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Labarca R, Frugone-Álvarez M, Vilches L, Blanco JF, Peñaloza Á, Godoy-Aguirre C, Lizama-Catalán Á, Oyarzo C, Tornero C, González-Guarda E, Delgado A, Sepúlveda M, Soto-Huenchuman P. Taguatagua 3: A new late Pleistocene settlement in a highly suitable lacustrine habitat in central Chile (34°S). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302465. [PMID: 38776357 PMCID: PMC11111044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the results of the excavations and analyses of the diverse and exceptional archaeological assemblage of Taguatagua 3, a new late Pleistocene site located in the ancient Tagua Tagua lake in Central Chile (34°S). The anthropogenic context is constrained in a coherently dated stratigraphic deposit which adds new information about the mobility, subsistence strategies, and settlement of the early hunter-gatherers of southern South America. The age model constructed, as well as radiocarbon dates obtained directly from a combustion structure, indicate that the human occupation occurred over a brief time span around 12,440-12,550 cal yr BP. Considering taphonomic, geoarchaeological, lithic, archaeobotanical, and zooarchaeological evidence, as well as the spatial distribution combined with ethnographic data, we interpret Taguatagua 3 as a logistic and temporary camp associated mainly with gomphothere hunting and butchering. Nevertheless, several other activities were carried out here as well, such as hide and/or bone preparation, small vertebrate and plant processing and consumption, and red ochre grinding. Botanical and eggshell remains suggest that the anthropic occupation occurred during the dry season. Considering the contemporaneous sites recorded in the basin, we conclude that the ancient Tagua Tagua lake was a key location along the region's early hunter-gatherer mobility circuits. In this context, it acted as a recurrent hunting/scavenging place during the Late Pleistocene due to its abundant, diverse, and predictable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Labarca
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Escuela de Antropología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Frugone-Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Ambiental, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Ángela Peñaloza
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carolina Godoy-Aguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Escuela de Antropología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Carlos Tornero
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Ayelen Delgado
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Iquique, Chile
| | - Paula Soto-Huenchuman
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Red Paleontológica U-Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Patrimonio Paleontológico, Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Steffen ML. New age constraints for human entry into the Americas on the north Pacific coast. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4291. [PMID: 38383701 PMCID: PMC10881565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The timing of the initial peopling of the Americas is unresolved. Because the archaeological record necessitates discussion of human entry from Beringia into southern North America during the last glaciation, addressing this problem routinely involves evaluating environmental parameters then targeting areas suitable for human settlement. Vertebrate remains indicate landscape quality and are a key dataset for assessing coastal migration theories and the viability of coastal routes. Here, radiocarbon dates on vertebrate specimens and archaeological sites are calibrated to document species occurrences and the ages of human settlements across the western expansion and decay of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) during the Late Wisconsin Fraser Glaciation in four subregions of the north Pacific coast of North America. The results show archaeological sites occur after glacial maxima and are generally consistent with the age of other securely dated earliest sites in southern North America. They also highlight gaps in the vertebrate chronologies around CIS maxima in each of the subregions that point to species redistributions and extirpations and signal times of low potential for human settlement and subsistence in a key portion of the proposed coastal migration route. This study, therefore, defines new age constraints for human coastal migration theories in the peopling of the Americas debate.
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3
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Scott GR, Navega D, Vlemincq-Mendieta T, Dern LL, O'Rourke DH, Hlusko LJ, Hoffecker JF. Peopling of the Americas: A new approach to assessing dental morphological variation in Asian and Native American populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 38018312 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Through biodistance analyses, anthropologists have used dental morphology to elucidate how people moved into and throughout the Americas. Here, we apply a method that focuses on individuals rather than sample frequencies through the application rASUDAS2, based on a naïve Bayes' algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the database of C.G. Turner II, we calculated the probability that an individual could be assigned to one of seven biogeographic groups (American Arctic, North & South America, East Asia, Southeast Asia & Polynesia, Australo-Melanesia, Western Eurasia, & Sub-Saharan Africa) through rASUDAS2. The frequency of classifications for each biogeographic group was determined for 1418 individuals from six regions across Asia and the Americas. RESULTS Southeast Asians show mixed assignments but rarely to American Arctic or "American Indian." East Asians are assigned to East Asia half the time while 30% are assigned as Native American. People from the American Arctic and North & South America are assigned to Arctic America or non-Arctic America 75%-80% of the time, with 10%-15% classified as East Asian. DISCUSSION All Native American groups have a similar degree of morphological affinity to East Asia, as 10%-15% are classified as East Asian. East Asians are classified as Native American in 30% of cases. Individuals in the Western Hemisphere are decreasingly classified as Arctic the farther south they are located. Equivalent levels of classification as East Asian across all Native American groups suggests one divergence between East Asians and the population ancestral to all Native Americans. Non-arctic Native American groups are derived from the Arctic population, which represents the Native American founder group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Richard Scott
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - David Navega
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Laresa L Dern
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Dennis H O'Rourke
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - John F Hoffecker
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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4
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Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, Scott GR, O'Rourke DH, Hlusko LJ, Potapova O, Pitulko V, Pavlova E, Bourgeon L, Vachula RS. Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222246. [PMID: 36629115 PMCID: PMC9832545 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Did Beringian environments represent an ecological barrier to humans until less than 15 000 years ago or was access to the Americas controlled by the spatial-temporal distribution of North American ice sheets? Beringian environments varied with respect to climate and biota, especially in the two major areas of exposed continental shelf. The East Siberian Arctic Shelf ('Great Arctic Plain' (GAP)) supported a dry steppe-tundra biome inhabited by a diverse large-mammal community, while the southern Bering-Chukchi Platform ('Bering Land Bridge' (BLB)) supported mesic tundra and probably a lower large-mammal biomass. A human population with west Eurasian roots occupied the GAP before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and may have accessed mid-latitude North America via an interior ice-free corridor. Re-opening of the corridor less than 14 000 years ago indicates that the primary ancestors of living First Peoples, who already had spread widely in the Americas at this time, probably dispersed from the NW Pacific coast. A genetic 'arctic signal' in non-arctic First Peoples suggests that their parent population inhabited the GAP during the LGM, before their split from the former. We infer a shift from GAP terrestrial to a subarctic maritime economy on the southern BLB coast before dispersal in the Americas from the NW Pacific coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Hoffecker
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA,Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, 622 Fraser Hall, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Scott A. Elias
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - G. Richard Scott
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada-Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Dennis H. O'Rourke
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, 622 Fraser Hall, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Leslea J. Hlusko
- Human Evolution Research Center, University of California-Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA,Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
| | - Olga Potapova
- Pleistocene Park Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19006, USA,Department of Mammoth Fauna Studies, Academy of Sciences of Sakha, Yakutsk, Russia,The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, Hot Springs, SD 57747, USA
| | - Vladimir Pitulko
- Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaya nab., 18, 191186 St Petersburg, Russia,Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Universitetskaya nab., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Pavlova
- Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, 38 Bering Street, 199397 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lauriane Bourgeon
- Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, 1930 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Richard S. Vachula
- Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, 2050 Beard Eaves Coliseum, Auburn, AL 36849-5305, USA
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5
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Margolis EQ, Guiterman CH, Chavardès RD, Coop JD, Copes‐Gerbitz K, Dawe DA, Falk DA, Johnston JD, Larson E, Li H, Marschall JM, Naficy CE, Naito AT, Parisien M, Parks SA, Portier J, Poulos HM, Robertson KM, Speer JH, Stambaugh M, Swetnam TW, Tepley AJ, Thapa I, Allen CD, Bergeron Y, Daniels LD, Fulé PZ, Gervais D, Girardin MP, Harley GL, Harvey JE, Hoffman KM, Huffman JM, Hurteau MD, Johnson LB, Lafon CW, Lopez MK, Maxwell RS, Meunier J, North M, Rother MT, Schmidt MR, Sherriff RL, Stachowiak LA, Taylor A, Taylor EJ, Trouet V, Villarreal ML, Yocom LL, Arabas KB, Arizpe AH, Arseneault D, Tarancón AA, Baisan C, Bigio E, Biondi F, Cahalan GD, Caprio A, Cerano‐Paredes J, Collins BM, Dey DC, Drobyshev I, Farris C, Fenwick MA, Flatley W, Floyd ML, Gedalof Z, Holz A, Howard LF, Huffman DW, Iniguez J, Kipfmueller KF, Kitchen SG, Lombardo K, McKenzie D, Merschel AG, Metlen KL, Minor J, O'Connor CD, Platt L, Platt WJ, Saladyga T, Stan AB, Stephens S, Sutheimer C, Touchan R, Weisberg PJ. The North American tree‐ring fire‐scar network. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Q. Margolis
- New Mexico Landscapes Field Station U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Santa Fe New Mexico USA
| | | | - Raphaël D. Chavardès
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Coop
- School of Environment and Sustainability Western Colorado University Gunnison Colorado USA
| | - Kelsey Copes‐Gerbitz
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Denyse A. Dawe
- Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Donald A. Falk
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, ENR2 Building University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | | | - Evan Larson
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Society University of Wisconsin‐Platteville Platteville Wisconsin USA
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA
| | | | | | - Adam T. Naito
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Geographical Sciences Northern Michigan University Marquette Michigan USA
| | - Marc‐André Parisien
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Sean A. Parks
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service Missoula Montana USA
| | - Jeanne Portier
- Forest Resources and Management Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Helen M. Poulos
- College of the Environment Wesleyan University Middletown Connecticut USA
| | | | - James H. Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA
| | - Michael Stambaugh
- School of Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Thomas W. Swetnam
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Alan J. Tepley
- Canadian Forest Service Northern Forestry Centre Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia USA
| | - Ichchha Thapa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Lori D. Daniels
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter Z. Fulé
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - David Gervais
- Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Québec Québec Canada
| | | | - Grant L. Harley
- Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Jill E. Harvey
- Department of Natural Resource Science Thompson Rivers University Kamloops British Columbia Canada
| | - Kira M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Bulkley Valley Research Centre Smithers British Columbia Canada
| | - Jean M. Huffman
- Tall Timbers Research Station Tallahassee Florida USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Matthew D. Hurteau
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Lane B. Johnson
- Cloquet Forestry Center University of Minnesota Cloquet Minnesota USA
| | - Charles W. Lafon
- Department of Geography Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Manuel K. Lopez
- New Mexico Landscapes Field Station U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Santa Fe New Mexico USA
| | | | - Jed Meunier
- Division of Forestry Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Malcolm North
- USFS PSW Research Station Mammoth Lakes California USA
| | - Monica T. Rother
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of North Carolina‐Wilmington Wilmington North Carolina USA
| | - Micah R. Schmidt
- College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Rosemary L. Sherriff
- Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Analysis Humboldt State University Arcata California USA
| | | | - Alan Taylor
- Department of Geography and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Erana J. Taylor
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Valerie Trouet
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Miguel L. Villarreal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center Moffett Field California USA
| | - Larissa L. Yocom
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Karen B. Arabas
- Department of Environmental Science Willamette University Salem Oregon USA
| | - Alexis H. Arizpe
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter Vienna Austria
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski Quebec Canada
| | | | - Christopher Baisan
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Erica Bigio
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | - Franco Biondi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | | | - Anthony Caprio
- Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks Three Rivers California USA
| | | | - Brandon M. Collins
- Center for Fire Research and Outreach University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Daniel C. Dey
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Swedish Agricultural University, Southern Swedish Research Centre Uppsala Sweden
- Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Quebec Canada
| | | | | | - William Flatley
- Department of Geography University of Central Arkansas Conway Arkansas USA
| | | | - Ze'ev Gedalof
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Andres Holz
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Lauren F. Howard
- Department of Biology Arcadia University Glenside Pennsylvania USA
| | - David W. Huffman
- Ecological Restoration Institute Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Jose Iniguez
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kurt F. Kipfmueller
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Society University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | | | - Keith Lombardo
- Southern California Research Learning Center San Diego California USA
| | - Donald McKenzie
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Minor
- University of Maine System Farmington Maine USA
| | - Christopher D. O'Connor
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service Missoula Montana USA
| | - Laura Platt
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | - William J. Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Thomas Saladyga
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences Concord University Athens West Virginia USA
| | - Amanda B. Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Scott Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Colleen Sutheimer
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Ramzi Touchan
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Peter J. Weisberg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
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6
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Darling S, Harvey B, Hickey GM. On the individual and organizational capacities supporting impact assessment: the case of the Yukon Environmental and Socio-Economic Assessment Board. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact assessment (IA) processes rely on the ability of assessment boards and their assessors to gather, synthesize, and interpret knowledge from a variety of sources, making IA a knowledge-based activity. IA boards in northern Canada operate in a context that prioritizes pluralism, where Indigenous knowledge is a key element of decision-making and the ability of practitioners to interact with knowledge—research capacity—affects process effectiveness, credibility, and legitimacy. Drawing on common principles from existing research capacity frameworks, we identify the dimensions of capacity most relevant to more fully realizing inclusive impact assessment processes. We then examine the Yukon Environmental and Socio-Economic Assessment Board (YESAB) as a specialized environmental governance organization with assessors whose research capacity directly impacts process outcomes. Results show that while common dimensions across knowledge-based disciplines, such as sufficient resources (e.g., financial support), are often addressed in the YESAB context, others unique to IA, like contextual understanding, require further examination. The interaction between individual and organizational research capacity is a complex balance between investing in individuals and investing in organizational supports. The proposed framework facilitates multi-scalar supports for individual assessors and assessment bodies alike to navigate balancing technical and value-driven knowledge in assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Darling
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Blane Harvey
- Department of Integrated Studies in Education, McGill University, Room 244, Education Building, 3700 McTavish Street, Montreal, QC H3A 1Y2, Canada
| | - Gordon M. Hickey
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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7
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Late Pleistocene shrub expansion preceded megafauna turnover and extinctions in eastern Beringia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107977118. [PMID: 34930836 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107977118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The collapse of the steppe-tundra biome (mammoth steppe) at the end of the Pleistocene is used as an important example of top-down ecosystem cascades, where human hunting of keystone species led to profound changes in vegetation across high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Alternatively, it is argued that this biome transformation occurred through a bottom-up process, where climate-driven expansion of shrub tundra (Betula, Salix spp.) replaced the steppe-tundra vegetation that grazing megafauna taxa relied on. In eastern Beringia, these differing hypotheses remain largely untested, in part because the precise timing and spatial pattern of Late Pleistocene shrub expansion remains poorly resolved. This uncertainty is caused by chronological ambiguity in many lake sediment records, which typically rely on radiocarbon (14C) dates from bulk sediment or aquatic macrofossils-materials that are known to overestimate the age of sediment layers. Here, we reexamine Late Pleistocene pollen records for which 14C dating of terrestrial macrofossils is available and augment these data with 14C dates from arctic ground-squirrel middens and plant macrofossils. Comparing these paleovegetation data with a database of published 14C dates from megafauna remains, we find the postglacial expansion of shrub tundra preceded the regional extinctions of horse (Equus spp.) and mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and began during a period when the frequency of 14C dates indicates large grazers were abundant. These results are not consistent with a model of top-down ecosystem cascades and support the hypothesis that climate-driven habitat loss preceded and contributed to turnover in mammal communities.
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8
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Murchie TJ, Monteath AJ, Mahony ME, Long GS, Cocker S, Sadoway T, Karpinski E, Zazula G, MacPhee RDE, Froese D, Poinar HN. Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7120. [PMID: 34880234 PMCID: PMC8654998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal and spatial coarseness of megafaunal fossil records complicates attempts to to disentangle the relative impacts of climate change, ecosystem restructuring, and human activities associated with the Late Quaternary extinctions. Advances in the extraction and identification of ancient DNA that was shed into the environment and preserved for millennia in sediment now provides a way to augment discontinuous palaeontological assemblages. Here, we present a 30,000-year sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) record derived from loessal permafrost silts in the Klondike region of Yukon, Canada. We observe a substantial turnover in ecosystem composition between 13,500 and 10,000 calendar years ago with the rise of woody shrubs and the disappearance of the mammoth-steppe (steppe-tundra) ecosystem. We also identify a lingering signal of Equus sp. (North American horse) and Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth) at multiple sites persisting thousands of years after their supposed extinction from the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Murchie
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Alistair J Monteath
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E Mahony
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - George S Long
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Scott Cocker
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tara Sadoway
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emil Karpinski
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Grant Zazula
- Yukon Government, Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Whitehorse, Canada.,Collections and Research, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ross D E MacPhee
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | - Duane Froese
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Hendrik N Poinar
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,CIFAR Humans and the Microbiome Program, Toronto, Canada.
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9
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Sanchez GM. Reevaluating the antiquity of the Palmrose site: Collections-based research of an early plank house on the northern Oregon Coast. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255223. [PMID: 34403411 PMCID: PMC8370638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale excavations conducted by Smithsonian Institution archaeologists and avocational archaeologists during the 1960s and 1970s at three sites in Seaside, Oregon, resulted in the recovery of a diverse range of material culture curated by multiple institutions. One site, known as Palmrose (35CLT47), provides compelling evidence for the presence of one of the earliest examples of a rectangular plank house along the Oregon Coast. Previous research suggests habitation of the Palmrose site occurred between 2340 cal BC to cal AD 640. However, recent research highlights significant chronometric hygiene concerns of previously reported radiocarbon dates for the Seaside area, calling into question broader regional chronologies. This paper presents a revised chronology for the Palmrose site based on 12 new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of ancient cervid bones. I evaluate these new dates and previously reported radiocarbon dates from the site, applying chronometric hygiene assessments and Bayesian statistics to build a refined chronology for the Palmrose site. Calibration of the 12 AMS radiocarbon dates suggests an initial occupation range from 345−55 cal BC and a terminal occupation range from cal AD 225−340−. Bayesian modeling of the Palmrose sequence suggests initial occupation may have spanned from 195−50 cal BC and the terminal occupation from cal AD 210−255. Modeling suggests the maximum range of occupation may span from 580−55 cal BC to cal AD 210−300 based on the start and end boundary calculations. Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates directly associated with the plank house deposits suggests the plank house’s occupation may have spanned from 160−1 cal BC to cal AD 170−320. The new radiocarbon dates significantly constrain the Palmrose habitation and alter regional chronologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. Sanchez
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Baquedano E, Varela L, Tambusso PS, Melián MJ, Fariña RA. Deep classification of cut-marks on bones from Arroyo del Vizcaíno (Uruguay). Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210711. [PMID: 34256002 PMCID: PMC8277477 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest widely accepted presence of humans in America dates to approximately 17.5 cal kyr BP, at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Among other evidence, this presence is attested by stone tools and associated cut-marks and other bone surface modifications (BSM), interpreted as the result of the consumption of animals by humans. Claims of an older human presence in the continent have been made based on the proposed anthropogenic modification of faunal remains; however, these have been controversial due to the highly subjective nature of the interpretations. Here, we employ advanced deep learning algorithms to objectively increase the accuracy of BSM identification on bones. With several models that exhibit BSM classification accuracies greater than 94%, we use ensemble learning techniques to robustly classify a selected sample of BSM from the approximately 30 kyr BP site of Arroyo del Vizcaíno, Uruguay. Our results confidently show the presence of cut-marks imparted by stone tools on bones at the site. This result supports an earlier presence of humans in the American continent, expanding additional genetic and archaeological evidence of a human LGM and pre-LGM presence in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo
- Instituto de Evolución en África (IDEA), Covarrubias 36, 28010 Madrid, Spain
- Área de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia y Filosofía, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Enrique Baquedano
- Instituto de Evolución en África (IDEA), Covarrubias 36, 28010 Madrid, Spain
- Museo Arqueológico de la Comunidad de Madrid, Plaza de las Bernardas s/n, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciano Varela
- Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Servicio Académico Universitario y Centro de Estudios Paleontológicos (SAUCE-P), Universidad de la República, Santa Isabel s/n, 91500 Sauce, Departamento de Canelones, Uruguay
| | - P. Sebastián Tambusso
- Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Servicio Académico Universitario y Centro de Estudios Paleontológicos (SAUCE-P), Universidad de la República, Santa Isabel s/n, 91500 Sauce, Departamento de Canelones, Uruguay
| | - María Julia Melián
- Departamento de Arqueología, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República, Uruguay 1695, 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Richard A. Fariña
- Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Servicio Académico Universitario y Centro de Estudios Paleontológicos (SAUCE-P), Universidad de la República, Santa Isabel s/n, 91500 Sauce, Departamento de Canelones, Uruguay
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11
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Use of Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) for Taphonomic Image Augmentation and Model Protocol for the Deep Learning Analysis of Bone Surface Modifications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning models are based on a combination of neural network architectures, optimization parameters and activation functions. All of them provide exponential combinations whose computational fitness is difficult to pinpoint. The intricate resemblance of the microscopic features that are found in bone surface modifications make their differentiation challenging, and determining a baseline combination of optimizers and activation functions for modeling seems necessary for computational economy. Here, we experiment with combinations of the most resolutive activation functions (relu, swish, and mish) and the most efficient optimizers (stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and Adam) for bone surface modification analysis. We show that despite a wide variability of outcomes, a baseline of relu–SGD is advised for raw bone surface modification data. For imbalanced samples, augmented datasets generated through generative adversarial networks are implemented, resulting in balanced accuracy and an inherent bias regarding mark replication. In summary, although baseline procedures are advised, these do not prevent to overcome Wolpert’s “no free lunch” theorem and extend it beyond model architectures.
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12
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Amiot C, Ji W, Ellis EC, Anderson MG. Temporal and sociocultural effects of human colonisation on native biodiversity: filtering and rates of adaptation. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Amiot
- Human Wildlife Interaction Research Group, Inst. of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey Univ. Albany New Zealand
- UMR 6554 CNRS, LETG–Angers, Univ. d'Angers Angers France
| | - Weihong Ji
- Human Wildlife Interaction Research Group, Inst. of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey Univ. Albany New Zealand
| | - Erle C. Ellis
- Dept of Geography and Environmental Systems, Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore USA
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation Group, Inst. of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey Univ. Albany New Zealand
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13
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Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Cifuentes-Alcobendas G, Jiménez-García B, Abellán N, Pizarro-Monzo M, Organista E, Baquedano E. Artificial intelligence provides greater accuracy in the classification of modern and ancient bone surface modifications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18862. [PMID: 33139821 PMCID: PMC7606445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone surface modifications are foundational to the correct identification of hominin butchery traces in the archaeological record. Until present, no analytical technique existed that could provide objectivity, high accuracy, and an estimate of probability in the identification of multiple structurally-similar and dissimilar marks. Here, we present a major methodological breakthrough that incorporates these three elements using Artificial Intelligence (AI) through computer vision techniques, based on convolutional neural networks. This method, when applied to controlled experimental marks on bones, yielded the highest rate documented to date of accurate classification (92%) of cut, tooth and trampling marks. After testing this method experimentally, it was applied to published images of some important traces purportedly indicating a very ancient hominin presence in Africa, America and Europe. The preliminary results are supportive of interpretations of ancient butchery in some places, but not in others, and suggest that new analyses of these controversial marks should be done following the protocol described here to confirm or disprove these archaeological interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain. .,Area of Prehistory (Department History and Philosophy), Alcalá de Henares University, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Cifuentes-Alcobendas
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain.,Prehistory Department, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Jiménez-García
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain.,Prehistory Department, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Abellán
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain.,Prehistory Department, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Pizarro-Monzo
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain.,Prehistory Department, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elia Organista
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain.,Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 106 91, WallenberglaboratorietStockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrique Baquedano
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), Alcalá University, Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain.,Museo Arqueologico Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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14
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Andermann T, Faurby S, Turvey ST, Antonelli A, Silvestro D. The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eabb2313. [PMID: 32917612 PMCID: PMC7473673 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To understand the current biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to determine how humans have affected biodiversity in the past. However, the extent of human involvement in species extinctions from the Late Pleistocene onward remains contentious. Here, we apply Bayesian models to the fossil record to estimate how mammalian extinction rates have changed over the past 126,000 years, inferring specific times of rate increases. We specifically test the hypothesis of human-caused extinctions by using posterior predictive methods. We find that human population size is able to predict past extinctions with 96% accuracy. Predictors based on past climate, in contrast, perform no better than expected by chance, suggesting that climate had a negligible impact on global mammal extinctions. Based on current trends, we predict for the near future a rate escalation of unprecedented magnitude. Our results provide a comprehensive assessment of the human impact on past and predicted future extinctions of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Samuel T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Vargas-Robles D, Morales N, Rodríguez I, Nieves T, Godoy-Vitorino F, Alcaraz LD, Pérez ME, Ravel J, Forney LJ, Domínguez-Bello MG. Changes in the vaginal microbiota across a gradient of urbanization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12487. [PMID: 32719372 PMCID: PMC7385657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiota of healthy women typically has low diversity, which increases after perturbations. Among these, lifestyle associated with certain sexual and antimicrobial practices may be associated with higher diversity. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the vaginal microbiota in the cervicovaginal and introital sites in sexually active Amerindians (N = 82) spanning urbanization, and in urban mestizos (N = 29), in the Venezuelan Amazonas. HPV status was also considered. Sampling was performed in an urban gradient from remote villages to a town, and women were individually classified by the degree of urbanization (low, medium, and high). Amerindian cervicovaginal and introital microbiota diversity were not associated with major changes in urbanization or ethnicity. There was a non-significant trend of increased diversity with urbanization, with a few taxa found overrepresented in urban Amerindians (Brevibacterium linens and Peptoniphilus lacrimalis) or mestizos (Mobiluncus mulieris and Prevotella sp.). Among all women, cervicovaginal and introital samples clustered, respectively, in four and two community state types (CSTs), where most profiles were dominated by Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis or were highly diverse profiles. HPV status did not associate with microbial diversity. In conclusion, no association was found between urban level and the vaginal microbiome in Amerindian women, and little difference was found between ethnicities. L. iners and high diversity profiles, associated with vaginal health outcomes, prevail in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vargas-Robles
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.,Servicio Autónomo Centro Amazónico de Investigación y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales Simón Bolívar, MPPS, Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
| | - Natalia Morales
- Servicio Autónomo Centro Amazónico de Investigación y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales Simón Bolívar, MPPS, Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
| | - Iveth Rodríguez
- Ministerio del Poder Popular Para La Salud, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tahidid Nieves
- Servicio Autónomo Centro Amazónico de Investigación y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales Simón Bolívar, MPPS, Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology & Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Luis David Alcaraz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María-Eglée Pérez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Larry J Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - María Gloria Domínguez-Bello
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology and of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA.
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16
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Barras C. Controversial cave discoveries suggest humans reached Americas much earlier than thought. Nature 2020; 583:670-671. [PMID: 32699369 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Ardelean CF, Becerra-Valdivia L, Pedersen MW, Schwenninger JL, Oviatt CG, Macías-Quintero JI, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Sikora M, Ocampo-Díaz YZE, Rubio-Cisneros II, Watling JG, de Medeiros VB, De Oliveira PE, Barba-Pingarón L, Ortiz-Butrón A, Blancas-Vázquez J, Rivera-González I, Solís-Rosales C, Rodríguez-Ceja M, Gandy DA, Navarro-Gutierrez Z, De La Rosa-Díaz JJ, Huerta-Arellano V, Marroquín-Fernández MB, Martínez-Riojas LM, López-Jiménez A, Higham T, Willerslev E. Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 2020; 584:87-92. [PMID: 32699412 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The initial colonization of the Americas remains a highly debated topic1, and the exact timing of the first arrivals is unknown. The earliest archaeological record of Mexico-which holds a key geographical position in the Americas-is poorly known and understudied. Historically, the region has remained on the periphery of research focused on the first American populations2. However, recent investigations provide reliable evidence of a human presence in the northwest region of Mexico3,4, the Chiapas Highlands5, Central Mexico6 and the Caribbean coast7-9 during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs. Here we present results of recent excavations at Chiquihuite Cave-a high-altitude site in central-northern Mexico-that corroborate previous findings in the Americas10-17of cultural evidence that dates to the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years ago)18, and which push back dates for human dispersal to the region possibly as early as 33,000-31,000 years ago. The site yielded about 1,900 stone artefacts within a 3-m-deep stratified sequence, revealing a previously unknown lithic industry that underwent only minor changes over millennia. More than 50 radiocarbon and luminescence dates provide chronological control, and genetic, palaeoenvironmental and chemical data document the changing environments in which the occupants lived. Our results provide new evidence for the antiquity of humans in the Americas, illustrate the cultural diversity of the earliest dispersal groups (which predate those of the Clovis culture) and open new directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian F Ardelean
- Unidad Académica de Antropología, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. .,Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Lorena Becerra-Valdivia
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Chronos 14C-Cycle Facility, SSEAU, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jean-Luc Schwenninger
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles G Oviatt
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juan I Macías-Quintero
- Escuela de Arqueología, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, Subdirección de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yam Zul E Ocampo-Díaz
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.,Grupo de Geología Exógena y del Sedimentario, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Jennifer G Watling
- Laboratório de Arqueologia dos Trópicos, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanda B de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Micropaleontologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micropaleontologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Botany Department, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luis Barba-Pingarón
- Laboratorio de Prospección Arqueológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas (IIA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Agustín Ortiz-Butrón
- Laboratorio de Prospección Arqueológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas (IIA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Blancas-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Prospección Arqueológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas (IIA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irán Rivera-González
- Laboratorio de Palinología, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Corina Solís-Rosales
- Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Rodríguez-Ceja
- Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Devlin A Gandy
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro López-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, Subdirección de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thomas Higham
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Welcome Trust, Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. .,The Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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18
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Faulkner JR, Magee AF, Shapiro B, Minin VN. Horseshoe-based Bayesian nonparametric estimation of effective population size trajectories. Biometrics 2020; 76:677-690. [PMID: 32277713 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylodynamics is an area of population genetics that uses genetic sequence data to estimate past population dynamics. Modern state-of-the-art Bayesian nonparametric methods for recovering population size trajectories of unknown form use either change-point models or Gaussian process priors. Change-point models suffer from computational issues when the number of change-points is unknown and needs to be estimated. Gaussian process-based methods lack local adaptivity and cannot accurately recover trajectories that exhibit features such as abrupt changes in trend or varying levels of smoothness. We propose a novel, locally adaptive approach to Bayesian nonparametric phylodynamic inference that has the flexibility to accommodate a large class of functional behaviors. Local adaptivity results from modeling the log-transformed effective population size a priori as a horseshoe Markov random field, a recently proposed statistical model that blends together the best properties of the change-point and Gaussian process modeling paradigms. We use simulated data to assess model performance, and find that our proposed method results in reduced bias and increased precision when compared to contemporary methods. We also use our models to reconstruct past changes in genetic diversity of human hepatitis C virus in Egypt and to estimate population size changes of ancient and modern steppe bison. These analyses show that our new method captures features of the population size trajectories that were missed by the state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Faulkner
- Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew F Magee
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department and Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Vladimir N Minin
- Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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19
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Waters MR. Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 365:365/6449/eaat5447. [PMID: 31296740 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
North and South America were the last continents to be explored and settled by modern humans at the end of the Pleistocene. Genetic data, derived from contemporary populations and ancient individuals, show that the first Americans originated from Asia and after several population splits moved south of the continental ice sheets that covered Canada sometime between ~17.5 and ~14.6 thousand years (ka) ago. Archaeological evidence shows that geographically dispersed populations lived successfully, using biface, blade, and osseous technologies, in multiple places in North and South America between ~15.5 and ~14 ka ago. Regional archaeological complexes emerged by at least ~13 ka ago in North America and ~12.9 ka ago in South America. Current genetic and archaeological data do not support an earlier (pre-17.5 ka ago) occupation of the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Waters
- Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Hoffecker
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott A. Elias
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Olga Potapova
- Pleistocene Park Foundation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Mammoth Fauna Studies, Academy of Sciences of Sakha, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
- The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD, Inc., Hot Springs, SD, USA
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21
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Eisenberg C, Anderson CL, Collingwood A, Sissons R, Dunn CJ, Meigs GW, Hibbs DE, Murphy S, Kuiper SD, SpearChief-Morris J, Little Bear L, Johnston B, Edson CB. Out of the Ashes: Ecological Resilience to Extreme Wildfire, Prescribed Burns, and Indigenous Burning in Ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Sponheimer M, Ryder CM, Fewlass H, Smith EK, Pestle WJ, Talamo S. Saving Old Bones: a non-destructive method for bone collagen prescreening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13928. [PMID: 31558827 PMCID: PMC6763469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone collagen is an important material for radiocarbon, paleodietary, and paleoproteomic analyses, but it degrades over time, making such analyses more difficult with older material. Collagen preservation between and within archaeological sites is also variable, so that much time, effort, and money can go into the preparation and initial analysis of samples that will not yield meaningful results. To avoid this, various methods are employed to prescreen bone for collagen preservation (e.g., %N, microporosity, and FTIR spectroscopic analyses), but these are often destructive and/or require exportation for analysis. Here, we explore near-infrared spectroscopy as a tool for gauging the collagen content of ground and whole bone from about 500 to 45,000 years ago. We show that a portable spectrometer’s ability to quantify collagen content and classify specimens by preservation status is comparable to that of other popular prescreening methods. Moreover, near-infrared spectroscopy is non-destructive and spectra can be acquired in a few seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Christina M Ryder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Helen Fewlass
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erin K Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - William J Pestle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-2005, USA
| | - Sahra Talamo
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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O'Rourke DH. Atlas of a lost world: Travels in ice age America, Edited by CraigChilds. 2018. Pantheon Books: New York. $15.61 (cloth), $13.99 (e‐book). Am J Hum Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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24
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Couvin D, Reynaud Y, Rastogi N. Two tales: Worldwide distribution of Central Asian (CAS) versus ancestral East-African Indian (EAI) lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis underlines a remarkable cleavage for phylogeographical, epidemiological and demographical characteristics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219706. [PMID: 31299060 PMCID: PMC6625721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The East African Indian (EAI) and Central Asian (CAS) lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) mainly infect tuberculosis (TB) patients in the eastern hemisphere which contains many of the 22 high TB burden countries including China and India. We investigated if phylogeographical, epidemiological and demographical characteristics for these 2 lineages differed in SITVIT2 database. Genotyping results and associated data (age, sex, HIV serology, drug resistance) on EAI and CAS lineages (n = 10,974 strains) were extracted. Phylogenetic and Bayesian, and other statistical analyses were used to compare isolates. The male/female sex ratio was 907/433 (2.09) for the EAI group vs. 881/544 (1.62) for CAS (p-value<0.002). The proportion of younger patients aged 0-20 yrs. with CAS lineage was significantly higher than for EAI lineage (18.07% vs. 10.85%, p-value<0.0001). The proportion of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant TB among CAS group (30.63% and 1.03%, respectively) was significantly higher than in the EAI group (12.14% and 0.29%, respectively; p-value<0.0001). Lastly, the proportion of HIV+ patients was 20.34% among the EAI group vs. 3.46% in the CAS group (p-value<0.0001). This remarkable split observed between various parameters for these 2 lineages was further corroborated by their geographic distribution profile (EAI being predominantly found in Eastern-Coast of Africa, South-India and Southeast Asia, while CAS was predominantly found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, North India, Nepal, Middle-east, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania). Some geo-specificities were highlighted. This study demonstrated a remarkable cleavage for aforementioned characteristics of EAI and CAS lineages, showing a North-South divide along the tropic of cancer in Eastern hemisphere-mainly in Asia, and partly prolonged along the horn of Africa. Such studies would be helpful to better comprehend prevailing TB epidemic in context of its historical spread and evolutionary features, and provide clues to better treatment and patient-care in countries and regions concerned by these lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Couvin
- WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- * E-mail: (DC); (NR)
| | - Yann Reynaud
- WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Nalin Rastogi
- WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- * E-mail: (DC); (NR)
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25
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Potter BA, Baichtal JF, Beaudoin AB, Fehren-Schmitz L, Haynes CV, Holliday VT, Holmes CE, Ives JW, Kelly RL, Llamas B, Malhi RS, Miller DS, Reich D, Reuther JD, Schiffels S, Surovell TA. Current evidence allows multiple models for the peopling of the Americas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5473. [PMID: 30101195 PMCID: PMC6082647 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Some recent academic and popular literature implies that the problem of the colonization of the Americas has been largely resolved in favor of one specific model: a Pacific coastal migration, dependent on high marine productivity, from the Bering Strait to South America, thousands of years before Clovis, the earliest widespread cultural manifestation south of the glacial ice. Speculations on maritime adaptations and typological links (stemmed points) across thousands of kilometers have also been advanced. A review of the current genetic, archeological, and paleoecological evidence indicates that ancestral Native American population expansion occurred after 16,000 years ago, consistent with the archeological record, particularly with the earliest securely dated sites after ~15,000 years ago. These data are largely consistent with either an inland (ice-free corridor) or Pacific coastal routes (or both), but neither can be rejected at present. Systematic archeological and paleoecological investigations, informed by geomorphology, are required to test each hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Potter
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - James F. Baichtal
- Tongass National Forest, U.S. Forest Service, Thorne Bay, AK 99919, USA
| | | | - Lars Fehren-Schmitz
- UCSC Paleogenomics Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C. Vance Haynes
- School of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Vance T. Holliday
- School of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles E. Holmes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - John W. Ives
- Institute of Prairie Archaeology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Robert L. Kelly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ripan S. Malhi
- Department of Anthropology and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - D. Shane Miller
- Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joshua D. Reuther
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Archaeology Department, University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Todd A. Surovell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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26
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Defining the ‘generalist specialist’ niche for Pleistocene Homo sapiens. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:542-550. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Paternal origin of Paleo-Indians in Siberia: insights from Y-chromosome sequences. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1687-1696. [PMID: 29991739 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of modern humans to the American continent after the Last Glacial Maximum led the way to the present-day distribution of American aborigines. Recent advances in autosomal DNA research and expanded testing of mtDNA lineages has provided a clearer picture of the number and timing of founding lineages. However, both autosomal DNA and mtDNA research have provided unresolved competing theories between the short-term and the long-term models of the Beringian standstill hypothesis. Further, the source of founding paternal lineages of American aborigines and their relationship with ancient Siberia populations remains ambiguous. In this study, we reanalyzed a 7.0 Mbp region of 132 paternal Y-chromosome sequences, including 39 newly reported ones, of male samples from American aborigines and Eurasian populations. Among Eurasian samples, we identified Y-chromosome branches that are most closely related to known American aborigine founding lineages, that is, Q1-L804 links to Q1-M3, Q1-L330 links to Q1-Z780, Q1-M120 links to Q1-B143, and C2-F1756 links to C2-P39. The revised phylogenetic tree and age estimates indicate a narrow timeframe (~15.3-14.3 kya) for the upper time limit of human entry to the American continent. Our analysis suggests that the in situ differentiation of Q-M242 in Central Eurasia and South Siberia region gave rise to numerous sub-lineages older than 15.3 kya, and the founding of Paleo-Indian paternal lineages is part of the great Q1-L53 diffusion throughout the Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum. The results of our study will assist in future studies of the history of modern populations in Eurasia and the Americas.
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Wooller MJ, Saulnier-Talbot É, Potter BA, Belmecheri S, Bigelow N, Choy K, Cwynar LC, Davies K, Graham RW, Kurek J, Langdon P, Medeiros A, Rawcliffe R, Wang Y, Williams JW. A new terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record from the Bering Land Bridge and context for human dispersal. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180145. [PMID: 30110451 PMCID: PMC6030284 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Palaeoenvironmental records from the now-submerged Bering Land Bridge (BLB) covering the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present are needed to document changing environments and connections with the dispersal of humans into North America. Moreover, terrestrially based records of environmental changes are needed in close proximity to the re-establishment of circulation between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans following the end of the last glaciation to test palaeo-climate models for the high latitudes. We present the first terrestrial temperature and hydrologic reconstructions from the LGM to the present from the BLB's south-central margin. We find that the timing of the earliest unequivocal human dispersals into Alaska, based on archaeological evidence, corresponds with a shift to warmer/wetter conditions on the BLB between 14 700 and 13 500 years ago associated with the early Bølling/Allerød interstadial (BA). These environmental changes could have provided the impetus for eastward human dispersal at that time, from Western or central Beringia after a protracted human population standstill. Our data indicate substantial climate-induced environmental changes on the BLB since the LGM, which would potentially have had significant influences on megafaunal and human biogeography in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wooller
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Stable Isotope Facility, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Émilie Saulnier-Talbot
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Stable Isotope Facility, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nancy Bigelow
- Alaska Quaternary Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Kyungcheol Choy
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Stable Isotope Facility, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Les C. Cwynar
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kimberley Davies
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Russell W. Graham
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Mineral Sciences Museum & Art Gallery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Kurek
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Peter Langdon
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Ruth Rawcliffe
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Stable Isotope Facility, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John W. Williams
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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29
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Da-Gloria P, Hubbe M, Neves WA. Lagoa Santa's contribution to the origins and life of early Americans. Evol Anthropol 2018; 27:121-133. [PMID: 29845689 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The region of Lagoa Santa, Central-Eastern Brazil, provides an exceptional archeological record about Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene occupation of the Americas. Since the first interventions made by the Danish naturalist Peter Lund in the 19th century, hundreds of human skeletons have been exhumed in the region. These skeletons are complemented by a rich botanic, faunal, technological, and geomorphological archeological record. We explore here the contributions of Lagoa Santa material to the origins and lifestyle of early Americans, providing an historic background. Cranial morphology of Lagoa Santa skeletons allowed the proposition of a model of two biological components for the occupation of the Americas, in which early Americans are morphologically similar to people of African and Australo-Melanesian origin. Furthermore, the archeological record in the region has revealed an intense use of plant resources, a restricted spatial distribution, and the symbolic elaboration of local hunter-gatherers, unveiling a distinct lifestyle compared to early North American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Da-Gloria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Pará
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo R. P Gustavo Le Paige, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile and Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Walter A Neves
- Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos e Ecológicos Humanos, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo
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30
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News Feature: Is theory about peopling of the Americas a bridge too far? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 114:5554-5557. [PMID: 28559433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705966114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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31
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Mühlemann B, Jones TC, Damgaard PDB, Allentoft ME, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Usmanova E, Panyushkina IP, Boldgiv B, Bazartseren T, Tashbaeva K, Merz V, Lau N, Smrčka V, Voyakin D, Kitov E, Epimakhov A, Pokutta D, Vicze M, Price TD, Moiseyev V, Hansen AJ, Orlando L, Rasmussen S, Sikora M, Vinner L, Osterhaus ADME, Smith DJ, Glebe D, Fouchier RAM, Drosten C, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period. Nature 2018; 557:418-423. [PMID: 29743673 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between approximately 0.8 and 4.5 thousand years old. The ancient sequences group either within or in a sister relationship with extant human or other ape HBV clades. Generally, the genome properties follow those of modern HBV. The root of the HBV tree is projected to between 8.6 and 20.9 thousand years ago, and we estimate a substitution rate of 8.04 × 10-6-1.51 × 10-5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, and a subgenotype from India, are shown to have an early Eurasian presence. The geographical and temporal patterns that we observe in ancient and modern HBV genotypes are compatible with well-documented human migrations during the Bronze and Iron Ages1,2. We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mühlemann
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terry C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Archaeological Laboratory, Faculty of History and Law, A. A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Archaeological Laboratory, Faculty of History and Law, A. A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda State University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsevel Bazartseren
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Victor Merz
- Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina Lau
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Václav Smrčka
- Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Egor Kitov
- N. N. Miklouho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Epimakhov
- South Ural Department, Institute of History and Archaeology UBRAS, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Dalia Pokutta
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - T Douglas Price
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anders J Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Cambridge GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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High Rate of Infection by Only Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Amerindians. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00176-18. [PMID: 29720524 PMCID: PMC5932372 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00176-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HPV type distribution on the disparity of cervical cancer (CC) incidence between human populations remains unknown. The incidence of CC in the Amazonas State of Venezuela is higher than the national average. In this study, we determined the diversity of known HPV types (the viral agent of CC) in Amerindian and mestizo women living in the Venezuelan Amazonas State. Understanding the ecological diversity of HPV in populations undergoing lifestyle transformations has important implication on public health measures for cervical cancer prevention. Human papillomavirus (HPV), an etiological agent of cervical cancer (CC), has infected humans since ancient times. Amerindians are the furthest migrants out of Africa, and they reached the Americas more than 14,000 years ago. Some groups still remain isolated, and some migrate to towns, forming a gradient spanning urbanization. We hypothesized that, by virtue of their history, lifestyle, and isolation from the global society, remote Amerindian women have lower HPV diversity than do urban women (Amerindian or mestizo). Here we determined the diversity of the 25 most relevant cervical HPV types in 82 Amerindians spanning urbanization (low, medium, and high, consistent with the exposure to urban lifestyles of the town of Puerto Ayacucho in the Venezuelan Amazonas State), and in 29 urban mestizos from the town. Cervical, anal, oral, and introitus samples were taken, and HPVs were typed using reverse DNA hybridization. A total of 23 HPV types were detected, including 11 oncogenic or high-risk types, most associated with CC. Cervical HPV prevalence was 75%, with no differences by group, but Amerindians from low and medium urbanization level had significantly lower HPV diversity than mestizos did. In Amerindians, but not in mestizos, infections by only high-risk HPVs were higher than coinfections or by exclusively low-risk HPVs. Cervical abnormalities only were observed in Amerindians (9/82), consistent with their high HPV infection. The lower cervical HPV diversity in more isolated Amerindians is consistent with their lower exposure to the global pool, and transculturation to urban lifestyles could have implications on HPV ecology, infection, and virulence. IMPORTANCE The role of HPV type distribution on the disparity of cervical cancer (CC) incidence between human populations remains unknown. The incidence of CC in the Amazonas State of Venezuela is higher than the national average. In this study, we determined the diversity of known HPV types (the viral agent of CC) in Amerindian and mestizo women living in the Venezuelan Amazonas State. Understanding the ecological diversity of HPV in populations undergoing lifestyle transformations has important implication on public health measures for CC prevention.
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33
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Terminal Pleistocene epoch human footprints from the Pacific coast of Canada. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193522. [PMID: 29590165 PMCID: PMC5873988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the ice age human occupation of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Here we present the results of a targeted investigation of a late Pleistocene shoreline on Calvert Island, British Columbia. Drawing upon existing geomorphic information that sea level in the area was 2-3 m lower than present between 14,000 and 11,000 years ago, we began a systematic search for archaeological remains dating to this time period beneath intertidal beach sediments. During subsurface testing, we uncovered human footprints impressed into a 13,000-year-old paleosol beneath beach sands at archaeological site EjTa-4. To date, our investigations at this site have revealed a total of 29 footprints of at least three different sizes. The results presented here add to the growing body of information pertaining to the early deglaciation and associated human presence on the west coast of Canada at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum.
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34
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Szathmáry EJE, Zegura SL, Hammer MF. Exceeding Hrdlička's aims: 100 Years of genetics in anthropology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:754-776. [PMID: 29574830 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emőke J E Szathmáry
- Department of Anthropology, St. Paul's College, University of Manitoba, 70 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2M6, Canada
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Braje
- Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Tom D Dillehay
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jon M Erlandson
- Department of Anthropology and Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Richard G Klein
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Torben C Rick
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Barrón-Ortiz CI, Rodrigues AT, Theodor JM, Kooyman BP, Yang DY, Speller CF. Cheek tooth morphology and ancient mitochondrial DNA of late Pleistocene horses from the western interior of North America: Implications for the taxonomy of North American Late Pleistocene Equus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183045. [PMID: 28817644 PMCID: PMC5560644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses were a dominant component of North American Pleistocene land mammal communities and their remains are well represented in the fossil record. Despite the abundant material available for study, there is still considerable disagreement over the number of species of Equus that inhabited the different regions of the continent and on their taxonomic nomenclature. In this study, we investigated cheek tooth morphology and ancient mtDNA of late Pleistocene Equus specimens from the Western Interior of North America, with the objective of clarifying the species that lived in this region prior to the end-Pleistocene extinction. Based on the morphological and molecular data analyzed, a caballine (Equus ferus) and a non-caballine (E. conversidens) species were identified from different localities across most of the Western Interior. A second non-caballine species (E. cedralensis) was recognized from southern localities based exclusively on the morphological analyses of the cheek teeth. Notably the separation into caballine and non-caballine species was observed in the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ancient mtDNA as well as in the geometric morphometric analyses of the upper and lower premolars. Teeth morphologically identified as E. conversidens that yielded ancient mtDNA fall within the New World stilt-legged clade recognized in previous studies and this is the name we apply to this group. Geographic variation in morphology in the caballine species is indicated by statistically different occlusal enamel patterns in the specimens from Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory, relative to the specimens from the other geographic regions. Whether this represents ecomorphological variation and/or a certain degree of geographic and genetic isolation of these Arctic populations requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina I. Barrón-Ortiz
- Department of Quaternary Palaeontology, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonia T. Rodrigues
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica M. Theodor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian P. Kooyman
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dongya Y. Yang
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Camilla F. Speller
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kindom
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