1
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Yu L, Liu Z, Xu W, Jin K, Liu J, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu Y. Towards overcoming obstacles of type II photodynamic therapy: Endogenous production of light, photosensitizer, and oxygen. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1111-1131. [PMID: 38486983 PMCID: PMC10935104 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) approaches face challenges including limited light penetration, low uptake of photosensitizers by tumors, and lack of oxygen in tumor microenvironments. One promising solution is to internally generate light, photosensitizers, and oxygen. This can be accomplished through endogenous production, such as using bioluminescence as an endogenous light source, synthesizing genetically encodable photosensitizers in situ, and modifying cells genetically to express catalase enzymes. Furthermore, these strategies have been reinforced by the recent rapid advancements in synthetic biology. In this review, we summarize and discuss the approaches to overcome PDT obstacles by means of endogenous production of excitation light, photosensitizers, and oxygen. We envision that as synthetic biology advances, genetically engineered cells could act as precise and targeted "living factories" to produce PDT components, leading to enhanced performance of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Last MGF, Noteborn WEM, Voortman LM, Sharp TH. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryosamples does not limit achievable resolution in cryoEM. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108040. [PMID: 37918761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Correlated super-resolution cryo-fluorescence and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) has been gaining popularity as a method to investigate biological samples with high resolution and specificity. A concern in this combined method (called SR-cryoCLEM), however, is whether and how fluorescence imaging prior to cryoEM acquisition is detrimental to sample integrity. In this report, we investigated the effect of high-dose laser light (405, 488, and 561 nm) irradiation on apoferritin samples prepared for cryoEM with excitation wavelengths commonly used in fluorescence microscopy, and compared these samples to controls that were kept in the dark. We found that laser illumination, of equal duration and intensity as used in cryo-single molecule localization microscopy (cryoSMLM) and in the presence of high concentrations of fluorescent protein, did not affect the achievable resolution in cryoEM, with final reconstructions reaching resolutions of ∼ 1.8 Å regardless of the laser illumination. The finding that super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryosamples prior to cryoEM data acquisition does not limit the achievable resolution suggests that super-resolution cryo-fluorescence microscopy and in situ structural biology using cryoEM are entirely compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart G F Last
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E M Noteborn
- Netherlands Centre for Electron Nanoscopy, Leiden University, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Chen Y, Pang S, Li J, Lu Y, Gao C, Xiao Y, Chen M, Wang M, Ren X. Genetically encoded protein sensors for metal ion detection in biological systems: a review and bibliometric analysis. Analyst 2023; 148:5564-5581. [PMID: 37872814 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01412f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are indispensable elements in living organisms and are associated with regulating various biological processes. An imbalance in metal ion content can lead to disorders in normal physiological functions of the human body and cause various diseases. Genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors have the advantages of low biotoxicity, high specificity, and a long imaging time in vivo and have become a powerful tool to visualize or quantify the concentration level of biomolecules in vivo and in vitro, temporal and spatial distribution, and life activity process. This review analyzes the development status and current research hotspots in the field of genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors by bibliometric analysis. Based on the results of bibliometric analysis, the research progress of genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors for metal ion detection is reviewed, and the construction strategies, physicochemical properties, and applications of such sensors in biological imaging are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxueyuan Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - ShuChao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jingya Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yun Lu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chenxia Gao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanyu Xiao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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4
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Abstract
The genetically encoded fluorescent sensors convert chemical and physical signals into light. They are powerful tools for the visualisation of physiological processes in living cells and freely moving animals. The fluorescent protein is the reporter module of a genetically encoded biosensor. In this study, we first review the history of the fluorescent protein in full emission spectra on a structural basis. Then, we discuss the design of the genetically encoded biosensor. Finally, we briefly review several major types of genetically encoded biosensors that are currently widely used based on their design and molecular targets, which may be useful for the future design of fluorescent biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhong Shan Road North, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yifan Da
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhong Shan Road North, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhong Shan Road North, Shanghai, 200062, China
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5
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Zarowny L, Clavel D, Johannson R, Duarte K, Depernet H, Dupuy J, Baker H, Brown A, Royant A, Campbell RE. Cyan fluorescent proteins derived from mNeonGreen. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:gzac004. [PMID: 35417013 PMCID: PMC9083105 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
mNeonGreen, an engineered green fluorescent protein (GFP) derived from lancelet, is one of the most brightly fluorescent homologs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish GFP (avGFP) yet reported. In this work, we investigated whether this bright fluorescence might be retained in homologs of mNeonGreen with modified chromophore structures and altered fluorescent hues. We found mNeonGreen to be generally less tolerant than avGFP to chromophore modification by substitution of the key chromophore-forming tyrosine residue with other aromatic amino acids. However, we were ultimately successful in creating a variant, designated as NeonCyan1, with a tryptophan-derived cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-type chromophore, and two additional mutants with distinct spectral hues. Structural, computational, and photophysical characterization of NeonCyan1 and its variants provided insight into the factors that control the fluorescence emission color. Though not recommended as replacements for contemporary CFP variants, we demonstrate that NeonCyan1 variants are potentially suitable for live cell imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Zarowny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Damien Clavel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ryan Johannson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kévin Duarte
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hadrien Depernet
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Dupuy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Heather Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Antoine Royant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Liu J, Wang F, Qin Y, Feng X. Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810130. [PMID: 34576293 PMCID: PMC8468639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment for cancer or non-neoplastic diseases, and the photosensitizers (PSs) are crucial for PDT efficiency. The commonly used chemical PSs, generally produce ROS through the type II reaction that highly relies on the local oxygen concentration. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and unavoidable dark toxicity of PSs greatly restrain the wide application of PDT. The genetically encoded PSs, unlike chemical PSs, can be modified using genetic engineering techniques and targeted to unique cellular compartments, even within a single cell. KillerRed, as a dimeric red fluorescent protein, can be activated by visible light or upconversion luminescence to execute the Type I reaction of PDT, which does not need too much oxygen and surely attract the researchers’ focus. In particular, nanotechnology provides new opportunities for various modifications of KillerRed and versatile delivery strategies. This review more comprehensively outlines the applications of KillerRed, highlighting the fascinating features of KillerRed genes and proteins in the photodynamic systems. Furthermore, the advantages and defects of KillerRed are also discussed, either alone or in combination with other therapies. These overviews may facilitate understanding KillerRed progress in PDT and suggest some emerging potentials to circumvent challenges to improve the efficiency and accuracy of PDT.
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7
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Micheletto MC, Guidelli ÉJ, Costa-Filho AJ. Interaction of Genetically Encoded Photosensitizers with Scintillating Nanoparticles for X-ray Activated Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2289-2302. [PMID: 33405500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications are limited by the low penetration of UV-visible light into biological tissues. Considering X-rays as an alternative to excite photosensitizers (PS) in a deeper tumor, an intermediate particle able to convert the X-ray energy into visible light (scintillating nanoparticle, ScNP) is necessary. Moreover, accumulation of PS in the target cells is also required. Genetically encoded proteins could be used as a photosensitizer, allowing the exclusive expression of PS inside the tumor cells. Here, the interaction of eGFP, KillerOrange, and KillerRed proteins with LaF3:Tb3+ ScNP was investigated, for the first time, in terms of its physicochemical and energy transfer properties. The protein structure, stability, and function were evaluated upon adverse physiological conditions and X-ray irradiation. Optimal parameters for energy transfer from ScNP to the proteins were investigated, paving the way for the use of genetically encoded photosensitizers for applications in X-ray activated photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Micheletto
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Éder J Guidelli
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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8
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Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer for Destruction of Protein or Cell Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:265-279. [PMID: 33398819 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several paths when excited molecules return to the ground state. In the case of fluorescent molecules, the dominant path is fluorescence emission that is greatly contributing to bioimaging. Meanwhile, photosensitizers transfer electron or energy from chromophore to the surrounding molecules, including molecular oxygen. Generated reactive oxygen species has potency to attack other molecules by oxidation. In this chapter, we introduce the chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) method using a photosensitizer to inactivate proteins in a spatiotemporal manner and development of CALI tools, which is useful for investigation of protein functions and dynamics, by inactivation of the target molecules. Moreover, photosensitizers with high efficiency make it possible optogenetic control of cell ablation in living organisms and photodynamic therapy. Further development of photosensitizers with different excitation wavelengths will contribute to the investigation of multiple proteins or cell functions through inactivation in the different positions and timings.
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Das S, Tiwari M, Mondal D, Sahoo BR, Tiwari DK. Growing tool-kit of photosensitizers for clinical and non-clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10897-10940. [PMID: 33165483 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are photosensitive molecules utilized in clinical and non-clinical applications by taking advantage of light-mediated reactive oxygen generation, which triggers local and systemic cellular toxicity. Photosensitizers are used for diverse biological applications such as spatio-temporal inactivation of a protein in a living system by chromophore-assisted light inactivation, localized cell photoablation, photodynamic and immuno-photodynamic therapy, and correlative light-electron microscopy imaging. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several genetically encoded, chemically synthesized, and nanotechnologically driven photosensitizers for successful implementation in redox biology applications. Genetically encoded photosensitizers (GEPS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating proteins have the advantage of using them in the living system since they can be manipulated by genetic engineering with a variety of target-specific genes for the precise spatio-temporal control of ROS generation. The GEPS variety is limited but is expanding with a variety of newly emerging GEPS proteins. Apart from GEPS, a large variety of chemically- and nanotechnologically-empowered photosensitizers have been developed with a major focus on photodynamic therapy-based cancer treatment alone or in combination with pre-existing treatment methods. Recently, immuno-photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective cancer treatment method using smartly designed photosensitizers to initiate and engage the patient's immune system so as to empower the photosensitizing effect. In this review, we have discussed various types of photosensitizers, their clinical and non-clinical applications, and implementation toward intelligent efficacy, ROS efficiency, and target specificity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
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10
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Li Y, Cui ZJ. Photodynamic Activation of Cholecystokinin 1 Receptor with Different Genetically Encoded Protein Photosensitizers and from Varied Subcellular Sites. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101423. [PMID: 33050050 PMCID: PMC7601527 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R) is activated by singlet oxygen (1O2) generated in photodynamic action with sulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine (SALPC) or genetically encoded protein photosensitizer (GEPP) KillerRed or mini singlet oxygen generator (miniSOG). A large number of GEPP with varied 1O2 quantum yields have appeared recently; therefore, in the present work, the efficacy of different GEPP to photodynamically activate CCK1R was examined, as monitored by Fura-2 calcium imaging. KillerRed, miniSOG, miniSOG2, singlet oxygen protein photosensitizer (SOPP), flavin-binding fluorescent protein from Methylobacterium radiotolerans with point mutation C71G (Mr4511C71G), and flavin-binding fluorescent protein from Dinoroseobacter shibae (DsFbFP) were expressed at the plasma membrane (PM) in AR4-2J cells, which express endogenous CCK1R. Light irradiation (KillerRed: white light 85.3 mW‧cm-2, 4' and all others: LED 450 nm, 85 mW·cm-2, 1.5') of GEPPPM-expressing AR4-2J was found to all trigger persistent calcium oscillations, a hallmark of permanent photodynamic CCK1R activation; DsFbFP was the least effective, due to poor expression. miniSOG was targeted to PM, mitochondria (MT) or lysosomes (LS) in AR4-2J in parallel experiments; LED light irradiation was found to all induce persistent calcium oscillations. In miniSOGPM-AR4-2J cells, light emitting diode (LED) light irradiation-induced calcium oscillations were readily inhibited by CCK1R antagonist devazepide 2 nM; miniSOGMT-AR4-2J cells were less susceptible, but miniSOGLS-AR4-2J cells were not inhibited. In conclusion, different GEPPPM could all photodynamically activate CCK1R. Intracellular GEPP photodynamic action may prove particularly suited to study intracellular GPCR.
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Pletneva NV, Goryacheva EA, Artemyev IV, Arkhipova SF, Pletnev VZ. Fluorescent Tags in Biology: Three-Dimensional Structure. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Gorbachev D, Sarkisyan K. A mutant of the phototoxic protein KillerRed that does not form DsRed-like chromophore. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encodable photosensitizers based on fluorescent proteins produce reactive oxygen species when illuminated with light. Although widely used as optogenetic tools, existing photosensitizers with green fluorescence possess suboptimal properties motivating for a search of new protein variants with efficient chromophore maturation and high phototoxicity. Here we report a mutant of the phototoxic fluorescent protein KillerRed protein with fluorescence in the green part of the spectrum. The mutant variant carries mutations I64L, D114G, and T115S and does not form a DsRed-like chromophore. The protein can be used as a template to create new genetically encodable photosensitizers that are spectrally different from KillerRed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Gorbachev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - K.S. Sarkisyan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Pletneva NV, Goryacheva EA, Artemyev IV, Arkhipova SF, Pletnev VZ. Structure of Chromophores in GFP-Like Proteins: X-Ray Data. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201903004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Xiong Y, Tian X, Ai HW. Molecular Tools to Generate Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1297-1303. [PMID: 30986044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only are byproducts of aerobic respiration, but also play vital roles in metabolism regulation and signal transductions. It is important to understand the functions of ROS in biological systems. In addition, scientists have made use of ROS to kill bacteria and tumors through a process known as photodynamic therapy (PDT). This paper provides a concise review of current molecular tools that can generate ROS in biological systems via either nongenetic or genetically encoded way. Challenges and perspectives are further discussed with the hope of broadening the applications of ROS generators in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Chemistry, and the UVA Cancer Center , University of Virginia , 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Chemistry, and the UVA Cancer Center , University of Virginia , 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States
| | - Hui-Wang Ai
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Chemistry, and the UVA Cancer Center , University of Virginia , 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States
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15
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Trewin AJ, Berry BJ, Wei AY, Bahr LL, Foster TH, Wojtovich AP. Light-induced oxidant production by fluorescent proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:157-164. [PMID: 29425690 PMCID: PMC6078816 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidants play an important role in the cell and are involved in many redox processes. Oxidant concentrations are maintained through coordinated production and removal systems. The dysregulation of oxidant homeostasis is a hallmark of many disease pathologies. The local oxidant microdomain is crucial for the initiation of many redox signaling events; however, methods to control oxidant product are limited. Some fluorescent proteins, including GFP, TagRFP, KillerRed, miniSOG, and their derivatives, generate oxidants in response to light. These genetically-encoded photosensitizers produce singlet oxygen and superoxide upon illumination and offer spatial and temporal control over oxidant production. In this review, we will examine the photosensitization properties of fluorescent proteins and their application to redox biology. Emerging concepts of selective oxidant species production via photosensitization and the impact of light on biological systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Trewin
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Brandon J Berry
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Alicia Y Wei
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Laura L Bahr
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Thomas H Foster
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Imaging Sciences, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States; University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester 14642, United States.
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16
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An optogenetic toolbox of LOV-based photosensitizers for light-driven killing of bacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15021. [PMID: 30301917 PMCID: PMC6177443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin-binding fluorescent proteins (FPs) are genetically encoded in vivo reporters, which are derived from microbial and plant LOV photoreceptors. In this study, we comparatively analyzed ROS formation and light-driven antimicrobial efficacy of eleven LOV-based FPs. In particular, we determined singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields and superoxide photosensitization activities via spectroscopic assays and performed cell toxicity experiments in E. coli. Besides miniSOG and SOPP, which have been engineered to generate 1O2, all of the other tested flavoproteins were able to produce singlet oxygen and/or hydrogen peroxide but exhibited remarkable differences in ROS selectivity and yield. Accordingly, most LOV-FPs are potent photosensitizers, which can be used for light-controlled killing of bacteria. Furthermore, the two variants Pp2FbFP and DsFbFP M49I, exhibiting preferential photosensitization of singlet oxygen or singlet oxygen and superoxide, respectively, were shown to be new tools for studying specific ROS-induced cell signaling processes. The tested LOV-FPs thus further expand the toolbox of optogenetic sensitizers usable for a broad spectrum of microbiological and biomedical applications.
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17
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Lee W, Kim I, Rhee YM. A proton transfer network that generates deprotonated tyrosine is a key to producing reactive oxygen species in phototoxic KillerRed protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22342-22350. [PMID: 30128469 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KillerRed is the first genetically encoded photosensitizer that can induce cytotoxicity upon light exposure. Nevertheless, its phototoxicity is still lower than that of chemical photosensitizers, and the efforts to further develop KillerRed variants with enhanced phototoxicity have been impeded because the mechanism by which it generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) has remained elusive. To shed light on this issue, we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) modeling with statistical free energy analysis to examine the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurring in KillerRed. We identify a deprotonated tyrosine residue (Tyr110) as an electron donor and further show that adjacent glutamate and serine residues play essential roles in deprotonating Tyr110. We also show that water mediation is important in the proton transfer and that protein fluctuations importantly govern the fate of the excited system. We provide clues about why KillerRed can only exhibit a low ROS yield and suggest future directions of mutagenesis toward an enhanced phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Leem JW, Park J, Kim S, Kim S, Choi SH, Choi K, Kim YL. Green-Light-Activated Photoreaction via Genetic Hybridization of Far-Red Fluorescent Protein and Silk. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700863. [PMID: 29938168 PMCID: PMC6010726 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins often result in phototoxicity and cytotoxicity, in particular because some red fluorescent proteins produce and release reactive oxygen species (ROS). The photogeneration of ROS is considered as a detrimental side effect in cellular imaging or is proactively utilized for ablating cancerous tissue. As ancient textiles or biomaterials, silk produced by silkworms can directly be used as fabrics or be processed into materials and structures to host other functional nanomaterials. It is reported that transgenic fusion of far-red fluorescent protein (mKate2) with silk provides a photosensitizer hybridization platform for photoinducible control of ROS. Taking advantage of green (visible) light activation, native and regenerated mKate2 silk can produce and release superoxide and singlet oxygen, in a comparable manner of visible light-driven plasmonic photocatalysis. Thus, the genetic expression of mKate2 in silk offers immediately exploitable and scalable photocatalyst-like biomaterials. It is further envisioned that mKate2 silk can potentially rule out hazardous concerns associated with foreign semiconductor photocatalytic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Wan Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Ryul Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Kwang‐Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Purdue Quantum CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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19
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Leem JW, Kim SR, Choi KH, Kim YL. Plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins for generating reactive oxygen species. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:8. [PMID: 29607289 PMCID: PMC5862923 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in photocatalysis have opened a variety of new possibilities for energy and biomedical applications. In particular, plasmonic photocatalysis using hybridization of semiconductor materials and metal nanoparticles has recently facilitated the rapid progress in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency under visible or solar light. One critical underlying aspect of photocatalysis is that it generates and releases reactive oxygen species (ROS) as intermediate or final products upon light excitation or activation. Although plasmonic photocatalysis overcomes the limitation of UV irradiation, synthesized metal/semiconductor nanomaterial photocatalysts often bring up biohazardous and environmental issues. In this respect, this review article is centered in identifying natural photosensitizing organic materials that can generate similar types of ROS as those of plasmonic photocatalysis. In particular, we propose the idea of plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins for ROS generation under visible light irradiation. We recapitulate fluorescent proteins that have Type I and Type II photosensitization properties in a comparable manner to plasmonic photocatalysis. Plasmonic photocatalysis and protein photosensitization have not yet been compared systemically in terms of ROS photogeneration under visible light, although the phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of some fluorescent proteins are well recognized. A comprehensive understanding of plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins and their potential advantages will lead us to explore new environmental, biomedical, and defense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Seong-Ryul Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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20
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Pletnev VZ, Pletneva NV, Efremov RG, Goryacheva EA, Artemyev IV, Arkhipova SF, Sarkisyan KS, Mishin AS, Lukyanov KA, Pletnev SV. Three-dimensional structure of a pH-dependent fluorescent protein WasCFP with a tryptophan based deprotonated chromophore. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Jiang HN, Li Y, Cui ZJ. Photodynamic Physiology-Photonanomanipulations in Cellular Physiology with Protein Photosensitizers. Front Physiol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28421000 PMCID: PMC5378799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen generated in a type II photodynamic action, due to its limited lifetime (1 μs) and reactive distance (<10 nm), could regulate live cell function nanoscopically. The genetically-encoded protein photosensitizers (engineered fluorescent proteins such as KillerRed, TagRFP, and flavin-binding proteins such as miniSOG, Pp2FbFPL30M) could be expressed in a cell type- and/or subcellular organelle-specific manner for targeted protein photo-oxidative activation/desensitization. The newly emerged active illumination technique provides an additional level of specificity. Typical examples of photodynamic activation include permanent activation of G protein-coupled receptor CCK1 and photodynamic activation of ionic channel TRPA1. Protein photosensitizers have been used to photodynamically modulate major cellular functions (such as neurotransmitter release and gene transcription) and animal behavior. Protein photosensitizers are increasingly used in photon-driven nanomanipulation in cell physiology research.
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Acharya A, Bogdanov AM, Grigorenko BL, Bravaya KB, Nemukhin AV, Lukyanov KA, Krylov AI. Photoinduced Chemistry in Fluorescent Proteins: Curse or Blessing? Chem Rev 2016; 117:758-795. [PMID: 27754659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced reactions play an important role in the photocycle of fluorescent proteins from the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. Among such processes are photoisomerization, photooxidation/photoreduction, breaking and making of covalent bonds, and excited-state proton transfer (ESPT). Many of these transformations are initiated by electron transfer (ET). The quantum yields of these processes vary significantly, from nearly 1 for ESPT to 10-4-10-6 for ET. Importantly, even when quantum yields are relatively small, at the conditions of repeated illumination the overall effect is significant. Depending on the task at hand, fluorescent protein photochemistry is regarded either as an asset facilitating new applications or as a nuisance leading to the loss of optical output. The phenomena arising due to phototransformations include (i) large Stokes shifts, (ii) photoconversions, photoactivation, and photoswitching, (iii) phototoxicity, (iv) blinking, (v) permanent bleaching, and (vi) formation of long-lived intermediates. The focus of this review is on the most recent experimental and theoretical work on photoinduced transformations in fluorescent proteins. We also provide an overview of the photophysics of fluorescent proteins, highlighting the interplay between photochemistry and other channels (fluorescence, radiationless relaxation, and intersystem crossing). The similarities and differences with photochemical processes in other biological systems and in dyes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Acharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Alexey M Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow, Russia.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Bella L Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia B Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts United States
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow, Russia.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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