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El-Sayyad SM, El-Ella DMA, Hafez MM, Al-Mokaddem AK, Ali BM, Awny MM, El-Emam SZ. Sesamol defends neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion: a crosstalk of autophagy and Notch1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:629-642. [PMID: 37848698 PMCID: PMC10907497 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sesamol (SES) is a phenolic compound found in sesame seed oil. Several studies have revealed its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its complete underlying mechanistic perspective about cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) lesions has not yet been disclosed. Consequently, we aimed to scrutinize its neuroprotective mechanism against cerebral injury during a global cerebral I/R in a rat model, considering its impact on autophagy and Notch1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling regulation. METHODS To affirm our purpose, adult Wistar rats were allotted into five groups: sham and the other four groups in which transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common ligation (2VO) for 1 h, then reperfusion for either 24 h or 5 days: I/R (1/24), I/R (1/5), SES + I/R (1/24), and SES + I/R (1/5). In treated groups, SES (100 mg/kg, p.o., for 21 days) was administered before cerebral I/R induction. The assessment of histopathological changes in brain tissues, immunohistochemistry, biochemical assays, ELISA, and qRT-PCR were utilized to investigate our hypothesis. RESULTS Advantageously, SES halted the structural neuronal damage with lessened demyelination induced by cerebral I/R injury. Restoring oxidant/antioxidant balance was evident by boosting the total antioxidant capacity and waning lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, SES reduced inflammatory and apoptosis markers. Additionally, SES recovered GFAP, Cx43, and autophagy signaling, which in turn switched off the Notch-1/NLRP3 inflammasome trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the neuroprotective effect of SES against cerebral I/R injury through alleviating injurious events and boosting autophagy, consequently abolishing Notch1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk Mohamed El-Sayyad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abo El-Ella
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hafez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Department, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K Al-Mokaddem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Bassam Mohamed Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt
| | - Magdy M Awny
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt
| | - Soad Z El-Emam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt.
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Xian X, Cai LL, Li Y, Wang RC, Xu YH, Chen YJ, Xie YH, Zhu XL, Li YF. Neuron secrete exosomes containing miR-9-5p to promote polarization of M1 microglia in depression. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:122. [PMID: 35264203 PMCID: PMC8905830 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is an important component mechanism in the development of depression. Exosomal transfer of MDD-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) from neurons to microglia might exacerbate neuronal cell inflammatory injury. Results By sequence identification, we found significantly higher miR-9-5p expression levels in serum exosomes from MDD patients than healthy control (HC) subjects. Then, in cultured cell model, we observed that BV2 microglial cells internalized PC12 neuron cell-derived exosomes while successfully transferring miR-9-5p. MiR-9-5p promoted M1 polarization in microglia and led to over releasing of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which exacerbated neurological damage. Furthermore, we identified suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) as a direct target of miR-9-5p. Overexpression of miR-9-5p suppressed SOCS2 expression and reactivated SOCS2-repressed Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways. Consistently, we confirmed that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of miR-9-5p polarized microglia toward the M1 phenotype and exacerbated depressive symptoms in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse mode. Conclusion MiR-9-5p was transferred from neurons to microglia in an exosomal way, leading to M1 polarization of microglia and further neuronal injury. The expression and secretion of miR-9-5p might be novel therapeutic targets for MDD. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01332-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xian
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Li Cai
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran-Chao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Hao Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Hang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 20, Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yue-Feng Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 20, Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China.
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Hu Y, Tao W. Microenvironmental Variations After Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:750810. [PMID: 34899180 PMCID: PMC8662751 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.750810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to several pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is considered to be one of the initial changes. Further, the microenvironmental alteration following TBI-induced BBB breakdown can be multi-scaled, constant, and dramatic. The microenvironmental variations after disruption of BBB includes several pathological changes, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) alteration, brain edema, cerebral metabolism imbalances, and accumulation of inflammatory molecules. The modulation of the microenvironment presents attractive targets for TBI recovery, such as reducing toxic substances, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting neurogenesis. Herein, we briefly review the pathological alterations of the microenvironmental changes following BBB breakdown and outline potential interventions for TBI recovery based on microenvironmental modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Taheri M, Sangseifid S, Shahani P, Eftekharian MM, Arsang-Jang S, Ghafouri-Fard S. Assessment of Expression of SOCS Genes in Acquired Immune-Mediated Polyneuropathies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712859. [PMID: 34349769 PMCID: PMC8326791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune-mediated polyneuropathies are classified to some subtypes among them are acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (AIDP and CIDP). These two conditions share some common signs and underlying mechanisms. Based on the roles of Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) genes in the modulation of immune system reactions, these genes might be involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions. We evaluated expression of SOCS1-3 and SOCS5 genes in the leukocytes of 32 cases of CIDP, 19 cases of AIDP and 40 age- and sex-matched controls using real time PCR method. The Bayesian regression model was used to estimate differences in mean values of genes expressions between cases and control group. Expression levels of SOCS1 and SOCS2 were significantly lower in male patients compared with controls. This sex-specific pattern was also observed for SOCS3 down-regulation. Based on the area under curve values in Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve, diagnostic powers of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3 and SOCS5 genes in the mentioned disorder were 0.61, 0.73, 0.68 and 0.58, respectively. Expression of none of genes was correlated with age of enrolled cases. The current study shows evidences for participation of SOCS genes in the pathophysiology of acquired immune-mediated polyneuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Sangseifid
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pariya Shahani
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of New Sciences, Medical Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Microglia: A Potential Drug Target for Traumatic Axonal Injury. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5554824. [PMID: 34093701 PMCID: PMC8163545 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5554824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a major cause of death and disability among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, no effective therapies have been developed to treat this disorder. Neuroinflammation accompanying microglial activation after TBI is likely to be an important factor in TAI. In this review, we summarize the current research in this field, and recent studies suggest that microglial activation plays an important role in TAI development. We discuss several drugs and therapies that may aid TAI recovery by modulating the microglial phenotype following TBI. Based on the findings of recent studies, we conclude that the promotion of active microglia to the M2 phenotype is a potential drug target for the treatment of TAI.
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Baxter PS, Dando O, Emelianova K, He X, McKay S, Hardingham GE, Qiu J. Microglial identity and inflammatory responses are controlled by the combined effects of neurons and astrocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108882. [PMID: 33761343 PMCID: PMC7994374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, require instruction from the CNS microenvironment to maintain their identity and morphology and regulate inflammatory responses, although what mediates this is unclear. Here, we show that neurons and astrocytes cooperate to promote microglial ramification, induce expression of microglial signature genes ordinarily lost in vitro and in age and disease in vivo, and repress infection- and injury-associated gene sets. The influence of neurons and astrocytes separately on microglia is weak, indicative of synergies between these cell types, which exert their effects via a mechanism involving transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) signaling. Neurons and astrocytes also combine to provide immunomodulatory cues, repressing primed microglial responses to weak inflammatory stimuli (without affecting maximal responses) and consequently limiting the feedback effects of inflammation on the neurons and astrocytes themselves. These findings explain why microglia isolated ex vivo undergo de-differentiation and inflammatory deregulation and point to how disease- and age-associated changes may be counteracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
| | - Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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Enam SF, Kader SR, Bodkin N, Lyon JG, Calhoun M, Azrak C, Tiwari PM, Vanover D, Wang H, Santangelo PJ, Bellamkonda RV. Evaluation of M2-like macrophage enrichment after diffuse traumatic brain injury through transient interleukin-4 expression from engineered mesenchymal stromal cells. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:197. [PMID: 32563258 PMCID: PMC7306141 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriately modulating inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may prevent disabilities for the millions of those inflicted annually. In TBI, cellular mediators of inflammation, including macrophages and microglia, possess a range of phenotypes relevant for an immunomodulatory therapeutic approach. It is thought that early phenotypic modulation of these cells will have a cascading healing effect. In fact, an anti-inflammatory, "M2-like" macrophage phenotype after TBI has been associated with neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and improved white matter integrity (WMI). There already exist clinical trials seeking an M2-like bias through mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). However, MSCs do not endogenously synthesize key signals that induce robust M2-like phenotypes such as interleukin-4 (IL-4). METHODS To enrich M2-like macrophages in a clinically relevant manner, we augmented MSCs with synthetic IL-4 mRNA to transiently express IL-4. These IL-4 expressing MSCs (IL-4 MSCs) were characterized for expression and functionality and then delivered in a modified mouse TBI model of closed head injury. Groups were assessed for functional deficits and MR imaging. Brain tissue was analyzed through flow cytometry, multi-plex ELISA, qPCR, histology, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS We observed that IL-4 MSCs indeed induce a robust M2-like macrophage phenotype and promote anti-inflammatory gene expression after TBI. However, here we demonstrate that acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages did not translate to improved functional or histological outcomes, or improvements in WMI on MR imaging. To further understand whether dysfunctional pathways underlie the lack of therapeutic effect, we report transcriptomic analysis of injured and treated brains. Through this, we discovered that inflammation persists despite acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages in the brain. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that MSCs can be engineered to induce a stronger M2-like macrophage response in vivo. However, they also suggest that acute enrichment of only M2-like macrophages after diffuse TBI cannot orchestrate neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, or improve WMI. Here, we also discuss our modified TBI model and methods to assess severity, behavioral studies, and propose that IL-4 expressing MSCs may also have relevance in other cavitary diseases or in improving biomaterial integration into tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faaiz Enam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Bodkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Johnathan G Lyon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark Calhoun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cesar Azrak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pooja Munnilal Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Si L, Wang H, Wang L. Suppression of miR-193a alleviates neuroinflammation and improves neurological function recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:527-534. [PMID: 31924304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, and is tightly associated with microglia-regulated neuroinflammation. However, the activation profile of microglia during the pathophysiological responses is still not fully understood. Micro-RNAs (miRs), as noncoding RNAs, are involved in the progression of TBI. In this study, we attempted to explore the effects of miR-193a on TBI using the in vivo and in vitro studies. Following experimental TBI in mice, we found that miR-193a expression was significantly up-regulated in ipsilateral cortical tissues and in the microglia/macrophages isolated from the ipsilateral cortical tissues, which was accompanied with markedly enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory factors. We then found that miR-193a hairpin inhibitor (antagomir) markedly reduced lesion volume, brain water contents and neuron death in TBI mice induced by the controlled cortical impact (CCI). In addition, cognitive dysfunction in TBI mice was markedly improved after miR-193a antagomir injection. Of note, CCI-induced activation of microglia was repressed by miR-193a inhibition, along with significantly reduced expression of neuroinflammatory markers, which were associated with the blockage of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The anti-neuroinflammation effects of miR-193a suppression were verified in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-incubated microglial cells transfected with miR-193a inhibitor. In contrast, LPS-induced activation of microglial cells and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors was markedly further accelerated by the transfection of miR-193a mimic. Taken together, TBI resulted in a robust neuroinflammatory response that was closely associated with the up-regulated miR-193a expression mainly in microglia/macrophages; however, miR-193a suppression significantly alleviated post-traumatic neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, miR-193a might be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of TBI-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Si
- Department of Neurology, Guangrao County People's Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong Province, 257300, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Leyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changle People's Hospital, Shandong, 262400, China.
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Watanabe S, Alexander M, Misharin AV, Budinger GRS. The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2619-2628. [PMID: 31107246 DOI: 10.1172/jci124615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are tissue-resident or infiltrated immune cells critical for innate immunity, normal tissue development, homeostasis, and repair of damaged tissue. Macrophage function is a sum of their ontogeny, the local environment in which they reside, and the type of injuries or pathogen to which they are exposed. In this Review, we discuss the role of macrophages in the restoration of tissue function after injury, highlighting important questions about how they respond to and modify the local microenvironment to restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Michael Alexander
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Younger D, Murugan M, Rama Rao KV, Wu LJ, Chandra N. Microglia Receptors in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5202-5228. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zamani A, Xiao J, Turnley AM, Murray SS. Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B (TrkB) Regulates Neurite Outgrowth via a Novel Interaction with Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 2 (SOCS2). Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1262-1275. [PMID: 29881947 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly expressed in the hippocampus, where it can initiate signalling pathways leading to neurite outgrowth, neuron survival, spine maturation and increased synapse strength. Although suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2) is primarily known to negatively regulate cytokine signalling, it is also highly expressed in the hippocampus and exerts neuron-specific functions in the brain, effecting the length and architecture of neurons. However, little is known about the role of SOCS2 in the hippocampus. In this study, we hypothesised that SOCS2 may have a regulatory role in BDNF-dependent neurite growth and hippocampal neuronal function. Here our data demonstrate that SOCS2 interacts with the kinase domain of the BDNF receptor TrkB. Germline overexpression of SOCS2 results in a BDNF-dependent increase in hippocampal neurite outgrowth, whereas deletion of SOCS2 results in shorter neurite outgrowth. Expression of SOCS2 also results in increased ubiquitination of the juxtamembrane region of TrkB, and alters the trafficking of TrkB into recycling endosomes. Collectively, our data suggest a novel role for SOCS2 in interacting with and regulating the trafficking of TrkB, leading to increased neurite outgrowth in hippocampus neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Zamani
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ann M Turnley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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12
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Wu SH, Lu IC, Lee SS, Kwan AL, Chai CY, Huang SH. Erythropoietin attenuates motor neuron programmed cell death in a burn animal model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190039. [PMID: 29385149 PMCID: PMC5791978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burn-induced neuromuscular dysfunction may contribute to long-term morbidity; therefore, it is imperative to develop novel treatments. The present study investigated whether erythropoietin (EPO) administration attenuates burn-induced motor neuron apoptosis and neuroinflammatory response. To validate our hypothesis, a third-degree hind paw burn rat model was developed by bringing the paw into contact with a metal surface at 75°C for 10 s. A total of 24 male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Group A, sham-control; Group B, burn-induced; Group C, burn + single EPO dose (5000 IU/kg i.p. at D0); and Group D, burn + daily EPO dosage (3000 IU/kg/day i.p. at D0–D6). Two treatment regimens were used to evaluate single versus multiple doses treatment effects. Before sacrifice, blood samples were collected for hematological parameter examination. The histological analyses of microglia activation, iNOS, and COX-2 in the spinal cord ventral horn were performed at week 1 post-burn. In addition, we examined autophagy changes by biomarkers of LC3B and ATG5. The expression of BCL-2, BAX, cleaved caspase-3, phospho-AKT, and mTOR was assessed simultaneously through Western blotting. EPO administration after burn injury attenuated neuroinflammation through various mechanisms, including the reduction of microglia activity as well as iNOS and COX-2 expression in the spinal cord ventral horn. In addition, the expression of phospho-AKT, mTOR and apoptotic indicators, such as BAX, BCL-2, and cleaved caspase-3, was modulated. Furthermore, the activity of burn-induced autophagy in the spinal cord ventral horn characterized by the expression of autophagic biomarkers, LC3B and ATG5, was reduced after EPO administration. The present results indicate that EPO inhibits the AKT-mTOR pathway to attenuate burn-induced motor neuron programmed cell death and microglia activation. EPO can modulate neuroinflammation and programmed cell death and may be a therapeutic candidate for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Shin Lee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hung Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abd El-Aal SA, Abd El-Fattah MA, El-Abhar HS. CoQ10 Augments Rosuvastatin Neuroprotective Effect in a Model of Global Ischemia via Inhibition of NF-κB/JNK3/Bax and Activation of Akt/FOXO3A/Bim Cues. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:735. [PMID: 29081748 PMCID: PMC5645536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins were reported to lower the Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) content upon their inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and both are known to possess neuroprotective potentials; therefore, the aim is to assess the possible use of CoQ10 as an adds-on therapy to rosuvastatin to improve its effect using global I/R model. Rats were allocated into sham, I/R, rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg), CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) and their combination. Drugs were administered orally for 7 days before I/R. Pretreatment with rosuvastatin and/or CoQ10 inhibited the hippocampal content of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and boosted glutathione and superoxide dismutase. They also opposed the upregulation of gp91phox, and p47phox subunits of NADPH oxidase. Meanwhile, both agents reduced content/expression of TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κBp65, ICAM-1, and MPO. Besides, all regimens abated cytochrome c, caspase-3 and Bax, but increased Bcl-2 in favor of cell survival. On the molecular level, they increased p-Akt and its downstream target p-FOXO3A, with the inhibition of the nuclear content of FOXO3A to downregulate the expression of Bim, a pro-apoptotic gene. Additionally, both treatments downregulate the JNK3/c-Jun signaling pathway. The effect of the combination regimen overrides that of either treatment alone. These effects were reflected on the alleviation of the hippocampal damage in CA1 region inflicted by I/R. Together, these findings accentuate the neuroprotective potentials of both treatments against global I/R by virtue of their rigorous multi-pronged actions, including suppression of hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis with the involvement of the Akt/FOXO3A/Bim and JNK3/c-Jun/Bax signaling pathways. The study also nominates CoQ10 as an adds-on therapy with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Abd El-Aal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Yang L, Liu Z, Ren H, Zhang L, Gao S, Ren L, Chai Z, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Vandenbark AA, Offner H, Li M. DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment reduces lesion volumes and improves neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1395-1402. [PMID: 28303450 PMCID: PMC5600636 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in severe neurological impairments without effective treatments. Inflammation appears to be an important contributor to key pathogenic events such as secondary brain injury following TBI and therefore serves as a promising target for novel therapies. We have recently demonstrated the ability of a molecular construct comprised of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRα1 domain linked covalently to mouse (m)MOG-35-55 peptide (DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct) to reduce CNS inflammation and tissue injury in animal models of multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke. The aim of the current study was to determine if DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment of a fluid percussion injury (FPI) mouse model of TBI could reduce the lesion size and improve disease outcome measures. Neurodeficits, lesion size, and immune responses were determined to evaluate the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment. The results demonstrated that daily injections of DRα1-MOG-35-55 given after FPI significantly reduced numbers of infiltrating CD74+ and CD86+ macrophages and increased numbers of CD206+ microglia in the brain concomitant with smaller lesion sizes and improvement in neurodeficits. Conversely, DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment of TBI increased numbers of circulating CD11b+ monocytes and their expression of CD74 but had no detectable effect on cell numbers or marker expression in the spleen. These results demonstrate that DRα1-MOG-35-55 therapy can reduce CNS inflammation and significantly improve histological and clinical outcomes after TBI. Future studies will further examine the potential of DRα1-MOG-35-55 for treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Zhijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Siman Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- "2011"Collaborative Innovation Center/Neurobiology Research Center, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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15
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Shrestha B, Jiang X, Ge S, Paul D, Chianchiano P, Pachter JS. Spatiotemporal resolution of spinal meningeal and parenchymal inflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:159-172. [PMID: 28844788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by active immunization of C57BL/6 mice with peptide from myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG35-55), is a neuroinflammatory, demyelinating disease widely recognized as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Typically, EAE presents with an ascending course of paralysis, and inflammation that is predominantly localized to the spinal cord. Recent studies have further indicated that inflammation - in both MS and EAE - might initiate within the meninges and propagate from there to the underlying parenchyma. However, the patterns of inflammation within the respective meningeal and parenchymal compartments along the length of the spinal cord, and the progression with which these patterns develop during EAE, have yet to be detailed. Such analysis could hold key to identifying factors critical for spreading, as well as constraining, inflammation along the neuraxis. To address this issue, high-resolution 3-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy was performed to visualize, in detail, the sequence of leukocyte infiltration at distinct regions of the spinal cord. High quality virtual slide scanning for imaging the entire spinal cord using epifluorescence was further conducted to highlight the directionality and relative degree of inflammation. Meningeal inflammation was found to precede parenchymal inflammation at all levels of the spinal cord, but did not develop equally or simultaneously throughout the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the meninges. Instead, meningeal inflammation was initially most obvious in the caudal SAS, from which it progressed to the immediate underlying parenchyma, paralleling the first signs of clinical disease in the tail and hind limbs. Meningeal inflammation could then be seen to extend in the caudal-to-rostral direction, followed by a similar, but delayed, trajectory of parenchymal inflammation. To additionally determine whether the course of ascending paralysis and leukocyte infiltration during EAE is reflected in differences in inflammatory gene expression by meningeal and parenchymal microvessels along the spinal cord, laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled with gene expression profiling was performed. Expression profiles varied between these respective vessel populations at both the cervical and caudal levels of the spinal cord during disease progression, and within each vessel population at different levels of the cord at a given time during disease. These results reinforce a significant role for the meninges in the development and propagation of central nervous system inflammation associated with MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Shrestha
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Shujun Ge
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Debayon Paul
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Peter Chianchiano
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
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16
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SOCS molecules: the growing players in macrophage polarization and function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60710-60722. [PMID: 28948005 PMCID: PMC5601173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of macrophage polarization is defined in terms of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity and functional diversity. Cytokines signals are thought to be required for the polarization of macrophage populations toward different phenotypes at different stages in development, homeostasis and disease. The suppressors of cytokine signaling family of proteins contribute to the magnitude and duration of cytokines signaling, which ultimately control the subtle adjustment of the balance between divergent macrophage phenotypes. This review highlights the specific roles and mechanisms of various cytokines family and their negative regulators link to the macrophage polarization programs. Eventually, breakthrough in the identification of these molecules will provide the novel therapeutic approaches for a host of diseases by targeting macrophage phenotypic shift.
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17
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Bi H, Yi G, Yang N. Increased copy number of SOCS2 gene in Chinese gamecocks. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1041-1044. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Tang M, Liu P, Li X, Wang JW, Zhu XC, He FP. Protective action of B1R antagonist against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppressing miR-200c expression of Microglia-derived microvesicles. Neurol Res 2017; 39:612-620. [PMID: 28398146 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1275096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-wen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiong-chao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-ping He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Basrai HS, Turbic A, Christie KJ, Turnley AM. Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 2 (SOCS2) Regulates Numbers of Mature Newborn Adult Hippocampal Neurons and Their Dendritic Spine Maturation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:899-909. [PMID: 27655030 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2) has been shown to promote hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth of neurons in vitro. In the adult mouse brain, SOCS2 is most highly expressed in the hippocampal CA3 region and at lower levels in the dentate gyrus, an expression pattern that suggests a role in adult neurogenesis. Herein we examine generation of neuroblasts and their maturation into more mature neurons in SOCS2 null (SOCS2KO) mice. EdU was administered for 7 days to label proliferative neural precursor cells. The number of EdU-labelled doublecortin+ neuroblasts and NeuN+ mature neurons they generated was examined at day 8 and day 35, respectively. While no effect of SOCS2 deletion was observed in neuroblast generation, it reduced the numbers of EdU-labelled mature newborn neurons at 35 days. As SOCS2 regulates neurite outgrowth and dentate granule neurons project to the CA3 region, alterations in dendritic arborisation or spine formation may have correlated with the decreased numbers of EdU-labelled newborn neurons. SOCS2KO mice were crossed with Nes-CreERT2/mTmG mice, in which membrane eGFP is inducibly expressed in neural precursor cells and their progeny, and the dendrite and dendritic spine morphology of newborn neurons were examined at 35 days. SOCS2 deletion had no effect on total dendrite length, number of dendritic segments, number of branch points or total dendritic spine density but increased the number of mature "mushroom" spines. Our results suggest that endogenous SOCS2 regulates numbers of EdU-labelled mature newborn adult hippocampal neurons, possibly by mediating their survival and that this may be via a mechanism regulating dendritic spine maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen S Basrai
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alisa Turbic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kimberly J Christie
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ann M Turnley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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20
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Turnley A, Basrai H. The suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2), traumatic brain injury and microglial/macrophage regulation. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1405-1406. [PMID: 27857735 PMCID: PMC5090834 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.191206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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