessing caregivers' perceptions of treatment-seeking for suspected severe malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J 2023; 22:308. [PMID: 37828524 PMCID: PMC10571465 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), accounting for 44% deaths among outpatient visits in children < 5 years of age, and 22% of facility deaths. Understanding determinants of caregivers' treatment-seeking patterns and decision-making is crucial in reducing the malaria burden. METHODS In the frame of the Community Access to Rectal Artesunate for Malaria (CARAMAL) project, cross-sectional household surveys that randomly sampled villages and households were carried-out in three rural DRC health zones prior to the rollout of pre-referral Rectal Artesunate (RAS) and then 9 and 19 months after RAS rollout (post-RAS). Data were captured electronically through face-to-face interviews with the main caregivers of children < 5 years. Capillary blood samples of the children were tested for malaria and anaemia. The main study outcome was whether caregiver "sought treatment outside home" when the child had fever. Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models using village as random effect and health zone as a fixed effect was performed to assess treatment-seeking predictors. RESULTS 2439 household interviews were completed (pre-RAS 888 and post-RAS 1551), including 316 and 653 treatment-seeking interviews. Overall, 3499 children < 5 years were tested for malaria and anaemia (pre-RAS 1,315 and post-RAS 2184). Caregiver's recognition of severe malaria signs was poor, while knowledge of symptoms of uncomplicated malaria seemed high. Despite this, danger signs significantly increased the odds of seeking treatment (aOR = 2.12, 95%CI 1.03-4.38), the same was found for the "least poor" quintile (aOR = 3.01, 95%CI 1.03-8.82), as well as residents of Kingandu (aOR = 2.78, 95%CI 1.01-7.65). "Doing something at home" against fever negatively affected treatment-seeking in both study phases. RAS acceptance was high, at almost 100%. Malaria prevalence was higher post-RAS (45.2%) compared to pre-RAS (34.4%), p = 0.003, but anaemia, although high (≥ 75%), was similar in both study phases (p = 0.92). CONCLUSION In remote communities with high malaria prevalence in the DRC, malaria remains a major problem. Improving the recognition of danger signs of severe disease and introducing pre-referral RAS may improve treatment-seeking and contribute to reducing malaria-related mortality among children-if quality of care can be guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Okitawutshu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Antoinette Tshefu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Claude Kalenga
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Giulia Delvento
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Burri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel W Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lengeler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aita Signorell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gage AJ, Akilimali PZ, Wood FE, Gay R, Olivia Padis C, Bertrand JT. Evaluation of the effect of the Momentum project on family planning outcomes among first-time mothers aged 15-24 years in Kinshasa, DRC. Contraception 2023; 125:110088. [PMID: 37331463 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article presents the effect of Momentum, a nursing student-led community-based service delivery project, on postpartum family planning (FP) outcomes among first-time mothers in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. STUDY DESIGN We employed a quasi-experimental design, with three intervention and three comparison health zones (HZ). Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires in 2018 and 2020. The sample consisted of 1927 nulliparous women aged 15-24 years who were 6 months pregnant at baseline. Random effects and treatment effects models were used to assess the effect of Momentum on 14 postpartum FP outcomes. RESULTS The intervention group was associated with a unit increase of 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4, 0.8)) in contraceptive knowledge and personal agency (95% CI: 0.3, 0.9), a unit decrease of 0.9 (95% CI: -1.2, -0.5) in the number of FP myths/misconceptions endorsed, and percentage point increases of 23.4 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.3) in FP discussion with a health worker, 13.0 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.2) in obtaining a contraceptive method within 6 weeks of delivery, and 13.3 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.2) in modern contraceptive use within 12 months of delivery. Intervention effects included percentage point increases of 5.4 (95% CI: 0.0, 0.1) in partner discussion and 15.4 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.2) in perceived community support for postpartum FP use. The level of exposure to Momentum was significantly associated with all behavioral outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the effect of Momentum on increased postpartum FP-related knowledge, perceived norms, personal agency, partner discussion, and modern contraceptive use. IMPLICATIONS Community-based service delivery by nursing students can potentially lead to improved postpartum FP outcomes among urban adolescent and young first-time mothers in other provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia J Gage
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Pierre Z Akilimali
- University of Kinshasa, School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Francine E Wood
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Rianne Gay
- Tulane International, LLC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - C Olivia Padis
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Jane T Bertrand
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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Bavurhe RF, Akilimali A, Muhoza B. What are the challenges and the possible solutions to fight Malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo? New Microbes New Infect 2023; 54:101160. [PMID: 37416864 PMCID: PMC10320575 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Fikiri Bavurhe
- Corresponding author. Faculty of medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Av. Georges Defour 00, Kadutu, 570, Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Aymar Akilimali
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Medicine, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Taty N, Bompangue D, de Richemond NM, Muyembe JJ. Spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera in the Democratic Republic of the Congo before and during the implementation of the Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan: a cross-sectional study from 2000 to 2021. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1592. [PMID: 37608355 PMCID: PMC10463990 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) implemented the first strategic Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan (MCEP) in 2008-2012. Two subsequent MCEPs have since been implemented covering the periods 2013-2017 and 2018-2021. The current study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera over the recent 22-year period to determine the impact of the MCEPs on cholera epidemics, establish lessons learned and provide an evidence-based foundation to improve the implementation of the next MCEP (2023-2027). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, secondary weekly epidemiological cholera data covering the 2000-2021 period was extracted from the DRC Ministry of Health surveillance databases. The data series was divided into four periods: pre-MCEP 2003-2007 (pre-MCEP), first MCEP (MCEP-1), second MCEP (MCEP-2) and third MCEP (MCEP-3). For each period, we assessed the overall cholera profiles and seasonal patterns. We analyzed the spatial dynamics and identified cholera risk clusters at the province level. We also assessed the evolution of cholera sanctuary zones identified during each period. RESULTS During the 2000-2021 period, the DRC recorded 520,024 suspected cases and 12,561 deaths. The endemic provinces remain the most affected with more than 75% of cases, five of the six endemic provinces were identified as risk clusters during each MCEP period (North Kivu, South Kivu, Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami and Haut-Katanga). Several health zones were identified as cholera sanctuary zones during the study period: 14 health zones during MCEP-1, 14 health zones during MCEP-2 and 29 health zones during MCEP-3. Over the course of the study period, seasonal cholera patterns remained constant, with one peak during the dry season and one peak during the rainy season. CONCLUSION Despite the implementation of three MCEPs, the cholera context in the DRC remains largely unchanged since the pre-MCEP period. To better orient cholera elimination activities, the method used to classify priority health zones should be optimized by analyzing epidemiological; water, sanitation and hygiene; socio-economic; environmental and health indicators at the local level. Improvements should also be made regarding the implementation of the MCEP, reporting of funded activities and surveillance of cholera cases. Additional studies should aim to identify specific bottlenecks and gaps in the coordination and strategic efforts of cholera elimination interventions at the local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Taty
- Laboratoire de géographie et d'aménagement de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
- Service d'Ecologie et Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, République démocratique, Congo.
- Programme National d'Elimination du choléra et de lutte contre les autres maladies diarrhéiques, Ministère de la Santé, Hygiène et Prévention, République démocratique, Congo.
| | - Didier Bompangue
- Service d'Ecologie et Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, République démocratique, Congo
- Programme National d'Elimination du choléra et de lutte contre les autres maladies diarrhéiques, Ministère de la Santé, Hygiène et Prévention, République démocratique, Congo
- Laboratory Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nancy Meschinet de Richemond
- Laboratoire de géographie et d'aménagement de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - J J Muyembe
- Institut National des Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Ishoso DK, Mafuta E, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Ngandu C, Menning L, Cikomola AMW, Lungayo CL, Mukendi JC, Mwamba D, Mboussou FF, Manirakiza D, Yapi MD, Ngabo GF, Riziki RB, Aluma ADL, Tsobeng BN, Mwanga C, Otomba J, Lulebo A, Lusamba P, Nimpa MM. Reasons for Being "Zero-Dose and Under-Vaccinated" among Children Aged 12-23 Months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1370. [PMID: 37631938 PMCID: PMC10459103 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has one of the largest cohorts of un- and under-vaccinated children worldwide. This study aimed to identify and compare the main reasons for there being zero-dose (ZD) or under-vaccinated children in the DRC. (2) Methods: This is a secondary analysis derived from a province-level vaccination coverage survey conducted between November 2021 and February 2022; this survey included questions about the reasons for not receiving one or more vaccines. A zero-dose child (ZD) was a person aged 12-23 months not having received any pentavalent vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-Hepatitis B) as per card or caregiver recall and an under-vaccinated child was one who had not received the third dose of the pentavalent vaccine. The proportions of the reasons for non-vaccination were first presented using the WHO-endorsed behavioral and social drivers for vaccination (BeSD) conceptual framework and then compared across the groups of ZD and under-vaccinated children using the Rao-Scott chi-square test; analyses were conducted at province and national level, and accounting for the sample approach. (3) Results: Of the 51,054 children aged 12-23 m in the survey sample, 19,676 ZD and under-vaccinated children were included in the study. For the ZD children, reasons related to people's thinking and feelings were cited as 64.03% and those related to social reasons as 31.13%; both proportions were higher than for under-vaccinated children (44.7% and 26.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). Regarding intentions to vaccinate their children, 82.15% of the parents/guardians of the ZD children said they wanted their children to receive "none" of the recommended vaccines, which was significantly higher than for the under-vaccinated children. In contrast, "practical issues" were cited for 35.60% of the ZD children, compared to 55.60% for the under-vaccinated children (p < 0.001). The distribution of reasons varied between provinces, e.g., 12 of the 26 provinces had a proportion of reasons for the ZD children relating to practical issues that was higher than the national level. (4) Conclusions: reasons provided for non-vaccination among the ZD children in the DRC were largely related to lack of parental/guardian motivation to have their children vaccinated, while reasons among under-vaccinated children were mostly related to practical issues. These results can help inform decision-makers to direct vaccination interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Katuashi Ishoso
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
- Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01302, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (E.M.); (A.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Eric Mafuta
- Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01302, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (E.M.); (A.L.); (P.L.)
| | - M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday
- Immunization, Analytics and Insights (IAI), Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.D.-H.); (L.M.)
| | - Christian Ngandu
- National Institute of Public Health, Kinshasa 01209, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (C.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Lisa Menning
- Immunization, Analytics and Insights (IAI), Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.D.-H.); (L.M.)
| | - Aimé Mwana-Wabene Cikomola
- Expanded Program of Immunization, Kinshasa 01208, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.-W.C.); (C.L.L.); (J.-C.M.)
| | - Christophe Luhata Lungayo
- Expanded Program of Immunization, Kinshasa 01208, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.-W.C.); (C.L.L.); (J.-C.M.)
| | - Jean-Crispin Mukendi
- Expanded Program of Immunization, Kinshasa 01208, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.M.-W.C.); (C.L.L.); (J.-C.M.)
| | - Dieudonné Mwamba
- National Institute of Public Health, Kinshasa 01209, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (C.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Franck-Fortune Mboussou
- Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Cluster, World Health Organization Inter-Country Support Teams Central Africa, Libreville BP 820, Gabon;
| | - Deo Manirakiza
- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Country Office, Kinshasa 01204, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Moise Désiré Yapi
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Gaga Fidele Ngabo
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Richard Bahizire Riziki
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
- Public Health Section, Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Nyangezi, Sud-Kivu 11213, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Bienvenu Nguejio Tsobeng
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Cedric Mwanga
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
| | - John Otomba
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Aimée Lulebo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01302, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (E.M.); (A.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Paul Lusamba
- Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01302, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (E.M.); (A.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Marcellin Mengouo Nimpa
- Immunization and Vaccines Development (IVD) Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office, Kinshasa 01205, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.Y.); (G.F.N.); (R.B.R.); (B.N.T.); (C.M.); (J.O.); (M.M.N.)
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Doshi RH, Garbern SC, Kulkarni S, Perera SM, Fleming MK, Muhayangabo RF, Ombeni AB, Tchoualeu DD, Kallay R, Song E, Powell J, Gainey M, Glenn B, Mutumwa RM, Hans Bateyi Mustafa S, Earle-Richardson G, Gao H, Abad N, Soke GN, Fitter DL, Hyde TB, Prybylski D, Levine AC, Jalloh MF, Mbong EN. Ebola vaccine uptake and attitudes among healthcare workers in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1080700. [PMID: 37559741 PMCID: PMC10408297 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the 2018-2020 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), prevention and control measures, such as Ebola vaccination were challenging by community mistrust. We aimed to understand perceptions regarding Ebola vaccination and identify determinants of Ebola vaccine uptake among HCWs. Methods In March 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among 438 HCWs from 100 randomly selected health facilities in three health zones (Butembo, Beni, Mabalako) affected by the 10th EVD outbreak in North Kivu, DRC. HCWs were eligible if they were ≥ 18 years and were working in a health facility during the outbreak. We used survey logistic regression to assess correlates of first-offer uptake (i.e., having received the vaccine the first time it was offered vs. after subsequent offers). Results Of the 438 HCWs enrolled in the study, 420 (95.8%) reported that they were eligible and offered an Ebola vaccine. Among those offered vaccination, self-reported uptake of the Ebola vaccine was 99.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) [98.5-99.4]), but first-offer uptake was 70.2% (95% CI [67.1, 73.5]). Nearly all HCWs (94.3%; 95% CI [92.7-95.5]) perceived themselves to be at risk of contracting EVD. The most common concern was that the vaccine would cause side effects (65.7%; 95% CI [61.4-69.7]). In the multivariable analysis, mistrust of the vaccine source or how the vaccine was produced decreased the odds of first-time uptake. Discussion Overall uptake of the Ebola vaccine was high among HCWs, but uptake at the first offer was substantially lower, which was associated with mistrust of the vaccine source. Future Ebola vaccination efforts should plan to make repeated vaccination offers to HCWs and address their underlying mistrust in the vaccines, which can, in turn, improve community uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena H. Doshi
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Garbern
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shibani Kulkarni
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Monica K. Fleming
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Kallay
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bailey Glenn
- James A. Ferguson Infectious Disease Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Giulia Earle-Richardson
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hongjiang Gao
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Neetu Abad
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gnakub Norbert Soke
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - David L. Fitter
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Terri B. Hyde
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dimitri Prybylski
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Adam C. Levine
- International Medical Corps, Washington, DC, United States
- International Medical Corps, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mohamed F. Jalloh
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eta Ngole Mbong
- International Medical Corps, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Baketana LK, Ndomba-Mukanya E, Bouillin J, Thaurignac G, Aziza AA, Luakanda-Ndelemo G, Nuñez NF, Kalonji-Mukendi T, Pukuta ES, Nkuba-Ndaye A, Lofiko EL, Kibungu EM, Lushima RS, Ayouba A, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Use of Mpox Multiplex Serology in the Identification of Cases and Outbreak Investigations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Pathogens 2023; 12:916. [PMID: 37513764 PMCID: PMC10385798 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Mpox cases are increasingly reported in Africa, with the highest burden in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). While case reporting on a clinical basis can overestimate infection rates, laboratory confirmation by PCR can underestimate them, especially on suboptimal samples like blood, commonly used in DRC. Here we used a Luminex-based assay to evaluate whether antibody testing can be complementary to confirm cases and to identify human transmission chains during outbreak investigations. We used left-over blood samples from 463 patients, collected during 174 outbreaks between 2013 and 2022, with corresponding Mpox and VZV PCR results. In total, 157 (33.9%) samples were orthopox-PCR positive and classified as Mpox+; 124 (26.8%) had antibodies to at least one of the three Mpox peptides. The proportion of antibody positive samples was significantly higher in Mpox positive samples (36.9%) versus negative (21.6%) (p < 0.001). By combining PCR and serology, 66 additional patients were identified, leading to an Mpox infection rate of 48.2% (223/463) versus 33.9% when only PCR positivity is considered. Mpox infections were as such identified in 14 additional health zones and 23 additional outbreaks (111/174 (63.8%) versus 88/174 (50.6%)). Our findings highlight the urgent need of rapid on-site diagnostics to circumvent Mpox spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lionel Kinzonzi Baketana
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Etienne Ndomba-Mukanya
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Julie Bouillin
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Adrienne Amuri Aziza
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gradi Luakanda-Ndelemo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nicolas Fernandez Nuñez
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Kalonji-Mukendi
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Monkeypox et les Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales, Ministère de la Santé (PNLMPX-FHV), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Elisabeth Simbu Pukuta
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel Lokilo Lofiko
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile Malembi Kibungu
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Monkeypox et les Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales, Ministère de la Santé (PNLMPX-FHV), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Robert Shongo Lushima
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Monkeypox et les Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales, Ministère de la Santé (PNLMPX-FHV), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier (UM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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AKINOCHO EM, KASONGO M, MOERMAN K, SERE F, COPPIETERS Y. [Epidemiological characteristics of the Covid-19 epidemic between 2020 and 2022 in Kongo central, DRC]. Med Trop Sante Int 2023; 3:mtsi.v3i2.2023.356. [PMID: 37525685 PMCID: PMC10387320 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i2.2023.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has experienced widespread community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and has recorded four successive waves from March 2020 to March 2022. The objective of this study is to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of Covid-19 patients during these epidemic waves in the province of Kongo central and to identify factors associated with deaths. Material and methods This is a cross-sectional study of Covid-19 data from the provincial surveillance system. The data consisted of epidemiological surveillance data, laboratory data (tests), hospital data and patient follow-up data. We determined the characteristics of positive cases throughout the period and implemented logistic regression of factors associated with death. Results During the successive waves, 9, 573 positive cases were reported in the province, 546 cases in the first wave and 6, 346 in the fourth wave. Seven positive cases out of 10 concerned people aged 25 to 64. The districts of Matadi, Moanda and Mbanza-Ngungu were the most affected. Age above 64 [OR: 7.2 CI:5.1-10.3] and wave 2 [OR: 4.4 CI:1.6-12.4] were the factors statistically associated with death. Conclusion As in other African settings, age, comorbidities, higher socio-professional level and living in urban areas were the major risk factors for severe forms of the disease and death. Our analysis underlines the importance of collecting and analysing several epidemiological variables down to the provincial level over time for a better continuous knowledge of the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Mouksitou AKINOCHO
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École de Santé publique, Centre de recherche Épidémiologie et biostatistique, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Matthieu KASONGO
- Memisa Belgique ASBL, Square de Meeûs 19, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Kristel MOERMAN
- Memisa Belgique ASBL, Square de Meeûs 19, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Felipe SERE
- Memisa Belgique ASBL, Square de Meeûs 19, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Yves COPPIETERS
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École de Santé publique, Centre de recherche Épidémiologie et biostatistique, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgique
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Bukasa-Kakamba J, Bangolo AI, Bayauli P, Mbunga B, Iyese F, Nkodila A, Atoot A, Anand G, Lee SH, Chaudhary M, Fernandes PQ, Mannam HPSS, Polavarapu A, Merajunnissa M, Azhar A, Alichetty MN, Singh G, Arana Jr GV, Sekhon I, Singh M, Rodriguez-Castro JD, Atoot A, Weissman S, M’buyamba JR. Proportion of thyroid cancer and other cancers in the democratic republic of Congo. World J Exp Med 2023; 13:17-27. [PMID: 37396884 PMCID: PMC10308319 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v13.i3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer diagnosis is increasing around the world and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The proportion of thyroid cancer has increased over the past three decades. There are very few studies on cancer epidemiology, and in particular on thyroid cancer in the DRC.
AIM To establish the most recent proportion of thyroid cancer in the DRC compared to other cancers.
METHODS This is a retrospective and descriptive study of 6106 consecutive cancer cases listed in the pathological registers of 4 Laboratories in the city of Kinshasa. This study included all cancer cases recorded in the registers between 2005 and 2019.
RESULTS From a sample of 6106 patients, including all cancer types, 68.3% cases were female and 31.7% were male. Breast and cervical cancer were the most common types of cancer in women and, prostate and skin cancer were the most common types in men. Thyroid cancer was sixth in proportion in women and eleventh in men compared to all cancers. Papillary carcinoma was the most common of thyroid cancers. Rare cancers such as anaplastic and medullary thyroid carcinomas had a proportion of 7% and 2%, respectively.
CONCLUSION Newer diagnostic tools led to a surge in cancer diagnoses in the DRC. Thyroid cancer has more than doubled its proportion over the last several decades in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bukasa-Kakamba
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Ayrton I Bangolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Pascal Bayauli
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Branly Mbunga
- School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Francis Iyese
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Aliocha Nkodila
- Family Medicine, Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Ali Atoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Gaurav Anand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Stacy H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Maimona Chaudhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Pamela Q Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Hari PSS Mannam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Adithya Polavarapu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Merajunissa Merajunnissa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Abdullah Azhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Mohan N Alichetty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Gauravdeep Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Georgemar V Arana Jr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Imranjot Sekhon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Manbir Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - José D Rodriguez-Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Adam Atoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hackensack University-Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Simcha Weissman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, United States
| | - Jean Rene M’buyamba
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa Kinshasa, Congo
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Mumbere M, Batina-Agasa S, Uvoya NA, Kasai ET, Kombi PK, Djang'eing'a RM, Opara JPA. Newborn screening for sickle cell disease in Butembo and Beni: a pilot experience in a highland region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:56. [PMID: 37637401 PMCID: PMC10460112 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.56.36087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction sickle cell disease is an inherited autosomal recessive hemoglobin disorder resulting in acute and chronic systemic complications. Despite the high burden of sickle cell disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, limited data on disease prevalence is available and systematic screening is not offered to newborns. This study aimed to provide neonatal prevalence and associated factors to the phenotypic manifestation of sickle cell disease in an eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods the study was conducted from 20th April 2021 to 20th January 2022 in the cities of Beni and Butembo, involving live full-term newborns whose parents consented to participate. Blood was taken with heel pricks and analyzed using the point-of-care diagnostic tool HemoTypeSC™. We used Fisher´s exact test to compare frequencies between groups. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: of the 1195 newborns screened, 1122 (93.9%) were tested as having hemoglobin AA, 71 (5.9%) hemoglobin AS, 2 (0.2%) hemoglobin SS and none hemoglobin C. The mother´s ethnicity was significantly associated with the phenotypic expression of sickle cell disease. Conclusion sickle cell disease prevalence is lower in Butembo and Beni than in other regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, it remains an alarming public health issue. Systematic newborn screening, parent/patient education and early management programs constitute an urgent need to be addressed by decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mupenzi Mumbere
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Graben, Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Salomon Batina-Agasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Naura Apio Uvoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bunia, Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel Tebandite Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Paul Kambale Kombi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roland Marini Djang'eing'a
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Alworong'a Opara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Onyeneho NG, Aronu NI, Igwe I, Okeibunor J, Diarra T, Anoko JN, Djingarey MH, Yoti Z. Traditional therapists in Ebola virus disease outbreak response: Lessons learned from the fight against the Ebola virus disease epidemic in North Kivu and Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Immunol Sci 2023; Suppl 3:102-112. [PMID: 38333355 PMCID: PMC7615615 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3009/2023/s3.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Traditional healers co-exist with orthodox medicine, especially in cases with perceived supernatural causes and during outbreaks of infectious diseases like the Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the North Kivu and Ituri provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this study, we examined the role and potential of involving traditional healers in the national response to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the DRC. Seventeen community leaders and 20 traditional healers were interviewed. The traditional healers managed symptoms with herbs and were not inclined to refer cases to orthodox healthcare facilities because of their confidence in their ability to handle cases with supernatural causes. The community leaders attested to the acceptance of the traditional healers in the communities, which they attributed to the efficacy of traditional healing, its uncomplicated treatment process, cause of the prolonged cough, as well as cost and the need for secrecy. Traditional healers can be educated to promptly refer cases to Ebola treatment centers for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Garbern SC, Perera SM, Mbong EN, Kulkarni S, Fleming MK, Ombeni AB, Muhayangabo RF, Tchoualeu DD, Kallay R, Song E, Powell J, Gainey M, Glenn B, Gao H, Mutumwa RM, Mustafa SHB, Abad N, Soke GN, Prybylski D, Doshi RH, Fukunaga R, Levine AC. COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions among Ebola-Affected Communities in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2021. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:973. [PMID: 37243077 PMCID: PMC10223943 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations affected by humanitarian crises and emerging infectious disease outbreaks may have unique concerns and experiences that influence their perceptions toward vaccines. In March 2021, we conducted a survey to examine the perceptions toward COVID-19 vaccines and identify the factors associated with vaccine intention among 631 community members (CMs) and 438 healthcare workers (HCWs) affected by the 2018-2020 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of vaccine intention. Most HCWs (81.7%) and 53.6% of CMs felt at risk of contracting COVID-19; however, vaccine intention was low (27.6% CMs; 39.7% HCWs). In both groups, the perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, general vaccine confidence, and male sex were associated with the intention to get vaccinated, with security concerns preventing vaccine access being negatively associated. Among CMs, getting the Ebola vaccine was associated with the intention to get vaccinated (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05-1.94). Among HCWs, concerns about new vaccines' safety and side effects (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91), religion's influence on health decisions (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.34-0.61), security concerns (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.74), and governmental distrust (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.35-0.70) were negatively associated with vaccine perceptions. Enhanced community engagement and communication that address this population's concerns could help improve vaccine perceptions and vaccination decisions. These findings could facilitate the success of vaccine campaigns in North Kivu and similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chow Garbern
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | | | - Eta Ngole Mbong
- International Medical Corps, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Shibani Kulkarni
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Monica K. Fleming
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Kallay
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bailey Glenn
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- James A. Ferguson Infectious Disease Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hongjiang Gao
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | - Neetu Abad
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Gnakub Norbert Soke
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dimitri Prybylski
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Reena H. Doshi
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rena Fukunaga
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adam C. Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Ishoso DK, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Cikomola AMW, Lungayo CL, Mukendi JC, Mwamba D, Ngandu C, Mafuta E, Lusamba Dikassa PS, Lulebo A, Manirakiza D, Mboussou FF, Yapi MD, Ngabo GF, Riziki RB, Mwanga C, Otomba J, Nimpa MM. "Zero Dose" Children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: How Many and Who Are They? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:900. [PMID: 37243004 PMCID: PMC10224070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is one of the countries with the highest number of never vaccinated or "zero-dose" (ZD) children in the world. This study was conducted to examine the proportion of ZD children and associated factors in the DRC. (2) Methods: Child and household data from a provincial-level vaccination coverage survey conducted between November 2021-February 2021 and 2022 were used. ZD was defined as a child aged 12 to 23 months who had not received any dose of pentavalent (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-Hepatitis B) vaccine (by card or recall). The proportion of ZD children was calculated and associated factors were explored using logistic regression, taking into account the complex sampling approach. (3) Results: The study included 51,054 children. The proportion of ZD children was 19.1% (95%CI: 19.0-19.2%); ZD ranged from 62.4% in Tshopo to 2.4% in Haut Lomami. After adjustment, being ZD was associated with low level of maternal education and having a young mother/guardian (aged ≤ 19 years); religious affiliation (willful failure to disclose religious affiliation as the highest associated factor compared to being Catholic, followed by Muslims, revival/independent church, Kimbanguist, Protestant); proxies for wealth such as not having a telephone or a radio; having to pay for a vaccination card or for another immunization-related service; not being able to name any vaccine-preventable disease. A child's lack of civil registration was also associated with being ZD. (4) Conclusions: In 2021, one in five children aged 12-23 months in DRC had never been vaccinated. The factors associated with being a ZD child suggest inequalities in vaccination that must be further explored to better target appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Katuashi Ishoso
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday
- Immunization, Analytics and Insights (IAI), Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Dieudonné Mwamba
- National Institute of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Christian Ngandu
- National Institute of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Mafuta
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Aimée Lulebo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Deo Manirakiza
- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Franck-Fortune Mboussou
- World Health Organization African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Moise Désiré Yapi
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gaga Fidele Ngabo
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Bahizire Riziki
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Nyangezi, Public Health Section, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Cedric Mwanga
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Otomba
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Imani Ramazani BE, Mabakutuvangilanga Ntala SD, Katuashi Ishoso D, Rothan-Tondeur M. Knowledge of Obstetric Danger Signs among Pregnant Women in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20085593. [PMID: 37107875 PMCID: PMC10139184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A lack of awareness regarding obstetric danger signs (ODS) is one of the factors that delay a pregnant woman's decision to seek emergency obstetric care. In developing countries, this delay can lead to high morbidity and mortality among pregnant women. In eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), very few studies have been conducted to assess the level of knowledge of pregnant women about ODS. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of pregnant women about ODS in health facilities in eastern DRC. This quantitative cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted in 19 health facilities in the Kasongo health zone in the south Maniema Province of eastern DRC. A total of 624 pregnant women aged 12-49 years were interviewed in this study. Of these, 60.6% were secondary school graduates, >99% were married, 85.5% were cultivators, and 67.9% were Muslims. The knowledge of ODS among pregnant women was low (21.9%). The most cited danger signs during pregnancy, labor/delivery, and postpartum included severe abdominal pain and severe vaginal bleeding. Additionally, pregnant women aged 30-39 years (p = 0.015) and those who had given birth once (p = 0.049), twice (p = 0.003), 3-5 times (p = 0.004), and >5 times (p = 0.009) were more likely to be aware of ODS than others. Our findings indicated that pregnant women have little knowledge of ODS, which makes it difficult for them to take prompt decisions to seek emergency obstetric care. Thus, strategies to increase the knowledge of pregnant women about obstetrical danger signs by healthcare providers during prenatal consultations (antenatal care) must be developed to improve their rapid decision-making skills during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Eradi Imani Ramazani
- Nursing Sciences Research Chair, Laboratory Educations and Health Practices (LEPS), (EA 3412), UFR SMBH, University Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-93017 Bobigny, France; (S.-D.M.N.); (M.R.-T.)
- Nursing Sciences Section, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kindu (ISTM-KINDU), PB.304, Kindu P.O. Box 9912, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Center for Research in Nursing Sciences and Health Innovation (CReSIIS), K-012, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+243-81-14-89-176
| | - Simon-Decap Mabakutuvangilanga Ntala
- Nursing Sciences Research Chair, Laboratory Educations and Health Practices (LEPS), (EA 3412), UFR SMBH, University Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-93017 Bobigny, France; (S.-D.M.N.); (M.R.-T.)
- Center for Research in Nursing Sciences and Health Innovation (CReSIIS), K-012, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Section of Nursing Sciences, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kinshasa, BP 774 Lemba, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daniel Katuashi Ishoso
- Center for Research in Nursing Sciences and Health Innovation (CReSIIS), K-012, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Department of Community Health, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Monique Rothan-Tondeur
- Nursing Sciences Research Chair, Laboratory Educations and Health Practices (LEPS), (EA 3412), UFR SMBH, University Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-93017 Bobigny, France; (S.-D.M.N.); (M.R.-T.)
- Center for Research in Nursing Sciences and Health Innovation (CReSIIS), K-012, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Nursing Sciences Research Chair, F-75005 Paris, France
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Alleman MM, Jorba J, Riziki Y, Henderson E, Mwehu A, Seakamela L, Howard W, Kadiobo Mbule A, Nsamba RN, Djawe K, Yapi MD, Mengouo MN, Gumede N, Ndoutabe M, Kfutwah AKW, Senouci K, Burns CC. Vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 outbreaks and response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017-2021. Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 1:A35-A47. [PMID: 36907733 PMCID: PMC10427717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) can emerge from Sabin strain poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3 contained in oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) after prolonged person-to-person transmission where population vaccination immunity against polioviruses is suboptimal. VDPVs can cause paralysis indistinguishable from wild polioviruses and outbreaks when community circulation ensues. VDPV serotype 2 outbreaks (cVDPV2) have been documented in The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) since 2005. The nine cVDPV2 outbreaks detected during 2005-2012 were geographically-limited and resulted in 73 paralysis cases. No outbreaks were detected during 2013-2016. During January 1, 2017-December 31, 2021, 19 cVDPV2 outbreaks were detected in DRC. Seventeen of the 19 (including two first detected in Angola) resulted in 235 paralysis cases notified in 84 health zones in 18 of DRC's 26 provinces; no notified paralysis cases were associated with the remaining two outbreaks. The DRC-KAS-3 cVDPV2 outbreak that circulated during 2019-2021, and resulted in 101 paralysis cases in 10 provinces, was the largest recorded in DRC during the reporting period in terms of numbers of paralysis cases and geographic expanse. The 15 outbreaks occurring during 2017-early 2021 were successfully controlled with numerous supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) using monovalent OPV Sabin-strain serotype 2 (mOPV2); however, suboptimal mOPV2 vaccination coverage appears to have seeded the cVDPV2 emergences detected during semester 2, 2018 through 2021. Use of the novel OPV serotype 2 (nOPV2), designed to have greater genetic stability than mOPV2, should help DRC's efforts in controlling the more recent cVDPV2 outbreaks with a much lower risk of further seeding VDPV2 emergence. Improving nOPV2 SIA coverage should decrease the number of SIAs needed to interrupt transmission. DRC needs the support of polio eradication and Essential Immunization (EI) partners to accelerate the country's ongoing initiatives for EI strengthening, introduction of a second dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) to increase protection against paralysis, and improving nOPV2 SIA coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Alleman
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Jaume Jorba
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yogolelo Riziki
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Elizabeth Henderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Anicet Mwehu
- Emergency Operations Center for Polio, Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lerato Seakamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Wayne Howard
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Albert Kadiobo Mbule
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Office, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Renee Ntumbannji Nsamba
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Office, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kpandja Djawe
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Office, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Moïse Désiré Yapi
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Office, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marcellin Nimpa Mengouo
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Office, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nicksy Gumede
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Republic of the Congo
| | - Modjirom Ndoutabe
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Republic of the Congo
| | - Anfumbom K W Kfutwah
- Polio, Office of the Regional Director, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Wisniewski J, Worges M, Lusamba-Dikassa PS. Impact of a free care policy on routine health service volumes during a protracted Ebola virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Soc Sci Med 2023; 322:115815. [PMID: 36889222 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the DRC's 10th Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak, the government subsidized routine health services in select health zones with the goal of maintaining routine service volumes. We assess the impact of the initial and revised Free Care Policies (FCP) on total clinic visits, uncomplicated malaria, simple pneumonia, fourth antenatal care clinic visits, and measles vaccinations, testing the hypothesis that routine services would not significantly decrease during the FCP. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used data from the DRC's national health information system spanning January 2017 to November 2020. Intervention facilities were those that were initially and secondarily enrolled in the FCP, which occurred in August 2018 and November 2018, respectively. Comparison facilities were limited to the North Kivu Province and were from health zones that recorded at least one case of Ebola. A controlled interrupted time series analysis was conducted. The FCP appeared to have a positive effect in increasing overall clinic attendance rates, uncomplicated malaria case rates, and simple pneumonia case rates in those health zones where the policy was enacted relative to comparison sites. The longer-term effects of the FCP were mostly non-significant or, if significant, relatively modest in nature. Rates for measles vaccinations and fourth ANC clinic visits appeared to be unaffected or minimally affected, respectively, by the implementation of the FCP and relative to comparison sites. We did not observe the decrease in measles vaccinations that has been observed elsewhere. The study is limited in that we were unable to account for health facility bypassing and service volumes at private health facilities. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that FCPs can be used to maintain routine service provision during outbreaks. Additionally, the study design demonstrates that routinely reported health information from the DRC are sensitive enough to detect changes in health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Wisniewski
- Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St. Suite 2200, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Matt Worges
- Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St. Suite 2200, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Paul-Samson Lusamba-Dikassa
- Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St. Suite 2200, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; University of Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kinshasa, Congo.
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Manzambi EZ, Mbuka GB, Ilombe G, Takasongo RM, Tezzo FW, Del Carmen Marquetti M, Metelo E, Vanlerberghe V, Bortel WV. Behavior of Adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Kinshasa, DRC, and the Implications for Control. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040207. [PMID: 37104333 PMCID: PMC10143671 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever and chikungunya outbreaks-and a few dengue cases-have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in recent years. However, little is known about the ecology and behavior of the adult disease vector species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in DRC. Preliminary studies showed important differences in Aedes behavior in DRC and Latin-American sites. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the host-seeking and resting behaviors of female Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and their densities in four communes of Kinshasa (Kalamu, Lingwala, Mont Ngafula and Ndjili). Two cross-sectional surveys were carried out, one in the dry season (July 2019) and one in the rainy season (February 2020). We used three different adult vector collection methods: BG-Sentinel 2, BG-GAT, and prokopack. Both Aedes species were clearly exophagic, exophilic, and sought breeding sites outdoors. The adult house index for Ae. aegypti exceeded 55% in all communes except Lingwala, where it was only 27%. The Adult Breteau Index (ABI) for Ae. aegypti was 190.77 mosquitoes per 100 houses inspected in the rainy season and 6.03 in the dry season. For Ae. albopictus, the ABI was 11.79 and 3.52 in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Aedes aegypti showed unimodal host-seeking activity between 6 h and 21 h. The exophagic and exophilic behaviors of both species point to the need to target adult mosquitoes outdoors when implementing vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Zola Manzambi
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guillaume Binene Mbuka
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gillon Ilombe
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard Mundeke Takasongo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francis Wat'senga Tezzo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Emery Metelo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Tropical Infectious Disease Group, Public Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit of Entomology, Biomedical Science Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Huber C, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, McIntyre E, Tuite A, Khan K, Cetron M, Merrill RD. Using spatial and population mobility models to inform outbreak response approaches in the Ebola affected area, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018-2020. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 44:100558. [PMID: 36707191 PMCID: PMC10864106 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2022.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Democratic Republic of the Congo's (DRC) 10th known Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak occurred between August 1, 2018 and June 25, 2020, and was the largest EVD outbreak in the country's history. During this outbreak, the DRC Ministry of Health initiated traveller health screening at points of control (POC, locations not on the border) and points of entry (POE) to minimize disease translocation via ground and air travel. We sought to develop a model-based approach that could be applied in future outbreaks to inform decisions for optimizing POC and POE placement, and allocation of resources more broadly, to mitigate the risk of disease translocation associated with ground-level population mobility. We applied a parameter-free mobility model, the radiation model, to estimate likelihood of ground travel between selected origin locations (including Beni, DRC) and surrounding population centres, based on population size and drive-time. We then performed a road network route analysis and included estimated population movement results to calculate the proportionate volume of travellers who would move along each road segment; this reflects the proportion of travellers that could be screened at a POC or POE. For Beni, the road segments estimated to have the highest proportion of travellers that could be screened were part of routes into Uganda and Rwanda. Conversely, road segments that were part of routes to other population centres within the DRC were estimated to have relatively lower proportions. We observed a posteriori that, in many instances, our results aligned with locations that were selected for actual POC or POE placement through more time-consuming methods. This study has demonstrated that mobility models and simple spatial techniques can help identify potential locations for health screening at newly placed POC or existing POE during public health emergencies based on expected movement patterns. Importantly, we have provided methods to estimate the proportionate volume of travellers that POC or POE screening measures would assess based on their location. This is critical information in outbreak situations when timely decisions must be made to implement public health interventions that reach the most individuals across a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Huber
- BlueDot, 207 Queens Quay West #820, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Alexander Watts
- BlueDot, 207 Queens Quay West #820, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elvira McIntyre
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America (USA); Perspecta Inc., 15052 Conference Center Drive, Chantilly, Virginia, United States of America (USA)
| | - Ashleigh Tuite
- BlueDot, 207 Queens Quay West #820, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamran Khan
- BlueDot, 207 Queens Quay West #820, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 38 Shuter St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Cetron
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America (USA)
| | - Rebecca D Merrill
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America (USA)
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Bisanzio D, Davis AE, Talbird SE, Van Effelterre T, Metz L, Gaudig M, Mathieu VO, Brogan AJ. Targeted preventive vaccination campaigns to reduce Ebola outbreaks: An individual-based modeling study. Vaccine 2023; 41:684-693. [PMID: 36526505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI) and ring vaccination (i.e., vaccination that primarily targets contacts and contacts of contacts of Ebola cases) are currently used to reduce the spread of Ebola during outbreaks. Because these measures are typically initiated after an outbreak is declared, they are limited by real-time implementation challenges. Preventive vaccination may provide a complementary option to help protect communities against unpredictable outbreaks. This study aimed to assess the impact of preventive vaccination strategies when implemented in conjunction with NPI and ring vaccination. METHODS A spatial-explicit, individual-based model (IBM) that accounts for heterogeneity of human contact, human movement, and timing of interventions was built to represent Ebola transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Simulated preventive vaccination strategies targeted healthcare workers (HCW), frontline workers (FW), and the general population (GP) with varying levels of coverage (lower coverage: 30% of HCW/FW, 5% of GP; higher coverage: 60% of HCW/FW, 10% of GP) and efficacy (lower efficacy: 60%; higher efficacy: 90%). RESULTS The IBM estimated that the addition of preventive vaccination for HCW reduced cases, hospitalizations, and deaths by ∼11 % to ∼25 % compared with NPI + ring vaccination alone. Including HCW and FW in the preventive vaccination campaign yielded ∼14 % to ∼38 % improvements in epidemic outcomes. Further including the GP yielded the greatest improvements, with ∼21 % to ∼52 % reductions in epidemic outcomes compared with NPI + ring vaccination alone. In a scenario without ring vaccination, preventive vaccination reduced cases, hospitalizations, and deaths by ∼28 % to ∼59 % compared with NPI alone. In all scenarios, preventive vaccination reduced Ebola transmission particularly during the initial phases of the epidemic, resulting in flatter epidemic curves. CONCLUSIONS The IBM showed that preventive vaccination may reduce Ebola cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, thus safeguarding the healthcare system and providing more time to implement additional interventions during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Bisanzio
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW #750, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Ashley E Davis
- RTI Health Solutions, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sandra E Talbird
- RTI Health Solutions, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Laurent Metz
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, One Johnson and Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Maren Gaudig
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, One Johnson and Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Anita J Brogan
- RTI Health Solutions, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Ilombe G, Matangila JR, Lulebo A, Mutombo P, Linsuke S, Maketa V, Mabanzila B, Wat’senga F, Van Bortel W, Fiacre A, Irish SR, Lutumba P, Van Geertruyden JP. Malaria among children under 10 years in 4 endemic health areas in Kisantu Health Zone: epidemiology and transmission. Malar J 2023; 22:3. [PMID: 36604663 PMCID: PMC9814333 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the second most malaria-affected country in the world with 21,608,681 cases reported in 2019. The Kongo Central (KC) Province has a malaria annual incidence of 163 cases/per 1000 inhabitants which are close to the national average of 153.4/1000. However, the malaria prevalence varies both between and within health zones in this province. The main objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and transmission of malaria among children aged 0 to 10 years in the 4 highest endemic health areas in Kisantu Health Zone (HZ) of KC in DRC. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2017 using multi-stage sampling. A total of 30 villages in 4 health areas in Kisantu HZ were randomly selected. The prevalence of malaria was measured using a thick blood smear (TBS) and known predictors and associated outcomes were assessed. Data are described and association determinants of malaria infection were analysed. RESULTS A total of 1790 children between 0 and 10 years were included in 30 villages in 4 health areas of Kisantu HZ. The overall prevalence in the study area according to the TBS was 14.8% (95% CI: 13.8-16.6; range: 0-53). The mean sporozoite rate in the study area was 4.3% (95% CI: 2.6-6.6). The determination of kdr-west resistance alleles showed the presence of both L1014S and L1014F with 14.6% heterozygous L1014S/L1014F, 84.4% homozygous 1014F, and 1% homozygous 1014S. The risk factors associated with malaria infection were ground or wooden floors aOR: 15.8 (95% CI: 8.6-29.2), a moderate or severe underweight: 1.5 (1.1-2.3) and to be overweight: 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3-2.7). CONCLUSION Malaria prevalence differed between villages and health areas within the same health zone. The control strategy activities must be oriented by the variety in the prevalence and transmission of malaria in different areas. The policy against malaria regarding long-lasting insecticidal nets should be based on the evidence of metabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillon Ilombe
- grid.452637.10000 0004 0580 7727Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo ,grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Base Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Junior Rika Matangila
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aimee Lulebo
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Faculty of Medicine, Public Health School, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Paulin Mutombo
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Faculty of Medicine, Public Health School, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvie Linsuke
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.452637.10000 0004 0580 7727Department of Epidemiology Kinshasa, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vivi Maketa
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Baby Mabanzila
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francis Wat’senga
- grid.452637.10000 0004 0580 7727Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Unit of Entomology and Outbreak Research Team, Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Agossa Fiacre
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Seth R. Irish
- grid.467642.50000 0004 0540 3132Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, President’s Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Pascal Lutumba
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Lees S, Enria L, James M. Contesting the crisis narrative: epidemic accounts in Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Disasters 2023; 47:78-98. [PMID: 35348243 PMCID: PMC10091748 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientists and global commentators watched African countries closely in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, predicting an impending disaster: the virus was projected to overwhelm already weak health systems. These expectations were informed by imaginaries of Africa as an inevitable site of epidemic disaster. This paper draws on accounts from Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Democratic Republic of the Congo to contrast global catastrophe framings with everyday imaginations and experiences of crisis and crisis management. Utilising ethnographic research, the paper initially explores how COVID-19 was understood in relation to previous epidemics, from HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) to Ebola, as well as political conflict. It then considers how global crisis narratives both inform and are in tension with everyday collective and personal experiences. The paper brings these empirical reflections into a conversation with theoretical debates on the discursive construction of crisis and its effects, and argues that these tensions matter because crisis framings have consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Lees
- Professor, Department of Global Health and DevelopmentLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom
| | - Luisa Enria
- Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health and DevelopmentLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom
| | - Myfanwy James
- Departmental Lecturer in Development StudiesUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
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George CM, Birindwa A, Li S, Williams C, Kuhl J, Thomas E, François R, Presence AS, Claude BRJ, Mirindi P, Bisimwa L, Perin J, Stine OC. Akkermansia muciniphila Associated with Improved Linear Growth among Young Children, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:81-88. [PMID: 36573546 PMCID: PMC9796213 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.212118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between enteric pathogens, fecal microbes, and child growth, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 236 children <5 years of age in rural eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. We analyzed baseline fecal specimens by quantitative PCR and measured child height and weight at baseline and growth at a 6-month follow-up. At baseline, 66% (156/236) of children had >3 pathogens in their feces. We observed larger increases in height-for-age-z-scores from baseline to the 6-month follow-up among children with Akkermansia muciniphila in their feces (coefficient 0.02 [95% CI 0.0001-0.04]; p = 0.04). Children with Cryptosporidium in their feces had larger declines in weight-for-height/length z-scores from baseline to the 6-month follow-up (coefficient -0.03 [95% CI -0.05 to -0.005]; p = 0.02). Our study showed high prevalence of enteric pathogens among this pediatric cohort and suggests A. muciniphila can potentially serve as a probiotic to improve child growth.
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Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Mambu-Mbika F, De Weggheleire A, Edidi-Atani F, Bulabula-Penge J, Mfumu MMK, Legand A, Nkuba-Ndaye A, N'kasar YTT, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Klena JD, Montgomery JM, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Formenty P, van Griensven J, Ariën KK, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Efficiency of Field Laboratories for Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak during Chronic Insecurity, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1-9. [PMID: 36573642 PMCID: PMC9796222 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.221025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 10th outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale strategically positioned 13 decentralized field laboratories with dedicated equipment to quickly detect cases as the outbreak evolved. The laboratories were operated by national staff, who quickly handed over competencies and skills to local persons to successfully manage future outbreaks. Laboratories analyzed ≈230,000 Ebola diagnostic samples under stringent biosafety measures, documentation, and database management. Field laboratories diversified their activities (diagnosis, chemistry and hematology, survivor follow-up, and genomic sequencing) and shipped 127,993 samples from the field to a biorepository in Kinshasa under good conditions. Deploying decentralized and well-equipped laboratories run by local personnel in at-risk countries for Ebola virus disease outbreaks is an efficient response; all activities are quickly conducted in the field.
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Munyeku-Bazitama Y, Folefack GT, Yambayamba MK, Tshiminyi PM, Kazenza BM, Otshudiema JO, Guinko NT, Umba MD, Mulumba A, Baketana LK, Mukadi PK, Smith C, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Makiala-Mandanda S. High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence after Second COVID-19 Wave (October 2020-April 2021), Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:89-97. [PMID: 36573545 PMCID: PMC9796206 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.221009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic surveys are important tools for estimating the true burden of COVID-19 in a given population. After the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections, a household-based survey conducted in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, estimated >292 infections going undiagnosed for every laboratory-confirmed case. To ascertain the cumulative population exposure in Kinshasa after the second wave of COVID-19, we conducted a prospective population-based cross-sectional study using a highly sensitive and specific ELISA kit. The survey included 2,560 consenting persons from 585 households; 55% were female and 45% male. The overall population-weighted, test kit-adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 76.5% (95% CI 74.5%-78.5%). The seroprevalence was 4-fold higher than during the first wave, and positivity was associated with age, household average monthly income, and level of education. Evidence generated from this population-based survey can inform COVID-19 response, especially vaccination campaign strategies in the context of vaccine shortages and hesitancy.
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Mbanzulu KM, Mboera LEG, Wumba R, Zanga JK, Luzolo FK, Misinzo G, Kimera SI. Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Epidemiologia (Basel) 2022; 4:1-17. [PMID: 36648775 PMCID: PMC9844489 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) create a dramatic health situation worldwide. There is a need to improve the understanding of factors to be addressed in intervention programmes. This study explored community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding MBVD in Kinshasa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and April 2019. The socio-demographic and KAP data collected through a questionnaire were analysed using Epi Info 7. RESULTS The study included 1464 male and female respondents aged from 18 to 70 years old. Open garbage cans and outdoor water storage units were found in 61.2% and 33.4% of respondent residences, respectively. Polluted water bodies (80.3%) were the most mentioned as mosquito breeding places. Among 86.6% of the respondents that had heard about yellow fever, 12% knew that it is an MBVD. The majority of respondents (72.5%) were perceived to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Environment sanitation (58%) and insecticide use (25%) were among the measures implemented to control mosquitoes. The greater overall knowledge score and attitude were not associated with good practice. CONCLUSION The residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge of MBVD. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community regarding the correct attitudes and practices to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy M. Mbanzulu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +243-898788072
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Roger Wumba
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Josué K. Zanga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Flory K. Luzolo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli I. Kimera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3021, Tanzania
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