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Salas-Gallardo GA, Lorea-Hernández JJ, Robles-Gómez ÁA, Del Campo CCM, Peña-Ortega F. Morphological differentiation of peritumoral brain zone microglia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297576. [PMID: 38451958 PMCID: PMC10919594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peritumoral Brain Zone (PBZ) contributes to Glioblastoma (GBM) relapse months after the resection of the original tumor, which is influenced by a variety of pathological factors. Among those, microglia are recognized as one of the main regulators of GBM progression and probably relapse. Although microglial morphology has been analyzed inside GBM and its immediate surroundings, it has not been objectively characterized throughout the PBZ. Thus, we aimed to perform a thorough characterization of microglial morphology in the PBZ and its likely differentiation not just from the tumor-associated microglia but from control tissue microglia. For this purpose, Sprague Dawley rats were intrastriatally implanted with C6 cells to induce a GBM formation. Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to locate the tumor and to define the PBZ (2 mm beyond the tumor border), thus delimitating the different regions of interest (ROIs: core tumoral zone and immediate interface; contralateral striatum as control). Brain slices were obtained and immunolabeled with the microglia marker Iba-1. Sixteen morphological parameters were measured for each cell, significative differences were found in all parameters when comparing the four ROIs. To determine if PBZ microglia could be morphologically differentiated from microglia in other ROIs, hierarchical clustering analysis was performed, revealing that microglia can be separated into four morphologically differentiated clusters, each of them mostly integrated by cells sampled in each ROI. Furthermore, a classifier based on linear discriminant analysis, including only three morphological parameters, categorized microglial cells across the studied ROIs and showed a gradual transition between them. The robustness of this classification was assessed through principal component analysis with the remaining 13 morphological parameters, corroborating the obtained results. Thus, in this study we provided objective and quantitative evidence that PBZ microglia represent a differentiable microglial morphotype that could contribute to the recurrence of GBM in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Anahí Salas-Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Células Neurales Troncales, CIACYT-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Jonathan-Julio Lorea-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Ángel Abdiel Robles-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Claudia Castillo-Martin Del Campo
- Laboratorio de Células Neurales Troncales, CIACYT-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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Ortiz Rivera J, Velez Crespo G, Inyushin M, Kucheryavykh Y, Kucheryavykh L. Pyk2/FAK Signaling Is Upregulated in Recurrent Glioblastoma Tumors in a C57BL/6/GL261 Glioma Implantation Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13467. [PMID: 37686276 PMCID: PMC10487692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of glioblastomas (GBMs) recur shortly after tumor resection and recurrent tumors differ significantly from newly diagnosed GBMs, phenotypically and genetically. In this study, using a Gl261-C57Bl/6 mouse glioma implantation model, we identified significant upregulation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation levels-pPyk2 (579/580) and pFAK (925)-without significant modifications in total Pyk2 and FAK protein expression in tumors regrown after surgical resection, compared with primary implanted tumors. Previously, we demonstrated that Pyk2 and FAK are involved in the regulation of tumor cell invasion and proliferation and are associated with reduced overall survival. We hypothesized that the use of inhibitors of Pyk2/FAK in the postsurgical period may reduce the growth of recurrent tumors. Using Western blot analysis and confocal immunofluorescence approaches, we demonstrated upregulation of Cyclin D1 and the Ki67 proliferation index in tumors regrown after resection, compared with primary implanted tumors. Treatment with Pyk2/FAK inhibitor PF-562271, administered through oral gavage at 50 mg/kg daily for two weeks beginning 2 days before tumor resection, reversed Pyk2/FAK signaling upregulation in recurrent tumors, reduced tumor volume, and increased animal survival. In conclusion, the use of Pyk2/FAK inhibitors can contribute to a delay in GBM tumor regrowth after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jescelica Ortiz Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA; (G.V.C.); (M.I.); (Y.K.); (L.K.)
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3
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Ortiz-Rivera J, Nuñez R, Kucheryavykh Y, Kucheryavykh L. The PYK2 inhibitor PF-562271 enhances the effect of temozolomide on tumor growth in a C57Bl/6-Gl261 mouse glioma model. J Neurooncol 2023; 161:593-604. [PMID: 36790653 PMCID: PMC9992029 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of resistance to temozolomide (TMZ), a standard chemotherapeutic, limits the effective treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) regulate proliferation and invasion of GBM cells. We found that TMZ activates FAK and Pyk2 signaling in GBM. We hypothesized that pharmacological inhibitors of Pyk2/FAK together with TMZ can enhance the inhibitory effect of TMZ on tumor growth and dispersal and improve the treatment outcome. METHODS Primary human GBM cell cultures and a C57Bl/6-GL261 mouse glioma implantation model were used. Pyk2 (Tyr579/580) and FAK (Tyr925) phosphorylation was analyzed by western blotting. Viability, cell cycle, migration, invasion and invadopodia formation were investigated in vitro. Animal survival, tumor size and invasion, TUNEL apoptotic cell death and the Ki67 proliferation index were evaluated in vivo upon treatment with TMZ (50 mg/kg, once/day, orally) and the Pyk2/FAK inhibitor PF-562271 (once/daily, 50 mg/kg, orally) vs. TMZ monotherapy. RESULTS In vitro studies revealed significantly reduced viability, cell cycle progression, invasion and invadopodia with TMZ (100 µM) + PF-562271 (16 nM) compared with TMZ alone. In vivo studies demonstrated that combinatorial treatment led to prominent reductions in tumor size and invasive margins, extensive signs of apoptosis and a reduced proliferation index, together with a 15% increase in the survival rate in animals, compared with TMZ monotherapy. CONCLUSION TMZ + PF-562271 eliminates TMZ-related Pyk2/FAK activation in GBM and improves the treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jescelica Ortiz-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956 USA
| | - Rebeca Nuñez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956 USA
| | - Yuriy Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956 USA
| | - Lilia Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956 USA
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4
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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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5
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Ortiz-Rivera J, Albors A, Kucheryavykh Y, Harrison JK, Kucheryavykh L. The Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating Myeloid Cell Activation and the Cytokine Expression Profile in a Glioma Resection Site during the Post-Surgical Period in Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070893. [PMID: 35884700 PMCID: PMC9313002 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain cancer and is highly infiltrated with cells of myeloid lineage (TIM) that support tumor growth and invasion. Tumor resection is the primary treatment for glioblastoma; however, the activation state of TIM at the site of tumor resection and its impact on glioma regrowth are poorly understood. Using the C57BL/6/GL261 mouse glioma implantation model, we investigated the state of TIM in the tumor resection area during the post-surgical period. TIM isolated from brain tissue at the resection site were analyzed at 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after tumor resection. An increase in expression of CD86 during the first 7 days after surgical resection and then upregulation of arginase 1 from the 14th to 21st days after resection were detected. Cytokine expression analysis combined with qRT-PCR revealed sustained upregulation of IL4, IL5, IL10, IL12, IL17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1/CCL2) in TIM purified from regrown tumors compared with primary implanted tumors. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increased CD86+/CD206+ population in regrown tumors compared with primary implanted tumors. Overall, we found that TIM in primary implanted tumors and tumors regrown after resection exhibited different phenotypes and cytokine expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jescelica Ortiz-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandro Albors
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Yuriy Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Jeffrey K. Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Lilia Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (L.K.)
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Microglial Cytokines Induce Invasiveness and Proliferation of Human Glioblastoma through Pyk2 and FAK Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246160. [PMID: 34944779 PMCID: PMC8699228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microglia infiltrate most gliomas and have been demonstrated to promote tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. To develop improved treatment methods, that take into consideration the supporting role of microglia in tumor progression, the functional and mechanistic pathways of glioma–microglia interactions need to be identified and experimentally dissected. Our recent studies and literature reports revealed the overexpression of Pyk2 and FAK in glioblastomas. Pyk2 and FAK signaling pathways have been shown to regulate migration and proliferation in glioma cells, including microglia-promoted glioma cell migration. However, the specific factors released by microglia that modulate Pyk2 and FAK to promote glioma invasiveness and proliferation are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify key microglia-derived signaling molecules that induce the activation of Pyk2- and FAK-dependent glioma cell proliferation and invasiveness. Abstract Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that microglia create a microenvironment favoring glioma invasion and proliferation. Our previous studies and literature reports indicated the involvement of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in glioma cell proliferation and invasion, stimulated by tumor-infiltrating microglia. However, the specific microglia-released factors that modulate Pyk2 and FAK signaling in glioma cells are unknown. In this study, 20 human glioblastoma specimens were evaluated with the use of RT-PCR and western blotting. A Pierson correlation test demonstrated a correlation (0.6–1.0) between the gene expression levels for platelet-derived growth factor β(PDGFβ), stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), IL-6, IL-8, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in tumor-purified microglia and levels of p-Pyk2 (Y579/Y580) and p-FAK(Y925) in glioma cells. siRNA knockdown against Pyk2 or FAK in three primary glioblastoma cell lines, developed from the investigated specimens, in combination with the cytokine receptor inhibitors gefitinib (1 μM), DMPQ (200 nM), and burixafor (1 μM) identified EGF, PDGFβ, and SDF-1α as key extracellular factors in the Pyk2- and FAK-dependent activation of invadopodia formation and the migration of glioma cells. EGF and IL-6 were identified as regulators of the Pyk2- and FAK-dependent activation of cell viability and mitosis.
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Wu Y, Li N, Ye C, Jiang X, Luo H, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors, a heavy punch to cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 35201485 PMCID: PMC8777493 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinases are the ideal druggable targets for diseases and especially were highlighted on cancer therapy. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and its aberrant signaling extensively implicates in the progression of most cancer types, involving in cancer cell growth, adhesion, migration, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. FAK is commonly overexpressed and activated in a variety of cancers and plays as a targetable kinase in cancer therapy. FAK inhibitors already exhibited promising performance in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials. Moreover, substantial evidence has implied that targeting FAK is more effective in combination strategy, thereby reversing the failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies in solid tumors. In the current review, we summarized the drug development progress, chemotherapy strategy, and perspective view for FAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Ning Li
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Chengfeng Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Baoyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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8
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de Pins B, Mendes T, Giralt A, Girault JA. The Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 in Brain Function and Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:749001. [PMID: 34690733 PMCID: PMC8527176 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.749001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly enriched in forebrain neurons. Pyk2 is closely related to focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which plays an important role in sensing cell contacts with extracellular matrix and other extracellular signals controlling adhesion and survival. Pyk2 shares some of FAK’s characteristics including recruitment of Src-family kinases after autophosphorylation, scaffolding by interacting with multiple partners, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Pyk2, however, has the unique property to respond to increases in intracellular free Ca2+, which triggers its autophosphorylation following stimulation of various receptors including glutamate NMDA receptors. Pyk2 is dephosphorylated by the striatal-enriched phosphatase (STEP) that is highly expressed in the same neuronal populations. Pyk2 localization in neurons is dynamic, and altered following stimulation, with post-synaptic and nuclear enrichment. As a signaling protein Pyk2 is involved in multiple pathways resulting in sometimes opposing functions depending on experimental models. Thus Pyk2 has a dual role on neurites and dendritic spines. With Src family kinases Pyk2 participates in postsynaptic regulations including of NMDA receptors and is necessary for specific types of synaptic plasticity and spatial memory tasks. The diverse functions of Pyk2 are also illustrated by its role in pathology. Pyk2 is activated following epileptic seizures or ischemia-reperfusion and may contribute to the consequences of these insults whereas Pyk2 deficit may contribute to the hippocampal phenotype of Huntington’s disease. Pyk2 gene, PTK2B, is associated with the risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Studies of underlying mechanisms indicate a complex contribution with involvement in amyloid toxicity and tauopathy, combined with possible functional deficits in neurons and contribution in microglia. A role of Pyk2 has also been proposed in stress-induced depression and cocaine addiction. Pyk2 is also important for the mobility of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells. The implication of Pyk2 in various pathological conditions supports its potential interest for therapeutic interventions. This is possible through molecules inhibiting its activity or increasing it through inhibition of STEP or other means, depending on a precise evaluation of the balance between positive and negative consequences of Pyk2 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit de Pins
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Tiago Mendes
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Kai K, Komohara Y, Esumi S, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto T, Uekawa K, Ohta K, Takezaki T, Kuroda J, Shinojima N, Hamasaki T, Mukasa A. Macrophage/microglia-derived IL-1β induces glioblastoma growth via the STAT3/NF-κB pathway. Hum Cell 2021; 35:226-237. [PMID: 34591282 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a glioma characterized by highly malignant features. Numerous studies conducted on the relationship between glioblastoma and the microenvironment have indicated the significance of tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) in glioblastoma progression. Since interleukin (IL)-1β secreted by TAMs has been suggested to promote glioblastoma growth, we attempted to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of IL-1β in glioblastoma growth in this study. A phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase array and RNA-sequencing studies indicated that IL-1β induced the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. Glioblastoma cells stimulated by IL-1β induced the production of IL-6 and CXCL8, which synergistically promoted glioblastoma growth via signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. By immunohistochemistry, IL-1β expression was seen on TAMs, especially in perinecrotic areas. These results suggest that IL-1β might be a useful target molecule for anti-glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kai
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Esumi
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ken Uekawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takezaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hamasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Chaudhary R, Morris RJ, Steinson E. The multifactorial roles of microglia and macrophages in the maintenance and progression of glioblastoma. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577633. [PMID: 34153803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional characteristics of glial cells, in particular microglia, have attained considerable importance in several diseases, including glioblastoma, the most hostile and malignant type of intracranial tumor. Microglia performs a highly significant role in the brain's inflammatory response mechanism. They exhibit anti-tumor properties via phagocytosis and the activation of a number of different cytotoxic substances. Some tumor-derived factors, however, transform these microglial cells into immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive, facilitating survival and progression of tumorigenic cells. Glioma-associated microglia and/or macrophages (GAMs) accounts for a large proportion of glioma infiltrating cells. Once within the tumor, GAMs exhibit a distinct phenotype of initiation that subsequently supports the growth and development of tumorigenic cells, angiogenesis and stimulates the infiltration of healthy brain regions. Interventions that suppress or prohibit the induction of GAMs at the tumor site or attenuate their immunological activities accommodating anti-tumor actions are likely to exert positive impact on glioblastoma treatment. In the present paper, we aim to summarize the most recent knowledge of microglia and its physiology, as well as include a very brief description of different molecular factors involved in microglia and glioblastoma interplay. We further address some of the major signaling pathways that regulate the baseline motility of glioblastoma progression. Finally, we discussed a number of therapeutic approaches regarding glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India.
| | - Rhianna J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Steinson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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11
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Chen P, Duan Y, Lu X, Chen L, Zhang W, Wang H, Hu R, Liu S. RB1CC1 functions as a tumor-suppressing gene in renal cell carcinoma via suppression of PYK2 activity and disruption of TAZ-mediated PDL1 transcription activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3261-3275. [PMID: 33837850 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rb1-inducible coiled-coil 1 (RB1CC1) has been demonstrated to function as an inhibitor of proline-rich/Ca-activated tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) by binding to the kinase domain of PYK2, which promotes the proliferation, invasion, and migration of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Additionally, in breast cancer, PYK2 positively regulates the expression of transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) which in turn can enhance PDL1 levels in breast and lung cancer cells. The current study was performed to decipher the impact of RB1CC1 in the progression of RCC via regulation of the PYK2/TAZ/PDL1 signaling axis. Expression of RB1CC1 and PYK2 was quantified in clinical tissue samples from RCC patients. The relationship between TAZ and PYK2, TAZ and PDL1 was then validated. The cellular processes of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced human RCC cell lines including the abilities of proliferation, colony formation, sphere formation and apoptosis, as well as the tumorigenicity of transfected cells, were evaluated after the alteration of RB1CC1 expression. RB1CC1 exhibited decreased expression in RCC tissues and was positively correlated with patient survival. RB1CC1 could inhibit the activity of PYK2, which in turn stimulated the stability of TAZ protein by phosphorylating TAZ. Meanwhile, TAZ protein activated PDL1 transcription by binding to the promoter region of PDL1. RB1CC1 overexpression or PYK2 knockdown could help everolimus (EVE) to inhibit tumor proliferation and activate immune response. Taken together, RB1CC1 can potentially augment the response of RCC cells to immunotherapy by suppressing the PYK2/TAZ/PDL1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youjun Duan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Lu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shimin Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zayas-Santiago A, Díaz-García A, Nuñez-Rodríguez R, Inyushin M. Accumulation of amyloid beta in human glioblastomas. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:325-334. [PMID: 32654112 PMCID: PMC7670151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer types are intrinsically associated with specific types of amyloidosis, in which amyloid is accumulated locally inside tumors or systemically. Usually, this condition relates to the hyperproduction of specific amylogenic proteins. Recently, we found that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide immunofluorescence is linked to glioma cells in mouse tumors. Here we report that amyloid-specific histochemical dyes reveal amyloid accumulation in all human glioma samples. Application of two different antibodies against Aβ peptide (a polyclonal antibody against human Aβ1-42 and a monoclonal pan-specific mAb-2 antibody against Aβ) showed that the amyloid in glioma samples contains Aβ. Amyloid was linked to glioma cells expressing glial-specific fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and to glioma blood vessels. Astrocytes close to the glioma site and to affected vessels also accumulated Aβ. We discuss whether amyloid is produced by glioma cells or is the result of systemic production of Aβ in response to glioma development due to an innate immunity reaction. We conclude that amyloid build-up in glioma tumors is a part of the tumor environment, and may be used as a target for developing a novel class of anti-tumor drugs and as an antigen for glioma visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zayas-Santiago
- Physiology Department, Medical School, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - A Díaz-García
- Physiology Department, Medical School, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - R Nuñez-Rodríguez
- Biochemistry Department, Medical School, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - M Inyushin
- Physiology Department, Medical School, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
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13
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Grafals-Ruiz N, Rios-Vicil CI, Lozada-Delgado EL, Quiñones-Díaz BI, Noriega-Rivera RA, Martínez-Zayas G, Santana-Rivera Y, Santiago-Sánchez GS, Valiyeva F, Vivas-Mejía PE. Brain Targeted Gold Liposomes Improve RNAi Delivery for Glioblastoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2809-2828. [PMID: 32368056 PMCID: PMC7185647 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal of the central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. The initiation, progression, and infiltration ability of GBMs are attributed in part to the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs). Thus, targeting dysregulated miRNAs with RNA oligonucleotides (RNA interference, RNAi) has been proposed for GBM treatment. Despite promising results in the laboratory, RNA oligonucleotides have clinical limitations that include poor RNA stability and off-target effects. RNAi therapies against GBM confront an additional obstacle, as they need to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). METHODS Here, we developed gold-liposome nanoparticles conjugated with the brain targeting peptides apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG). First, we functionalized gold nanoparticles with oligonucleotide miRNA inhibitors (OMIs), creating spherical nucleic acids (SNAs). Next, we encapsulated SNAs into ApoE, or RVG-conjugated liposomes, to obtain SNA-Liposome-ApoE and SNA-Liposome-RVG, respectively. We characterized each nanoparticle in terms of their size, charge, encapsulation efficiency, and delivery efficiency into U87 GBM cells in vitro. Then, they were administered intravenously (iv) in GBM syngeneic mice to evaluate their delivery efficiency to brain tumor tissue. RESULTS SNA-Liposomes of about 30-50 nm in diameter internalized U87 GBM cells and inhibited the expression of miRNA-92b, an aberrantly overexpressed miRNA in GBM cell lines and GBM tumors. Conjugating SNA-Liposomes with ApoE or RVG peptides increased their systemic delivery to the brain tumors of GBM syngeneic mice. SNA-Liposome-ApoE demonstrated to accumulate at higher extension in brain tumor tissues, when compared with non-treated controls, SNA-Liposomes, or SNA-Liposome-RVG. DISCUSSION SNA-Liposome-ApoE has the potential to advance the translation of miRNA-based therapies for GBM as well as other CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmary Grafals-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Christian I Rios-Vicil
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eunice L Lozada-Delgado
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Blanca I Quiñones-Díaz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ricardo A Noriega-Rivera
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriel Martínez-Zayas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Ginette S Santiago-Sánchez
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Pablo E Vivas-Mejía
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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14
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Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Leidgens V, Feliciello G, Klein CA, Hau P. Tumor Cell Invasion in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061932. [PMID: 32178267 PMCID: PMC7139341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a particularly devastating tumor with a median survival of about 16 months. Recent research has revealed novel insights into the outstanding heterogeneity of this type of brain cancer. However, all GBM subtypes share the hallmark feature of aggressive invasion into the surrounding tissue. Invasive glioblastoma cells escape surgery and focal therapies and thus represent a major obstacle for curative therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of glioma invasion mechanisms with respect to tumor-cell-intrinsic properties as well as cues provided by the microenvironment. We discuss genetic programs that may influence the dissemination and plasticity of GBM cells as well as their different invasion patterns. We also review how tumor cells shape their microenvironment and how, vice versa, components of the extracellular matrix and factors from non-neoplastic cells influence tumor cell motility. We further discuss different research platforms for modeling invasion. Finally, we highlight the importance of accounting for the complex interplay between tumor cell invasion and treatment resistance in glioblastoma when considering new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.V.-Z.); (V.L.)
| | - Verena Leidgens
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.V.-Z.); (V.L.)
| | - Giancarlo Feliciello
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (G.F.); (C.A.K.)
| | - Christoph A. Klein
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (G.F.); (C.A.K.)
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.V.-Z.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-941-8083; Fax: +49-941-941-363013
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15
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Role of Infiltrating Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:281-298. [PMID: 32034719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we describe the state of the art knowledge of the role played by myeloid cells in promoting and supporting the growth and the invasive properties of a deadly brain tumor, glioblastoma. We provide a review of the works describing the intercellular communication among glioma and associated microglia/macrophage cells (GAMs) using in vitro cellular models derived from mice, rats and human patients and in vivo animal models using syngeneic or xenogeneic experimental systems. Special emphasis will be given to 1) the timing alteration of brain microenvironment under the influence of glioma, 2) the bidirectional communication among tumor and GAMs, 3) possible approaches to interfere with or to guide these interactions, with the aim to identify molecular and cellular targets which could revert or delay the vicious cycle that favors tumor biology.
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16
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Leite DM, Zvar Baskovic B, Civita P, Neto C, Gumbleton M, Pilkington GJ. A human co-culture cell model incorporating microglia supports glioblastoma growth and migration, and confers resistance to cytotoxics. FASEB J 2019; 34:1710-1727. [PMID: 31914660 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901858rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the tumor microenvironment in regulating tumor progression, few in vitro models have been developed to understand the effects of non-neoplastic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) on drug resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Using CellTrace-labeled human GBM and microglial (MG) cells, we established a 2D co-culture including various ratios of the two cell types. Viability, proliferation, migration, and drug response assays were carried out to assess the role of MG. A 3D model was then established using a hyaluronic acid-gelatin hydrogel to culture a mixture of GBM and MG and evaluate drug resistance. A contact co-culture of fluorescently labeled GBM and MG demonstrated that MG cells modestly promoted tumor cell proliferation (17%-30% increase) and greater migration of GBM cells (>1.5-fold increase). Notably, the presence of MG elicited drug resistance even when in a low ratio (10%-20%) relative to co-cultured tumor cells. The protective effect of MG on GBM was greater in the 3D model (>100% survival of GBM when challenged with cytotoxics). This new 3D human model demonstrated the influence of non-neoplastic cells and matrix on chemoresistance of GBM cells to three agents with different mechanisms of action suggesting that such sophisticated in vitro approaches may facilitate improved preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Leite
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Prospero Civita
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Genomics Section, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Neto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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17
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Stine CA, Munson JM. Convection-Enhanced Delivery: Connection to and Impact of Interstitial Fluid Flow. Front Oncol 2019; 9:966. [PMID: 31632905 PMCID: PMC6783516 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a method used to increase transport of therapeutics in and around brain tumors. CED works through locally applying a pressure differential to drive fluid flow throughout the tumor, such that convective forces dominate over diffusive transport. This allows therapies to bypass the blood brain barrier that would otherwise be too large or solely rely on passive diffusion. However, this also drives fluid flow out through the tumor bulk into surrounding brain parenchyma, which results in increased interstitial fluid (IF) flow, or fluid flow within extracellular spaces in the tissue. IF flow has been associated with altered transport of molecules, extracellular matrix rearrangement, and triggering of cellular motility through a number of mechanisms. Thus, the results of a simple method to increase drug delivery may have unintended consequences on tissue morphology. Clinically, prediction of dispersal of agents via CED is important to catheter design, placement, and implementation to optimize contact of tumor cells with therapeutic agent. Prediction software can aid in this problem, yet we wonder if there is a better way to predict therapeutic distribution based simply on IF flow pathways as determined from pre-intervention imaging. Overall, CED based therapy has seen limited success and we posit that integration and appreciation of altered IF flow may enhance outcomes. Thus, in this manuscript we both review the current state of the art in CED and IF flow mechanistic understanding and relate these two elements to each other in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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18
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Kucheryavykh LY, Ortiz-Rivera J, Kucheryavykh YV, Zayas-Santiago A, Diaz-Garcia A, Inyushin MY. Accumulation of Innate Amyloid Beta Peptide in Glioblastoma Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102482. [PMID: 31137462 PMCID: PMC6567111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostaining with specific antibodies has shown that innate amyloid beta (Aβ) is accumulated naturally in glioma tumors and nearby blood vessels in a mouse model of glioma. In immunofluorescence images, Aβ peptide coincides with glioma cells, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have shown that Aβ peptide is enriched in the membrane protein fraction of tumor cells. ELISAs have also confirmed that the Aβ(1–40) peptide is enriched in glioma tumor areas relative to healthy brain areas. Thioflavin staining revealed that at least some amyloid is present in glioma tumors in aggregated forms. We may suggest that the presence of aggregated amyloid in glioma tumors together with the presence of Aβ immunofluorescence coinciding with glioma cells and the nearby vasculature imply that the source of Aβ peptides in glioma can be systemic Aβ from blood vessels, but this question remains unresolved and needs additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Y Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Jescelica Ortiz-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Yuriy V Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Astrid Zayas-Santiago
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Amanda Diaz-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Mikhail Y Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, USA.
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19
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Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticulate Cytochrome C into Glioma Cells Through the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040154. [PMID: 31003476 PMCID: PMC6523331 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) as a route for targeted delivery of drugs to some gliomas. Using the techniques of confocal imaging, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and small interfering (siRNA) knockdown against the PCFT, we demonstrated that Gl261 and A172 glioma cells, but not U87 and primary cultured astrocytes, express the PCFT, which provides selective internalization of folic acid (FA)-conjugated cytochrome c-containing nanoparticles (FA-Cyt c NPs), followed by cell death. The FA-Cyt c NPs (100 µg/mL), had no cytotoxic effects in astrocytes but caused death in glioma cells, according to their level of expression of PCFT. Whole-cell patch clamp recording revealed FA-induced membrane currents in FA-Cyt c NPs-sensitive gliomas, that were reduced by siRNA PCFT knockdown in a similar manner as by application of FA-Cyt c NPs, indicating that the PCFT is a route for internalization of FA-conjugated NPs in these glioma cells. Analysis of human glioblastoma specimens revealed that at least 25% of glioblastomas express elevated level of either PCFT or folate receptor (FOLR1). We conclude that the PCFT provides a mechanism for targeted delivery of drugs to some gliomas as a starting point for the development of efficient methods for treating gliomas with high expression of PCFT and/or FOLR1.
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20
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Starossom SC, Campo Garcia J, Woelfle T, Romero-Suarez S, Olah M, Watanabe F, Cao L, Yeste A, Tukker JJ, Quintana FJ, Imitola J, Witzel F, Schmitz D, Morkel M, Paul F, Infante-Duarte C, Khoury SJ. Chi3l3 induces oligodendrogenesis in an experimental model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:217. [PMID: 30644388 PMCID: PMC6333780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neural stem cells (NSCs) can replace damaged oligodendrocytes if the local microenvironment supports the required differentiation process. Although chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) form part of this microenvironment, their function in this differentiation process is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that murine Chitinase 3-like-3 (Chi3l3/Ym1), human Chi3L1 and Chit1 induce oligodendrogenesis. In mice, Chi3l3 is highly expressed in the subventricular zone, a stem cell niche of the adult brain, and in inflammatory brain lesions during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We find that silencing Chi3l3 increases severity of EAE. We present evidence that in NSCs Chi3l3 activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby inducing Pyk2-and Erk1/2- dependent expression of a pro-oligodendrogenic transcription factor signature. Our results implicate CLP-EGFR-Pyk2-MEK-ERK as a key intrinsic pathway controlling oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Starossom
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Juliana Campo Garcia
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Woelfle
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suarez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Olah
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fumihiro Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology-The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John J Tukker
- Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology-The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Franziska Witzel
- IRI Life Sciences, Institute of Pathology, Computational Modeling in Medicine, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Institute of Pathology, Computational Modeling in Medicine, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Morkel
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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21
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Rui Q, Ni H, Li D, Gao R, Chen G. The Role of LRRK2 in Neurodegeneration of Parkinson Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1348-1357. [PMID: 29473513 PMCID: PMC6251048 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180222165418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene and α-synuclein gene (SNCA) are the key influencing factors of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is reported that dysfunction of LRRK2 may influence the accumulation of α-synuclein and its pathology to alter cellular functions and signaling pathways by the kinase activation of LRRK2. The accumulation of α-synuclein is one of the main stimulants of microglial activation. Microglia are macrophages that reside in the brain, and acti-vation of microglia is believed to contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal death in PD. Therefore, clarifying the com-plex relationship among LRRK2, α-synuclein and microglials could offer targeted clinical therapies for PD. Here, we provide an updated review focused on the discussion of the evidence supporting some of the key mechanisms that are important for LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration in PD
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Rui
- Department of Laboratory, The First People`s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People`s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First People`s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People`s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays essential roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Pyk2 serves as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase regulating tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis and shortened survival in various cancer types. Thus, Pyk2 has been traditionally regarded as an oncogene and potential therapeutic target for cancers. However, a few studies have also demonstrated that Pyk2 exerts tumor-suppressive effects in some cancers, and anti-cancer treatment of Pyk2 inhibitors may only achieve marginal benefits in these cancers. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of the contradictory functions of Pyk2 is needed. In this review, we summarized the tissue distribution, expression, interactive molecules of Pyk2 in the signaling pathway, and roles of Pyk2 in cancers, and focused on regulation of the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and its downstream targets. The potential use of inhibitors of Pyk2 and its related pathways in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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23
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Valentín-Guillama G, López S, Kucheryavykh YV, Chorna NE, Pérez J, Ortiz-Rivera J, Inyushin M, Makarov V, Valentín-Acevedo A, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Boukli N, Kucheryavykh LY. HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120 Promotes Proliferation and the Activation of Glycolysis in Glioma Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090301. [PMID: 30200472 PMCID: PMC6162763 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prone to developing cancers, including glioblastomas (GBMs). The median survival for HIV positive GBM patients is significantly shorter than for those who are uninfected, despite the fact that they receive the same treatments. The nature of the GBM–HIV association remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 on GBM cell proliferation. Specifically, we performed cell cycle, western blot, protein synthesis and metabolomics analysis as well as ATP production and oxygen consumption assays to evaluate proliferation and metabolic pathways in primary human glioma cell line, U87, A172 cells and in the HIVgp120tg/GL261 mouse model. Glioma cells treated with gp120 (100 ng/mL for 7–10 days) showed higher proliferation rates and upregulation in the expression of enolase 2, hexokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase when compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, we detected an increase in the activity of pyruvate kinase and a higher glycolytic index in gp120 treated cells. Gp120 treated GBM cells also showed heightened lipid and protein synthesis. Overall, we demonstrate that in glioma cells, the HIV envelope glycoprotein promotes proliferation and activation of glycolysis resulting in increased protein and lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Valentín-Guillama
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Sheila López
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Yuriy V Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Nataliya E Chorna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Jose Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Jescelica Ortiz-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Michael Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA, .
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
| | - Aníbal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road South, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Nawal Boukli
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Lilia Y Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
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24
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Role of Microenvironment in Glioma Invasion: What We Learned from In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010147. [PMID: 29300332 PMCID: PMC5796096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion properties of glioblastoma hamper a radical surgery and are responsible for its recurrence. Understanding the invasion mechanisms is thus critical to devise new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the creation of in vitro models that enable these mechanisms to be studied represents a crucial step. Since in vitro models represent an over-simplification of the in vivo system, in these years it has been attempted to increase the level of complexity of in vitro assays to create models that could better mimic the behaviour of the cells in vivo. These levels of complexity involved: 1. The dimension of the system, moving from two-dimensional to three-dimensional models; 2. The use of microfluidic systems; 3. The use of mixed cultures of tumour cells and cells of the tumour micro-environment in order to mimic the complex cross-talk between tumour cells and their micro-environment; 4. And the source of cells used in an attempt to move from commercial lines to patient-based models. In this review, we will summarize the evidence obtained exploring these different levels of complexity and highlighting advantages and limitations of each system used.
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25
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Zhao X, Chen R, Liu M, Feng J, Chen J, Hu K. Remodeling the blood-brain barrier microenvironment by natural products for brain tumor therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:541-553. [PMID: 28924548 PMCID: PMC5595291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor incidence shows an upward trend in recent years; brain tumors account for 5% of adult tumors, while in children, this figure has increased to 70%. Moreover, 20%-30% of malignant tumors will eventually metastasize into the brain. Both benign and malignant tumors can cause an increase in intracranial pressure and brain tissue compression, leading to central nervous system (CNS) damage which endangers the patients' lives. Despite the many approaches to treating brain tumors and the progress that has been made, only modest gains in survival time of brain tumor patients have been achieved. At present, chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for many cancers, but the special structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits most chemotherapeutic agents from passing through the BBB and penetrating into tumors in the brain. The BBB microenvironment contains numerous cell types, including endothelial cells, astrocytes, peripheral cells and microglia, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Many chemical components of natural products are reported to regulate the BBB microenvironment near brain tumors and assist in their treatment. This review focuses on the composition and function of the BBB microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions, and the current research progress in regulating the BBB microenvironment by natural products to promote the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Gagner JP, Sarfraz Y, Ortenzi V, Alotaibi FM, Chiriboga LA, Tayyib AT, Douglas GJ, Chevalier E, Romagnoli B, Tuffin G, Schmitt M, Lemercier G, Dembowsky K, Zagzag D. Multifaceted C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) Inhibition Interferes with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy-Induced Glioma Dissemination. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2080-2094. [PMID: 28734730 PMCID: PMC5809520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in glioblastoma (GBM) patients may involve hypoxia-induced expression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on invading tumor cells, macrophage/microglial cells (MGCs), and glioma stem cells (GSCs). We determined whether antagonizing CXCR4 with POL5551 disrupts anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy-induced glioma growth and dissemination. Mice bearing orthotopic CT-2A or GL261 gliomas received POL5551 and/or anti-VEGF antibody B20-4.1.1. Brain tissue was analyzed for tumor volume, invasiveness, hypoxia, vascular density, proliferation, apoptosis, GSCs, and MGCs. Glioma cells were evaluated for CXCR4 expression and polymorphism and POL5551's effects on CXCR4 ligand binding, cell viability, and migration. No CXCR4 mutations were identified. POL5551 inhibited CXCR4 binding to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, and reduced hypoxia- and stromal cell-derived factor-1α-mediated migration dose-dependently but minimally affected cell viability. In vivo, B20-4.1.1 increased hypoxic foci and invasiveness, as seen in GBM patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy. Combination of POL5551 and B20-4.1.1 reduced both glioma invasiveness by 16% to 39% and vascular density compared to B20-4.1.1 alone in both glioma models. Reduced populations of GSCs and MGCs were also seen in CT-2A tumors. POL5551 concentrations, evaluated by mass spectrometry, were higher in tumors than in neighboring brain tissues, likely accounting for the results. Inhibition of CXCR4-regulated tumoral, stem cell, and immune mechanisms by adjunctive CXCR4 antagonists may help overcome antiangiogenic therapy resistance, benefiting GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gagner
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yasmeen Sarfraz
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Valerio Ortenzi
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Fawaz M Alotaibi
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Luis A Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Awab T Tayyib
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Neuropathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; New York University Langone Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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27
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Poon CC, Sarkar S, Yong VW, Kelly JJP. Glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages: targets for therapies to improve prognosis. Brain 2017; 140:1548-1560. [PMID: 28334886 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and most malignant primary adult human brain tumour. Diagnosis of glioblastoma carries a dismal prognosis. Treatment resistance and tumour recurrence are the result of both cancer cell proliferation and their interaction with the tumour microenvironment. A large proportion of the tumour microenvironment consists of an inflammatory infiltrate predominated by microglia and macrophages, which are thought to be subverted by glioblastoma cells for tumour growth. Thus, glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages are logical therapeutic targets. Their emerging roles in glioblastoma progression are reflected in the burgeoning research into therapeutics directed at their modification or elimination. Here, we review the biology of glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages, and model systems used to study these cells in vitro and in vivo. We discuss translation of results using these model systems and review recent advances in immunotherapies targeting microglia and macrophages in glioblastoma. Significant challenges remain but medications that affect glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages hold considerable promise to improve the prognosis for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John J P Kelly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Roos A, Ding Z, Loftus JC, Tran NL. Molecular and Microenvironmental Determinants of Glioma Stem-Like Cell Survival and Invasion. Front Oncol 2017; 7:120. [PMID: 28670569 PMCID: PMC5472661 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults with a 5-year survival rate of 5% despite intensive research efforts. The poor prognosis is due, in part, to aggressive invasion into the surrounding brain parenchyma. Invasion is a complex process mediated by cell-intrinsic pathways, extrinsic microenvironmental cues, and biophysical cues from the peritumoral stromal matrix. Recent data have attributed GBM invasion to the glioma stem-like cell (GSC) subpopulation. GSCs are slowly dividing, highly invasive, therapy resistant, and are considered to give rise to tumor recurrence. GSCs are localized in a heterogeneous cellular niche, and cross talk between stromal cells and GSCs cultivates a fertile environment that promotes GSC invasion. Pro-migratory soluble factors from endothelial cells, astrocytes, macrophages, microglia, and non-stem-like tumor cells can stimulate peritumoral invasion of GSCs. Therefore, therapeutic efforts designed to target the invasive GSCs may enhance patient survival. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of extrinsic pathways and major stromal and immune players facilitating GSC maintenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Roos
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Zonghui Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph C Loftus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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29
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Zhang F, Lu YX, Chen Q, Zou HM, Zhang JM, Hu YH, Li XM, Zhang WJ, Zhang W, Lin C, Li XN. Identification of NCK1 as a novel downstream effector of STAT3 in colorectal cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 36:67-78. [PMID: 28455144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is known to activate targets associated with invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis in a wide variety of cancers. The adaptor protein NCK1 is involved in cytoskeletal movement and was identified as a STAT3-associated target in human tumors. However, the underlying molecular mechanism associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis is not yet completely understood. In this study, we report a novel STAT3 to NCK1 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the expression of NCK1 and its potential clinical and biological significance in CRC. NCK1 was noticeably up-regulated in human CRC tissues. NCK1 was also significantly associated with serosal invasion, lymph metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis classification but was inversely correlated with differentiation. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies have shown that ectopic expression of NCK1 enhanced metastasis and angiogenesis in CRC cells. By gene expression analyses, we revealed a high co-overexpression of STAT3 and NCK1 in CRC tissues. Ectopic overexpression of STAT3 in CRC cells induced the expression of NCK1, whereas STAT3 knockdown decreased the expression of NCK1. Promoter activation and binding analyses demonstrated that STAT3 promoted the expression of NCK1 via direct action on the NCK1 promoter. The knock down of NCK1 partially reduced the CRC cell metastasis and angiogenesis promoted by STAT3. Additionally, by co-immunoprecipitation assays, we verified that NCK1 interacted with PAK1, which resulted in the activation of the PAK1/ERK pathway. STAT3 induced the transcription of NCK1 and triggered a PAK1/ERK cascade in CRC. These findings suggest a novel STAT3 to NCK1 to PAK1/ERK signaling mechanism that is potentially critical for CRC metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hui-Mei Zou
- School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yu-Han Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wen-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xue-Nong Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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30
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Mortadza SS, Sim JA, Stacey M, Jiang LH. Signalling mechanisms mediating Zn 2+-induced TRPM2 channel activation and cell death in microglial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45032. [PMID: 28322340 PMCID: PMC5359577 DOI: 10.1038/srep45032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive Zn2+ causes brain damage via promoting ROS generation. Here we investigated the role of ROS-sensitive TRPM2 channel in H2O2/Zn2+-induced Ca2+ signalling and cell death in microglial cells. H2O2/Zn2+ induced concentration-dependent increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), which was inhibited by PJ34, a PARP inhibitor, and abolished by TRPM2 knockout (TRPM2-KO). Pathological concentrations of H2O2/Zn2+ induced substantial cell death that was inhibited by PJ34 and DPQ, PARP inhibitors, 2-APB, a TRPM2 channel inhibitor, and prevented by TRPM2-KO. Further analysis indicate that Zn2+ induced ROS production, PARP-1 stimulation, increase in the [Ca2+]c and cell death, all of which were suppressed by chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, DPI, a NADPH-dependent oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, GKT137831, a NOX1/4 inhibitor, and Phox-I2, a NOX2 inhibitor. Furthermore, Zn2+-induced PARP-1 stimulation, increase in the [Ca2+]c and cell death were inhibited by PF431396, a Ca2+-sensitive PYK2 inhibitor, and U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor. Taken together, our study shows PKC/NOX-mediated ROS generation and PARP-1 activation as an important mechanism in Zn2+-induced TRPM2 channel activation and, TRPM2-mediated increase in the [Ca2+]c to trigger the PYK2/MEK/ERK signalling pathway as a positive feedback mechanism that amplifies the TRPM2 channel activation. Activation of these TRPM2-depenent signalling mechanisms ultimately drives Zn2+-induced Ca2+ overloading and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Syed Mortadza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joan A Sim
- School of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stacey
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.,Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury, and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, PR China
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31
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Knockdown of DIXDC1 Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Human Glioma Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1009-1019. [PMID: 27817168 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DIX domain containing 1 (DIXDC1), the human homolog of coiled-coil-DIX1 (Ccd1), is a positive regulator of Wnt signaling pathway. Recently, it was found to act as a candidate oncogene in colon cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, and gastric cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of DIXDC1 expression in human glioma and its biological function in glioma cells. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that DIXDC1 was overexpressed in glioma tissues and glioma cell lines. The expression level of DIXDC1 was evidently linked to glioma pathological grade and Ki-67 expression. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that high expression of DIXDC1 may lead to poor outcome of glioma patients. Serum starvation and refeeding assay indicated that the expression of DIXDC1 was associated with cell cycle. To determine whether DIXDC1 could regulate the proliferation and migration of glioma cells, we transfected glioma cells with interfering RNA-targeting DIXDC1; investigated cell proliferation with Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry assays, and colony formation analyses; and investigated cell migration with wound healing assays and transwell assays. According to our data, knockdown of DIXDC1 significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of glioma cells. These data implied that DIXDC1 might participate in the development of glioma, suggesting that DIXDC1 can become a potential therapeutic strategy for glioma.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Heffron
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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33
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Morales-Cruz M, Cruz-Montañez A, Figueroa CM, González-Robles T, Davila J, Inyushin M, Loza-Rosas SA, Molina AM, Muñoz-Perez L, Kucheryavykh LY, Tinoco AD, Griebenow K. Combining Stimulus-Triggered Release and Active Targeting Strategies Improves Cytotoxicity of Cytochrome c Nanoparticles in Tumor Cells. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2844-54. [PMID: 27283751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteins often possess highly specific biological activities that make them potential therapeutics, but their physical and chemical instabilities during formulation, storage, and delivery have limited their medical use. Therefore, engineering of nanosized vehicles to stabilize protein therapeutics and to allow for targeted treatment of complex diseases, such as cancer, is of considerable interest. A micelle-like nanoparticle (NP) was designed for both, tumor targeting and stimulus-triggered release of the apoptotic protein cytochrome c (Cyt c). This system is composed of a Cyt c NP stabilized by a folate-receptor targeting amphiphilic copolymer (FA-PEG-PLGA) attached to Cyt c through a redox-sensitive bond. FA-PEG-PLGA-S-S-Cyt c NPs exhibited excellent stability under extracellular physiological conditions, whereas once in the intracellular reducing environment, Cyt c was released from the conjugate. Under the same conditions, the folate-decorated NP reduced folate receptor positive HeLa cell viability to 20%, while the same complex without FA only reduced it to 80%. Confocal microscopy showed that the FA-PEG-PLGA-S-S-Cyt c NPs were internalized by HeLa cells and were capable of endosomal escape. The specificity of the folate receptor-mediated internalization was confirmed by the lack of uptake by two folate receptor deficient cell lines: A549 and NIH-3T3. Finally, the potential as antitumor therapy of our folate-decorated Cyt c-based NPs was confirmed with an in vivo brain tumor model. In conclusion, we were able to create a stable, selective, and smart nanosized Cyt c delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moraima Morales-Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Alejandra Cruz-Montañez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Cindy M Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Tania González-Robles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Josue Davila
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine , Bayamón 00560, Puerto Rico
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine , Bayamón 00560, Puerto Rico
| | - Sergio A Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Anna M Molina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Laura Muñoz-Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Lilia Y Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine , Bayamón 00560, Puerto Rico
| | - Arthur D Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
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