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Morales-Carrizales DA, Gopar-Cuevas Y, Loera-Arias MDJ, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Garcia-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Rocha H. A neuroprotective dose of trehalose is harmless to metabolic organs: comprehensive histopathological analysis of liver, pancreas, and kidney. Daru 2023; 31:135-144. [PMID: 37393413 PMCID: PMC10624785 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide synthesized by lower organisms. It has recently received special attention because of its neuroprotective properties by stimulating autophagy in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. Therefore, evaluating whether trehalose affects metabolic organs is vital to determine its neurotherapeutic safety. METHODS We validated the trehalose neuroprotective dosage in a PD model induced with intraperitoneal paraquat administration twice weekly for 7 weeks. One week before paraquat administration, mice were treated with trehalose in the drinking water and continued along with paraquat treatment. Histological and morphometrical analyses were conducted on the organs involved in trehalose metabolism, including the liver, pancreas, and kidney. RESULTS Paraquat-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss was significantly decreased by trehalose. After trehalose treatment, the liver morphology, the mononucleated/binucleated hepatocytes percentage, and sinusoidal diameter remained unchanged in each liver lobes. Endocrine and exocrine pancreas's histology was not affected, nor was any fibrotic process observed. The islet of Langerhans's structure was preserved when analyzing the area, the largest and smallest diameter, and circularity. Renal morphology remained undamaged, and no changes were identified within the glomerular basement membrane. The renal corpuscle structure did not suffer alterations in the Bowman's space, area, diameter, circularity, perimeter, and cellularity. Besides, the renal tubular structures's luminal area and internal and external diameter were preserved. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that systemic trehalose administration preserved the typical histological architecture of the organs involved in its metabolism, supporting its safety as a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Armando Morales-Carrizales
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Yareth Gopar-Cuevas
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Maria de Jesus Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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2
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Ruiz-Velasco A, Raja R, Chen X, Ganenthiran H, Kaur N, Alatawi NHO, Miller JM, Abouleisa RR, Ou Q, Zhao X, Fonseka O, Wang X, Hille SS, Frey N, Wang T, Mohamed TM, Müller OJ, Cartwright EJ, Liu W. Restored autophagy is protective against PAK3-induced cardiac dysfunction. iScience 2023; 26:106970. [PMID: 37324527 PMCID: PMC10265534 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of clinical treatments, heart failure remains the leading cause of mortality. We observed that p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) was augmented in failing human and mouse hearts. Furthermore, mice with cardiac-specific PAK3 overexpression exhibited exacerbated pathological remodeling and deteriorated cardiac function. Myocardium with PAK3 overexpression displayed hypertrophic growth, excessive fibrosis, and aggravated apoptosis following isoprenaline stimulation as early as two days. Mechanistically, using cultured cardiomyocytes and human-relevant samples under distinct stimulations, we, for the first time, demonstrated that PAK3 acts as a suppressor of autophagy through hyper-activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Defective autophagy in the myocardium contributes to the progression of heart failure. More importantly, PAK3-provoked cardiac dysfunction was mitigated by administering an autophagic inducer. Our study illustrates a unique role of PAK3 in autophagy regulation and the therapeutic potential of targeting this axis for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Velasco
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rida Raja
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Haresh Ganenthiran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Namrita Kaur
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nasser hawimel o Alatawi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jessica M. Miller
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Riham R.E. Abouleisa
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Qinghui Ou
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiangjun Zhao
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Oveena Fonseka
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Susanne S. Hille
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tamer M.A. Mohamed
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizabeth J. Cartwright
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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3
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Zahedi N, Pourajam S, Zaker E, Kouhpayeh S, Mirbod SM, Tavangar M, Boshtam M, Hatami Kahkesh K, Qian Q, Zhang F, Shariati L, Khanahmad H, Boshtam M. The potential therapeutic impacts of trehalose on cardiovascular diseases as the environmental-influenced disorders: An overview of contemporary findings. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115674. [PMID: 36925035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as environmental-influenced disorders, are a major concern and the leading cause of death worldwide. A range of therapeutic approaches has been proposed, including conventional and novel methods. Natural compounds offer a promising alternative for CVD treatment due to their ability to regulate molecular pathways with minimal adverse effects. Trehalose is natural compound and disaccharide with unique biological functions and cardio-protective properties. The cardio-protective effects of trehalose are generated through its ability to induce autophagy, which is mediated by the transcription factors TFEB and FOXO1. The stimulation of TFEB plays a significant role in regulating autophagy genes and autophagosome formation. Activation of FOXO1 through dephosphorylation of Foxo1 and blocking of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) also triggers autophagy dramatically. Trehalose has been shown to reduce CVD risk factors, including atherosclerosis, cardiac remodeling after a heart attack, cardiac dysfunction, high blood pressure, and stroke. It also reduces structural abnormalities of mitochondria, cytokine production, vascular inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and pyroptosis. This review provides a molecular overview of trehalose's cardioprotective functions, including its mechanisms of autophagy and its potential to improve CVD symptoms based on clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Zahedi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Pourajam
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Erfan Zaker
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, Erythron Genetics and Pathobiology Laboratory, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mahnaz Mirbod
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrsa Tavangar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Kaveh Hatami Kahkesh
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Qiuping Qian
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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New Insights into the Regulation of mTOR Signaling via Ca 2+-Binding Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043923. [PMID: 36835331 PMCID: PMC9959742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are important regulators of cell growth and proliferation. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central kinase that maintains cellular homeostasis in response to a variety of extracellular and intracellular inputs. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is associated with many diseases, including diabetes and cancer. Calcium ion (Ca2+) is important as a second messenger in various biological processes, and its intracellular concentration is tightly regulated. Although the involvement of Ca2+ mobilization in mTOR signaling has been reported, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which mTOR signaling is regulated are not fully understood. The link between Ca2+ homeostasis and mTOR activation in pathological hypertrophy has heightened the importance in understanding Ca2+-regulated mTOR signaling as a key mechanism of mTOR regulation. In this review, we introduce recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of regulation of mTOR signaling by Ca2+-binding proteins, particularly calmodulin (CaM).
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5
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Li H, Zhang L, Zhang L, Han R. Autophagy in striated muscle diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1000067. [PMID: 36312227 PMCID: PMC9606591 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired biomolecules and cellular organelles are gradually built up during the development and aging of organisms, and this deteriorating process is expedited under stress conditions. As a major lysosome-mediated catabolic process, autophagy has evolved to eradicate these damaged cellular components and recycle nutrients to restore cellular homeostasis and fitness. The autophagic activities are altered under various disease conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion cardiac injury, sarcopenia, and genetic myopathies, which impact multiple cellular processes related to cellular growth and survival in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Thus, autophagy has been the focus for therapeutic development to treat these muscle diseases. To develop the specific and effective interventions targeting autophagy, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy is altered in heart and skeletal muscle disorders. Herein, we summarize how autophagy alterations are linked to cardiac and skeletal muscle defects and how these alterations occur. We further discuss potential pharmacological and genetic interventions to regulate autophagy activities and their applications in cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Haiwen Li,
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States,Renzhi Han,
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6
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Tong WH, Ollivierre H, Noguchi A, Ghosh MC, Springer DA, Rouault TA. Hyperactivation of mTOR and AKT in a cardiac hypertrophy animal model of Friedreich ataxia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10371. [PMID: 36061025 PMCID: PMC9433723 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a primary cause of death in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) patients with defective iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis due to loss of functional frataxin and in rare patients with functional loss of other ISC biogenesis factors. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AKT signaling cascades that coordinate eukaryotic cell growth and metabolism with environmental inputs, including nutrients and growth factors, are crucial regulators of cardiovascular growth and homeostasis. We observed increased phosphorylation of AKT and dysregulation of multiple downstream effectors of mTORC1, including S6K1, S6, ULK1 and 4EBP1, in a cardiac/skeletal muscle specific FRDA conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model and in human cell lines depleted of ISC biogenesis factors. Knockdown of several mitochondrial metabolic proteins that are downstream targets of ISC biogenesis, including lipoyl synthase and subunit B of succinate dehydrogenase, also resulted in activation of mTOR and AKT signaling, suggesting that mTOR and AKT hyperactivations are part of the metabolic stress response to ISC deficiencies. Administration of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR signaling, enhanced the survival of the Fxn cKO mice, providing proof of concept for the potential of mTOR inhibition to ameliorate cardiac disease in patients with defective ISC biogenesis. However, AKT phosphorylation remained high in rapamycin-treated Fxn cKO hearts, suggesting that parallel mTOR and AKT inhibition might be necessary to further improve the lifespan and healthspan of ISC deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hang Tong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hayden Ollivierre
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Manik C. Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Danielle A. Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tracey A. Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Kouzu H, Tatekoshi Y, Chang HC, Shapiro JS, McGee WA, De Jesus A, Ben-Sahra I, Arany Z, Leor J, Chen C, Blackshear PJ, Ardehali H. ZFP36L2 suppresses mTORc1 through a P53-dependent pathway to prevent peripartum cardiomyopathy in mice. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e154491. [PMID: 35316214 PMCID: PMC9106345 DOI: 10.1172/jci154491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with substantial physiological changes of the heart, and disruptions in these processes can lead to peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). The molecular processes that cause physiological and pathological changes in the heart during pregnancy are not well characterized. Here, we show that mTORc1 was activated in pregnancy to facilitate cardiac enlargement that was reversed after delivery in mice. mTORc1 activation in pregnancy was negatively regulated by the mRNA-destabilizing protein ZFP36L2 through its degradation of Mdm2 mRNA and P53 stabilization, leading to increased SESN2 and REDD1 expression. This pathway impeded uncontrolled cardiomyocyte hypertrophy during pregnancy, and mice with cardiac-specific Zfp36l2 deletion developed rapid cardiac dysfunction after delivery, while prenatal treatment of these mice with rapamycin improved postpartum cardiac function. Collectively, these data provide what we believe to be a novel pathway for the regulation of mTORc1 through mRNA stabilization of a P53 ubiquitin ligase. This pathway was critical for normal cardiac growth during pregnancy, and its reduction led to PPCM-like adverse remodeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemichi Kouzu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Yuki Tatekoshi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Jason S. Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Warren A. McGee
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam De Jesus
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Tel Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
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8
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Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Love M, Kirshenbaum LA. Intersection of autophagy regulation and circadian rhythms in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Rosset C, Jaeger MDC, Filippi-Chiela E, Reis LB, Sartor ITS, Oliveira Netto CB, Farias CBD, Roesler R, Ashton-Prolla P. Primary cells derived from Tuberous Sclerosis Complex patients show autophagy alteration in the haploinsufficiency state. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200475. [PMID: 34609442 PMCID: PMC8515215 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes and characterized by mTORC1 hyperactivation. TSC-associated tumors develop after loss of heterozygosity mutations and their treatment involves the use of mTORC1 inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate cellular processes regulated by mTORC1 in TSC cells with different mutations before tumor development. Flow cytometry analyses were performed to evaluate cell viability, cell cycle and autophagy in non-tumor primary TSC cells with different heterozygous mutations and in control cells without TSC mutations, before and after treatment with rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor). We did not observe differences in cell viability and cell cycle between the cell groups. However, autophagy was reduced in mutated cells. After rapamycin treatment, mutated cells showed a significant increase in the autophagy process (p=0.039). We did not observe differences between cells with distinct TSC mutations. Our main finding is the alteration of autophagy in non-tumor TSC cells. Previous studies in literature found autophagy alterations in tumor TSC cells or knock-out animal models. We showed that autophagy could be an important mechanism that leads to TSC tumor formation in the haploinsufficiency state. This result could guide future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévia Rosset
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane da Cunha Jaeger
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto do Câncer Infantil (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Filippi-Chiela
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Medicina (Famed), Programa de pós-graduação em gastroenterologia e hepatologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Brussa Reis
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivaine Taís Sauthier Sartor
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto do Câncer Infantil (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Departamento de Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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10
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Cho JM, Park S, Ghosh R, Ly K, Ramous C, Thompson L, Hansen M, Mattera MSDLC, Pires KM, Ferhat M, Mookherjee S, Whitehead KJ, Carter K, Buffolo M, Boudina S, Symons JD. Late-in-life treadmill training rejuvenates autophagy, protein aggregate clearance, and function in mouse hearts. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13467. [PMID: 34554626 PMCID: PMC8520717 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control mechanisms decline during the process of cardiac aging. This enables the accumulation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles that contribute to age-associated cardiac dysfunction. Macroautophagy is the process by which post-mitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes clear defective proteins and organelles. We hypothesized that late-in-life exercise training improves autophagy, protein aggregate clearance, and function that is otherwise dysregulated in hearts from old vs. adult mice. As expected, 24-month-old male C57BL/6J mice (old) exhibited repressed autophagosome formation and protein aggregate accumulation in the heart, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and reduced exercise capacity vs. 8-month-old (adult) mice (all p < 0.05). To investigate the influence of late-in-life exercise training, additional cohorts of 21-month-old mice did (old-ETR) or did not (old-SED) complete a 3-month progressive resistance treadmill running program. Body composition, exercise capacity, and soleus muscle citrate synthase activity improved in old-ETR vs. old-SED mice at 24 months (all p < 0.05). Importantly, protein expression of autophagy markers indicate trafficking of the autophagosome to the lysosome increased, protein aggregate clearance improved, and overall function was enhanced (all p < 0.05) in hearts from old-ETR vs. old-SED mice. These data provide the first evidence that a physiological intervention initiated late-in-life improves autophagic flux, protein aggregate clearance, and contractile performance in mouse hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Cho
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Seul‐Ki Park
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Rajeshwary Ghosh
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Kellsey Ly
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Caroline Ramous
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Lauren Thompson
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Michele Hansen
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | | | - Karla Maria Pires
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Maroua Ferhat
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Sohom Mookherjee
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Kevin J. Whitehead
- Molecular Medicine Program University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
- George E Wahlen VA Medical Center University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Kandis Carter
- Molecular Medicine Program University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Márcio Buffolo
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
- Molecular Medicine Program University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - J. David Symons
- Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
- Molecular Medicine Program University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
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11
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Klionsky DJ, Petroni G, Amaravadi RK, Baehrecke EH, Ballabio A, Boya P, Bravo‐San Pedro JM, Cadwell K, Cecconi F, Choi AMK, Choi ME, Chu CT, Codogno P, Colombo M, Cuervo AM, Deretic V, Dikic I, Elazar Z, Eskelinen E, Fimia GM, Gewirtz DA, Green DR, Hansen M, Jäättelä M, Johansen T, Juhász G, Karantza V, Kraft C, Kroemer G, Ktistakis NT, Kumar S, Lopez‐Otin C, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Martinez J, Meléndez A, Mizushima N, Münz C, Penninger JM, Perera R, Piacentini M, Reggiori F, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan K, Sadoshima J, Santambrogio L, Scorrano L, Simon H, Simon AK, Simonsen A, Stolz A, Tavernarakis N, Tooze SA, Yoshimori T, Yuan J, Yue Z, Zhong Q, Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F. Autophagy in major human diseases. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108863. [PMID: 34459017 PMCID: PMC8488577 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a core molecular pathway for the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Pharmacological and genetic interventions impairing autophagy responses promote or aggravate disease in a plethora of experimental models. Consistently, mutations in autophagy-related processes cause severe human pathologies. Here, we review and discuss preclinical data linking autophagy dysfunction to the pathogenesis of major human disorders including cancer as well as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, pulmonary, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, and ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliItaly
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesSection of PediatricsFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological ResearchSpanish National Research CouncilMadridSpain
| | - José Manuel Bravo‐San Pedro
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment Section of PhysiologyComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball InstituteNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineNew York University Langone HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival UnitCenter for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD)Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pediatric Onco‐Hematology and Cell and Gene TherapyIRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalRomeItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’RomeItaly
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- New York‐Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Mary E Choi
- New York‐Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Nephrology and HypertensionJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker‐Enfants MaladesINSERM U1151‐CNRS UMR 8253ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Maria Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia‐Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)‐Universidad Nacional de CuyoCONICET‐ Facultad de Ciencias MédicasMendozaArgentina
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Institute for Aging StudiesAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism (AIMCenter of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of EpidemiologyPreclinical Research, and Advanced DiagnosticsNational Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’ IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySchool of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of ImmunologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteProgram of DevelopmentAging, and RegenerationLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and MetabolismCenter for Autophagy, Recycling & DiseaseDanish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Terje Johansen
- Department of Medical BiologyMolecular Cancer Research GroupUniversity of Tromsø—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Institute of GeneticsBiological Research CenterSzegedHungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental BiologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyZBMZFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS ‐ Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des CordeliersEquipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le CancerUniversité de ParisSorbonne UniversitéInserm U1138Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology PlatformsInstitut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
- Pôle de BiologieHôpital Européen Georges PompidouAP‐HPParisFrance
- Suzhou Institute for Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesSuzhouChina
- Karolinska InstituteDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Carlos Lopez‐Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología MolecularFacultad de MedicinaInstituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA)Universidad de OviedoOviedoSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchThe Gordon Center for Integrative SciencesW‐338The University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- The University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth – University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease LaboratoryNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIHResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Alicia Meléndez
- Biology Department, Queens CollegeCity University of New YorkFlushingNYUSA
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs of the City University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral ImmunobiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Department of Medical GeneticsLife Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
- Laboratory of Molecular MedicineInstitute of Cytology Russian Academy of ScienceSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & SystemsMolecular Cell Biology SectionUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular MedicineCardiovascular Research InstituteRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJUSA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina MolecolarePadovaItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of PharmacologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergologySechenov UniversityMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyInstitute of Fundamental Medicine and BiologyKazan Federal UniversityKazanRussia
| | | | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Centre for Cancer Cell ReprogrammingInstitute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchOslo University Hospital MontebelloOsloNorway
| | - Alexandra Stolz
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklion, CreteGreece
- Department of Basic SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of GeneticsGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Department of Intracellular Membrane DynamicsGraduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science DivisionInstitute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Junying Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of NeurologyFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationDepartment of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU‐SM)ShanghaiChina
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of DermatologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Université de ParisParisFrance
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12
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Davogustto GE, Salazar RL, Vasquez HG, Karlstaedt A, Dillon WP, Guthrie PH, Martin JR, Vitrac H, De La Guardia G, Vela D, Ribas-Latre A, Baumgartner C, Eckel-Mahan K, Taegtmeyer H. Metabolic remodeling precedes mTORC1-mediated cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 158:115-127. [PMID: 34081952 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The nutrient sensing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its primary inhibitor, tuberin (TSC2), are cues for the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The phenotype of mTORC1 induced hypertrophy is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of sustained mTORC1 activation on metabolism, function, and structure of the adult heart. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a mouse model of inducible, cardiac-specific sustained mTORC1 activation (mTORC1iSA) through deletion of Tsc2. Prior to hypertrophy, rates of glucose uptake and oxidation, as well as protein and enzymatic activity of glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) were decreased, while intracellular levels of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) were increased. Subsequently, hypertrophy developed. Transcript levels of the fetal gene program and pathways of exercise-induced hypertrophy increased, while hypertrophy did not progress to heart failure. We therefore examined the hearts of wild-type mice subjected to voluntary physical activity and observed early changes in GPI, followed by hypertrophy. Rapamycin prevented these changes in both models. CONCLUSION Activation of mTORC1 in the adult heart triggers the development of a non-specific form of hypertrophy which is preceded by changes in cardiac glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni E Davogustto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca L Salazar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hernan G Vasquez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anja Karlstaedt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William P Dillon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick H Guthrie
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R Martin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Gina De La Guardia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Vela
- Cardiovascular Pathology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute at CHI St. Luke's Health, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aleix Ribas-Latre
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Corrine Baumgartner
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Ando N, Shingu Y, Suno K, Wakasa S. Trehalose preconditioning for transient global myocardial ischemia in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 548:14-19. [PMID: 33631668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular pathway that degrades unnecessary proteins and organelles and provides energy substrates during cellular ischemic conditions. Although pharmacological myocardial preconditioning with an autophagy inducer has been reported to protect cells against ischemic reperfusion (I/R), the effects of preconditioning using naturally occurring substances are still unknown. We aimed to examine whether autophagic preconditioning with trehalose improves cardiac function after myocardial stunning by global ischemia in rats. Rat hearts were perfused by oxygenized Krebs Henseleit (KH) solution in Langendorff system. Ten rats were randomized into the following two groups according to the perfusates during the preconditioning: control (KH solution only, n = 5) and trehalose (KH + 2% trehalose, n = 5). After the 35-min preconditioning period and subsequent 20 min of global ischemia, the hearts were reperfused for 60 min. Cardiac function was assessed during the reperfusion. To evaluate autophagy, myocardial protein expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II was evaluated by western blotting. During I/R, a systolic functional parameter, maximum dP/dt was significantly higher; meanwhile, coronary flow tended to be higher in the trehalose group than in the control group. Myocardial LC3-II expression after preconditioning was higher in the trehalose group than in the control group and decreased to the control level after I/R. In conclusion, in a rat model of global myocardial ischemia, trehalose preconditioning improved cardiac function during I/R. Further studies would be needed to identify the mechanism and effects of trehalose preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Ando
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasushige Shingu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Suno
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Wakasa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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14
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Reis LB, Filippi-Chiela EC, Ashton-Prolla P, Visioli F, Rosset C. The paradox of autophagy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200014. [PMID: 33821877 PMCID: PMC8022228 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by germline mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which leads to the hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway, an important negative regulator of autophagy. This leads to the development of hamartomas in multiple organs. The variability in symptoms presents a challenge for the development of completely effective treatments for TSC. One option is the treatment with mTORC1 inhibitors, which are targeted to block cell growth and restore autophagy. However, the therapeutic effect of rapamycin seems to be more efficient in the early stages of hamartoma development, an effect that seems to be associated with the paradoxical role of autophagy in tumor establishment. Under normal conditions, autophagy is directly inhibited by mTORC1. In situations of bioenergetics stress, mTORC1 releases the Ulk1 complex and initiates the autophagy process. In this way, autophagy promotes the survival of established tumors by supplying metabolic precursors during nutrient deprivation; paradoxically, excessive autophagy has been associated with cell death in some situations. In spite of its paradoxical role, autophagy is an alternative therapeutic strategy that could be explored in TSC. This review compiles the findings related to autophagy and the new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Brussa Reis
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Patologia Oral, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Autophagy and Mitophagy as Essential Components of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020443. [PMID: 33669743 PMCID: PMC7922388 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the greatest health problems affecting people worldwide. Atherosclerosis, in turn, is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular disease. Due to the high mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases, prevention and treatment at the earliest stages become especially important. This requires developing a deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerosis. It is well-known that atherogenesis is a complex multi-component process that includes lipid metabolism disorders, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy disorders and mitochondrial dysfunction. Autophagy is a cellular control mechanism that is critical to maintaining health and survival. One of the specific forms of autophagy is mitophagy, which aims to control and remove defective mitochondria from the cell. Particularly defective mitophagy has been shown to be associated with atherogenesis. In this review, we consider the role of autophagy, focusing on a special type of it—mitophagy—in the context of its role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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16
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. The complex network of mTOR signaling in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:424-439. [PMID: 33512477 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates several intracellular and extracellular signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes. mTOR assembles into two macromolecular complexes, named mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have different regulators, substrates and functions. Studies of gain- and loss-of-function animal models of mTOR signaling revealed that mTORC1/2 elicit both adaptive and maladaptive functions in the cardiovascular system. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 are indispensable for driving cardiac development and cardiac adaption to stress, such as pressure overload. However, persistent and deregulated mTORC1 activation in the heart is detrimental during stress and contributes to the development and progression of cardiac remodeling and genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the role of mTOR in the cardiovascular system, both under basal conditions and during stress, such as pressure overload, ischemia and metabolic stress. Current data suggest that mTOR modulation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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17
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Mishra S, Dunkerly-Eyring BL, Keceli G, Ranek MJ. Phosphorylation Modifications Regulating Cardiac Protein Quality Control Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593585. [PMID: 33281625 PMCID: PMC7689282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many forms of cardiac disease, including heart failure, present with inadequate protein quality control (PQC). Pathological conditions often involve impaired removal of terminally misfolded proteins. This results in the formation of large protein aggregates, which further reduce cellular viability and cardiac function. Cardiomyocytes have an intricately collaborative PQC system to minimize cellular proteotoxicity. Increased expression of chaperones or enhanced clearance of misfolded proteins either by the proteasome or lysosome has been demonstrated to attenuate disease pathogenesis, whereas reduced PQC exacerbates pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that phosphorylation of key proteins has a potent regulatory role, both promoting and hindering the PQC machinery. This review highlights the recent advances in phosphorylations regulating PQC, the impact in cardiac pathology, and the therapeutic opportunities presented by harnessing these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brittany L Dunkerly-Eyring
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gizem Keceli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark J Ranek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Castoldi F, Frati G, Versaci F, Sadoshima J, Kroemer G, Maiuri MC. Caloric restriction mimetics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1434-1449. [PMID: 33098415 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) are emerging as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. CRMs include natural and synthetic compounds able to inhibit protein acetyltransferases, to interfere with acetyl coenzyme A biosynthesis, or to activate (de)acetyltransferase proteins. These modifications mimic the effects of caloric restriction, which is associated with the activation of autophagy. Previous evidence demonstrated the ability of CRMs to ameliorate cardiac function and reduce cardiac hypertrophy and maladaptive remodelling in animal models of ageing, mechanical overload, chronic myocardial ischaemia, and in genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In addition, CRMs were found to reduce acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In many cases, these beneficial effects of CRMs appeared to be mediated by autophagy activation. In the present review, we discuss the relevant literature about the role of different CRMs in animal models of cardiac diseases, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of these compounds and their potential future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 40100 Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", INSERM UMRS1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.,Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 40100 Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Francesco Versaci
- Division of Cardiology, S. Maria Goretti Hospital, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, G-609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", INSERM UMRS1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.,Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Jiangsu 215163, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", INSERM UMRS1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.,Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
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19
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Abdellatif M, Ljubojevic-Holzer S, Madeo F, Sedej S. Autophagy in cardiovascular health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:87-106. [PMID: 32620252 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping and quality control mechanism that is essential for homeostasis and survival. By virtue of this role, any perturbations to the flow of this process in cardiac or vascular cells can elicit harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, and subsequently affect whole organismal health. In this chapter, we summarize the preclinical evidence supporting the role of autophagy in sustaining cardiovascular health during homeostasis and disease. Furthermore, we discuss how autophagy activation by dietary, genetic and pharmaceutical interventions can be exploited to counteract common cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Sedej
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
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20
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Oeing CU, Nakamura T, Pan S, Mishra S, Dunkerly-Eyring BL, Kokkonen-Simon KM, Lin BL, Chen A, Zhu G, Bedja D, Lee DI, Kass DA, Ranek MJ. PKG1α Cysteine-42 Redox State Controls mTORC1 Activation in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2020; 127:522-533. [PMID: 32393148 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stimulated PKG1α (protein kinase G-1α) phosphorylates TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2) at serine 1365, potently suppressing mTORC1 (mechanistic [mammalian] target of rapamycin complex 1) activation by neurohormonal and hemodynamic stress. This reduces pathological hypertrophy and dysfunction and increases autophagy. PKG1α oxidation at cysteine-42 is also induced by these stressors, which blunts its cardioprotective effects. OBJECTIVE We tested the dependence of mTORC1 activation on PKG1α C42 oxidation and its capacity to suppress such activation by soluble GC-1 (guanylyl cyclase 1) activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiomyocytes expressing wild-type (WT) PKG1α (PKG1αWT) or cysteine-42 to serine mutation redox-dead (PKG1αCS/CS) were exposed to ET-1 (endothelin 1). Cells expressing PKG1αWT exhibited substantial mTORC1 activation (p70 S6K [p70 S6 kinase], 4EBP1 [elF4E binding protein-1], and Ulk1 [Unc-51-like kinase 1] phosphorylation), reduced autophagy/autophagic flux, and abnormal protein aggregation; all were markedly reversed by PKG1αCS/CS expression. Mice with global knock-in of PKG1αCS/CS subjected to pressure overload (PO) also displayed markedly reduced mTORC1 activation, protein aggregation, hypertrophy, and ventricular dysfunction versus PO in PKG1αWT mice. Cardioprotection against PO was equalized between groups by co-treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus. TSC2-S1365 phosphorylation increased in PKG1αCS/CS more than PKG1αWT myocardium following PO. TSC2S1365A/S1365A (TSC2 S1365 phospho-null, created by a serine to alanine mutation) knock-in mice lack TSC2 phosphorylation by PKG1α, and when genetically crossed with PKG1αCS/CS mice, protection against PO-induced mTORC1 activation, cardiodepression, and mortality in PKG1αCS/CS mice was lost. Direct stimulation of GC-1 (BAY-602770) offset disparate mTORC1 activation between PKG1αWT and PKG1αCS/CS after PO and blocked ET-1 stimulated mTORC1 in TSC2S1365A-expressing myocytes. CONCLUSIONS Oxidation of PKG1α at C42 reduces its phosphorylation of TSC2, resulting in amplified PO-stimulated mTORC1 activity and associated hypertrophy, dysfunction, and depressed autophagy. This is ameliorated by direct GC-1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian U Oeing
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Shi Pan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Sumita Mishra
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Brittany L Dunkerly-Eyring
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (B.L.D.-E., D.A.K.)
| | - Kristen M Kokkonen-Simon
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Brian L Lin
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Anna Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Guangshuo Zhu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Djahida Bedja
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Dong Ik Lee
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - David A Kass
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.).,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (B.L.D.-E., D.A.K.)
| | - Mark J Ranek
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
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21
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Protein and Mitochondria Quality Control Mechanisms and Cardiac Aging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040933. [PMID: 32290135 PMCID: PMC7226975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in the United States. Advancing age is a primary risk factor for developing CVD. Estimates indicate that 20% of the US population will be ≥65 years old by 2030. Direct expenditures for treating CVD in the older population combined with indirect costs, secondary to lost wages, are predicted to reach $1.1 trillion by 2035. Therefore, there is an eminent need to discover novel therapeutic targets and identify new interventions to delay, lessen the severity, or prevent cardiovascular complications associated with advanced age. Protein and organelle quality control pathways including autophagy/lysosomal and the ubiquitin-proteasome systems, are emerging contributors of age-associated myocardial dysfunction. In general, two findings have sparked this interest. First, strong evidence indicates that cardiac protein degradation pathways are altered in the heart with aging. Second, it is well accepted that damaged and misfolded protein aggregates and dysfunctional mitochondria accumulate in the heart with age. In this review, we will: (i) define the different protein and mitochondria quality control mechanisms in the heart; (ii) provide evidence that each quality control pathway becomes dysfunctional during cardiac aging; and (iii) discuss current advances in targeting these pathways to maintain cardiac function with age.
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22
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Iwata W, Unoki-Kubota H, Kato H, Shimizu A, Matsumoto M, Imasawa T, Igarashi A, Matsumoto K, Noda T, Terauchi Y, Nangaku M, Kasuga M, Kaburagi Y. Podocyte-specific deletion of tubular sclerosis complex 2 promotes focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and progressive renal failure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229397. [PMID: 32191726 PMCID: PMC7082048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity can initiate and accelerate the progression of kidney diseases. However, it remains unclear how obesity affects renal dysfunction. Here, we show that a newly generated podocyte-specific tubular sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2) knockout mouse model (Tsc2Δpodocyte) develops proteinuria and dies due to end-stage renal dysfunction by 10 weeks of age. Tsc2Δpodocyte mice exhibit an increased glomerular size and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, including podocyte foot process effacement, mesangial sclerosis and proteinaceous casts. Podocytes isolated from Tsc2Δpodocyte mice show nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2-mediated increased oxidative stress response on microarray analysis and their autophagic activity is lowered through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-unc-51-like kinase 1 pathway. Rapamycin attenuated podocyte dysfunction and extends survival in Tsc2Δpodocyte mice. Additionally, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity is increased in podocytes of renal biopsy specimens obtained from obese patients with chronic kidney disease. Our work shows that mTORC1 hyperactivation in podocytes leads to severe renal dysfunction and that inhibition of mTORC1 activity in podocytes could be a key therapeutic target for obesity-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakiko Iwata
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Unoki-Kubota
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Imasawa
- Kidney Center, National Hospital Organization Chiba-Higashi National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Arisa Igarashi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kasuga
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kaburagi
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Murphy KR, Baggett B, Cooper LL, Lu Y, O-Uchi J, Sedivy JM, Terentyev D, Koren G. Enhancing Autophagy Diminishes Aberrant Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Arrhythmogenesis in Aging Rabbit Hearts. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1277. [PMID: 31636573 PMCID: PMC6787934 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Aging in humans is associated with a 10–40-fold greater incidence of sudden cardiac death from malignant tachyarrhythmia. We have reported that thiol oxidation of ryanodine receptors (RyR2s) by mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mito-ROS) contributes to defective Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiomyocytes (CMs) from aging rabbit hearts. However, mechanisms responsible for the increase in mito-ROS in the aging heart remain poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that age-associated decrease in autophagy is a major contributor to enhanced mito-ROS production and thereby pro-arrhythmic disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis. Methods and Results Ventricular tissues from aged rabbits displayed significant downregulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial autophagy compared with tissues from young controls. Blocking autophagy with chloroquine increased total ROS production in primary rabbit CMs and mito-ROS production in HL-1 CMs. Furthermore, chloroquine treatment of HL-1 cells depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) to 50% that of controls. Blocking autophagy significantly increased oxidation of RyR2, resulting in enhanced propensity to pro-arrhythmic spontaneous Ca2+ release under β-adrenergic stimulation. Aberrant Ca2+ release was abolished by treatment with the mito-ROS scavenger mito-TEMPO. Importantly, the autophagy enhancer Torin1 and ATG7 overexpression reduced the rate of mito-ROS production and restored both Δψm and defective Ca2+ handling in CMs derived from aged rabbit hearts. Conclusion Decreased autophagy is a major cause of increased mito-ROS production in the aging heart. Our data suggest that promoting autophagy may reduce pathologic mito-ROS during normal aging and reduce pro-arrhythmic spontaneous Ca2+ release via oxidized RyR2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Murphy
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brett Baggett
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Leroy L Cooper
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Yichun Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - John M Sedivy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Dmitry Terentyev
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center at the Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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24
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most prominent maladies in aging societies. Indeed, aging promotes the structural and functional declines of both the heart and the blood circulation system. In this review, we revise the contribution of known longevity pathways to cardiovascular health and delineate the possibilities to interfere with them. In particular, we evaluate autophagy, the intracellular catabolic recycling system associated with life- and health-span extension. We present genetic models, pharmacological interventions, and dietary strategies that block, reduce, or enhance autophagy upon age-related cardiovascular deterioration. Caloric restriction or caloric restriction mimetics like metformin, spermidine, and rapamycin (all of which trigger autophagy) are among the most promising cardioprotective interventions during aging. We conclude that autophagy is a fundamental process to ensure cardiac and vascular health during aging and outline its putative therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdellatif
- From the Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (M.A., S.S.)
| | - Simon Sedej
- From the Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (M.A., S.S.).,BioTechMed Graz, Austria (S.S., D.C.-G., F.M.)
| | - Didac Carmona-Gutierrez
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria (S.S., D.C.-G., F.M.).,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria (D.C.-G., F.M.)
| | - Frank Madeo
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria (S.S., D.C.-G., F.M.).,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria (D.C.-G., F.M.)
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France (G.K.).,Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France (G.K.).,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France (G.K.).,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (G.K.).,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (G.K.).,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (G.K.).,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.K.)
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25
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. New Insights Into the Role of mTOR Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2019; 122:489-505. [PMID: 29420210 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a master regulator of several crucial cellular processes, including protein synthesis, cellular growth, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal function, and cell metabolism. mTOR interacts with specific adaptor proteins to form 2 multiprotein complexes, called mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2). In the cardiovascular system, the mTOR pathway regulates both physiological and pathological processes in the heart. It is needed for embryonic cardiovascular development and for maintaining cardiac homeostasis in postnatal life. Studies involving mTOR loss-of-function models revealed that mTORC1 activation is indispensable for the development of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to mechanical overload. mTORC2 is also required for normal cardiac physiology and ensures cardiomyocyte survival in response to pressure overload. However, partial genetic or pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 reduces cardiac remodeling and heart failure in response to pressure overload and chronic myocardial infarction. In addition, mTORC1 blockade reduces cardiac derangements induced by genetic and metabolic disorders and has been reported to extend life span in mice. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of mTOR may represent a therapeutic strategy to confer cardioprotection, although clinical evidence in support of this notion is still scarce. This review summarizes and discusses the new evidence on the pathophysiological role of mTOR signaling in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.).
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26
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Abstract
The autophagic machinery is a well-conserved degradation system in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. Autophagy has been thought of as a nonselective degradation process in which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are degraded by fusion with lysosome. Recent studies have revealed selective forms of autophagy, such as mitochondria-specific autophagy, termed "mitophagy". Research over the past decade has revealed that autophagy in cardiomyocytes plays a protective role, not only during hemodynamic stress but in homeostasis during aging. Hemodynamic stress and aging induce mitochondrial damage, leading to increased oxidative stress and decreased ATP production. Damaged mitochondria are generally degraded through mitophagy, which might be the main protective function of autophagy in the heart. Complete digestion of mitochondrial DNA through mitophagy is important to avoid inflammatory responses that can induce heart failure. A polyamine, spermidine, is reported to bring about an extension of lifespan and to protect the heart from age-related cardiac dysfunction, both of which are mediated through induction of autophagy. Therefore, appropriate induction of autophagy could be a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. However, precise evaluation of autophagic activity in the human heart is difficult at this time, but exploitation of the novel technique of autophagy evaluation is expected for both drug discovery and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension & Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
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27
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Gao WF, Xu YY, Ge JF, Chen FH. Inhibition of acid‑sensing ion channel 1a attenuates acid‑induced activation of autophagy via a calcium signaling pathway in articular chondrocytes. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1778-1788. [PMID: 30720055 PMCID: PMC6414154 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), member of the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel protein superfamily, serves a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of ASIC1a in the autophagy of rat articular chondrocytes. Autophagy was induced by acidic stimulation in rat articular chondrocytes and the extent of autophagy was evaluated via the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3II, Beclin1 and uncoordinated-51 like kinase1. Suppression of ASIC1a was achieved using small interfering RNA technology and/or inhibitor psalmotoxin-1. The expression levels of autophagy markers were measured by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was analyzed using a Ca2+-imaging method. Additionally, protein expression levels of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)/5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway were measured by western blot analysis. The results showed that autophagy was increased in a pH-and time-dependent manner with exposure to an acidic environment. In addition, silencing ASIC1a significantly decreased the expression levels of autophagy makers, accompanied by abrogation of the acid-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Furthermore, silencing of ASIC1a downregulated the levels of CaMKKβ/β-actin and phosphorylated (p-) AMPK/AMPK, and upregulated the levels of p-mTOR/mTOR. These results indicated that ASIC1a is a potent regulator of autophagy in chondrocytes, which may be associated with decreased Ca2+ influx and the CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Yun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Hu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Ranek MJ, Kokkonen-Simon KM, Chen A, Dunkerly-Eyring BL, Vera MP, Oeing CU, Patel CH, Nakamura T, Zhu G, Bedja D, Sasaki M, Holewinski RJ, Van Eyk JE, Powell JD, Lee DI, Kass DA. PKG1-modified TSC2 regulates mTORC1 activity to counter adverse cardiac stress. Nature 2019; 566:264-269. [PMID: 30700906 PMCID: PMC6426636 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) coordinates regulation of growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and autophagy1. Its hyper-activation contributes to disease in many organs including the heart1,2, though broad mTORC1 inhibition risks interference with its homeostatic roles. Tuberin (TSC2) is a GTPase-activating protein and prominent intrinsic regulator of mTORC1 by modulating Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain). TSC2 constitutively inhibits mTORC1, but this activity is modified by phosphorylation from multiple signaling kinases to in turn inhibit (AMPK, GSK3β) or stimulate (Akt, ERK, RSK-1) mTORC1 activity3–9. Each kinase requires engagement of multiple serines, impeding analysis of their role in vivo. Here, we reveal phosphorylation or gain-or-loss of function mutations at either of two adjacent serines in TSC2 (S1365/1366 mouse; 1364/1365 human), with no prior known function, is sufficient to bi-directionally potently control growth-factor and hemodynamic-stress stimulated mTORC1 activity and consequent cell growth and autophagy. Basal mTORC1 activity, however, is unchanged. In heart, myocytes, and fibroblasts, phosphorylation occurs by protein kinase G (PKG), a primary effector of nitric oxide and natriuretic peptide signaling whose activation is protective against heart disease10–13. PKG suppression of hypertrophy and stimulation of autophagy in myocytes requires TSC2 phosphorylation. Homozygous knock-in (KI) mice expressing a phospho-silenced TSC2 (S1365A) mutation develop far worse heart disease and mortality from sustained pressure-overload (PO) due to hyperactive mTORC1 that cannot be rescued by PKG stimulation. Heterozygote SA-KI are rescued, and KI-mice expressing a phospho-mimetic (S1365E) mutation are protected. Neither KI model alters resting mTORC1 activity. Thus, TSC2 phosphorylation is both required and sufficient for PKG-mediated cardiac protection against pressure-overload. These newly identified serines provide a genetic tool to bi-directionally regulate the amplitude of stress-stimulated mTORC1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ranek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen M Kokkonen-Simon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Miguel Pinilla Vera
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian U Oeing
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangshuo Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald J Holewinski
- The Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Ik Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Sun S, Hu Y, Zheng Q, Guo Z, Sun D, Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu P, Lu J, Jiang J. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 induces cardiac fibrosis by mediating mammalian target of rapamycin activity. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:4813-4826. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yuehuai Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiyao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Duanping Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shaorui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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Kuno A, Hosoda R, Sebori R, Hayashi T, Sakuragi H, Tanabe M, Horio Y. Resveratrol Ameliorates Mitophagy Disturbance and Improves Cardiac Pathophysiology of Dystrophin-deficient mdx Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15555. [PMID: 30348945 PMCID: PMC6197260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy activation improves the phenotype in mdx mice, a Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) model, although the underlying mechanisms are obscure. We previously found that resveratrol, a strong inducer of autophagy, ameliorates the cardiac pathology of mdx mice. Autophagy could eliminate damaged mitochondria, a major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), although there is no evidence for mitochondriopathy in dystrophic cardiomyopathy. To elucidate resveratrol’s function, we investigated the deletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autophagy of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy), and ROS accumulation in the mdx mouse heart. Low levels of normal mtDNA and abnormal accumulations of mitochondria-containing autophagosomes were found in the mdx mouse heart. Administering resveratrol to mdx mice for 56 weeks ameliorated the cardiomyopathy, with significant reductions in the amount of mtDNA deletion, the number of mitochondria-containing autophagosomes, and the ROS levels. Resveratrol induced nuclear FoxO3a accumulation and the expression of autophagy-related genes, which are targets of FoxOs. The most effective dose in mdx mice was 0.4 g resveratrol/kg food. In conclusion, resveratrol improved cardiomyopathy by promoting mitophagy in the mdx mouse heart. We propose that acquired mitochondriopathy worsens the pathology of DMD and is a potential therapeutic target for the cardiomyopathy in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Hosoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rio Sebori
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakuragi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mika Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Horio
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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AMPK blunts chronic heart failure by inhibiting autophagy. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20170982. [PMID: 30021848 PMCID: PMC6050195 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, has been shown to exert a protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Our previous reports have demonstrated that AMPK can inhibit cardiac hypertrophy and block the development of heart failure by promoting autophagy. However, other investigators have demonstrated that overactive and dysregulated autophagy may also contribute to the onset and exacerbation of heart failure. Thus, a major goal of the present investigation is to explore how AMPK regulates autophagy in heart failure. First, heart failure was induced in mice by 4 weeks of pressure overload; AMPK activation was subsequently induced by injecting 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribonucleotide (AICAR) after the establishment of chronic heart failure. We showed that AMPK activation significantly attenuated the progression of heart failure and improved cardiac function, which was accompanied by decreased autophagy levels in the failing hearts. Additionally, we demonstrated that the treatment with AICAR inhibited phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) downstream effectors 4E-binding protein1 (4EBP1), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K). A major action of AICAR was significantly to activate AKT (Ser473), the downstream substrate of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). In conclusion, the data suggest that AMPK improved cardiac function during the development of chronic heart failure by attenuating autophagy, potentially via mTORC2 activation and the downstream effects.
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Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates environmental information into cellular regulation and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has suggested a master role of mTOR signalling in many fundamental aspects of cell biology and organismal development. mTOR deregulation is implicated in a broad range of pathological conditions, including diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, myopathies, inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune conditions. Here, we review recent advances in our knowledge of mTOR signalling in mammalian physiology. We also discuss the impact of mTOR alteration in human diseases and how targeting mTOR function can treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine El Hiani
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Eroume-A Egom
- b Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Targeted reduction of the EGFR protein, but not inhibition of its kinase activity, induces mitophagy and death of cancer cells through activation of mTORC2 and Akt. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:5. [PMID: 29358623 PMCID: PMC5833766 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly overexpressed in solid cancers. The tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR has been a major therapeutic target for cancer; however, the efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors to treat cancers has been challenged by innate and acquired resistance at the clinic. Accumulating evidence suggests that EGFR possesses kinase-independent pro-survival functions, and that cancer cells are more vulnerable to reduction of EGFR protein than to inhibition of its kinase activity. The molecular mechanism underlying loss-of-EGFR-induced cell death remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that, unlike inhibiting EGFR kinase activity that is known to induce pro-survival non-selective autophagy, downregulating EGFR protein, either by siRNA, or by a synthetic EGFR-downregulating peptide (Herdegradin), kills prostate and ovarian cancer cells via selective mitophagy by activating the mTORC2/Akt axis. Furthermore, Herdegradin induced mitophagy and inhibited the growth of orthotopic ovarian cancers in mice. This study identifies anti-mitophagy as a kinase-independent function of EGFR, reveals a novel function of mTORC2/Akt axis in promoting mitophagy in cancer cells, and offers a novel approach for pharmacological downregulation of EGFR protein as a potential treatment for EGFR-positive cancers.
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Pena A, Kobir A, Goncharov D, Goda A, Kudryashova TV, Ray A, Vanderpool R, Baust J, Chang B, Mora AL, Gorcsan J, Goncharova EA. Pharmacological Inhibition of mTOR Kinase Reverses Right Ventricle Remodeling and Improves Right Ventricle Structure and Function in Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:615-625. [PMID: 28679058 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0364oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, right-heart afterload and death. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation, survival, and pulmonary vascular remodeling via two functionally distinct mTOR complexes (mTORCs)-1 (supports cell growth) and -2 (promotes cell survival), and dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition selectively induces pulmonary arterial hypertension PA vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling. The consequences of mTOR inhibition on right ventricle (RV) morphology and function are not known. Using SU5416/hypoxia rat model of pulmonary hypertension (PH), we report that, in contrast to activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways in small remodeled PAs, RV tissues had predominant up-regulation of mTORC1 signaling accompanied by cardiomyocyte and RV hypertrophy, increased RV wall thickness, RV/left ventricle end-diastolic area ratio, RV contractility and afterload (arterial elastance), and shorter RV acceleration time compared with controls. Treatment with mTOR kinase inhibitor, PP242, at Weeks 6-8 after PH induction suppressed both mTORC1 and mTORC2 in small PAs, but only mTORC1 signaling in RV, preserving basal mTORC2-Akt levels. Vehicle-treated rats showed further PH and RV worsening and profound RV fibrosis. PP242 reversed pulmonary vascular remodeling and prevented neointimal occlusion of small PAs, significantly reduced PA pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, reversed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and RV remodeling, improved max RV contractility, arterial elastance, and RV acceleration time, and prevented development of RV fibrosis. Collectively, these data show a predominant role of mTORC1 versus mTORC2 in RV pathology, and suggest potential attractiveness of mTOR inhibition to simultaneously target pulmonary vascular remodeling and RV dysfunction in established PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Pena
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Ahasanul Kobir
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | | | | | - Arnab Ray
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | - Jeffrey Baust
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Baojun Chang
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Ana L Mora
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - John Gorcsan
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute.,2 Division of Cardiology
| | - Elena A Goncharova
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,5 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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MTORC1 Regulates both General Autophagy and Mitophagy Induction after Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupling. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00441-17. [PMID: 28894028 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00441-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1) is a critical negative regulator of general autophagy. We hypothesized that MTORC1 may specifically regulate autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria. To test this, we used cells lacking tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2-/- cells), which show constitutive MTORC1 activation. TSC2-/- cells show MTORC1-dependent impaired autophagic flux after chemical uncoupling of mitochondria, increased mitochondrial-protein aging, and accumulation of p62/SQSTM1-positive mitochondria. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) was also deficient in cells lacking TSC2, associated with altered expression of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and PARK2 translocation to uncoupled mitochondria, all of which were recovered by MTORC1 inhibition or expression of constitutively active forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1). These data prove the necessity of intact MTORC1 signaling to regulate two synergistic processes required for clearance of damaged mitochondria: (i) general autophagy initiation and (ii) PINK1/PARK2-mediated selective targeting of uncoupled mitochondria to the autophagic machinery.
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Misaka T, Murakawa T, Nishida K, Omori Y, Taneike M, Omiya S, Molenaar C, Uno Y, Yamaguchi O, Takeda J, Shah AM, Otsu K. FKBP8 protects the heart from hemodynamic stress by preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum-associated apoptosis in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 114:93-104. [PMID: 29129702 PMCID: PMC5807029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality control in cardiomyocytes is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of damaged organelles, such as mitochondria and misfolded proteins in the heart is associated with heart failure. During the process to identify novel mitochondria-specific autophagy (mitophagy) receptors, we found FK506-binding protein 8 (FKBP8), also known as FKBP38, shares similar structural characteristics with a yeast mitophagy receptor, autophagy-related 32 protein. However, knockdown of FKBP8 had no effect on mitophagy in HEK293 cells or H9c2 myocytes. Since the role of FKBP8 in the heart has not been fully elucidated, the aim of this study is to determine the functional role of FKBP8 in the heart. Cardiac-specific FKBP8-deficient (Fkbp8-/-) mice were generated. Fkbp8-/- mice showed no cardiac phenotypes under baseline conditions. The Fkbp8-/- and control wild type littermates (Fkbp8+/+) mice were subjected to pressure overload by means of transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Fkbp8-/- mice showed left ventricular dysfunction and chamber dilatation with lung congestion 1week after TAC. The number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes was dramatically elevated in TAC-operated Fkbp8-/- hearts, accompanied with an increase in protein levels of cleaved caspase-12 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. Caspase-12 inhibition resulted in the attenuation of hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death in FKBP8 knockdown H9c2 myocytes. Immunocytological and immunoprecipitation analyses indicate that FKBP8 is localized to the ER and mitochondria in the isolated cardiomyocytes, interacting with heat shock protein 90. Furthermore, there was accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates in FKBP8 knockdown H9c2 myocytes and electron dense deposits in perinuclear region in TAC-operated Fkbp8-/- hearts. The data suggest that FKBP8 plays a protective role against hemodynamic stress in the heart mediated via inhibition of the accumulation of misfolded proteins and ER-associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Misaka
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Tomokazu Murakawa
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kazuhiko Nishida
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Yosuke Omori
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Manabu Taneike
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Shigemiki Omiya
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Chris Molenaar
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Yoshihiro Uno
- Developmental Biology, Laboratory Animal Science, The Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Genome Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ajay M Shah
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kinya Otsu
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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37
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Mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2319-2345. [PMID: 28842527 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is classified as physiological (in response to growth, exercise and pregnancy) or pathological (in response to inflammation, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, biomechanical stress, excess neurohormonal activation and excess afterload). Physiological remodelling of the heart is characterized by a fine-tuned and orchestrated process of beneficial adaptations. Pathological cardiac remodelling is the process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) in response to internal or external cardiovascular damage or influence by pathogenic risk factors, and is a precursor of clinical heart failure (HF). Pathological remodelling is associated with fibrosis, inflammation and cellular dysfunction (e.g. abnormal cardiomyocyte/non-cardiomyocyte interactions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy alterations, impairment of metabolism and signalling pathways), leading to HF. This review describes the key molecular and cellular responses involved in pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Abstract
In most patients with chronic heart failure (HF), levels of circulating cytokines are elevated and the elevated cytokine levels correlate with the severity of HF and prognosis. Various stresses induce subcellular component abnormalities, such as mitochondrial damage. Damaged mitochondria induce accumulation of reactive oxygen species and apoptogenic proteins, and subcellular inflammation. The vicious cycle of subcellular component abnormalities, inflammatory cell infiltration and neurohumoral activation induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, and cardiac fibrosis, resulting in cardiac dysfunction and HF. Quality control mechanisms at both the protein and organelle levels, such as elimination of apoptogenic proteins and damaged mitochondria, maintain cellular homeostasis. An imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation is likely to result in cellular dysfunction and disease. Three major protein degradation systems have been identified, namely the cysteine protease system, autophagy, and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Autophagy was initially believed to be a non-selective process. However, recent studies have described the process of selective mitochondrial autophagy, known as mitophagy. Elimination of damaged mitochondria by autophagy is important for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. DNA and RNA degradation systems also play a critical role in regulating inflammation and maintaining cellular homeostasis mediated by damaged DNA clearance and post-transcriptional regulation, respectively. This review discusses some recent advances in understanding the role of sterile inflammation and degradation systems in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nishida
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence
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39
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Li D, Zhao K, Yang X, Xiao X, Tang S. TCS2 Increases Olaquindox-Induced Apoptosis by Upregulation of ROS Production and Downregulation of Autophagy in HEK293 Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:E595. [PMID: 28387735 PMCID: PMC6154664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olaquindox, a feed additive, has drawn public attention due to its potential mutagenicity, genotoxicity, hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC2) pathways in olaquindox-induced autophagy in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The results revealed that olaquindox treatment reduced the cell viability of HEK293 cells and downregulated the expression of TSC2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, olaquindox treatment markedly induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cascaded to autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death, which was effectively eliminated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Furthermore, overexpression of TSC2 attenuated olaquindox-induced autophagy in contrast to inducing the production of ROS, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Consistently, knockdown of TSC2 upregulated autophagy, and decreased olaquindox-induced cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TSC2 partly participates in olaquindox-induced autophagy, oxidative stress and apoptosis, and demonstrate that TSC2 has a negative regulation role in olaquindox-induced autophagy in HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kena Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiayun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xilong Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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40
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Wei H, Qu H, Wang H, Ji B, Ding Y, Liu D, Duan Y, Liang H, Peng C, Xiao X, Deng H. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 prevents the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetic rats by enhancing autophagy via inhibiting the β-catenin/TCF4/GSK-3β/mTOR pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:71-90. [PMID: 28216152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) can increase the risk of heart failure and death in diabetic patients. However, no effective approaches are available to prevent its progression and development. Studies have shown that vitamin D is greatly implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and there is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in diabetic patients. In this study, we investigated whether 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25D3) can improve DCM through a vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent mechanism associated with autophagy and the β-catenin/T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF4)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In this study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats were established and were treated with 1,25D3 and/or chloroquine and/or VDR gene silencing for 8 weeks before being sacrificed. Compared with untreated diabetic rats, 1,25D3 partly attenuated the myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, improved cardiac function and restored the impaired cardiac autophagy in diabetic rats, all of which were reversed by silencing the VDR gene in diabetic rats. In high-glucose cultured H9C2 cells, 1,25D3 increased autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, the β-catenin/TCF4/GSK-3β and mTOR signaling were activated both in diabetic rats and in high-glucose cultured H9C2 cells. Treatment with 1,25D3 inhibited the β-catenin/TCF4/GSK-3β and mTOR signaling in H9C2 cells, whereas co-treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl) reversed this situation and abolished the beneficial effect of 1,25D3 on autophagy. These data suggest that 1,25D3 may improve DCM in type 1 diabetic rats by modulating autophagy through the β-catenin/TCF4/GSK-3β and mTOR pathway. Vitamin D may exist as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hua Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Baolan Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huimin Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- Laboratory of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Laboratory of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huacong Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuan Jiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Abstract
Excessive feeding is associated with an increase in the incidence of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic disturbance induces chronic low-grade inflammation in metabolically-important organs, such as the liver and adipose tissue. Many of the inflammatory signalling pathways are directly triggered by nutrients. The pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes and macrophages infiltrating adipose tissue promote both local and systemic pro-inflammatory status. Metabolic cardiomyopathy is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by structural and functional alterations and interstitial fibrosis without coronary artery disease or hypertension. In the early stage of metabolic cardiomyopathy, metabolic disturbance is not accompanied by substantial changes in myocardial structure and cardiac function. However, metabolic disturbance induces subcellular low-grade inflammation in the heart, and in turn, subcellular component abnormalities, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and impaired calcium handling, leading to impaired myocardial relaxation. In the advanced stage, the vicious cycle of subcellular component abnormalities, inflammatory cell infiltration, and neurohumoral activation induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, and cardiac fibrosis, resulting in impairment of both diastolic and systolic functions. This review discusses some recent advances in understanding involvement of inflammation in metabolic cardiomyopathy.
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Xia Q, Zheng Y, Jiang W, Huang Z, Wang M, Rodriguez R, Jin X. Valproic acid induces autophagy by suppressing the Akt/mTOR pathway in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1826-1832. [PMID: 27588130 PMCID: PMC4998110 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the chronic administration of valproic acid (VPA) suppresses angiogenesis in vivo; however, the mechanisms implicated in VPA-induced autophagy remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess VPA-induced autophagy in three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP), in addition to analyzing the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway. Prostate cancer cell lines were cultured with various doses of VPA. Cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry, and autophagy markers [1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin-1] were examined using transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy and western blotting. Activation of the Akt/mTOR signal pathway was also assessed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that VPA induced autophagosomes and suppressed the Akt/mTOR signal pathway. This was confirmed by detection of increased LC3-II and Beclin-1 in VPA-treated cells compared with untreated controls. Phosphorylated forms of Akt (PC3, P=0.048; DU145, P=0.045; LNCaP, P=0.039) and mTOR (PC3, P=0.012; DU145, P=0.41; LNCaP, P=0.35) were significantly reduced following VPA treatment. These results suggest that VPA may function as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppressing the growth of prostate cancer cells by modulating autophagy pathways, including inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Further experiments are required to determine the significance of all involved pathways regarding VPA-induced growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Xia
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxian Huang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Muwen Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Xunbo Jin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Bairwa SC, Parajuli N, Dyck JRB. The role of AMPK in cardiomyocyte health and survival. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2199-2210. [PMID: 27412473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular energy homeostasis is a fundamental process that governs the overall health of the cell and is paramount to cell survival. Central to this is the control of ATP generation and utilization, which is regulated by a complex myriad of enzymatic reactions controlling cellular metabolism. In the cardiomyocyte, ATP generated from substrate catabolism is used for numerous cellular processes including maintaining ionic homeostasis, cell repair, protein synthesis and turnover, organelle turnover, and contractile function. In many instances, cardiovascular disease is associated with impaired cardiac energetics and thus the signalling that regulates pathways involved in cardiomyocyte metabolism may be potential targets for pharmacotherapy designed to help treat cardiovascular disease. An important regulator of cardiomyocyte energy homeostasis is adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a serine-threonine kinase that functions primarily as a metabolic sensor to coordinate anabolic and catabolic activities in the cell via the phosphorylation of multiple proteins involved in metabolic pathways. In addition to the direct role that AMPK plays in the regulation of cardiomyocyte metabolism, AMPK can also either directly or indirectly influence other cellular processes such as regulating mitochondrial function, post-translation acetylation, autophagy, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Thus, AMPK is implicated in the control of a wide variety of cellular processes that can influence cardiomyocyte health and survival. In this review, we will discuss the important role that AMPK plays in regulating cardiac metabolism, as well as the additional cellular processes that may contribute to cardiomyocyte function and survival in the healthy and the diseased heart. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism edited by Jason R.B. Dyck & Jan. F.C. Glatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C Bairwa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nirmal Parajuli
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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