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Roe JM, Seely K, Bussard CJ, Eischen Martin E, Mouw EG, Bayles KW, Hollingsworth MA, Brooks AE, Dailey KM. Hacking the Immune Response to Solid Tumors: Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Capacities of Oncolytic Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2004. [PMID: 37514190 PMCID: PMC10384176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic bacteria are a classification of bacteria with a natural ability to specifically target solid tumors and, in the process, stimulate a potent immune response. Currently, these include species of Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacteria, Streptococcus/Serratia (Coley's Toxin), Proteus, Salmonella, and Clostridium. Advancements in techniques and methodology, including genetic engineering, create opportunities to "hijack" typical host-pathogen interactions and subsequently harness oncolytic capacities. Engineering, sometimes termed "domestication", of oncolytic bacterial species is especially beneficial when solid tumors are inaccessible or metastasize early in development. This review examines reported oncolytic bacteria-host immune interactions and details the known mechanisms of these interactions to the protein level. A synopsis of the presented membrane surface molecules that elicit particularly promising oncolytic capacities is paired with the stimulated localized and systemic immunogenic effects. In addition, oncolytic bacterial progression toward clinical translation through engineering efforts are discussed, with thorough attention given to strains that have accomplished Phase III clinical trial initiation. In addition to therapeutic mitigation after the tumor has formed, some bacterial species, referred to as "prophylactic", may even be able to prevent or "derail" tumor formation through anti-inflammatory capabilities. These promising species and their particularly favorable characteristics are summarized as well. A complete understanding of the bacteria-host interaction will likely be necessary to assess anti-cancer capacities and unlock the full cancer therapeutic potential of oncolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Roe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kevin Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Caleb J Bussard
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth G Mouw
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amanda E Brooks
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
- Office of Research & Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Dailey
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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2
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Doocey CM, Finn K, Murphy C, Guinane CM. The impact of the human microbiome in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and biotherapeutic development. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:53. [PMID: 35151278 PMCID: PMC8840051 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cancer impacts millions of lives globally each year, with approximately 10 million cancer-related deaths recorded worldwide in 2020. Mounting research has recognised the human microbiome as a key area of interest in the pathophysiology of various human diseases including cancer tumorigenesis, progression and in disease outcome. It is suggested that approximately 20% of human cancers may be linked to microbes. Certain residents of the human microbiome have been identified as potentially playing a role, including: Helicobacter pylori, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Main body
In this review, we explore the current evidence that indicate a link between the human microbiome and cancer. Microbiome compositional changes have been well documented in cancer patients. Furthermore, pathogenic microbes harbouring specific virulence factors have been implicated in driving the carcinogenic activity of various malignancies including colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancer. The associated genetic mechanisms with possible roles in cancer will be outlined. It will be indicated which microbes have a potential direct link with cancer cell proliferation, tumorigenesis and disease progression. Recent studies have also linked certain microbial cytotoxins and probiotic strains to cancer cell death, suggesting their potential to target the tumour microenvironment given that cancer cells are integral to its composition. Studies pertaining to such cytotoxic activity have suggested the benefit of microbial therapies in oncological treatment regimes. It is also apparent that bacterial pathogenic protein products encoded for by certain loci may have potential as oncogenic therapeutic targets given their possible role in tumorigenesis.
Conclusion
Research investigating the impact of the human microbiome in cancer has recently gathered pace. Vast amounts of evidence indicate the human microbiome as a potential player in tumorigenesis and progression. Promise in the development of cancer biomarkers and in targeted oncological therapies has also been demonstrated, although more studies are needed. Despite extensive in vitro and in vivo research, clinical studies involving large cohorts of human patients are lacking. The current literature suggests that further intensive research is necessary to validate both the role of the human microbiome in cancer, and the use of microbiome modification in cancer therapy.
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Dailey KM, Allgood JE, Johnson PR, Ostlie MA, Schaner KC, Brooks BD, Brooks AE. The next frontier of oncotherapy: accomplishing clinical translation of oncolytic bacteria through genetic engineering. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:341-368. [PMID: 33754804 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a 'smart' drug capable of distinguishing tumor from host cells has been sought for centuries, but the microenvironment of solid tumors continues to confound therapeutics. Solid tumors present several challenges for current oncotherapeutics, including aberrant vascularization, hypoxia, necrosis, abnormally high pH and local immune suppression. While traditional chemotherapeutics are limited by such an environment, oncolytic microbes are drawn to it - having an innate ability to selectively infect, colonize and eradicate solid tumors. Development of an oncolytic species would represent a shift in the cancer therapeutic paradigm, with ramifications reaching from the medical into the socio-economic. Modern genetic engineering techniques could be implemented to customize 'Frankenstein' bacteria with advantageous characteristics from several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Dailey
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - JuliAnne E Allgood
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Paige R Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Ostlie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Kambri C Schaner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | | | - Amanda E Brooks
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA.,Office of Research & Scholarly Activity. Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
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4
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Aly RG, El-Enbaawy MI, Abd El-Rahman SS, Ata NS. Antineoplastic activity of Salmonella Typhimurium outer membrane nanovesicles. Exp Cell Res 2020; 399:112423. [PMID: 33338480 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles possess unique structural and immunostimulatory effects that could be exploited to regress tumors by alerting the host immune system and reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The current study was conducted to investigate the antitumor activity of the outer membrane vesicles (ST-OMVs) of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, in vitro in human colorectal carcinoma (HTC116), breast cancer (MCF-7), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines and in vivo in Ehrlich solid carcinoma-bearing mice model either as a mono-immunotherapy or as an adjuvant to a commonly used conventional chemotherapy. In addition, we investigated the safety of ST-OMVs. Adult Swiss albino female mice with transplanted Ehrlich solid carcinoma were treated with either ST-OMVs, paclitaxel or a combination of both. Tumor volume, growth inhibition rate, quantitative RT-PCR of Bax and VEGF genes expression, histopathology and immune-expression of caspase-3, Beclin-1, CD49b and Ki-67 were all analyzed. Our results showed that ST-OMVs significantly decreased tumor volume, significantly increased tumor growth inhibition rate, up-regulated the immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3, Beclin-1, and CD49b (enhanced recruitment of NK cells). Furthermore, ST-OMVs down-regulated the expression of Ki-67, increased Bax gene expression and decreased VEGF gene expression as detected by qRT-PCR analysis. Histologically, ST-OMVs promoted apoptosis, decreased tumor invasion and mitotic activities. Moreover, ST-OMVs showed a remarkable cytotoxic activity in various investigated in vitro cancer cell lines. Our findings demonstrate potential antitumor activity of ST-OMVs that might be used as a promising safe antitumor immunotherapy or an adjuvant to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, resolving some of their problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Go Aly
- Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Luxor, Egypt
| | - Mona Ih El-Enbaawy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nagwa S Ata
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Zhu G, Zhao M, Han Q, Tan Y, Sun YU, Bouvet M, Singh SR, Ye J, Hoffman RM. Pazopanib Inhibits Tumor Growth, Lymph-node Metastasis and Lymphangiogenesis of an Orthotopic Mouse of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 17:131-139. [PMID: 32108035 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pazopanib (PAZ) can inhibit tumor progression, but whether PAZ inhibits lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of PAZ on tumor growth, lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in an orthotopic nude mouse model in colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS CT-26-green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing mouse colon cancer cells were injected into nude mice to establish a subcutaneous colorectal cancer model and were treated with saline and PAZ. Additionals subcutaneous tumors were harvested and cut into 5 mm3 fragments, then tumor fragments were implanted orthotopically in the cecum to establish an orthotopic colorectal-cancer nude mouse model. Orthotopic mice were randomized into two groups for the treatment with saline and PAZ, respectively. Tumor width, length and mouse body weight was measured twice a week. The Fluor Vivo imaging system was used to image the GFP. Hematoxylin & eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining was used for histological analysis. RESULTS PAZ inhibited the growth of subcutaneous colorectal cancer, as wells as orthotopic transplanted colorectal cancer tumors. PAZ suppressed lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in the orthotopic colon cancer model. No significant changes were observed in the body weight between the control and the mice treated with PAZ. CONCLUSION PAZ can inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer and inhibit lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in orthotopic colon cancer nude mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Zhu
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Y U Sun
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, U.S.A.
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A. .,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
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6
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Rius-Rocabert S, Llinares Pinel F, Pozuelo MJ, García A, Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5521890. [PMID: 31226708 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century ago, independent groups raised the possibility of using bacteria to selectively infect tumours. Such treatment induces an immune reaction that can cause tumour rejection and protect the patient against further recurrences. One of the first holistic approximations to use bacteria in cancer treatment was performed by William Coley, considered the father of immune-therapy, at the end of XIX century. Since then, many groups have used different bacteria to test their antitumour activity in animal models and patients. The basis for this reactivity implies that innate immune responses activated upon bacteria recognition, also react against the tumour. Different publications have addressed several aspects of oncolytic bacteria. In the present review, we will focus on revisiting the historical aspects using bacteria as oncolytic agents and how they led to the current clinical trials. In addition, we address the molecules present in oncolytic bacteria that induce specific toxic effects against the tumors as well as the activation of host immune responses in order to trigger antitumour immunity. Finally, we discuss future perspectives that could be considered in the different fields implicated in the implementation of this kind of therapy in order to improve the current use of bacteria as oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llinares Pinel
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Pozuelo
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo-CEU University, Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Development of Oxytolerant Salmonella typhimurium Using Radiation Mutation Technology (RMT) for Cancer Therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3764. [PMID: 32111878 PMCID: PMC7048768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical limitation of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) as an anti-cancer agent is the loss of their invasive or replicative activities, which results in no or less delivery of anti-cancer agents inside cancer cells in cancer therapy. Here we developed an oxytolerant attenuated Salmonella strain (KST0650) from the parental KST0649 (ΔptsIΔcrr) strain using radiation mutation technology (RMT). The oxytolerant KST0650 strain possessed 20-times higher replication activity in CT26 cancer cells and was less virulent than KST0649. Furthermore, KST0650 migrated effectively into tumor tissues in mice. KST0650 was further equipped with a plasmid harboring a spliced form of the intracellular pro-apoptotic protein sATF6, and the expression of sATF6 was controlled by the radiation-inducible recN promoter. The new strain was named as KST0652, in which sATF6 protein expression was induced in response to radiation in a dose-dependent manner. This strain was effectively delivered inside cancer cells and tumor tissues via the Salmonella type III secretion system (T3SS). In addition, combination treatment with KST0652 and radiation showed a synergistic anti-tumor effect in murine tumor model with complete inhibition of tumor growth and protection against death. In conclusion, we showed that RMT can be used to effectively develop an anti-tumor Salmonella strain for delivering anti-cancer agents inside tumors.
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8
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Park JH, Han Q, Zhao M, Tan Y, Higuchi T, Yoon SN, Sugisawa N, Yamamoto J, Bouvet M, Clary B, Singh SR, Hoffman RM. Oral recombinant methioninase combined with oxaliplatinum and 5-fluorouracil regressed a colon cancer growing on the peritoneal surface in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Tissue Cell 2019; 61:109-114. [PMID: 31759402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of oral recombinant methioninase (o-rMETase) on a model of colon cancer growing on the peritoneal surface using a patients-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model. Forty PDOX mouse models with colon cancer growing on the peritoneum were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each by measuring the tumor size and fluorescence intensity: untreated control; 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (50 mg/kg, once a week for two weeks, ip) and oxaliplatinum (OXA) (6 mg/kg, once a week for two weeks, ip); o-rMETase (100 units/day, oral 14 consecutive days); combination 5-FU + OXA and o-rMETase. All treatments inhibited tumor growth compared to the untreated control. The combination of 5-FU + OXA plus o-rMETase was significantly more efficacious than the control and each drug alone and was the only treatment that caused tumor regression. The present study is the first demonstrating the efficacy of o-rMETase combination therapy on a PDOX model of peritoneal colon cancer, suggesting potential clinical development of o-rMETase in a recalcitrant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Park
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Higuchi
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Norihiko Sugisawa
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Clary
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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9
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Miyake K, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake M, Igarashi K, Zhang Z, Murakami T, Li Y, Nelson SD, Elliott I, Russell T, Singh A, Hiroshima Y, Momiyama M, Matsuyama R, Chishima T, Endo I, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Regorafenib regresses an imatinib-resistant recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with a mutation in exons 11 and 17 of c-kit in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:722-727. [PMID: 29334307 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1423223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with a mutation in exons 11 and 17 of c-kit is a rare type of sarcoma. The aim of this study was to determine drug sensitivity for a regionally-recurrent case of GIST using a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. The PDOX model was established in the anterior wall of the stomach. GIST PDOX models were randomized into 5 groups of 6 mice each when the tumor volume reached 60 mm3: G1, control group; G2, imatinib group (oral administration (p.o.), daily, for 3 weeks); G3, sunitinib group (p.o., daily, for 3 weeks); G4, regorafenib (p.o., daily, for 3 weeks); G5, pazopanib (p.o., daily, for 3 weeks). All mice were sacrificed on day 22. Tumor volume was evaluated on day 0 and day 22 by laparotomy. Body weight were measured 2 times per week. Though regorafenib is third-line therapy for GIST, it was the most effective drug and regressed the tumor significantly (p < 0.001). Sunitinib suppressed tumor growth compared to the control group (p = 0.002). Imatinib, first-line therapy for GIST, and pazopanib did not have significant efficacy compared to the control group (p = 0.886, p = 0.766). The implications of this result is discussed for GIST patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Miyake
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA.,c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA.,c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
| | - Takashi Murakami
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA.,c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Yunfeng Li
- e Deparment of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- e Deparment of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Irmina Elliott
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Tara Russell
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Arun Singh
- d Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Masashi Momiyama
- c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Takashi Chishima
- c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
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10
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Efficacy of Recombinant Methioninase (rMETase) on Recalcitrant Cancer Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Mouse Models: A Review. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050410. [PMID: 31052611 PMCID: PMC6562625 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An excessive requirement for methionine (MET), termed MET dependence, appears to be a general metabolic defect in cancer and has been shown to be a very effective therapeutic target. MET restriction (MR) has inhibited the growth of all major cancer types by selectively arresting cancer cells in the late-S/G2 phase, when they also become highly sensitive to cytotoxic agents. Recombinant methioninase (rMETase) has been developed to effect MR. The present review describes the efficacy of rMETase on patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models of recalcitrant cancer, including the surprising result that rMETase administrated orally can be highly effective.
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11
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Oshiro H, Tome Y, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Kawaguchi K, Higuchi T, Miyake M, Zang Z, Razmjooei S, Barangi M, Wangsiricharoen S, Nelson SD, Li Y, Bouvet M, Singh SR, Kanaya F, Hoffman RM. Temozolomide targets and arrests a doxorubicin-resistant follicular dendritic-cell sarcoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Tissue Cell 2019; 58:17-23. [PMID: 31133242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a very rare and highly recalcitrant disease. A patient's doxorubicin-resistant FDCS was previously established orthotopically on the right high thigh into the biceps femoris of mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. The aim of the present manuscript was to identify an effective drug for this recalcitrant tumor. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ), trabectedin (TRAB) and pazopanib (PAZ) on the FDCS PDOX model. PDOX mouse models were randomized into five groups of eight to nine mice, respectively. Group 1, untreated control with PBS, i.p.; Group 2, treated with doxorubicin (DOX), 2.4 mg/kg, i.p., weekly for 3 weeks; Group 3, treated with PAZ, 50 mg/kg, oral gavage, daily for 3 weeks; Group 4, treated with TMZ, 25 mg/kg, oral gavage, daily for 3 weeks; Group 5, treated with TRAB, 0.15 mg/kg, i.v., weekly for 3 weeks. Body weight and tumor volume were assessed 2 times per week. TMZ arrested the FDCS PDOX model compared to the control group (p < 0.05). PAZ and TRAB did not have significant efficacy compared to the control group (p = 0.99, p = 0.69 respectively). The PDOX tumor was resistant to DOX (p= 0.99). as was the patient. The present study demonstrates that TMZ is effective for a PDOX model of FDCS established from a patient who failed DOX treatment, further demonstrating the power of PDOX to identify effective therapy including for tumors that failed first line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Oshiro
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tome
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhiying Zang
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sahar Razmjooei
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Barangi
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sintawat Wangsiricharoen
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Fuminori Kanaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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12
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Methioninase Cell-Cycle Trap Cancer Chemotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1866:133-148. [PMID: 30725413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8796-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are methionine (MET) dependent compared to normal cells as they have an elevated requirement for MET in order to proliferate. MET restriction selectively traps cancer cells in the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle. The cell cycle phase can be visualized by color coding with the fluorescence ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI). Recombinant methioninase (rMETase) is an enzyme that effectively degrades MET. rMETase induces S/G2-phase blockage of cancer cells which is identified by the cancer cells' green fluorescence with FUCCI imaging. Cancer cells in G1/G0 are the majority of the cells in solid tumors and are resistant to the chemotherapy. Treatment of cancer cells with standard chemotherapy drugs only led to the majority of the cancer cell population being arrested in G0/G1 phase, identified by the cancer cells' red fluorescence in the FUCCI system. The G0/G1-phase cancer cells are chemo-resistant. Tumor targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R) was used to decoy quiescent G0/G1 stomach cancer cells growing in nude mice to cycle, with subsequent rMETase treatment to selectively trap the decoyed cancer cells in S/G2 phase, which made them highly sensitive to chemotherapy. Subsequent cisplatinum (CDDP) or paclitaxel (PTX) chemotherapy was then administered to kill the decoyed and trapped cancer cells, which completely prevented or regressed tumor growth. In a subsequent experiment, a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of recurrent CDDP-resistant metastatic osteosarcoma was eradicated by the combination of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R decoy, rMETase S/G2-phase cell cycle trap, and CDDP cell kill. Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and rMETase pre-treatment thereby overcame CDDP resistance. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new chemotherapy paradigm of "decoy, trap, and kill" chemotherapy.
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13
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Hoffman RM, Han Q, Kawaguchi K, Li S, Tan Y. Afterword: Oral Methioninase-Answer to Cancer and Fountain of Youth? Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1866:311-322. [PMID: 30725426 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8796-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The elevated methionine (MET) requirement of cancer cells is termed MET dependence and is possibly the only known general metabolic defect in cancer. Targeting MET by recombinant methioninase (rMETase) can arrest the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo due to their elevated requirement for MET. rMETase can also potentiate chemotherapy drugs active in S phase due to the selective arrest of cancer cells in S/G2 phase during MET restriction (MR). We previously reported that rMETase, administrated by intraperitoneal injection (ip-rMETase), could inhibit tumor growth in mouse models of cancer including patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. We subsequently compared ip-rMETase and oral rMETase (o-rMETase) on a melanoma PDOX mouse model. o-rMETase was significantly more effective than ip-rMETase to inhibit tumor growth without overt toxicity. The combination of o-rMETase+ip-rMETase was significantly more effective than either monotherapy and completely arrested tumor growth. Thus, o-rMETase is effective as an anticancer agent with the potential of clinical development for chronic cancer therapy as well as for cancer prevention. o-rMETase may also have potential as an antiaging agent for healthy people, since MR has been shown to extend the life span of a variety of different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Kawaguchi K, Miyake K, Zhao M, Kiyuna T, Igarashi K, Miyake M, Higuchi T, Oshiro H, Bouvet M, Unno M, Hoffman RM. Tumor targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) regresses partially GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse models. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2019-2026. [PMID: 29963961 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1480223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is first-line therapy for pancreatic cancer but has limited efficacy in most cases. Nanoparticle-albumin bound (nab)-paclitaxel is becoming first-line therapy for pancreatic cancer, but also has limited efficacy for pancreatic cancer. Our goal was to improve the treatment outcome in patient-like models of pancreatic cancer. We previously established patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) pancreatic cancers from two patients. The pancreatic tumor was implanted orthotopically in the pancreatic tail of nude mice to establish the PDOX models. Five weeks after implantation, 50 PDOX mouse models were randomized into five groups of 10 mice for each pancreatic cancer PDOX: untreated control; GEM (100 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 2 weeks); GEM + nab-PTX (GEM: 100 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 2 weeks, nab-PTX: 10 mg/kg, i.v., twice a week for 2 weeks); S. typhimurium A1-R (5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., once a week for 2 weeks); GEM + S. typhimurium A1-R (GEM: 100 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 2 weeks, S. typhimurium A1-R; 5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., once a week for 2 weeks). GEM + nab-PTX was significantly more effective than GEM alone in one PDOX model (p = 0.0004), but there was no significant difference in the other PDOX model. The combination of GEM + S. typhimurium A1-R regressed both PDOX models. These results show S. typhimurium A1-R can overcome the ineffectiveness or partial effectiveness of GEM in patient-like models of pancreatic cancer and demonstrate clinical potential for this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Hiromichi Oshiro
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- c Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer, Inc ., San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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15
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Kawaguchi K, Higuchi T, Li S, Han Q, Tan Y, Igarashi K, Zhao M, Miyake K, Kiyuna T, Miyake M, Ohshiro H, Sugisawa N, Zhang Z, Razmjooei S, Wangsiricharoen S, Chmielowski B, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Eckardt MA, Singh AS, Singh SR, Eilber FC, Unno M, Hoffman RM. Combination therapy of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and oral recombinant methioninase regresses a BRAF-V600E-negative melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3086-3092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Kawaguchi K, Miyake K, Han Q, Li S, Tan Y, Igarashi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake M, Higuchi T, Oshiro H, Zhang Z, Razmjooei S, Wangsiricharoen S, Bouvet M, Singh SR, Unno M, Hoffman RM. Oral recombinant methioninase (o-rMETase) is superior to injectable rMETase and overcomes acquired gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 432:251-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Kawaguchi K, Igarashi K, Miyake K, Kiyuna T, Miyake M, Singh AS, Chmielowski B, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Unno M, Singh SR, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Patterns of sensitivity to a panel of drugs are highly individualised for undifferentiated/unclassified soft tissue sarcoma (USTS) in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse models. J Drug Target 2018; 27:211-216. [PMID: 30024282 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1499748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Undifferentiated/unclassified soft tissue sarcoma (USTS) is a recalcitrant disease; therefore, precise individualised therapy is needed. Toward this goal, we previously established patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models of USTS in nude mice. Here, we determined the extent of uniqueness of drug response in a panel on USTS PDOX models from 5 different patients. We previously showed that 3 of the 5 patients were resistant to doxorubicin (DOX) despite DOX being first-line therapy. Two weeks after orthotopic tumour implantation, PDOX mouse models were randomised into five groups: untreated control, DOX, gem-citabine/docetaxel (GEM/DOC), pazopanib (PAZ), temozolomide (TEM). Three PDOX cases were completely resistant to DOX. TEM had high efficacy for 4 USTS PDOX models, including DOX-resistant cases. GEM/DOC and PAZ were effective in three USTS PDOX. One case was completely resistant to TEM. Two cases were completely resistant to PAZ. The results showed the drug sensitivity pattern for each USTS PDOX was highly individualised and that at least one effective drug could be found for each. The PDOX model could be effective in precise individualised drug sensitivity testing which is especially important for heterogeneous cancers such as USTS, and can give the patient a greater chance to be treated with an effective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- a AntiCancer, Inc , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA.,c Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- a AntiCancer, Inc , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- a AntiCancer, Inc , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- a AntiCancer, Inc , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- a AntiCancer, Inc , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- d Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- d Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- e Department of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- e Department of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- e Department of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- c Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- g Basic Research Laboratory , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD, USA
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer, Inc , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
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18
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MEK inhibitor trametinib in combination with gemcitabine regresses a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) pancreatic cancer nude mouse model. Tissue Cell 2018; 52:124-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Kawaguchi K, Miyake K, Han Q, Li S, Tan Y, Igarashi K, Lwin TM, Higuchi T, Kiyuna T, Miyake M, Oshiro H, Bouvet M, Unno M, Hoffman RM. Targeting altered cancer methionine metabolism with recombinant methioninase (rMETase) overcomes partial gemcitabine-resistance and regresses a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:868-873. [PMID: 29623758 PMCID: PMC6056209 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1445907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a recalcitrant disease. Gemcitabine (GEM) is the most widely-used first-line therapy for pancreatic cancer, but most patients eventually fail. Transformative therapy is necessary to significantly improve the outcome of pancreatic cancer patients. Tumors have an elevated requirement for methionine and are susceptible to methionine restriction. The present study used a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model of pancreatic cancer to determine the efficacy of recombinant methioninase (rMETase) to effect methionine restriction and thereby overcome GEM-resistance. A pancreatic cancer obtained from a patient was grown orthotopically in the pancreatic tail of nude mice to establish the PDOX model. Five weeks after implantation, 40 pancreatic cancer PDOX mouse models were randomized into four groups of 10 mice each: untreated control (n = 10); GEM (100 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 5 weeks, n = 10); rMETase (100 units, i.p., 14 consecutive days, n = 10); GEM+rMETase (GEM: 100 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 5 weeks, rMETase: 100 units, i.p., 14 consecutive days, n = 10). Although GEM partially inhibited PDOX tumor growth, combination therapy (GEM+rMETase) was significantly more effective than mono therapy (GEM: p = 0.0025, rMETase: p = 0.0010). The present study is the first demonstrating the efficacy of rMETase combination therapy in a pancreatic cancer PDOX model to overcome first-line therapy resistance in this recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Takashi Higuchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Hiromichi Oshiro
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
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20
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Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Miyake M, Li Y, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Singh AS, Elliott IA, Russell TA, Eckardt MA, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Temozolomide regresses a doxorubicin-resistant undifferentiated spindle-cell sarcoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX): precision-oncology nude-mouse model matching the patient with effective therapy. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6598-6603. [PMID: 29737543 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated spindle-cell sarcoma (USCS) is a recalcitrant cancer, resistant to conventional chemotherapy. A patient with high-grade USCS from a striated muscle was implanted orthotopically in the right biceps femoris muscle of mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. The PDOX models were randomized into the following groups when tumor volume reached 100 mm3 : G1, control without treatment; G2, doxorubicin (DOX) (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); G3, temozolomide (TEM) (25 mg/kg, p.o., daily, for 14 days). Tumor size and body weight were measured with calipers and a digital balance twice a week. TEM significantly inhibited tumor volume growth compared to the untreated control and the DOX-treated group on day 14 after treatment initiation: control (G1): 343 ± 78 mm3 ; DOX (G2): 308 ± 31 mm3 , P = 0.272; TEM (G3): 85 ± 21 mm3 , P < 0.0001. TEM significantly regressed the tumor volume compared to day 0 (P = 0.019). There were no animal deaths in any group. The body weight of treated mice was not significantly different in any group. Tumors treated with DOX were comprised of spindle-shaped viable cells without apparent necrosis or inflammatory changes. In contrast, tumors treated with TEM showed extensive tumor necrosis. The present study demonstrates the potential power of matching the patient with an effective drug and saving the patient needless toxicity from ineffective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Irmina A Elliott
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
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21
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Kocijancic D, Felgner S, Schauer T, Frahm M, Heise U, Zimmermann K, Erhardt M, Weiss S. Local application of bacteria improves safety of Salmonella -mediated tumor therapy and retains advantages of systemic infection. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28637010 PMCID: PMC5564822 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease and a large socio-economic burden. Novel therapeutic solutions are on the rise, although a cure remains elusive. Application of microorganisms represents an ancient therapeutic strategy, lately revoked and refined via simultaneous attenuation and amelioration of pathogenic properties. Salmonella Typhimurium has prevailed in preclinical development. Yet, using virulent strains for systemic treatment might cause severe side effects. In the present study, we highlight a modified strain based on Salmonella Typhimurium UK-1 expressing hexa-acylated Lipid A. We corroborate improved anti-tumor properties of this strain and investigate to which extent an intra-tumoral (i.t.) route of infection could help improve safety and retain advantages of systemic intravenous (i.v.) application. Our results show that i.t. infection exhibits therapeutic efficacy against CT26 and F1.A11 tumors similar to a systemic route of inoculation. Moreover, i.t. application allows extensive dose titration without compromising tumor colonization. Adverse colonization of healthy organs was generally reduced via i.t. infection and accompanied by less body weight loss of the murine host. Despite local application, adjuvanticity remained, and a CT26-specific CD8+ T cell response was effectively stimulated. Most interestingly, also secondary tumors could be targeted with this strategy, thereby extending the unique tumor targeting ability of Salmonella. The i.t. route of inoculation may reap the benefits of systemic infection and aid in safety assurance while directing potency of an oncolytic vector to where it is most needed, namely the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Kocijancic
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Felgner
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Schauer
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Frahm
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heise
- Mouse-Pathology Service Unit, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Marc Erhardt
- Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Kawaguchi K, Igarashi K, Murakami T, Kiyuna T, Lwin TM, Hwang HK, Delong JC, Clary BM, Bouvet M, Unno M, Hoffman RM. MEK inhibitors cobimetinib and trametinib, regressed a gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic-cancer patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX). Oncotarget 2018; 8:47490-47496. [PMID: 28537897 PMCID: PMC5564580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), obtained from a patient, was grown orthotopically in the pancreatic tail of nude mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic (PDOX) model. Seven weeks after implantation, PDOX nude mice were divided into the following groups: untreated control (n = 7); gemcitabine (100 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 2 weeks, n = 7); cobimetinib (5 mg/kg, p.o., 14 consecutive days, n = 7); trametinib (0.3 mg/kg, p.o., 14 consecutive days, n = 7); trabectedin (0.15 mg/kg, i.v., once a week for 2 weeks, n = 7); temozolomide (25 mg/kg, p.o., 14 consecutive days, n = 7); carfilzomib (2 mg/kg, i.v., twice a week for 2 weeks, n = 7); bortezomib (1 mg/kg, i.v., twice a week for 2 weeks, n = 7); MK-1775 (20 mg/kg, p.o., 14 consecutive days, n = 7); BEZ-235 (45 mg/kg, p.o., 14 consecutive days, n = 7); vorinostat (50 mg/kg, i.p., 14 consecutive days, n = 7). Only the MEK inhibitors, cobimetinib and trametinib, regressed tumor growth, and they were more significantly effective than other therapies (p < 0.0001, respectively), thereby demonstrating the precision of the PDOX models of PDAC and its potential for individualizing pancreatic-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thinzar M Lwin
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ho Kyoung Hwang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bryan M Clary
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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23
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Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Li S, Han Q, Tan Y, Gainor E, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Miyake M, Higuchi T, Oshiro H, Singh AS, Eckardt MA, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Recombinant methioninase combined with doxorubicin (DOX) regresses a DOX-resistant synovial sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19263-19272. [PMID: 29721200 PMCID: PMC5922394 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a recalcitrant subgroup of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). A tumor from a patient with high grade SS from a lower extremity was grown orthotopically in the right biceps femoris muscle of nude mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model. The PDOX mice were randomized into the following groups when tumor volume reached approximately 100 mm3: G1, control without treatment; G2, doxorubicin (DOX) (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection, weekly, for 2 weeks; G3, rMETase (100 unit/mouse, i.p., daily, for 2 weeks); G4 DOX (3mg/kg), i.p. weekly, for 2 weeks) combined with rMETase (100 unit/mouse, i.p., daily, for 2 weeks). On day 14 after treatment initiation, all therapies significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to untreated control, except DOX: (DOX: p = 0.48; rMETase: p < 0.005; DOX combined with rMETase < 0.0001). DOX combined with rMETase was significantly more effective than both DOX alone (p < 0.001) and rMETase alone (p < 0.05). The relative body weight on day 14 compared with day 0 did not significantly differ between any treatment group or untreated control. The results indicate that r-METase can overcome DOX-resistance in this recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shukuan Li
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Yuying Tan
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hiromichi Oshiro
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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24
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Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Miyake M, Li S, Han Q, Tan Y, Zhao M, Li Y, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Singh AS, Elliott IA, Russell TA, Eckardt MA, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R combined with recombinant methioninase and cisplatinum eradicates an osteosarcoma cisplatinum-resistant lung metastasis in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model: decoy, trap and kill chemotherapy moves toward the clinic. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:801-809. [PMID: 29374999 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1431596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of recurrent cisplatinum (CDDP)-resistant metastatic osteosarcoma was treated with Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R), which decoys chemoresistant quiescent cancer cells to cycle, and recombinant methioninase (rMETase), which selectively traps cancer cells in late S/G2, and chemotherapy. The PDOX models were randomized into the following groups 14 days after implantation: G1, control without treatment; G2, CDDP (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); G3, rMETase (100 unit/mouse, i.p., daily, for 2 weeks). G4, S. typhimurium A1-R (5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., weekly, for 2 weeks); G5, S. typhimurium A1-R (5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., weekly, for 2 weeks) combined with rMETase (100 unit/mouse, i.p., daily, for 2 weeks); G6, S. typhimurium A1-R (5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., weekly, for 2 weeks) combined with rMETase (100 unit/mouse, i.p., daily, for 2 weeks) and CDDP (6 mg/kg, i.p. injection, weekly, for 2 weeks). On day 14 after initiation, all treatments except CDDP alone, significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to untreated control: (CDDP: p = 0.586; rMETase: p = 0.002; S. typhimurium A1-R: p = 0.002; S. typhimurium A1-R combined with rMETase: p = 0.0004; rMETase combined with both S. typhimurium A1-R and CDDP: p = 0.0001). The decoy, trap and kill combination of S. typhimurium A1-R, rMETase and CDDP was the most effective of all therapies and was able to eradicate the metastatic osteosarcoma PDOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA.,c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Shukuan Li
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA
| | | | - Yuying Tan
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- d Dept. of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- d Dept. of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- d Dept. of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- e Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Irmina A Elliott
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- g Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- f Division of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA, USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA, USA
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25
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Recombinant methioninase effectively targets a Ewing's sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35630-35638. [PMID: 28404944 PMCID: PMC5482604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine dependence is due to the overuse of methionine for aberrant transmethylation reactions in cancer. Methionine dependence may be the only general metabolic defect in cancer. In order to exploit methionine dependence for therapy, our laboratory previously cloned L-methionine α-deamino-γ-mercaptomethane lyase [EC 4.4.1.11]). The cloned methioninase, termed recombinant methioninase, or rMETase, has been tested in mouse models of human cancer cell lines. Ewing's sarcoma is recalcitrant disease even though development of multimodal therapy has improved patients'outcome. Here we report efficacy of rMETase against Ewing's sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. The Ewing's sarcoma was implanted in the right chest wall of nude mice to establish a PDOX model. Eight Ewing's sarcoma PDOX mice were randomized into untreated control group (n = 4) and rMETase treatment group (n = 4). rMETase (100 units) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) every 24 hours for 14 consecutive days. All mice were sacrificed on day-15, 24 hours after the last rMETase administration. rMETase effectively reduced tumor growth compared to untreated control. The methionine level both of plasma and supernatants derived from sonicated tumors was lower in the rMETase group. Body weight did not significantly differ at any time points between the 2 groups. The present study is the first demonstrating rMETase efficacy in a PDOX model, suggesting potential clinical development, especially in recalcitrant cancers such as Ewing's sarcoma.
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26
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Kawaguchi K, Han Q, Li S, Tan Y, Igarashi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Miyake M, Chmielowski B, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Singh AS, Eckardt MA, Unno M, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Targeting methionine with oral recombinant methioninase (o-rMETase) arrests a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of BRAF-V600E mutant melanoma: implications for chronic clinical cancer therapy and prevention. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:356-361. [PMID: 29187018 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1405195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated methionine (MET) use by cancer cells is termed MET dependence and may be the only known general metabolic defect in cancer. Targeting MET by recombinant methioninase (rMETase) can arrest the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported that rMETase, administrated by intra-peritoneal injection (ip-rMETase), could inhibit tumor growth in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of a BRAF-V600E mutant melanoma. In the present study, we compared ip-rMETase and oral rMETase (o-rMETase) for efficacy on the melanoma PDOX. Melanoma PDOX nude mice were randomized into four groups of 5 mice each: untreated control; ip-rMETase (100 units, i.p., 14 consecutive days); o-rMETase (100 units, p.o., 14 consecutive days); o-rMETase+ip-rMETase (100 units, p.o.+100 units, i.p., 14 consecutive days). All treatments inhibited tumor growth on day 14 after treatment initiation, compared to untreated control (ip-rMETase, p<0.0001; o-rMETase, p<0.0001; o-rMETase+ip-rMETase, p<0.0001). o-rMETase was significantly more effective than ip-rMETase (p = 0.0086). o-rMETase+ip-rMETase was significantly more effective than either mono-therapy: ip-rMETase, p = 0.0005; or o-rMETase, p = 0.0367. The present study is the first demonstrating that o-rMETase is effective as an anticancer agent. The results of the present study indicate the potential of clinical development of o-rMETase as an agent for chronic cancer therapy and for cancer prevention and possibly for life extension since dietary MET reduction extends life span in many animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Dept. of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Dept. of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | | | - Shukuan Li
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Yuying Tan
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Dept. of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Dept. of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Dept. of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Dept. of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- d Div. of Hematology-Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- e Dept. of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- f Div. of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- e Dept. of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- e Dept. of Pathology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- d Div. of Hematology-Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- g Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- c Dept. of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- f Div. of Surgical Oncology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer , Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Dept. of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.,g Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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27
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Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R regresses an osteosarcoma in a patient-derived xenograft model resistant to a molecular-targeting drug. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8035-8042. [PMID: 28030831 PMCID: PMC5352380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma occurs mostly in children and young adults, who are treated with multiple agents in combination with limb-salvage surgery. However, the overall 5-year survival rate for patients with recurrent or metastatic osteosarcoma is 20-30% which has not improved significantly over 30 years. Refractory patients would benefit from precise individualized therapy. We report here that a patient-derived osteosarcoma growing in a subcutaneous nude-mouse model was regressed by tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R, p<0.001 compared to untreated control). The osteosarcoma was only partially sensitive to the molecular-targeting drug sorafenib, which did not arrest its growth. S. typhimurium A1-R was significantly more effective than sorafenib (P <0.001). S. typhimurium grew in the treated tumors and caused extensive necrosis of the tumor tissue. These data show that S. typhimurium A1-R is powerful therapy for an osteosarcoma patient-derived xenograft model.
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28
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Recombinant methioninase in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) overcomes first-line DOX resistance in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft nude-mouse model of undifferentiated spindle-cell sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:168-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Miyake M, Singh AS, Eckardt MA, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Singh SR, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R is a highly effective general therapeutic for undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft nude-mouse models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:1055-1061. [PMID: 29481803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma (USTS) is a recalcitrant and heterogeneous subgroup of soft tissue sarcoma with high risk of metastasis and recurrence. Due to heterogeneity of USTS, there is no reliably effective first-line therapy. We have generated tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R), which previously showed strong efficacy on single patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models of Ewing's sarcoma and follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. In the present study, tumor resected from 4 patients with a biopsy-proven USTS (2 undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma [UPS], 1 undifferentiated sarcoma not otherwise specified [NOS] and 1 undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma [USS]) were grown orthotopically in the biceps femoris muscle of mice to establish PDOX models. One USS model and one UPS model were doxorubicin (DOX) resistant. One UPS and the NOS model were partially sensitive to DOX. DOX is first-line therapy for these diseases. S. typhimurium A1-R arrested tumor growth all 4 models. In addition to arresting tumor growth in each case, S. typhimurium A1-R was significantly more efficacious than DOX in each case, thereby surpassing first-line therapy. These results suggest that S. typhimurium A1-R can be a general therapeutic for USTS and possibly sarcoma in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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30
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Kawaguchi K, Igarashi K, Murakami T, Chmielowski B, Kiyuna T, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Singh A, Unno M, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R combined with temozolomide regresses malignant melanoma with a BRAF-V600E mutation in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85929-85936. [PMID: 27835903 PMCID: PMC5349886 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a recalcitrant disease in need of transformative therapuetics. The present study used a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse model of melanoma with a BRAF-V600E mutation to determine the efficacy of temozolomide (TEM) combined with tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R. A melanoma obtained from the right chest wall of a patient was grown orthotopically in the right chest wall of nude mice to establish a PDOX model. Two weeks after implantation, 40 PDOX nude mice were divided into 4 groups: G1, control without treatment (n = 10); G2, TEM (25 mg/kg, administrated orally daily for 14 consecutive days, n = 10); G3, S. typhimurium A1-R (5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., once a week for 2 weeks, n = 10); G4, TEM combined with S. typhimurium A1-R (25 mg/kg, administrated orally daily for 14 consecutive days and 5 × 107 CFU/100 μl, i.v., once a week for 2 weeks, respectively, n = 10). Tumor sizes were measured with calipers twice a week. On day 14 from initiation of treatment, all treatments significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to untreated control (TEM: p < 0.0001; S. typhimurium A1-R: p < 0.0001; TEM combined with S. typhimurium A1-R: p < 0.0001). TEM combined with S. typhimurium A1-R was significantly more effective than either S. typhimurium A1-R (p = 0.0004) alone or TEM alone (p = 0.0017). TEM combined with S. typhimurium A1-R could regress the melanoma in the PDOX model and has important future clinical potential for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Arun Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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31
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Vemurafenib-resistant BRAF-V600E-mutated melanoma is regressed by MEK-targeting drug trametinib, but not cobimetinib in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71737-71743. [PMID: 27690220 PMCID: PMC5342117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a recalcitrant disease. The present study used a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of melanoma to test sensitivity to three molecularly-targeted drugs and one standard chemotherapeutic. A BRAF-V600E-mutant melanoma obtained from the right chest wall of a patient was grown orthotopically in the right chest wall of nude mice to establish a PDOX model. Two weeks after implantation, 50 PDOX nude mice were divided into 5 groups: G1, control without treatment; G2, vemurafenib (VEM) (30 mg/kg); G3; temozolomide (TEM) (25 mg/kg); G4, trametinib (TRA) (0.3 mg/kg); and G5, cobimetinib (COB) (5 mg/kg). Each drug was administered orally, daily for 14 consecutive days. Tumor sizes were measured with calipers twice a week. On day 14 from initiation of treatment, TRA, an MEK inhibitor, was the only agent of the 4 tested that caused tumor regression (P < 0.001 at day 14). In contrast, another MEK inhibitor, COB, could slow but not arrest growth or cause regression of the melanoma. First-line therapy TEM could slow but not arrest tumor growth or cause regression. The patient in this study had a BRAF-V600E-mutant melanoma and would be considered to be a strong candidate for VEM as first-line therapy, since VEM targets this mutation. However, VEM was not effective. The PDOX model thus helped identify the very-high efficacy of TRA against the melanoma PDOX and is a promising drug for this patient. These results demonstrate the powerful precision of the PDOX model for cancer therapy, not achievable by genomic analysis alone.
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32
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High efficacy of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R on a doxorubicin- and dactolisib-resistant follicular dendritic-cell sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft PDOX nude mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33046-54. [PMID: 27105519 PMCID: PMC5078074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic-cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare and recalcitrant disease. In the present study, a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model of FDCS was established in the biceps muscle of nude mice. The FDCS PDOX was resistant to both doxorubicin (DOX) and NVP-BEZ235, dactolisib (BEZ) an experimental agent which is a dual pan-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor. However, in contrast to DOX and BEZ, the FDCS PDOX was sensitive to the tumor-targeting bacterial strain, Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R). The combination of S. typhimurium A1-R and either DOX or BEZ did not increase the antitumor efficacy of S. typhimurium A1-R, indicating that DOX and BEZ were not active in this PDOX model. The efficacy of S. typhimurium A1-R in this recalcitrant FDCS gives strong impetus to move bacterial therapy to clinical trials for this disease. The findings of the present study are of particular importance since it demonstrates that S. typhimurium A1-R is effective in a PDOX model of FDCS established from a patient who failed DOX therapy.
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33
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Murakami T, Singh AS, Kiyuna T, Dry SM, Li Y, James AW, Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, DeLong JC, Zhang Y, Hiroshima Y, Russell T, Eckardt MA, Yanagawa J, Federman N, Matsuyama R, Chishima T, Tanaka K, Bouvet M, Endo I, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Effective molecular targeting of CDK4/6 and IGF-1R in a rare FUS-ERG fusion CDKN2A-deletion doxorubicin-resistant Ewing's sarcoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47556-47564. [PMID: 27286459 PMCID: PMC5216960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy. In the present study, tumor from a patient with a Ewing's sarcoma with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B (CDKN2A/B) loss and FUS-ERG fusion was implanted in the right chest wall of nude mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. The aim of the present study was to determine efficacy of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitors on the Ewing's sarcoma PDOX. The PDOX models were randomized into the following groups when tumor volume reached 50 mm3: G1, untreated control; G2, doxorubicin (DOX) (intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); G3, CDK4/6 inhibitor (palbociclib, PD0332991, per oral (p.o.), daily, for 14 days); G4, IGF-1R inhibitor (linsitinib, OSI-906, p.o., daily, for 14 days). Tumor growth was significantly suppressed both in G3 (palbociclib) and in G4 (linsitinib) compared to G1 (untreated control) at all measured time points. In contrast, DOX did not inhibit tumor growth at any time point, which is consistent with the failure of DOX to control tumor growth in the patient. The results of the present study demonstrate the power of the PDOX model to identify effective targeted molecular therapy of a recalcitrant DOX-resistant Ewing's sarcoma with specific genetic alterations. The results of this study suggest the potential of PDOX models for individually-tailored, effective targeted therapy for recalcitrant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tara Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane Yanagawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noah Federman
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Chishima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kuniya Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Sarcoma Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,UCLA Sarcoma Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,PDOX Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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34
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Tu DG, Chang WW, Lin ST, Kuo CY, Tsao YT, Lee CH. Salmonella inhibits tumor angiogenesis by downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37513-37523. [PMID: 27175584 PMCID: PMC5122328 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe that is a common cause of host intestinal infections. Salmonella grows under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and it has been proven capable of inhibiting tumor growth. However, the molecular mechanism by which Salmonella inhibits tumor growth is still unclear. Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development and progression of tumors. We investigated the antitumor effect of Salmonella in a syngeneic murine tumor model. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)α plays a significant role in tumor angiogenesis. We examined the molecular mechanism by which Salmonella regulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is an important angiogenic factor. The expression of VEGF in tumor cells was decreased by treatment with Salmonella. The conditioned medium from Salmonella-treated cells inhibited the proliferation of endothelial cells. Salmonella inhibited the expression of HIF-1α as well as downregulated its upstream signal mediator protein kinase B (AKT). Salmonella significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, and immunohistochemical studies of the tumors revealed decreased intratumoral microvessel density. These results suggest that Salmonella therapy, which exerts anti-angiogenic activities, represents a promising strategy for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.,College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Song-Tao Lin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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35
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Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Miyake M, Li Y, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Singh AS, Elliott IA, Russell TA, Eckardt MA, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Temozolomide combined with irinotecan regresses a cisplatinum-resistant relapsed osteosarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) precision-oncology mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7774-7781. [PMID: 29487690 PMCID: PMC5814257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsed osteosarcoma is a recalcitrant tumor. A patient's cisplatinum (CDDP)-resistant relapsed osteosarcoma lung metastasis was previously established orthotopically in the distal femur of mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. In the present study, the PDOX models were randomized into the following groups when tumor volume reached 100 mm3: G1, control without treatment; G2, CDDP (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); gemcitabine (GEM) (100 mg/kg, i.p., weekly, for 2 weeks) combined with docetaxel (DOC) (20 mg/kg, i.p., once); temozolomide (TEM) (25 mg/kg, p.o., daily, for 2 weeks) combined with irinotecan (IRN) (4 mg/kg i.p., daily for 2 weeks). Tumor size and body weight were measured with calipers and a digital balance twice a week. After 2 weeks, all treatments significantly inhibited tumor growth except CDDP compared to the untreated control: CDDP: p = 0.093; GEM+DOC: p = 0.0002, TEM+IRN: p < 0.0001. TEM combined with IRN was significantly more effective than either CDDP (p = 0.0001) or GEM combined with DOC (p = 0.0003) and significantly regressed the tumor volume compared to day 0 (p = 0.003). Thus the PDOX model precisely identified the combination of TEM-IRN that could regress the CDDP-resistant relapsed metastatic osteosarcoma PDOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott D. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah M. Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arun S. Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irmina A. Elliott
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tara A. Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark A. Eckardt
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fritz C. Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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36
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Kim K, Min SY, Lim HD, You SH, Lim D, Jeong JH, Kim HJ, Rhee JH, Park K, Shin M, Kim GJ, Min JJ, Choy HE. Cell mass-dependent expression of an anticancer protein drug by tumor-targeted Salmonella. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8548-8559. [PMID: 29492216 PMCID: PMC5823552 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy relies on the properties of certain bacterial species capable of targeting and proliferating within solid malignancies. If these bacteria could be loaded with antitumor proteins, the efficacy of this approach could be greatly increased. However, because most antitumor proteins are also toxic to normal tissue, they must be expressed by bacteria that specifically target and exclusively localize to tumor tissue. As a strategy for treating solid malignancies, we recently evaluated L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) delivered by tumor-targeted Salmonella. In this system, L-ASNase was expressed under the control of the araBAD promoter (PBAD) of the E. coli arabinose operon, which is induced by injection of L-arabinose. Here, we further improved the performance of recombinant Salmonella in cancer therapy by exploiting the quorum-sensing (QS) system, which uses cell mass-dependent auto-induction logic. This approach obviates the necessity of monitoring intratumoral bacterial status and inducing cargo protein expression by administration of an exogenous compound. Recombinant Salmonella in tumors expressed and secreted active L-ASNase in a cell mass-dependent manner, yielding significant anticancer effects. These results suggest that expression of a therapeutic protein under the control of the QS system represents a promising engineering platform for the production of recombinant proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Young Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Dong Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongil Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University Medical School, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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37
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Igarashi K, Li S, Han Q, Tan Y, Kawaguchi K, Murakami T, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Li Y, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Singh AS, Elliott IA, Russell TA, Eckardt MA, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Growth of doxorubicin-resistant undifferentiated spindle-cell sarcoma PDOX is arrested by metabolic targeting with recombinant methioninase. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3537-3544. [PMID: 29143983 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated spindle-cell sarcoma (USCS) is a recalcitrant -cancer in need of individualized therapy. A high-grade USCS from a striated muscle of a patient was grown orthotopically in the right biceps femoris muscle of nude mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. In a previous study, we evaluated the efficacy of standard first-line chemotherapy of doxorubicin (DOX), gemcitabine (GEM) combined with docetaxel (DOC), compared to pazopanib (PAZ), a multi-targeting tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, in an USCS PDOX model. In the present study, mice-bearing the USCS PDOX tumors were randomized into the following groups when tumor volume reached 100 mm3 : G1, untreated control without treatment; G2, DOX (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); G3, L-methionine α-deamino-γ-mercaptomethane lyase (recombinant methioninase [rMETase]) (100 U/mouse, i.p., daily, for 2 weeks). Tumor size and body weight were measured with calipers and a digital balance twice a week. The methionine level of supernatants derived from sonicated tumors was also measured. rMETase inhibited tumor growth, measured by tumor volume, compared to untreated controls and the DOX-treated group on day 14 after initiation of treatment: control (G1): 347.6 ± 88 mm3 ; DOX (G2): 329.5 ± 79 mm3 , P = 0.670; rMETase (G3): 162.6 ± 51 mm3 , P = 0.0003. The mouse body weight of the treated mice was not significantly different from the untreated controls. Tumor L-methionine levels were reduced after the rMETase-treatment compared to untreated control and pre-rMETase treatment. We previously reported efficacy of rMETase against Ewing's sarcoma and melanoma in a PDOX models. These studies suggest clinical development of rMETase, especially in recalcitrant cancers such as sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Irmina A Elliott
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
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38
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Jun E, Hong SM, Yoo HJ, Kim MB, Won JS, An S, Shim IK, Chang S, Hoffman RM, Kim SC. Genetic and metabolic comparison of orthotopic and heterotopic patient-derived pancreatic-cancer xenografts to the original patient tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7867-7881. [PMID: 29487698 PMCID: PMC5814265 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors from 25 patients with pancreatic cancer were used to establish two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models: orthotopic PDX (PDOX) and heterotopic (subcutaneous) PDX (PDHX). We compared gene expression by immunohistochemistry, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), DNA methylation, and metabolite levels. The 4 cases, of the total of 13 in which simultaneous PDHX & PDOX models were established, were randomly selected. The molecular-genetic characteristics of the patient's tumor were well maintained in the two PDX models. SNP analysis demonstrated that both groups were more than 90% identical to the original patient's tumor, and there was little difference between the two models. DNA methylation of most genes was similar among the two models and the original patients tumor, but some gene sets were hypermethylated the in PDOX model and hypomethylated in the PDHX model. Most of the metabolites had a similar pattern to those of the original patient tumor in both PDX tumor models, but some metabolites were more prominent in the PDOX and PDHX models. This is the first simultaneous molecular-genetic and metabolite comparison of patient tumors and their tumors established in PDOX and PDHX models. The results indicate high fidelity of these critical properties of the patient tumors in the two models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsung Jun
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Bo Kim
- MetaBio Inc., Gangdong-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Sun Won
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon An
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyong Shim
- Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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39
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Murakami T, DeLong J, Eilber FC, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Singh A, Russell T, Deng S, Reynoso J, Quan C, Hiroshima Y, Matsuyama R, Chishima T, Tanaka K, Bouvet M, Chawla S, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R in combination with doxorubicin eradicate soft tissue sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12783-90. [PMID: 26859573 PMCID: PMC4914321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient with high grade undifferentiated pleomorphic soft-tissue sarcoma from a striated muscle was grown orthotopically in the right biceps femoris muscle of mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. Twenty PDOX mice were divided into 4 groups: G1, control without treatment; G2, Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium)A1-R administered by intratumoral (i.t.) injection once a week for 4 weeks; G3, doxorubicin (DOX) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection once a week for 4 weeks; G4, S. typhimurium A1-R (i.t.) administered once a week for 2 weeks followed by i.p. doxorubicin once a week for 2 weeks. On day 25 from the initiation of treatment, tumor volume in G2, G3, and G4 was significantly lower than G1. Mice found without gross tumor included one mouse (20%) in G2; one mouse (20%) in G3; and 3 mice (60%) in G4. Body weight loss did not significantly differ between the 3 treated groups or from the untreated control. Histological examination revealed eradication of tumor only in G4 where mice were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R followed by DOX. Our present study indicates future clinical potential of combining S. typhimurium A1-R with chemotherapy such as DOX for soft tissue sarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jonathan DeLong
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arun Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tara Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Cuong Quan
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Chishima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kuniya Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sant Chawla
- Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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40
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Felgner S, Kocijancic D, Frahm M, Heise U, Rohde M, Zimmermann K, Falk C, Erhardt M, Weiss S. Engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium overcomes limitations of anti-bacterial immunity in bacteria-mediated tumor therapy. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1382791. [PMID: 29308303 PMCID: PMC5749626 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1382791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the industrialized world and represents a tremendous social and economic burden. As conventional therapies fail to provide a sustainable cure for most cancer patients, the emerging unique immune therapeutic approach of bacteria-mediated tumor therapy (BMTT) is marching towards a feasible solution. Although promising results have been obtained with BMTT using various preclinical tumor models, for advancement a major concern is immunity against the bacterial vector itself. Pre-exposure to the therapeutic agent under field conditions is a reasonable expectation and may limit the therapeutic efficacy of BMTT. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Salmonella and E. coli vector strains in naïve and immunized tumor bearing mice. Pre-exposure to the therapeutic agent caused a significant aberrant phenotype of the microenvironment of colonized tumors and limited the in vivo efficacy of established BMTT vector strains Salmonella SL7207 and E. coli Symbioflor-2. Using targeted genetic engineering, we generated the optimized auxotrophic Salmonella vector strain SF200 (ΔlpxR9 ΔpagL7 ΔpagP8 ΔaroA ΔydiV ΔfliF) harboring modifications in Lipid A and flagella synthesis. This combination of mutations resulted in an increased immune-stimulatory capacity and as such the strain was able to overcome the efficacy-limiting effects of pre-exposure. Thus, we conclude that any limitations of BMTT concerning anti-bacterial immunity may be countered by strategies that optimize the immune-stimulatory capacity of the attenuated vector strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Felgner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Dino Kocijancic
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Michael Frahm
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heise
- Mouse-Pathology Service Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Hessia, Germany
| | - Marc Erhardt
- Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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41
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Kiyuna T, Murakami T, Tome Y, Kawaguchi K, Igarashi K, Miyake K, Kanaya F, Singh A, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Analysis of Stroma Labeling During Multiple Passage of a Sarcoma Imageable Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (iPDOX) in Red Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Nude Mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3367-3371. [PMID: 28300287 PMCID: PMC5550328 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) was previously established that acquired red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing stroma by growth in an RFP transgenic nude mouse. In the present study, an imageable PDOX model (iPDOX) of UPS was established by orthotopic implantation in the biceps femoris of transgenic RFP nude mice. After the tumors grew to a diameter of 10 mm, they were harvested and the brightest portion of the tumors were subsequently orthotopically transplanted to both RFP and non-colored nude mice. The UPS PDOX tumor was again transplanted to RFP transgenic and non-colored nude mice, and finally a 3rd passage was made in the same manner. Five UPS tumors from each passage in both RFP and non-colored mouse models were harvested. The FV1,000 confocal microscope was used to visualize and quantitate the RFP area of the resected tumors. The average percent fluorescent area in the first passage of RFP mice was 34 ± 22%; in the second passage, 34 ± 20%; and 36 ± 11% in the third passage of RFP transgenic nude mice. The average tumor RFP area in the first passage from RFP mice to non-colored mice was 20 ± 7%; in the second passage, 28 ± 11%; in the third passage was 27 ± 13%. The present results demonstrate the extensive and stable acquisition of stroma by the UPS-tumor growing orthotopically in transgenic RFP nude mice (iPDOX). This model can be used for screening for effective drugs for individual patients and drug discovery. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3367-3371, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Yasunori Tome
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Fuminori Kanaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Arun Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fritz C. Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
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42
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Kawaguchi K, Murakami T, Suetsugu A, Kiyuna T, Igarashi K, Hiroshima Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Bouvet M, Clary BM, Unno M, Hoffman RM. High-efficacy targeting of colon-cancer liver metastasis with Salmonella typhimurium A1-R via intra-portal-vein injection in orthotopic nude-mouse models. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19065-19073. [PMID: 27683127 PMCID: PMC5386670 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis is the main cause of colon cancer-related death and is a recalcitrant disease. We report here the efficacy and safety of intra-portal-vein (iPV) targeting of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R on colon cancer liver metastasis in a nude-mouse orthotopic model. Nude mice with HT29 human colon cancer cells, expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) (HT29-RFP), growing in the liver were administered S. typhimurium A1-R by either iPV (1×104 colony forming units (CFU)/100 μl) or, for comparison, intra-venous injection (iv; 5×107 CFU/100 μl). Similar amounts of bacteria were delivered to the liver with the two doses, indicating that iPV delivery is 5×103 times more efficient than iv delivery. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by tumor fluorescent area (mm2) and total fluorescence intensity. Tumor fluorescent area and fluorescence intensity highly correlated (p<0.0001). iPV treatment was more effective compared to both untreated control and iv treatment (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively with iPV treatment with S. typhimurium arresting metastatic growth). There were no significant differences in body weight between all groups. The results of this study suggest that S. typhimurium A1-R administered iPV has potential for peri-operative adjuvant treatment of colon cancer liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bryan M Clary
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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43
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Miyake K, Murakami T, Kiyuna T, Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Li Y, Singh AS, Dry SM, Eckardt MA, Hiroshima Y, Momiyama M, Matsuyama R, Chishima T, Endo I, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Eribulin regresses a doxorubicin‐resistant Ewing's sarcoma with a
FUS‐ERG
fusion and
CDKN2A‐
deletion in a patient‐derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:967-972. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Arun S. Singh
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Sarah M. Dry
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Mark A. Eckardt
- Department of SurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Masashi Momiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Takashi Chishima
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Fritz C. Eilber
- Division of Surgical OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
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44
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The combination of temozolomide-irinotecan regresses a doxorubicin-resistant patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse model of recurrent Ewing's sarcoma with a FUS-ERG fusion and CDKN2A deletion: Direction for third-line patient therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103129-103136. [PMID: 29262551 PMCID: PMC5732717 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the usefulness of a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse model of a doxorubicin-resistant metastatic Ewing’s sarcoma, with a unique combination of a FUS-ERG fusion and CDKN2A deletion, to identify effective drugs for third-line chemotherapy of the patient. Our previous study showed that cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitors were effective on the Ewing’s sarcoma PDOX, but not doxorubicin, similar to the patient’s resistance to doxorubicin. The results of the previous PDOX study were successfully used for second-line therapy of the patiend. In the present study, the PDOX mice established with the Ewing’s sarcoma in the right chest wall were randomized into 5 groups when the tumor volume reached 60 mm3: untreated control; gemcitabine combined with docetaxel (intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); irinotecan combined with temozolomide (irinotecan: i.p. injection; temozolomide: oral administration, daily, for 2 weeks); pazopanib (oral administration, daily, for 2 weeks); yondelis (intravenous injection, weekly, for 2 weeks). All mice were sacrificed on day 15. Body weight and tumor volume were assessed 2 times per week. Tumor weight was measured after sacrifice. Irinotecan combined with temozolomide was the most effective regimen compared to the untreated control group (p=0.022). Gemcitabine combined with docetaxel was also effective (p=0.026). Pazopanib and yondelis did not have significant efficacy compared to the untreated control (p=0.130, p=0.818). These results could be obtained within two months after the physician’s request and were used for third-line therapy of the patient.
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45
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Hoffman RM. Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Models of Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091875. [PMID: 28858204 PMCID: PMC5618524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a recalcitrant tumor. Although “targeted” and immune therapies have been highly touted, only relatively few patients have had durable responses. To overcome this problem, our laboratory has established the melanoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model with the use of surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI). Promising results have been obtained with regard to identifying effective approved agents and experimental therapeutics, as well as combinations of the two using the melanoma PDOX model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA 92111, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8220, USA.
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46
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Kawaguchi K, Igarashi K, Li S, Han Q, Tan Y, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Murakami T, Chmielowski B, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Unno M, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Combination treatment with recombinant methioninase enables temozolomide to arrest a BRAF V600E melanoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85516-85525. [PMID: 29156737 PMCID: PMC5689627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An excessive requirement for methionine termed methionine dependence, appears to be a general metabolic defect in cancer. We have previously shown that cancer-cell growth can be selectively arrested by methionine deprivation such as with recombinant methioninase (rMETase). The present study used a previously-established patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model of BRAF V600E-mutant melanoma to determine the efficacy of rMETase in combination with a first-line melanoma drug, temozolomide (TEM). In the present study 40 melanoma PDOX mouse models were randomized into four groups of 10 mice each: untreated control (n=10); TEM (25 mg/kg, oral 14 consecutive days, n=10); rMETase (100 units, intraperitoneal 14 consecutive days, n=10); combination TEM + rMETase (TEM: 25 mg/kg, oral rMETase: 100 units, intraperitoneal 14 consecutive days, n=10). All treatments inhibited tumor growth compared to untreated control (TEM: p=0.0081, rMETase: p=0.0037, TEM-rMETase: p=0.0024) on day 14 after initiation. However, the combination therapy of TEM and rMETase was significantly more efficacious than either mono-therapy (TEM: p=0.0051, rMETase: p=0.0051). The present study is the first demonstrating the efficacy of rMETase combination therapy in a PDOX model, suggesting potential clinical development, especially in recalcitrant cancers such as melanoma, where rMETase may enhance first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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47
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Igarashi K, Murakami T, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Zhang Y, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Li Y, Yanagawa J, Russell TA, Singh AS, Tsuchiya H, Elliott I, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. A patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model of a cisplatinum-resistant osteosarcoma lung metastasis that was sensitive to temozolomide and trabectedin: implications for precision oncology. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62111-62119. [PMID: 28977930 PMCID: PMC5617490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of trabectedin (TRAB) and temozolomide (TEM) compared to cisplatinum (CDDP) on a patient-derived orthotopic xenogrraft (PDOX) of a lung-metastasis from an osteosarcoma of a patient who failed CDDP therapy. Osteosarcoma resected from the patient was implanted orthotopically in the distal femur of mice to establish PDOX models which were randomized into the following groups when tumor volume reached approximately 100 mm3: G1, control without treatment; G2, CDDP (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); G3, TRAB (0.15 mg/kg, intravenous injection, weekly, for 2 weeks); G4, TEM (25 mg/kg, oral, daily, for 14 days). Tumor size and body weight were measured with calipers and a digital balance, respectively, twice a week. On day 14 after initiation of treatment, TEM and TRAB, but not CDDP, significantly inhibited tumor volume compared to untreated control: control (G1): 814.5±258.8 mm3; CDDP (G2): 608.6±126.9 mm3; TRAB (G3): 286.6±133.0 mm3; TEM (G4): 182.9±69.1 mm3. CDDP vs. control, p=0.07; TRAB vs. control, p=0.0004; TEM vs. control p =0.0002; TRAB vs. CDDP, p =0.0002; TEM vs. CDDP, p =0.00003. The results of the present study show that a PDOX model of an osteosarcoma lung-metastasis that recurred after adjuvant CDDP-treatment has identified potentially, highly-effective drugs for this recalcitrant disease, while accurately maintaining the CDDP resistance of the tumor in the patient, thereby demonstrating the potential of the osteosarcoma PDOX model for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jane Yanagawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Irmina Elliott
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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48
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Igarashi K, Kawaguchi K, Murakami T, Kiyuna T, Miyake K, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Li Y, Singh AS, Miwa S, Odani A, Eilber FC, Tsuchiya H, Hoffman RM. A novel anionic-phosphate-platinum complex effectively targets an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma better than cisplatinum and doxorubicin in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX). Oncotarget 2017; 8:63353-63359. [PMID: 28968995 PMCID: PMC5609927 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic soft-tissue sarcoma (UPS) from a striated muscle was previously orthotopically implanted in the right biceps femoris muscle of nude mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse model. In the present study, two weeks after orthotopic transplantation of the UPS, mice were treated intraperitoneally with cisplatinum (CDDP), doxorubicin (DOX) or a novel anionic-phosphate-platinum compound 3Pt. Treatments were repeated weekly for a total of 3 times. Six weeks after transplantation, all mice were sacrificed and evaluated. After two weeks treatment, tumor sizes were as follows: control (G1): 2208.3 mm3; CDDP (G2): 841.8±3 mm3, p=0.0001; DOX (G3): 693.1±3 mm3, p=6.56E-7; 3Pt (G4): 333.7±1 mm3, p=4.8E-8. 3Pt showed significantly more efficacy compared to other therapy drugs tested: CDDP (p=0.0002), DOX (p=0.001). There were no animal deaths in any of the four groups. The present results suggest 3Pt is a promising new candidate for UPS since it was demonstrated to be effective in a PDOX model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akira Odani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Lim D, Kim KS, Kim H, Ko KC, Song JJ, Choi JH, Shin M, Min JJ, Jeong JH, Choy HE. Anti-tumor activity of an immunotoxin (TGFα-PE38) delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. Oncotarget 2017; 8:37550-37560. [PMID: 28473665 PMCID: PMC5514929 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer strategy underlying the use of immunotoxins is as follows: the cancer-binding domain delivers the toxin to a cancer cell, after which the toxin enters and kills the cell. TGFα-PE38 is an immunotoxin comprising transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), a natural ligand of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) lacking N terminal cell-binding domain, a highly potent cytotoxic protein moiety. Tumor cells with high level of EGFR undergo apoptosis upon treatment with TGFα-PE38. However, clinical trials demonstrated that this immunotoxin delivered by an intracerebral infusion technique has only a limited inhibitory effect on intracranial tumors mainly due to inconsistent drug delivery. To circumvent this problem, we turned to tumor-seeking bacterial system. Here, we engineered Salmonella typhimurium to selectively express and release TGFα-PE38. Engineered bacteria were administered to mice implanted with mouse colon or breast tumor cells expressing high level of EGFR. We observed that controlled expression and release of TGFα-PE38 from intra-tumoral Salmonellae by either an engineered phage lysis system or by a bacterial membrane transport signal led to significant inhibition of solid tumor growth. These results demonstrated that delivery by tumor-seeking bacteria would greatly augment efficacy of immunotoxin in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Cheol Ko
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Bio-Materials Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Song
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Bio-Materials Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Bio-Materials Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University Medical School, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-joon Min
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kawaguchi K, Igarashi K, Murakami T, Kiyuna T, Nelson SD, Dry SM, Li Y, Russell TA, Singh AS, Chmielowski B, Unno M, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel regresses both gastric leiomyosarcoma proliferation and invasion in an imageable patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (iPDOX) model. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1063-1069. [PMID: 28426279 PMCID: PMC5499841 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1314406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric leiomyosarcoma is a recalcitrant cancer and the chemotherapy strategy is controversial. The present study used a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model of gastric leiomyosarcoma to identify an effective therapeutic regimen to develop individualized precision medicine for this disease. The gastric leiomyosarcoma obtained from a patient was first grown in transgenic nude mice ubiquitously expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) to stably label the tumor stroma. The RFP-expressing tumor was then passaged orthotopically in the gastric wall of non-transgenic nude mice to establish an imageable PDOX (iPDOX) model. The bright fluorescent tumor was readily imaged over time to determine drug efficacy. Four weeks after implantation, 70 PDOX nude mice were divided into 7 groups: control without treatment (n = 10); doxorubicin (DOX) (2.4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), once a week for 2 weeks, n = 10); gemcitabine (GEM)/ docetaxel (DOC) (GEM: 100 mg/kg, DOC: 20 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 2 weeks, n = 10); cyclophosphamide (CPA) (140 mg/kg, i.p., once a week for 2 weeks, n = 10); temozolomide (TEM) (25 mg/kg, orally, daily for 14 consecutive days, n = 10); yondelis (YON) (0.15 mg/kg, i.v., once a week for 2 weeks, n = 10); pazopanib (PAZ) (100 mg/kg, orally, daily for 14 consecutive days, n = 10). On day 14 from initiation of treatment, all treatments except PAZ significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with untreated control (DOX: p < 0.01, GEM/DOC: p < 0.01, CPA: p < 0.01, TEM: p < 0.01, YON: p < 0.01) on day 14 after initiation. In addition, only GEM/DOC was more significantly effective than DOX (p < 0.05). GEM/DOC could regress the leimyosarcoma in the PDOX model and has important clinical potential for precision individual treatment of leiomyosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott D. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M. Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara A. Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arun S. Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- PDOX Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fritz C. Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- PDOX Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- PDOX Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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