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Liu MM, Yu CW, Meng QH, Hao XF, Chen ZL, He M. Analysis of fluid force and flow fields during gliding in swimming using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1355617. [PMID: 38846802 PMCID: PMC11153747 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1355617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliding is a crucial phase in swimming, yet the understanding of fluid force and flow fields during gliding remains incomplete. This study analyzes gliding through Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. Specifically, a numerical model based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method for flow-object interactions is established. Fluid motion is governed by continuity, Navier-Stokes, state, and displacement equations. Modified dynamic boundary particles are used to implement solid boundaries, and steady and uniform flows are generated with inflow and outflow conditions. The reliability of the SPH model is validated by replicating a documented laboratory experiment on a circular cylinder advancing steadily beneath a free surface. Reasonable agreement is observed between the numerical and experimental drag force and lift force. After the validation, the SPH model is employed to analyze the passive drag, vertical force, and pitching moment acting on a streamlined gliding 2D swimmer model as well as the surrounding velocity and vorticity fields, spanning gliding velocities from 1 m/s to 2.5 m/s, submergence depths from 0.2 m to 1 m, and attack angles from -10° to 10°. The results indicate that with the increasing gliding velocity, passive drag and pitching moment increase whereas vertical force decreases. The wake flow and free surface demonstrate signs of instability. Conversely, as the submergence depth increases, there is a decrease in passive drag and pitching moment, accompanied by an increase in vertical force. The undulation of the free surface and its interference in flow fields diminish. With the increase in the attack angle, passive drag and vertical force decrease whereas pitching moment increases, along with the alteration in wake direction and the increasing complexity of the free surface. These outcomes offer valuable insights into gliding dynamics, furnishing swimmers with a scientific basis for selecting appropriate submergence depth and attack angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan-Wen Yu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Qing-Hua Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Sports Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Hao
- Department of Physical Education, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Port and Ocean Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Port and Ocean Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Sacilotto G, Sanders R, Gonjo T, Marinho D, Mason B, Naemi R, Vilas-Boas JP, Papic C. "Selecting the right tool for the job" a narrative overview of experimental methods used to measure or estimate active and passive drag in competitive swimming. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1572-1589. [PMID: 37081773 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2197858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Free-swimming performance depends strongly on the ability to develop propulsive force and minimise resistive drag. Therefore, estimating resistive drag (passive or active) may be important to understand how free-swimming performance can be improved. The purpose of this narrative overview was to describe and discuss experimental methods of measuring or estimating active and passive drag relevant to competitive swimming. Studies were identified using a mixed-model approach comprising a search of SCOPUS and Web of Science data bases, follow-up of relevant studies cited in manuscripts from the primary search, and additional studies identified by the co-authors based on their specific areas of fluid dynamics expertise. The utility and limitations of active and passive drag methods were critically discussed with reference to primary research domains in this field, 'swimmer morphology' and 'technique analysis'. This overview and the subsequent discussions provide implications for researchers when selecting an appropriate method to measure resistive forces (active or passive) relevant to improving performance in free-swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Roozbeh Naemi
- School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | | | - Christopher Papic
- Exercise and Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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3
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Santos CC, Costa MJ, Forte P, Marinho DA. A comparison of load cell and pressure sensors to measure in-water force in young competitive swimmers. J Biomech 2023; 160:111815. [PMID: 37783185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the in-water force of young competitive swimmers using tethered swimming and differential pressure sensors. Thirty-one swimmers (16 girls and 15 boys) were randomly assigned to perform two in-water tests. Swimmers completed two maximum bouts of 25 m front crawl with a differential pressure system and a 30 s maximum bout with an attached load cell (tethered-swimming). The peak force (FPEAK, in N) of dominant and non-dominant upper limbs was retrieved for further analysis. Comparison between methods revealed significant differences in all force variables (p ≤ 0.05) and the biases (mean differences) were large in girls (FPEAK dominant, 45.89 N; FPEAK non-dominant, 43.79 N) and boys (FPEAK dominant, 67.26 N; FPEAK non-dominant, 61.78 N). Despite that, simple linear regression models between the two methods showed significant relationships with a moderate effect in all variables for girls, whereas in boys a high and moderate effect was verified for FPEAK of dominant and non-dominant limbs (respectively). It seems that using pressure sensors and tethered swimming leads to different FPEAK values in young competitive, where correction factors are needed to compare data between both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Mário J Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Sport Sciences, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal; Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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4
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Nevill AM, Marinho DA. Race Analysis and Determination of Stroke Frequency - Stroke Length Combinations during the 50-M Freestyle Event. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:156-165. [PMID: 36876182 PMCID: PMC9982526 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze and compare the stroke kinematics between junior and senior elite male swimmers in every section of the race during the 50-m freestyle event, and; (2) identify stroke frequency (SF)-stroke length (SL) combinations on swim speed independently for junior and senior swimmers in each section of the 50-m freestyle event. Eighty-six junior swimmers (2019) and 95 seniors (2021) competing in the 50-m long course meter LEN Championships were analyzed. The t-test independent samples (p ≤ 0.05) were used to compare juniors and seniors. The SF and SL combinations on swim speed were explored using three-way ANOVAs. Senior swimmers were significantly faster in the 50-m race than juniors (p < 0.001). Speed presented the largest significant difference (p < 0.001) in section S0-15 m (start until the 15th meter mark) being seniors fastest. Both junior and senior swimmers revealed a significant categorization (p < 0.001) by stroke length and stroke frequency in each race section. It was possible to model several SF-SL combinations for seniors and juniors in each section. The fastest swim speed in each section, for seniors and juniors independently, was achieved by a SF-SL combination that may not be the fastest SF or the longest SL. Coaches and swimmers must be aware that despite the 50-m event being an all-out bout, several SF-SL combinations were observed (independently for juniors and seniors), and they differ between race sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José A Bragada
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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5
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Morais JE, Bragada JA. Relationship between Oxygen Uptake Reserve and Heart Rate Reserve in Young Male Tennis Players: Implications for Physical Fitness Monitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15780. [PMID: 36497853 PMCID: PMC9735773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (i) verify the relationship between reserve oxygen uptake (VOreserve) and reserve heart rate (HRreserve) in young male tennis players, and (ii) understand the relationship between oxygen uptake (VO2) measured at the end of a tennis drill and recovery heart rate (HRrecovery) after the tennis drill. Ten young male tennis players (16.64 ± 1.69 years; 62.36 ± 6.53 kg of body mass; 175.91 ± 5.26 cm of height) were recruited from the National Tennis Association. Players were instructed to perform a tennis drill based on an incremental intensity protocol. Afterward, three levels of intensity were used based on VO2reserve and HRreserve. A significant variance was observed between levels (VO2reserve and HRreserve = p < 0.001). VO2reserve presented a significant and high agreement with HRreserve. The mean data revealed non-significant differences (p > 0.05), a very high relationship of linear regression (R2 = 82.4%, p < 0.001), and high agreement in Bland Altman plots. VO2, at the highest level of intensity (>93%), presented a significant correlation with HRrecovery during the immediate 30 s after the drill (rs = 0.468, p = 0.028). Tennis coaches or instructors must be aware of the differences between monitoring or prescribing training intensities based on HRreserve or HRmax. They can also use HRrecovery for 30 s immediately after exercise to verify and understand the variation in their players' cardiorespiratory capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José A. Bragada
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Marinho DA, Willemsen D, Barbosa TM, Silva AJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Neiva HP, Forte P. Numerical simulations of a swimmer's head and cap wearing different types of goggles. Sports Biomech 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34080520 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1923793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of swimming goggles on swimming hydrodynamics by numerical simulations. An elite swimmer volunteered for this research. The swimmer's head was scanned both without goggles, and while wearing 3 different types of goggles (Nikko, Ankor and Swedish). Numerical simulations were conducted at 2 m/s with the Fluent code. The condition without goggles showed the highest viscous drag (1.65 N), followed by the Ankor (1.64 N), Swedish (1.63 N) and Nikko (1.62 N) goggles, respectively. The highest pressure drag was found in the situation without goggles (11.34 N), followed by the Ankor (10.87 N), Nikko (10.78 N) and Swedish (10.20 N) goggles. The condition without goggles presented the highest total drag (12.99 N), followed by the Ankor (12.52 N), Nikko (12.40 N) and Swedish (11.83 N) goggles. Thus, Swedish goggles yields the best hydrodynamics, followed by the Nikko and Ankor goggles and lastly without goggles. Thus, goggles minimise the swimmer's drag comparing to not wearing any. The design of the goggles may impose varying drag forces and therefore it is advised to use goggles at least in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Dennis Willemsen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António José Silva
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Paulo Vilas-Boas
- University of Porto, Faculty of Sport (FADEUP-CIFI2D), Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
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7
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Gliding performance is affected by cranial movement of abdominal organs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21430. [PMID: 33293638 PMCID: PMC7722763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming is an extremely popular sport around the world. The streamlined body position is a crucial and foundational position for swimmers. Since the density of lungs is low, the center of buoyancy is always on the cranial side and the center of gravity is always on the caudal side. It has been reported that the greater the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity, the swimmer’s legs will sink more. This is disadvantageous to swimming performance. However, the way to reduce the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity is yet to be elucidated. Here we show that swimmers with high gliding performance exhibit different abdominal cavity shapes in the streamlined body position, which causes cranial movement of the abdominal organs. This movement can reduce the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity, prevent the legs from sinking, and have a positive effect on gliding performance.
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8
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Barbosa TM, Yam JW, Lum D, Balasekaran G, Marinho DA. Arm-pull thrust in human swimming and the effect of post-activation potentiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8464. [PMID: 32440004 PMCID: PMC7242395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the front-crawl arm-pull kinetics and kinematics, comparing it before and after post-activation potentiation (PAP), and the associations between variables describing of the arm-pull kinetics. Twelve male competitive swimmers were randomly assigned to perform two different warm-ups in a crossover manner: (i) non-PAP (control condition); and (ii) PAP (experimental condition). PAP consisted of 2 × 5 arm-pulls with resistance bands by both upper-limbs. Eight minutes later, participants underwent a 25 m all-out trial in front-crawl arm-pull. Kinetics (i.e., peak thrust, mean thrust and thrust-time integral) and kinematics (i.e., speed and speed fluctuation) were collected by an in-house customised system composed of differential pressure sensors, speedo-meter and underwater camera. There was a significant and large improvement of the arm-pull kinetics after completing the warm-up with PAP sets (0.010 < P < 0.054, 0.50 < d < 0.74). There were non-significant and small effects of PAP on speed (P = 0.307, d = 0.18) and speed fluctuation (P = 0.498, d = 0.04). Correlation coefficients among kinetic variables were significant with large associations (0.51 < R < 0.90, 0.001 < P < 0.088). In conclusion, warm-ups including PAP conditioning sets elicit a large improvement in the thrust, but with small improvement in performance. Variables used to characterise thrust are strongly correlated and hence can be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Barbosa
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development - CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Jia Wen Yam
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danny Lum
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Govindasamy Balasekaran
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development - CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Scurati R, Gatta G, Michielon G, Cortesi M. Techniques and considerations for monitoring swimmers’ passive drag. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1168-1180. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1547099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gatta
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Rimini, School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Sport Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Michielon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cortesi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Rimini, School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Sport Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Liu ZG, Di DD, Wang M, Liu RH, Zhao HY, Piao DR, Zhao ZZ, Hao YQ, Du YN, Jiang H, Cui BY, Xia XZ. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of human Brucella melitensis isolates from Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia, China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 29338693 PMCID: PMC5771123 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is an endemic disease in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and Ulanqab exhibits the highest prevalence of brucellosis in this region. Due to the complex nature of Brucellosis, a cure for this disease has proven to be elusive. Furthermore, the reduced susceptibility of Brucella spp. to antimicrobial agents has been reported as a potential cause of therapeutic failure. However, detailed in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns pertaining to Brucella isolates from this region have not yet been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Brucella melitensis clinical isolates from Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods A total of 85 B. melitesis isolates were obtained from humans in Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia, China; the antimicrobial susceptibility of 85 clinical isolates to nine antibiotics was assessed using the E-test method according to the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines. Results All of the tested isolates were susceptible to minocycline, sparfloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and levofloxacin. Resistance to rifampin and cotrimoxazole was observed in 1.0% (1/85) and 7.0% (6/85) of the isolates, respectively. However, rpoB gene mutations were not observed in single isolates exhibiting resistance to rifampin. Conclusions We observed that B. melitensis isolates are susceptible to the majority of the tested antibiotics. Furthermore, minocycline and sparfloxacin exhibited extremely high bactericidal effects in relation to the B. melitensis isolates. The sensitivity of commonly used drugs for the treatment of brucellosis should be regularly monitored. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of rifampin and cotrimoxazole resistant isolates of B. melitensis in China. In summary, based on the findings from this study, we suggest that antibiotic administration and use should be rationalized to prevent future drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medical Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot, 010018, China.,Ulanqab Centre for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Health and Family Planning Commission of Ulanqab, Ulanqab west Road, Jining, 012000 Inner, Mongolia.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention/Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Di
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, MOA, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Ulanqab Centre for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Health and Family Planning Commission of Ulanqab, Ulanqab west Road, Jining, 012000 Inner, Mongolia
| | - Ri-Hong Liu
- Ulanqab Centre for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Health and Family Planning Commission of Ulanqab, Ulanqab west Road, Jining, 012000 Inner, Mongolia
| | - Hong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention/Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ri Piao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention/Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention/Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qing Hao
- College of Veterinary Medical Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Ya-Nan Du
- College of Veterinary Medical Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention/Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bu-Yun Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention/Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xian-Zhu Xia
- College of Veterinary Medical Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot, 010018, China. .,Institute of Military Veterinary AMMS, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Barbosa TM, Morais JE, Forte P, Neiva H, Garrido ND, Marinho DA. Correction: A Comparison of Experimental and Analytical Procedures to Measure Passive Drag in Human Swimming. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177038. [PMID: 28459852 PMCID: PMC5411041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Barbosa TM, Ramos R, Silva AJ, Marinho DA. Assessment of passive drag in swimming by numerical simulation and analytical procedure. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:492-498. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1321774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M. Barbosa
- Physical Education & Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui Ramos
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
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He Y, Zou X, Li X, Chen J, Jin L, Zhang F, Yu B, Cao Z. Activation of sodium channels by α-scorpion toxin, BmK NT1, produced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells: an association with intracellular Ca 2+ overloading. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:935-948. [PMID: 27318804 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are responsible for the action potential generation in excitable cells including neurons and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Scorpion toxins are invaluable tools to explore the structure and function of ion channels. BmK NT1, a scorpion toxin from Buthus martensii Karsch, stimulates sodium influx in cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). In this study, we characterized the mode of action of BmK NT1 on the VGSCs and explored the cellular response in CGC cultures. BmK NT1 delayed the fast inactivation of VGSCs, increased the Na+ currents, and shifted the steady-state activation and inactivation to more hyperpolarized membrane potential, which was similar to the mode of action of α-scorpion toxins. BmK NT1 stimulated neuron death (EC50 = 0.68 µM) and produced massive intracellular Ca2+ overloading (EC50 = 0.98 µM). TTX abrogated these responses, suggesting that both responses were subsequent to the activation of VGSCs. The Ca2+ response of BmK NT1 was primary through extracellular Ca2+ influx since reducing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration suppressed the Ca2+ response. Further pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that BmK NT1-induced Ca2+ influx and neurotoxicity were partially blocked either by MK-801, an NMDA receptor blocker, or by KB-R7943, an inhibitor of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. Nifedipine, an L-type Ca2+ channel inhibitor, slightly suppressed both Ca2+ response and neurotoxicity. A combination of these three inhibitors abrogated both responses. Considered together, these data ambiguously demonstrated that activation of VGSCs by an α-scorpion toxin was sufficient to produce neurotoxicity which was associated with intracellular Ca2+ overloading through both NMDA receptor- and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-mediated Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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