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Orejudo S, Lozano-Blasco R, Bautista P, Aiger M. Interaction among participants in a collective intelligence experiment: an emotional approach. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1383134. [PMID: 38813562 PMCID: PMC11133684 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1383134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The construct of collective intelligence assumes that groups have a better capacity than individuals to deal with complex, poorly defined problems. The digital domain allows us to analyze this premise under circumstances different from those in the physical environment: we can gather an elevated number of participants and generate a large quantity of data. Methods This study adopted an emotional perspective to analyze the interactions among 794 adolescents dealing with a sexting case on an online interaction platform designed to generate group answers resulting from a certain degree of achieved consensus. Results Our results show that emotional responses evolve over time in several phases of interaction. From the onset, the emotional dimension predicts how individual responses will evolve, particularly in the final consensus phase. Discussion Responses gradually become more emotionally complex; participants tend to identify themselves with the victim in the test case while increasingly rejecting the aggressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Orejudo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Bautista
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Aiger
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Qolomany B, Calay TJ, Hossain L, Mulahuwaish A, Bou Abdo J. CCTFv2: Modeling Cyber Competitions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:384. [PMID: 38785633 PMCID: PMC11119630 DOI: 10.3390/e26050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cyber competitions are usually team activities, where team performance not only depends on the members' abilities but also on team collaboration. This seems intuitive, especially given that team formation is a well-studied discipline in competitive sports and project management, but unfortunately, team performance and team formation strategies are rarely studied in the context of cybersecurity and cyber competitions. Since cyber competitions are becoming more prevalent and organized, this gap becomes an opportunity to formalize the study of team performance in the context of cyber competitions. This work follows a cross-validating two-approach methodology. The first is the computational modeling of cyber competitions using Agent-Based Modeling. Team members are modeled, in NetLogo, as collaborating agents competing over a network in a red team/blue team match. Members' abilities, team interaction and network properties are parametrized (inputs), and the match score is reported as output. The second approach is grounded in the literature of team performance (not in the context of cyber competitions), where a theoretical framework is built in accordance with the literature. The results of the first approach are used to build a causal inference model using Structural Equation Modeling. Upon comparing the causal inference model to the theoretical model, they showed high resemblance, and this cross-validated both approaches. Two main findings are deduced: first, the body of literature studying teams remains valid and applicable in the context of cyber competitions. Second, coaches and researchers can test new team strategies computationally and achieve precise performance predictions. The targeted gap used methodology and findings which are novel to the study of cyber competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Qolomany
- Cyber Systems Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
- School of Information Technology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Tristan J. Calay
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI 48710, USA
| | - Liaquat Hossain
- School of Computing, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Aos Mulahuwaish
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI 48710, USA
| | - Jacques Bou Abdo
- School of Information Technology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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3
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Carrasco-Farré C, Hakobjanyan N. Experience shapes non-linearities between team behavioral interdependence, team collaboration, and performance in massively multiplayer online games. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7850. [PMID: 38570563 PMCID: PMC10991398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examines quantitative predictors of team performance in Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) based on team management literature. Analyzing data from more than 140,000 squad-mode matches involving over 500,000 players, we replicate and extend existing research by confirming a curvilinear association between behavioral interdependence and team performance and introduce the moderating effect of experience. For less experienced teams, behavioral interdependence follows an inverted U-shaped pattern showing that excessive collaboration may be counterproductive. However, this is not the case for experienced teams, where the relationship is fairly linear. Additionally, we observe that riskier teams tend to perform worse. Moreover, our research also highlights the potential of e-sports data in advancing behavioral science and management research. The digital nature of e-sports datasets, characterized by size and granularity, mitigates concerns related to reproducibility, replicability, and generalizability in social science research, offering a cost-effective platform for scholars with diverse backgrounds.
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4
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Bahlmann MD. Physical attractiveness, same-sex stimuli, and male venture capitalists' financial risk-taking. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1259143. [PMID: 38282844 PMCID: PMC10811096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1259143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Financial risk-taking is central to venture capital decision-making, which is increasingly approached from a heuristics and biases perspective. While previous research has identified entrepreneurs’ physical attractiveness as an important heuristic cue in VCs’ investment decisions, this study addresses the role of VCs’ own physical attractiveness in relation to the financial risks they take. Using a dataset for a representative sample of 341 male entrepreneur and male VC dyads in the context of stage financing, this study finds that VCs of below-average attractiveness are more sensitive to the physical attractiveness of the entrepreneur when compared to VCs of average attractiveness. Also, the nature of this effect changes from the first to the second investment round for VCs of below-average attractiveness. Combined, these findings imply that VCs’ funding decisions may be subject to mechanisms that stem from their own physical attractiveness. Theoretical implications for VC decision-making and same-sex stimuli are discussed.
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5
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Schollaert E, Mertens S, Anseel F, Kluijtmans T, Servaes M, Crucke S. Tackling upcoming projects: The development and efficacy of event previews an experimental study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293271. [PMID: 38109319 PMCID: PMC10727432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional performance management systems are increasingly seen as ill-conceived for today's dynamic organizational landscape. Researchers and practitioners advocate for agile PM systems that emphasize continuous monitoring, learning, and feedback. We present the 'event preview', a novel approach that is designed to address several shortcomings of traditional performance management practices. Event previews consist of five fixed questions, which are discussed among team members before an event, instigating a detailed reflection and mental simulation of upcoming events or projects in order to achieve the desired outcomes. In doing so, event previews support teams to utilize their projects as learning opportunities. This study provides the theoretical basis for the event preview and empirically tests its effectiveness. A sample of 119 teams participated in the experiment in which they were asked to solve as many puzzles as possible within a fixed time frame. One condition conducted an event preview beforehand, the other condition did not. Our findings, which were based on a comparison of the averages of the two conditions, suggest that the event preview holds promise for improving team performance and communication. As such, the event preview presents an additional instrument to the changing performance management landscape. This simple practice can be incorporated in the performance management cycle, emphasizing adaptability and continuous improvement in organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Schollaert
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shana Mertens
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Anseel
- UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tom Kluijtmans
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Servaes
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia Crucke
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Clephane K, Heheman C, Gardner J, MacPherson S, Baker R. Assessing a Pediatric Nursing Simulation with an Electronic Health Record, Video-Assisted Debrief, and Minimized Group Sizes. Clin Simul Nurs 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Orejudo S, Cano-Escoriaza J, Cebollero-Salinas AB, Bautista P, Clemente-Gallardo J, Rivero A, Rivero P, Tarancón A. Evolutionary emergence of collective intelligence in large groups of students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848048. [PMID: 36405219 PMCID: PMC9666766 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of collective intelligence has been studied in much greater detail in small groups than in larger ones. Nevertheless, in groups of several hundreds or thousands of members, it is well-known that the social environment exerts a considerable influence on individual behavior. A few recent papers have dealt with some aspects of large group situations, but have not provided an in-depth analysis of the role of interactions among the members of a group in the creation of ideas, as well as the group's overall performance. In this study, we report an experiment where a large set of individuals, i.e., 789 high-school students, cooperated online in real time to solve two different examinations on a specifically designed platform (Thinkhub). Our goal of this paper 6 to describe the specific mechanisms of idea creation we were able to observe and to measure the group's performance as a whole. When we deal with communication networks featuring a large number of interacting entities, it seems natural to model the set as a complex system by resorting to the tools of statistical mechanics. Our experiment shows how an interaction in small groups that increase in size over several phases, leading to a final phase where the students are confronted with the most popular answers of the previous phases, is capable of producing high-quality answers to all examination questions, whereby the last phase plays a crucial role. Our experiment likewise shows that a group's performance in such a task progresses in a linear manner in parallel with the size of the group. Finally, we show that the controlled interaction and dynamics foreseen in the system can reduce the spread of "fake news" within the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Orejudo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Bautista
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Clemente-Gallardo
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Rivero
- Department of Specific Didactics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alfonso Tarancón
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Liang Z, Li S, Zhou S, Chen S, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhao Q, Huang F, Lu C, Yu Q, Zhou Z. Increased or decreased? Interpersonal neural synchronization in group creation. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119448. [PMID: 35843516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group creation is the process by which group members collaborate to produce novel and useful ideas or products, including ideas generation and evaluation. However, the interpersonal neural mechanism of group creation during natural communication remains unclear. In this study, two groups of same-sex dyads with similar individual creativity collaborated to complete the Product Improvement Task (creative condition) and the Item Purchase Plan Task (control condition), respectively. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record both members' neural activity in the left prefrontal (lPFC) and right temporal-parietal junction (rTPJ) regions during the task. Considering that the role asymmetry of group members may have an impact on interpersonal neural patterns, we identified leaders and followers in the dyads based on participant performance. The results showed that leaders and followers in the creative condition had significantly lower interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) in the right superior temporal gyrus-left superior frontal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus-left superior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus-left middle frontal gyrus than in the control condition. Partial multivariate Granger causality analyses revealed the influence between dyads was bidirectional but was significantly stronger from the leaders to the followers than the other direction. In addition, in the creative task, the INS was significantly associated with novelty, appropriateness, and conflict of views. All these findings suggest that the ideas generation and ideas evaluation process in group creation have poor interpersonal neural activity coupling due to factors such as the difficulty of understanding novel ideas. However, performances may be improved when groups can better integrate views and reach collective understanding, intentions, and goals. Furthermore, we found that there are differences in the dynamics of INS in different brain regions. The INS related to the novelty of the group creation decreased in the early stages, while the INS related to the appropriateness decreased in the middle stages. Our findings reveal a unique interpersonal neural pattern of group creation processes in the context of natural communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; School of Preschool Education, Changsha Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingbai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Furong Huang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Chunming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Quanlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhijin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Olaniran AA, Oludipe M, Hill Z, Ogunyemi A, Umar N, Ohiri K, Schellenberg J, Marchant T. From Theory to Implementation: Adaptations to a Quality Improvement Initiative According to Implementation Context. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:646-655. [PMID: 34772295 PMCID: PMC8851672 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211058699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As countries continue to invest in quality improvement (QI) initiatives in health facilities, it is important to acknowledge the role of context in implementation. We conducted a qualitative study between February 2019 and January 2020 to explore how a QI initiative was adapted to enable implementation in three facility types: primary health centres, public hospitals and private facilities in Lagos State, Nigeria.Despite a common theory of change, implementation of the initiative needed to be adapted to accommodate the local needs, priorities and organisational culture of each facility type. Across facility types, inadequate human and capital resources constrained implementation and necessitated an extension of the initiative's duration. In public facilities, the local governance structure was adapted to facilitate coordination, but similar adaptations to governance were not possible for private facilities. Our findings highlight the importance of anticipating and planning for the local adaptation of QI initiatives according to implementation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola A. Olaniran
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Abimbola A. Olaniran, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | | - Zelee Hill
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adedoyin Ogunyemi
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nasir Umar
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kelechi Ohiri
- Health Strategy and Delivery Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Joanna Schellenberg
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tanya Marchant
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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10
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Momennejad I. Collective minds: social network topology shapes collective cognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200315. [PMID: 34894735 PMCID: PMC8666914 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cognition is not solitary, it is shaped by collective learning and memory. Unlike swarms or herds, human social networks have diverse topologies, serving diverse modes of collective cognition and behaviour. Here, we review research that combines network structure with psychological and neural experiments and modelling to understand how the topology of social networks shapes collective cognition. First, we review graph-theoretical approaches to behavioural experiments on collective memory, belief propagation and problem solving. These results show that different topologies of communication networks synchronize or integrate knowledge differently, serving diverse collective goals. Second, we discuss neuroimaging studies showing that human brains encode the topology of one's larger social network and show similar neural patterns to neural patterns of our friends and community ties (e.g. when watching movies). Third, we discuss cognitive similarities between learning social and non-social topologies, e.g. in spatial and associative learning, as well as common brain regions involved in processing social and non-social topologies. Finally, we discuss recent machine learning approaches to collective communication and cooperation in multi-agent artificial networks. Combining network science with cognitive, neural and computational approaches empowers investigating how social structures shape collective cognition, which can in turn help design goal-directed social network topologies. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines'.
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11
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Hou H, Wang L. Measuring Dynamics in Evacuation Behaviour with Deep Learning. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24020198. [PMID: 35205493 PMCID: PMC8871226 DOI: 10.3390/e24020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bounded rationality is one crucial component in human behaviours. It plays a key role in the typical collective behaviour of evacuation, in which heterogeneous information can lead to deviations from optimal choices. In this study, we propose a framework of deep learning to extract a key dynamical parameter that drives crowd evacuation behaviour in a cellular automaton (CA) model. On simulation data sets of a replica dynamic CA model, trained deep convolution neural networks (CNNs) can accurately predict dynamics from multiple frames of images. The dynamical parameter could be regarded as a factor describing the optimality of path-choosing decisions in evacuation behaviour. In addition, it should be noted that the performance of this method is robust to incomplete images, in which the information loss caused by cutting images does not hinder the feasibility of the method. Moreover, this framework provides us with a platform to quantitatively measure the optimal strategy in evacuation, and this approach can be extended to other well-designed crowd behaviour experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaidian Hou
- The Haverford School, 450 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19010, USA;
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Skov F. Science maps for exploration, navigation, and reflection-A graphic approach to strategic thinking. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262081. [PMID: 34972185 PMCID: PMC8719663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The world of science is growing at an unprecedented speed with more and more scholarly papers produced each year. The scientific landscape is constantly changing as research specialties evolve, merge or become obsolete. It is difficult for researchers, research managers and the public alike to keep abreast with these changes and maintain a true and fair overview of the world of science. Such an overview is necessary to stimulate scientific progress, to maintain flexible and responsive research organizations, and to secure collaboration and knowledge exchange between different research specialties and the wider community. Although science mapping is applied to a wide range of scientific areas, examples of their practical use are sparse. This paper demonstrates how to use a topical, scientific reference maps to understand and navigate in dynamic research landscapes and how to utilize science maps to facilitate strategic thinking. In this study, the research domain of biology at Aarhus University serves as an example. All scientific papers authored by the current, permanent staff were extracted (6,830 in total). These papers were used to create a semantic cognitive map of the research field using a co-word analysis based on keywords and keyword phrases. A workflow was written in Python for easy and fast retrieval of information for topic maps (including tokens from keywords section and title) to generate intelligible research maps, and to visualize the distribution of topics (keywords), papers, journal categories, individual researchers and research groups on any scale. The resulting projections revealed new insights into the structure of the research community and made it possible to compare researchers or research groups to describe differences and similarities, to find scientific overlaps or gaps, and to understand how they relate and connect. Science mapping can be used for intended (top-down) as well as emergent (bottom-up) strategy development. The paper concludes that science maps provide alternative views of the intricate structures of science to supplement traditional bibliometric information. These insights may help strengthen strategic thinking and boost creativity and thus contribute to the progress of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Skov
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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13
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Boss V, Dahlander L, Ihl C, Jayaraman R. Organizing Entrepreneurial Teams: A Field Experiment on Autonomy over Choosing Teams and Ideas. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2021.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Scholars have suggested that autonomy can lead to better entrepreneurial team performance. Yet, there are different types of autonomy, and they come at a cost. We shed light on whether two fundamental organizational design choices—granting teams autonomy to (1) choose project ideas to work on and (2) choose team members to work with—affect performance. We run a field experiment involving 939 students in a lean startup entrepreneurship course over 11 weeks. The aim is to disentangle the separate and joint effects of granting autonomy over choosing teams and choosing ideas compared with a baseline treatment with preassigned ideas and team members. We find that teams with autonomy over choosing either ideas or team members outperform teams in the baseline treatment as measured by pitch deck performance. The effect of choosing ideas is significantly stronger than the effect of choosing teams. However, the performance gains vanish for teams that are granted full autonomy over choosing both ideas and teams. This suggests the two forms of autonomy are substitutes. Causal mediation analysis reveals that the main effects of choosing ideas or teams can be partly explained by a better match of ideas with team members’ interests and prior network contacts among team members, respectively. Although homophily and lack of team diversity cannot explain the performance drop among teams with full autonomy, our results suggest that self-selected teams fall prey to overconfidence and complacency too early to fully exploit the potential of their chosen idea. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on organizational design, autonomy, and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Boss
- Institute of Entrepreneurship, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Ihl
- Institute of Entrepreneurship, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajshri Jayaraman
- ESMT Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3K7, Canada
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14
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Zhu N, Liu C, Yang Z. Team Size, Research Variety, and Research Performance: Do Coauthors’ Coauthors Matter? J Informetr 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joi.2021.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Task complexity moderates group synergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101062118. [PMID: 34479999 PMCID: PMC8433503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101062118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists and managers alike have been preoccupied with the question of whether and, if so, under what conditions groups of interacting problem solvers outperform autonomous individuals. Here we describe an experiment in which individuals and groups were evaluated on a series of tasks of varying complexity. We find that groups are as fast as the fastest individual and more efficient than the most efficient individual when the task is complex but not when the task is simple. We then precisely quantify synergistic gains and process losses associated with interacting groups, finding that the balance between the two depends on complexity. Our study has the potential to reconcile conflicting findings about group synergy in previous work. Complexity—defined in terms of the number of components and the nature of the interdependencies between them—is clearly a relevant feature of all tasks that groups perform. Yet the role that task complexity plays in determining group performance remains poorly understood, in part because no clear language exists to express complexity in a way that allows for straightforward comparisons across tasks. Here we avoid this analytical difficulty by identifying a class of tasks for which complexity can be varied systematically while keeping all other elements of the task unchanged. We then test the effects of task complexity in a preregistered two-phase experiment in which 1,200 individuals were evaluated on a series of tasks of varying complexity (phase 1) and then randomly assigned to solve similar tasks either in interacting groups or as independent individuals (phase 2). We find that interacting groups are as fast as the fastest individual and more efficient than the most efficient individual for complex tasks but not for simpler ones. Leveraging our highly granular digital data, we define and precisely measure group process losses and synergistic gains and show that the balance between the two switches signs at intermediate values of task complexity. Finally, we find that interacting groups generate more solutions more rapidly and explore the solution space more broadly than independent problem solvers, finding higher-quality solutions than all but the highest-scoring individuals.
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Grodzinski N, Grodzinski B, Davies BM. Can co-authorship networks be used to predict author research impact? A machine-learning based analysis within the field of degenerative cervical myelopathy research. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256997. [PMID: 34473796 PMCID: PMC8412256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) is a common and disabling condition, with a relatively modest research capacity. In order to accelerate knowledge discovery, the AO Spine RECODE-DCM project has recently established the top priorities for DCM research. Uptake of these priorities within the research community will require their effective dissemination, which can be supported by identifying key opinion leaders (KOLs). In this paper, we aim to identify KOLs using artificial intelligence. We produce and explore a DCM co-authorship network, to characterise researchers' impact within the research field. METHODS Through a bibliometric analysis of 1674 scientific papers in the DCM field, a co-authorship network was created. For each author, statistics about their connections to the co-authorship network (and so the nature of their collaboration) were generated. Using these connectedness statistics, a neural network was used to predict H-Index for each author (as a proxy for research impact). The neural network was retrospectively validated on an unseen author set. RESULTS DCM research is regionally clustered, with strong collaboration across some international borders (e.g., North America) but not others (e.g., Western Europe). In retrospective validation, the neural network achieves a correlation coefficient of 0.86 (p<0.0001) between the true and predicted H-Index of each author. Thus, author impact can be accurately predicted using only the nature of an author's collaborations. DISCUSSION Analysis of the neural network shows that the nature of collaboration strongly impacts an author's research visibility, and therefore suitability as a KOL. This also suggests greater collaboration within the DCM field could help to improve both individual research visibility and global synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Grodzinski
- St John’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Grodzinski
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. Davies
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Algorithmic and human prediction of success in human collaboration from visual features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2756. [PMID: 33531514 PMCID: PMC7854594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As groups are increasingly taking over individual experts in many tasks, it is ever more important to understand the determinants of group success. In this paper, we study the patterns of group success in Escape The Room, a physical adventure game in which a group is tasked with escaping a maze by collectively solving a series of puzzles. We investigate (1) the characteristics of successful groups, and (2) how accurately humans and machines can spot them from a group photo. The relationship between these two questions is based on the hypothesis that the characteristics of successful groups are encoded by features that can be spotted in their photo. We analyze >43K group photos (one photo per group) taken after groups have completed the game—from which all explicit performance-signaling information has been removed. First, we find that groups that are larger, older and more gender but less age diverse are significantly more likely to escape. Second, we compare humans and off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms at predicting whether a group escaped or not based on the completion photo. We find that individual guesses by humans achieve 58.3% accuracy, better than random, but worse than machines which display 71.6% accuracy. When humans are trained to guess by observing only four labeled photos, their accuracy increases to 64%. However, training humans on more labeled examples (eight or twelve) leads to a slight, but statistically insignificant improvement in accuracy (67.4%). Humans in the best training condition perform on par with two, but worse than three out of the five machine learning algorithms we evaluated. Our work illustrates the potentials and the limitations of machine learning systems in evaluating group performance and identifying success factors based on sparse visual cues.
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Sebhatu KT, Gezahegn TW, Berhanu T, Maertens M, Van Passel S, D’Haese M. Conflict, fraud, and distrust in Ethiopian agricultural cooperatives. JOURNAL OF CO-OPERATIVE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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d'Eon G, Goh J, Larson K, Law E. Paying Crowd Workers for Collaborative Work. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1145/3359227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg d'Eon
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Joslin Goh
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kate Larson
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Edith Law
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Disaster events and their economic impacts are trending, and climate projection studies suggest that the risks of disaster will continue to increase in the near future. Despite the broad and increasing social effects of these events, the empirical basis of disaster research is often weak, partially due to the natural paucity of observed data. At the same time, some of the early research regarding social responses to disasters have become outdated as social, cultural, and political norms have changed. The digital revolution, the open data trend, and the advancements in data science provide new opportunities for social science disaster research. We introduce the term computational social science of disasters (CSSD), which can be formally defined as the systematic study of the social behavioral dynamics of disasters utilizing computational methods. In this paper, we discuss and showcase the opportunities and the challenges in this new approach to disaster research. Following a brief review of the fields that relate to CSSD, namely traditional social sciences of disasters, computational social science, and crisis informatics, we examine how advances in Internet technologies offer a new lens through which to study disasters. By identifying gaps in the literature, we show how this new field could address ways to advance our understanding of the social and behavioral aspects of disasters in a digitally connected world. In doing so, our goal is to bridge the gap between data science and the social sciences of disasters in rapidly changing environments.
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Pereda M, Capraro V, Sánchez A. Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5503. [PMID: 30940892 PMCID: PMC6445079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding whether the size of the interacting group has an effect on cooperative behavior has been a major topic of debate since the seminal works on cooperation in the 1960s. Half a century later, scholars have yet to reach a consensus, with some arguing that cooperation is harder in larger groups, while others that cooperation is easier in larger groups, and yet others that cooperation attains its maximum in intermediate size groups. Here we add to this field of work by reporting a two-treatment empirical study where subjects play a Public Goods Game with a Critical Mass, such that the return for full cooperation increases linearly for early contributions and then stabilizes after a critical mass is reached (the two treatments differ only on the critical mass). We choose this game for two reasons: it has been argued that it approximates real-life social dilemmas; previous work suggests that, in this case, group size might have an inverted-U effect on cooperation, where the pick of cooperation is reached around the critical mass. Our main innovation with respect to previous experiments is that we implement a within-subject design, such that the same subject plays in groups of different size (from 5 to 40 subjects). Groups are formed at random at every round and there is no feedback. This allows us to explore if and how subjects change their choice as a function of the size of the group. We report three main results, which partially contrast what has been suggested by previous work: in our setting (i) the critical mass has no effect on cooperation; (ii) group size has a positive effect on cooperation; (iii) the most chosen option (played by about 50% of the subjects) is All Defection, followed by All Cooperation (about 10% of the subjects), whereas the rest have a slight trend to switch preferentially from defection to cooperation as the group size increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pereda
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Departamento Ingeniería de Organización, Administración de empresas y Estadística, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Mixta Interdisciplinar de Comportamiento y Complejidad Social (UMICC S), UC3M-UV-UZ, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Economics Department, Middlesex University London, Business School, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Angel Sánchez
- Unidad Mixta Interdisciplinar de Comportamiento y Complejidad Social (UMICC S), UC3M-UV-UZ, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute UC3M-BS for Financial Big Data (IBiDat), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28903, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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Moussaïd M, Schinazi VR, Kapadia M, Thrash T. Virtual Sensing and Virtual Reality: How New Technologies Can Boost Research on Crowd Dynamics. Front Robot AI 2018; 5:82. [PMID: 33500961 PMCID: PMC7806084 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective behavior of human crowds often exhibits surprisingly regular patterns of movement. These patterns stem from social interactions between pedestrians such as when individuals imitate others, follow their neighbors, avoid collisions with other pedestrians, or push each other. While some of these patterns are beneficial and promote efficient collective motion, others can seriously disrupt the flow, ultimately leading to deadly crowd disasters. Understanding the dynamics of crowd movements can help urban planners manage crowd safety in dense urban areas and develop an understanding of dynamic social systems. However, the study of crowd behavior has been hindered by technical and methodological challenges. Laboratory experiments involving large crowds can be difficult to organize, and quantitative field data collected from surveillance cameras are difficult to evaluate. Nevertheless, crowd research has undergone important developments in the past few years that have led to numerous research opportunities. For example, the development of crowd monitoring based on the virtual signals emitted by pedestrians' smartphones has changed the way researchers collect and analyze live field data. In addition, the use of virtual reality, and multi-user platforms in particular, have paved the way for new types of experiments. In this review, we describe these methodological developments in detail and discuss how these novel technologies can be used to deepen our understanding of crowd behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moussaïd
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor R. Schinazi
- Chair of Cognitive Science, Department of Humanities, Social, and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mubbasir Kapadia
- Computer Science, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Tyler Thrash
- Chair of Cognitive Science, Department of Humanities, Social, and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Geographic Information Visualization and Analysis, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Digital Society Initiative, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Krafft PM. A Simple Computational Theory of General Collective Intelligence. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:374-392. [PMID: 29900687 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have recently demonstrated that group performance across tasks tends to be correlated, motivating the use of a single metric for the general collective intelligence of groups akin to general intelligence metrics for individuals. High general collective intelligence is achieved when a group performs well across a wide variety of tasks. A number of factors have been shown to be predictive of general collective intelligence, but there is sparse formal theory explaining the presence of correlations across tasks, betraying a fundamental gap in our understanding of what general collective intelligence is measuring. Here, we formally argue that general collective intelligence arises from groups achieving commitment to group goals, accurate shared beliefs, and coordinated actions. We then argue for the existence of generic mechanisms that help groups achieve these cognitive alignment conditions. The presence or absence of such mechanisms can potentially explain observed correlations in group performance across tasks. Under our view, general collective intelligence can be conceived as measuring group performance on classes of tasks that have particular combinations of cognitive alignment requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Krafft
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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24
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Akinola M, Page-Gould E, Mehta PH, Liu Z. Hormone-Diversity Fit: Collective Testosterone Moderates the Effect of Diversity on Group Performance. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:859-867. [PMID: 29553889 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617744282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has found inconsistent effects of diversity on group performance. The present research identifies hormonal factors as a critical moderator of the diversity-performance connection. Integrating the diversity, status, and hormone literatures, we predicted that groups collectively low in testosterone, which orients individuals less toward status competitions and more toward cooperation, would excel with greater group diversity. In contrast, groups collectively high in testosterone, which is associated with a heightened status drive, would be derailed by diversity. Analysis of 74 randomly assigned groups engaged in a group decision-making exercise provided support for these hypotheses. The findings suggest that diversity is beneficial for performance, but only if group-level testosterone is low; diversity has a negative effect on performance if group-level testosterone is high. Too much collective testosterone maximizes the pains and minimizes the gains from diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pranjal H Mehta
- 3 Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - Zaijia Liu
- 1 Columbia Business School, Columbia University
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Nakayama S, Diner D, Holland JG, Bloch G, Porfiri M, Nov O. The Influence of Social Information and Self-expertise on Emergent Task Allocation in Virtual Groups. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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The composition and formation of effective teams: computer science meets organizational psychology. KNOWL ENG REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s026988891800019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNowadays the composition and formation of effective teams is highly important for both companies to assure their competitiveness and for a wide range of emerging applications exploiting multiagent collaboration (e.g. crowdsourcing, human-agent collaborations). The aim of this article is to provide an integrative perspective on team composition, team formation, and their relationship with team performance. Thus, we review the contributions in both the computer science literature and the organizational psychology literature dealing with these topics. Our purpose is twofold. First, we aim at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the contributions made by these two diverse bodies of research. Second, we aim at identifying cross-fertilization opportunities that help both disciplines benefit from one another. Given the volume of existing literature, our review is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, we have preferred to focus on the most significant contributions in both fields together with recent contributions that break new ground to spur innovative research.
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De Vincenzo I, Giannoccaro I, Carbone G, Grigolini P. Criticality triggers the emergence of collective intelligence in groups. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022309. [PMID: 28950581 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A spinlike model mimicking human behavior in groups is employed to investigate the dynamics of the decision-making process. Within the model, the temporal evolution of the state of systems is governed by a time-continuous Markov chain. The transition rates of the resulting master equation are defined in terms of the change of interaction energy between the neighboring agents (change of the level of conflict) and the change of a locally defined agent fitness. Three control parameters can be identified: (i) the social interaction strength βJ measured in units of social temperature, (ii) the level of confidence β^{'} that each individual has on his own expertise, and (iii) the level of knowledge p that identifies the expertise of each member. Based on these three parameters, the phase diagrams of the system show that a critical transition front exists where a sharp and concurrent change in fitness and consensus takes place. We show that at the critical front, the information leakage from the fitness landscape to the agents is maximized. This event triggers the emergence of the collective intelligence of the group, and in the end it leads to a dramatic improvement in the decision-making performance of the group. The effect of size M of the system is also investigated, showing that, depending on the value of the control parameters, increasing M may be either beneficial or detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilario De Vincenzo
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, v.le Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giannoccaro
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, v.le Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carbone
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, v.le Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Physics Department M. Merlin, CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies U.O.S. Bari via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Grigolini
- Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, Texas 76203-1427, USA
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Can Simple Transmission Chains Foster Collective Intelligence in Binary-Choice Tasks? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167223. [PMID: 27880825 PMCID: PMC5120860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In many social systems, groups of individuals can find remarkably efficient solutions to complex cognitive problems, sometimes even outperforming a single expert. The success of the group, however, crucially depends on how the judgments of the group members are aggregated to produce the collective answer. A large variety of such aggregation methods have been described in the literature, such as averaging the independent judgments, relying on the majority or setting up a group discussion. In the present work, we introduce a novel approach for aggregating judgments—the transmission chain—which has not yet been consistently evaluated in the context of collective intelligence. In a transmission chain, all group members have access to a unique collective solution and can improve it sequentially. Over repeated improvements, the collective solution that emerges reflects the judgments of every group members. We address the question of whether such a transmission chain can foster collective intelligence for binary-choice problems. In a series of numerical simulations, we explore the impact of various factors on the performance of the transmission chain, such as the group size, the model parameters, and the structure of the population. The performance of this method is compared to those of the majority rule and the confidence-weighted majority. Finally, we rely on two existing datasets of individuals performing a series of binary decisions to evaluate the expected performances of the three methods empirically. We find that the parameter space where the transmission chain has the best performance rarely appears in real datasets. We conclude that the transmission chain is best suited for other types of problems, such as those that have cumulative properties.
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