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Amato B, Ippolito D, Vitale M, Alduina R, Galluzzo P, Gerace E, Pruiti Ciarello F, Fiasconaro M, Cannella V, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Comparative Study of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis In Vitro Infection in Bovine Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages: Preliminary Results. Microorganisms 2024; 12:407. [PMID: 38399810 PMCID: PMC10893549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis are endemic in many areas worldwide. This work aims to study cytokines production and gene expression profiles of bovine macrophages infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis subsp. avium (MAP) strains to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers. Bovine bone marrow stem cells were differentiated into macrophages and subsequently infected in vitro with different spoligotypes of M. bovis and MAP field strains (as single infections and coinfections), using different multiplicity of infection. Supernatant and cell pellets were collected 24 h, 48 h, and one week post-infection. Preliminarily, gene expression on cell pellets of IL-1β, IL-2, INFγ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNFα was assessed by qRT-PCR one week p.i. Subsequently, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by ELISA and qRT-PCR to investigated their production retrospectively 24 h and 48 h p.i. A variability in macrophages response related to the concentration of mycobacteria, the coinfection with MAP, and M. bovis spoligotypes was identified. An early and constant IL-6 increase was observed in the M. bovis infection. A lower increase in IL-1β was also detected at the highest concentration of the two M. bovis spoligotypes one week post-infection. IL-6 and IL-1 β production was reduced and differently expressed in the MAP infection. IL-6 appeared to be the earliest cytokines produced by bovine macrophages infected with M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Amato
- Bristol Veterinary School Langford Campus, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Paola Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Gerace
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
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Corbiere F, Guellouz D, Tasca C, Foures L, Dubaux E, Foucras G. Effects of Silirum ®-Based Vaccination Programs on Map Fecal Shedding and Serological Response in Seven French Dairy Herds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091569. [PMID: 37174606 PMCID: PMC10177616 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: paratuberculosis is an important disease in ruminants, causing worldwide economic losses to the livestock industry. Although vaccination is known not to prevent transmission of the causative agent Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), it is considered an effective tool for paratuberculosis in infected herds. The objectives of this controlled field study were to evaluate the effects of the whole-cell heat-killed Silirum® vaccine on Map fecal shedding and serological status in dairy herds infected with paratuberculosis. (2) Methods: The serological status (ELISA) and fecal shedding (qPCR) of 358 vaccinated cows were assessed over 3 years in 7 infected dairy herds in the Meuse department, France. Within each herd, cows from the last non-vaccinated birth cohort (n = 265) were used as controls. The probability and level of Map fecal shedding and the serological status were modeled using multivariable mixed general linear regression models. (3) Results: Overall, 34.7% of cows tested positive at least once on fecal qPCR, with significant differences between herds, but high shedding levels were observed in only 5.5% of cows. Compared to non-vaccinated seronegative cows, a statistically significant reduction in the probability of Map shedding was found only in cows vaccinated before 4 to 5 months of age that tested negative for Map antibodies throughout the study period (odds ratio = 0.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.3-0.9, p = 0.008), but no significant effect of vaccination on the amount of Map shedding could be evidenced. Finally, the younger the cows were when vaccinated, the less they tested positive on the serum ELISA. (4) Conclusions: a beneficial effect of vaccination on Map fecal shedding may exist in cows vaccinated before 4 to 5 months of age. The variability of the serum ELISA response in vaccinated cows remains to be investigated.
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Sanchez MP, Tribout T, Fritz S, Guatteo R, Fourichon C, Schibler L, Delafosse A, Boichard D. New insights into the genetic resistance to paratuberculosis in Holstein cattle via single-step genomic evaluation. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:67. [PMID: 36243688 PMCID: PMC9569073 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine paratuberculosis, or Johne’s disease (JD), is a contagious and incurable disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has adverse effects on animal welfare and is very difficult to control, leading to serious economic consequences. An important line of defense to this disease is host genetic resistance to MAP, which, when it will be more fully understood, could be improved through selective breeding. Using a large dataset of Holstein cows (161,253 animals including 56,766 cows with ELISA serological phenotypes and 12,431 animals with genotypes), we applied a single-step single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) best linear unbiased prediction approach to investigate the genetic determinism underlying resistance to this disease (heritability estimate and identification of relevant genomic regions) and estimated genetic trends, reliability, and relative risk factors associated with genomic predictions. Results Resistance to JD was moderately heritable (0.14) and 16 genomic regions were detected that accounted for at least 0.05% of the breeding values variance (GV) in resistance to JD, and were located on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, and 27, with the highest percentage of variance explained by regions on chromosomes 23 (0.36% GV), 5 (0.22% GV), 1 (0.14% GV), and 3 (0.13% GV). When estimated for the whole chromosomes, the autosomes with the largest overall contributions were chromosomes 3 (5.3% GV), 10 (4.8%), 23 (4.7%), 1 (3.6%), 7 (3.4%), 5 (2.9%), 12 (2.5%), 11 (2.2%), and 13 (2%). We estimated a slightly favorable genetic trend in resistance to JD over the last two decades, which can be explained by a low positive genetic correlation between resistance to JD and total merit index (+ 0.06). Finally, in a validation population of 907 cows, relatively reliable genomic predictions (reliability = 0.55) were obtained, which allowed the identification of cows at high risk of infection. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the genetic determinism of resistance to JD and shows that this trait can be predicted from SNP genotypes. It has led to the implementation of a single-step genomic evaluation that should rapidly become an effective tool for controlling paratuberculosis on French Holstein farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Sanchez
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Thierry Tribout
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sébastien Fritz
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Eliance, 149 Rue de Bercy, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Didier Boichard
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Fernández M, Royo M, Arteche-Villasol N, Ferreras MC, Benavides J, Pérez V. Peripheral IFN-ɣ Production after Blood Stimulation with Different Mycobacterial Antigens in Goats Vaccinated against Paratuberculosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101709. [PMID: 36298574 PMCID: PMC9611356 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination can be an efficient method for the control of paratuberculosis in ruminants. However, the official tuberculosis control tests cross-interfere with the animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis. In order to test and compare new antigens that could solve this problem, the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood at different post-vaccination days in experimental kids and adult goats, in field conditions, using the avian and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD), the johnin, two peptide cocktails of Mycobacterium bovis (PC-EC and PC-HP) and the antigens VK 055 and VK 067 of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) has been analyzed in vitro. The non-specific production of IFN-γ was observed after blood stimulation with the PC-EC and PC-HP cocktail in any sample from vaccinated animals, whereas it was detected when bovine PPD was used. These results support the possible use of these new Mycobacterium bovis antigens in the in the differentiation of animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis or infected with tuberculosis by improving the specificity of bovine PPD. In contrast, the two Map antigens tested in this study did not improve the sensitivity of johnin or avian PPD in the detection of vaccinated or Map-infected goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-291-232
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Elguezabal N, Sevilla IA, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Ferreras MDC, Benavides J, Pérez V. Influence of Heterologous and Homologous Vaccines, and Their Components, on the Host Immune Response and Protection Against Experimental Caprine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:744568. [PMID: 35071374 PMCID: PMC8767014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.744568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against paratuberculosis, a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), has been considered as the most effective control method. However, protection is incomplete, and the mechanisms operating in the response of the animals to vaccination are not fully understood. Therefore, this study analyzed the immune response and the effects on protection against Map infection, elicited by paratuberculosis (Silirum®) and tuberculosis (heat-inactivated M. bovis [HIMB]) vaccines and their components in a caprine experimental model. Fifty goat kids were divided into 10 groups (n = 5) according to their vaccination (Silirum®, HIMB and nonvaccinated), immunization (inactivated bacteria or adjuvant), and/or infection. Oral challenge with Map was performed 45 days postvaccination/immunization (dpv), and animals were euthanized at 190 dpv. Peripheral immune response and proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed monthly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Local immune response, proportion of tissue lymphocyte subpopulations, Map detection (polymerase chain reaction), and histological examination were conducted in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. All infected groups developed paratuberculosis granulomatous lesions despite vaccination or immunization. The Silirum® and HIMB-vaccinated groups showed a considerable lesion reduction consistent with a significant peripheral cellular and humoral immune response. Besides, a lower number of granulomas were observed in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria and adjuvants in comparison to nonvaccinated and infected group. However, despite not being significant, this reduction was even higher in adjuvant immunized groups, which developed milder granulomatous lesion with no detectable peripheral immune responses associated with immunization. No changes in the peripheral and local proportion of lymphocyte subsets or local immune response were detected in relation to either vaccination/immunization or infection. Despite that paratuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccination showed a partial and cross-protection against Map infection, respectively, only histological examination could assess the progression of infection in these animals. In addition, the pattern observed in the reduction of the lesions in adjuvant immunized groups suggests the possible involvement of a nonspecific immune response that reduces the development of granulomatous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
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Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010012. [PMID: 35011118 PMCID: PMC8749836 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants and many non-ruminant animals caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Affected animals show diarrhoea, loss of weight, and decreased production performance with consequent economic losses. This bacterium has been detected in some humans suffering from a chronic intestinal disease known as Crohn’s disease (CD) and, therefore, some scientists believe that CD is the human form of paratuberculosis. The disease in small ruminants has been reported in all continents, with goats being more susceptible than sheep. The clinical signs of the disease in goats are not so obvious as often do not show signs of diarrhoea, and the animal may die before being finally diagnosed. In Africa and many developing countries, paratuberculosis is described as a “neglected disease” particularly in small ruminants, which play a vital role in the livelihood of poor communities. This overview attempts to highlight the current research and gaps on this disease in small ruminants to draw more attention for further studies on diagnosis, prevention and control. Abstract Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.
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Evaluation of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis used as a heat-killed vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7401-7412. [PMID: 34774361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is one of the most important chronic infectious diseases in livestock. This disease is difficult to control because of its inefficient management (test and cull strategy and inadequate biosecurity). Thus, the development of an effective vaccine is essential. In this study, we evaluated a local virulent strain (6611) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as an inactivated vaccine in comparison with the Silirum vaccine in mouse model and cattle. Regarding the mice model, only the groups vaccinated with 6611 showed lower colony forming unit (CFU) counts with a lower lesion score in the liver in comparison to the control group at 6 and 12 weeks post-challenge (wpc). The immune response was predominantly humoral (IgG1), although both vaccinated groups presented a cellular response with IFNγ production as well, but the 6611 group had also significant production of IL-2, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF, and IL-10. In cattle, the 6611 vaccinated group was the only one that maintained significant antibody values at the end of the trial, with significant production of IgG2 and IFNγ. No PPDb reactor was detected in the vaccinated animals, according to the intradermal caudal fold tuberculin test. Our results indicate that the 6611 local strain protected mice from challenge with a virulent strain, by inducing a humoral and cellular immune response. In the bovine, the natural host, the evaluated vaccine also induced humoral and cellular immune responses, with higher levels of CD4 + CD25+ and CD8 + CD25+ T cells populations than the commercial vaccine. Despite the encouraging results obtained in this study, an experimental challenge trial in cattle is mandatory to evaluate the efficacy of our candidate vaccine in the main host.
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Ladero-Auñon I, Molina E, Oyanguren M, Barriales D, Fuertes M, Sevilla IA, Luo L, Arrazuria R, De Buck J, Anguita J, Elguezabal N. Oral vaccination stimulates neutrophil functionality and exerts protection in a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection model. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:102. [PMID: 34385469 PMCID: PMC8361088 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes paratuberculosis (PTB), a granulomatous enteritis in ruminants that exerts high economic impact on the dairy industry worldwide. Current vaccines have shown to be cost-effective against Map and in some cases confer beneficial non-specific effects against other pathogens suggesting the existence of trained immunity. Although Map infection is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, oral vaccination has not been deeply studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the oral route with a set of mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial vaccines with a subcutaneously administered commercially available vaccine. Training effects on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and homologous and heterologous in vivo protection against Map were investigated in the rabbit infection model. Oral vaccination with inactivated or live vaccines was able to activate mucosal immunity as seen by elevation of serum IgA and the expression of IL4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, peripheral PMN phagocytosis against Map was enhanced by vaccination and extracellular trap release against Map and non-related pathogens was modified by both, vaccination and Map-challenge, indicating trained immunity. Finally, PBMCs from vaccinated animals stimulated in vitro with Map antigens showed a rapid innate activation cytokine profile. In conclusion, our data show that oral vaccination against PTB can stimulate neutrophil activity and both innate and adaptive immune responses that correlate with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Animal Health Department, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Food Quality and Safety Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Araba, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maddi Oyanguren
- Animal Health Department, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lucy Luo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rakel Arrazuria
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Matthews C, Cotter PD, O’ Mahony J. MAP, Johne's disease and the microbiome; current knowledge and future considerations. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:34. [PMID: 33962690 PMCID: PMC8105914 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. As an infectious disease that causes reduced milk yields, effects fertility and, eventually, the loss of the animal, it is a huge financial burden for associated industries. Efforts to control MAP infection and Johne's disease are complicated due to difficulties of diagnosis in the early stages of infection and challenges relating to the specificity and sensitivity of current testing methods. The methods that are available contribute to widely used test and cull strategies, vaccination programmes also in place in some countries. Next generation sequencing technologies have opened up new avenues for the discovery of novel biomarkers for disease prediction within MAP genomes and within ruminant microbiomes. Controlling Johne's disease in herds can lead to improved animal health and welfare, in turn leading to increased productivity. With current climate change bills, such as the European Green Deal, targeting livestock production systems for more sustainable practices, managing animal health is now more important than ever before. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on genomics and detection of MAP as it pertains to Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Matthews
- Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O’ Mahony
- Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
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10
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Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hughes V, Stevenson K, Bakker D, Willemsen P, Bay S, Ganneau C, Biet F, Vordermeier HM. Interferon-γ Response of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infected Goats to Recombinant and Synthetic Mycobacterial Antigens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645251. [PMID: 33842578 PMCID: PMC8034290 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential for early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, the IFN-γ release assay is not used routinely, because of low specificity of the established crude antigen preparation Johnin (PPDj). Limited data are available assessing the potential of MAP-derived protein and lipopeptide antigens to replace PPDj in assays for goats, while cattle and sheep have been studied more extensively. Furthermore, MAP infection is claimed to interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis when other crude antigen preparations (PPDb, PPDa) are applied. In this study, the diagnostic potential of MAP-derived recombinant protein antigens, synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and of Mycobacterium bovis-specific peptide cocktails was assessed compared to crude mycobacterial antigen preparations in experimentally infected goats. Goats were inoculated with MAP, or Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) as surrogate for environmental mycobacteria, non-exposed animals served as controls. Mycobacterium avium Complex-specific antibody and PPDj-induced IFN-γ responses were monitored in vivo. Infection status was assessed by pathomorphological findings and bacteriological tissue culture at necropsy 1 year after inoculation. The IFN-γ response to 13 recombinant protein antigens of MAP, two synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and three recombinant peptide cocktails of Mycobacterium bovis was investigated at three defined time points after infection. At necropsy, MAP or MAH infection was confirmed in all inoculated goats, no signs of infection were found in the controls. Antibody formation was first detected 3-6 weeks post infection (wpi) in MAH-inoculated and 11-14 wpi in the MAP-inoculated goats. Maximum PPDj-induced IFN-γ levels in MAH and MAP exposed animals were recorded 3-6 and 23-26 wpi, respectively. Positive responses continued with large individual variation. Antigens Map 0210c, Map 1693c, Map 2020, Map 3651cT(it), and Map 3651c stimulated increased whole blood IFN-γ levels in several MAP-inoculated goats compared to MAH inoculated and control animals. These IFN-γ levels correlated with the intensity of the PPDj-induced responses. The two synthetic lipopentapeptides and the other MAP-derived protein antigens had no discriminatory potential. Stimulation with Mycobacterium bovis peptide cocktails ESAT6-CFP10, Rv3020c, and Rv3615c did not elicit IFN-γ production. Further work is required to investigate if test sensitivity will increase when mixtures of the MAP-derived protein antigens are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Köhler
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Valerie Hughes
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Peter Willemsen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
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11
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Srinivasan S, Conlan AJK, Easterling LA, Herrera C, Dandapat P, Veerasami M, Ameni G, Jindal N, Raj GD, Wood J, Juleff N, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637580. [PMID: 33681334 PMCID: PMC7930010 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 million cattle are likely exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for bTB control strategies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other regions where the disease remains endemic and test-and-slaughter approaches are unfeasible. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was first developed as a vaccine for use in cattle even before its widespread use in humans, its efficacy against bTB remains poorly understood. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the direct efficacy of BCG against bTB challenge in cattle, and performed scenario analyses with transmission dynamic models incorporating direct and indirect vaccinal effects (“herd-immunity”) to assess potential impact on herd level disease control. The analysis shows a relative risk of infection of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) in 1,902 vaccinates as compared with 1,667 controls, corresponding to a direct vaccine efficacy of 25% (95% CI: 18, 32). Importantly, scenario analyses considering both direct and indirect effects suggest that disease prevalence could be driven down close to Officially TB-Free (OTF) status (<0.1%), if BCG were introduced in the next 10-year time period in low to moderate (<15%) prevalence settings, and that 50–95% of cumulative cases may be averted over the next 50 years even in high (20–40%) disease burden settings with immediate implementation of BCG vaccination. Taken together, the analyses suggest that BCG vaccination may help accelerate control of bTB in endemic settings, particularly with early implementation in the face of dairy intensification in regions that currently lack effective bTB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel A Easterling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biological, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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12
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Espinosa J, Fernández M, Royo M, Grau A, Ángel Collazos J, Benavides J, Del Carmen Ferreras M, Mínguez O, Pérez V. Influence of vaccination against paratuberculosis on the diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis during official eradication programmes in Castilla y León (Spain). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:692-703. [PMID: 32668068 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The information generated from the official eradication programmes of caprine tuberculosis (TB) in Castilla y León, Spain, during 2018, has been used to assess the effect of vaccination against paratuberculosis (PTB) and the presence of this infection, on the single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test results. Data from 121,665 goats belonging to 1936 different herds were analysed using generalized linear models. An epidemiological survey was conducted to know the herd immunization status against PTB and the date of last vaccination. All SIT test-positive animals were further investigated in order to confirm the diagnosis of TB, through bacterial culture, and PTB, by histopathological and qPCR analyses. SIT positivity was found in 39 (2.01%) herds and 507 (0.41%) goats. TB was confirmed by M. caprae or M. bovis isolation in 10 (0.51%) herds and 46 (0.038%) goats. PTB was diagnosed in 13 (33.33%) and 55 (10.84%) of the SIT test-positive herds and goats, respectively. Vaccination against PTB showed a significant influence on the results of the SIT test at herd level, with higher positivity detected among those herds vaccinated. However, this effect was not observed when the total number of animals was considered, where the highest positivity was found in unvaccinated goats. The time elapsed between vaccination and SIT test performance also influenced the results. The strongest effect was found when less than eight months elapsed between performing both activities, and to a lesser extent between 8 and 12 months. Conversely, no positive herds or animals were found when the time elapsed was higher than one year. No significant effect of the presence of PTB was observed. These findings demonstrate that the use of PTB vaccine does not result in false positives to a SIT test at individual level, provided that the time elapsed between the performance of both practices is higher than 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Anna Grau
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Olga Mínguez
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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13
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Luo L, De Buck J. Inducing cellular immune responses with a marked Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain in dairy calves. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108665. [PMID: 32402345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis with a high global prevalence in dairy cattle. This disease causes significant economic loss in the dairy industry and has been challenging to control, as current diagnostic assays are low in sensitivity and specificity, and previously developed vaccines do not prevent infection and face regulatory concerns due to interference with bovine tuberculosis diagnostics. To remediate this issue, positive and negative immune markers were created in a MAP strain as a step towards a vaccine capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). A gene coding for an immunogenic protein (MAP1693c) in the MAP genome was replaced with a library of epitope-tagged immunogenic genes (pepA) via a stable allelic exchange method. These markers were evaluated in a calf infection trial, where Holstein-Friesian dairy calves were inoculated at two weeks of age with either the marked strain or the parent strain, or remained uninfected controls. Cellular immune responses to the markers were measured using an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA). There were no MAP1693c marker-specific differences in cellular immune responses between infection groups. A scrambled version of the HA (human influenza hemagglutinin) epitope, but not the actual HA epitope, induced a significant IFN-γ response in marker-infected calves compared to WT-infected and uninfected groups at 4.5 months post-inoculation. This scrambled HA epitope thus holds potential as a diagnostic tool as part of a DIVA vaccine for Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Luo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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14
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Gupta S, Singh SV, Singh M, Chaubey KK, Karthik K, Bhatia AK, Kumar N, Dhama K. Vaccine approaches for the 'therapeutic management' of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2020; 39:143-152. [PMID: 31524561 PMCID: PMC6831026 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1667042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High endemicity of Johne’s disease (JD) in herds adversely affects heavy milk yielding breeds by reducing the per animal productivity and ‘productive life-span’. This review evaluates different vaccines used for its control and summarizes the benefits of ‘global vaccine’ in the four major domestic livestock species, namely goat, sheep, buffalo and cattle. Vaccines developed by using ‘native strains’ revealed both 'therapeutic' and preventive effects in domestic livestock. The 'therapeutic' role of vaccine in animals suffering from clinical JD turned out to be valuable in some cases by reversing the disease process and animals returning back to health and production. Good herd management, improved hygiene, ‘test and cull’ methodology, proper disposal of animal excreta and monitoring of MAP bio-load were also regarded as crucial in the 'therapeutic' management of JD. Vaccine approaches have been widely adopted in JD control programs and may be considered as a valuable adjunct in order to utilize huge populations of otherwise un-productive livestock. It has been shown that vaccination was the preeminent strategy to control JD, because it yielded approximately 3–4 times better benefit-to-cost ratios than other strategies. Internationally, 146 vaccine trials/studies have been conducted in different countries for the control of JD and have shown remarkable reduction in its national prevalence. It is concluded that for JD, there cannot be global vaccines or diagnostic kits as solutions have to come from locally prevalent strains of MAP. Despite some limitations, vaccines might still be an effective strategy to reduce or eradicate JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Manju Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | | | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - A K Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Veterinary Type Culture Collection, NRC on Equines, Indian Council of Agricultural Research , Hisar , Haryana, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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15
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Arrazuria R, Ladero I, Molina E, Fuertes M, Juste R, Fernández M, Pérez V, Garrido J, Elguezabal N. Alternative Vaccination Routes against Paratuberculosis Modulate Local Immune Response and Interference with Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Laboratory Animal Models. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010007. [PMID: 31936741 PMCID: PMC7157726 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an enteric granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that mainly affects ruminants. Current vaccines have shown to be cost–effective control reagents, although they are restricted due to cross-interference with bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Therefore, novel vaccination strategies are needed and this study is focused on evaluating alternative vaccination routes and their effect on the local immune response. The MAP oral challenge rabbit model was used to evaluate and compare an experimental inactivated MAP vaccine through oral (VOR) and intradermal (VID) routes. The VID group presented the highest proportion of animals with no visible lesions and the lowest proportion of animals with MAP positive tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the VID group presented a dominantly M1 polarized response indicating an ability to control MAP infection. In general, all vaccinated groups showed lower calprotectin levels compared to the non-vaccinated challenged group suggesting less active granulomatous lesions. The VID group showed some degree of skin test reactivity, whereas the same vaccine through oral administration was completely negative. These data show that PTB vaccination has an effect on macrophage polarization and that the route influences infection outcome and can also have an impact on bTB diagnosis. Future evaluation of new immunological products against mycobacterial diseases should consider assaying different vaccination routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Arrazuria
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Iraia Ladero
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, E-24071 Leon, Spain; (M.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, E-24071 Leon, Spain; (M.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-403-4300
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16
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More insights about the interfering effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection on Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) detection in dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1479-1485. [PMID: 31807982 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The estimated herd and within herd Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection prevalence in the southern Chile regions are 0.3 and 0.67%, respectively. However, higher rates of infection still remain in some herds. In parallel, it is well established that a big proportion of cattle herds are infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which has been also associated with a clear interference effect on M. bovis diagnosis. The present study aims to provide more insights about the diagnostic interference for Mycobacterium bovis detection due to co-infection with MAP. To better understand the dynamics of this identified interference, the effect of MAP genotype present, as well as MAP faecal shedding values (as proxy of the infection progression), for each of the CFT results was compared. No relationship was observed between MAP genotype with any type of differential response to the diagnostic tests of M. bovis infection. However, MAP shedding values in animals with positive CFT diagnostic results for M. bovis infection was significantly lower than animals with a negative CFT result, observing that as the MAP shedding load raises, the response to the bovine tuberculin test tends to be negative. The findings reported in this study allows to interpret that one of the causes of the prolonged elimination of M. bovis infection from some cattle herds may be due in part to the advanced MAP infection status in co-infected individuals affecting the outcome of screening in-vivo diagnostic techniques such as CFT. These false negative animals that show negative results to M. bovis detection tests, may maintain the infection at herd level and spread the pathogen to healthy individuals.
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17
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Whittington R, Donat K, Weber MF, Kelton D, Nielsen SS, Eisenberg S, Arrigoni N, Juste R, Sáez JL, Dhand N, Santi A, Michel A, Barkema H, Kralik P, Kostoulas P, Citer L, Griffin F, Barwell R, Moreira MAS, Slana I, Koehler H, Singh SV, Yoo HS, Chávez-Gris G, Goodridge A, Ocepek M, Garrido J, Stevenson K, Collins M, Alonso B, Cirone K, Paolicchi F, Gavey L, Rahman MT, de Marchin E, Van Praet W, Bauman C, Fecteau G, McKenna S, Salgado M, Fernández-Silva J, Dziedzinska R, Echeverría G, Seppänen J, Thibault V, Fridriksdottir V, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Ruocco L, Kawaji S, Momotani E, Heuer C, Norton S, Cadmus S, Agdestein A, Kampen A, Szteyn J, Frössling J, Schwan E, Caldow G, Strain S, Carter M, Wells S, Munyeme M, Wolf R, Gurung R, Verdugo C, Fourichon C, Yamamoto T, Thapaliya S, Di Labio E, Ekgatat M, Gil A, Alesandre AN, Piaggio J, Suanes A, de Waard JH. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:198. [PMID: 31196162 PMCID: PMC6567393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Ramon Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sáez
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment, ES-28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Navneet Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Anita Michel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Herman Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lorna Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank Griffin
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, 9092 New Zealand
| | - Rob Barwell
- Animal Health Australia, Turner, ACT 2612 Australia
| | | | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Koehler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Deparment of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 406 India
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Gilberto Chávez-Gris
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, 76750 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103 Panama
| | - Matjaz Ocepek
- National Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Instituto Vasco de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agrario-NEIKER, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Mike Collins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1102 USA
| | | | - Karina Cirone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Lawrence Gavey
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350 Australia
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Cathy Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Quebec, J2S 6Z9 Canada
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández-Silva
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia 050034076 Colombia
| | | | - Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 17-03-100 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaana Seppänen
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie Thibault
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort and GDS France, CS 28440, 79024 Niort Cedex, France
| | - Vala Fridriksdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Masoud Haghkhah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-69155 Iran
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Satoko Kawaji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856 Japan
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4441 New Zealand
| | | | - Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Joanna Szteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Ebba Schwan
- Swedish Farm and Animal Health, 62254 Romakloster, Sweden
| | | | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Enterprise Centre, Dungannon, BT71 6JT UK
| | - Mike Carter
- USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA
| | - Scott Wells
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Wolf
- Fachabteilung Gesundheit und Pflegemanagement, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ratna Gurung
- National Centre for Animal Health, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Cristobal Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christine Fourichon
- Oniris – INRA, Department Farm Animal Health and Public Health, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Sharada Thapaliya
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Elena Di Labio
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monaya Ekgatat
- National Institute of Animal Health, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Andres Gil
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - José Piaggio
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Suanes
- Ministry of Livestock Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- Servicio Autonomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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18
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Guo Q, Bi J, Li M, Ge W, Xu Y, Fan W, Wang H, Zhang X. ESX Secretion-Associated Protein C From Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Macrophage Activation Through the Toll-Like Receptor-4/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:158. [PMID: 31134163 PMCID: PMC6523024 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as a facultative intracellular pathogen, can interact with host macrophages and modulate macrophage function to influence innate and adaptive immunity. Proteins secreted by the ESX-1 secretion system are involved in this relationship. Although the importance of ESX-1 in host-pathogen interactions and virulence is well-known, the primary role is ascribed to EsxA (EAST-6) in mycobacterial pathogenesis and the functions of individual components in the interactions between pathogens and macrophages are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of EspC on macrophage activation. The EspC protein is encoded by an espA/C/D cluster, which is not linked to the esx-1 locus, but is essential for the secretion of the major virulence factors of ESX-1, EsxA and EsxB. Our results showed that both EspC protein and EspC overexpression in M. smegmatis induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced surface marker expression. This mechanism was dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as demonstrated using EspC-treated macrophages from TLR4-/- mice, leading to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and surface marker expression compared with those from wild-type mice. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays showed that EspC interacted with TLR4 directly. Moreover, EspC could activate macrophages and promote antigen presentation by inducing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and nuclear factor-κB activation. The EspC-induced cytokine expression, surface marker upregulation, and MAPK signaling activation were inhibited when macrophages were blocked with anti-TLR4 antibodies or pretreated with MAPK inhibitors. Furthermore, our results showed that EspC overexpression enhanced the survival of M. smegmatis within macrophages and under stress conditions. Taken together, our results indicated that EspC may be another ESX-1 virulence factor that not only modulates the host innate immune response by activating macrophages through TLR4-dependent MAPK signaling but also plays an important role in the survival of pathogenic mycobacteria in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxue Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Laboratory of Zoonosis, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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McAloon CG, Roche S, Ritter C, Barkema HW, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Doherty ML. A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds - Part 2: On-farm control. Vet J 2019; 246:54-58. [PMID: 30902189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the second in a two-part review of the epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Several negative production effects associated with MAP infection have been described, but perhaps the most significant concern in relation to the importance of paratuberculosis as a disease of dairy cattle is the potential link with Crohn's disease in humans. Milk is considered a potential transmission route to humans and it is recognised that pasteurisation does not necessarily eliminate the bacterium. Therefore, control must also include reduction of the levels of MAP in bulk milk supplied from dairy farms. There is little field evidence in support of specific control measures, although several studies seem to show a decreased prevalence associated with the implementation of a combined management and test-and-cull programme. Improvements in vaccination efficacy and reduced tuberculosis (TB) test interference may increase uptake of vaccination as a control option. Farmer adoption of best practice recommendations at farm level for the control of endemic diseases can be challenging. Improved understanding of farmer behaviour and decision making will help in developing improved communication strategies which may be more efficacious in affecting behavioural change on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Steven Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Roy Á, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Blázquez JC, Venteo Á, Mayoral FJ, Domínguez M, Moreno I, Romero B, de Juan L, Grau A, Domínguez L, Bezos J. Temporal analysis of the interference caused by paratuberculosis vaccination on the tuberculosis diagnostic tests in goats. Prev Vet Med 2018; 156:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Serrano M, Sevilla IA, Fuertes M, Geijo M, Risalde MÁ, Ruiz-Fons JF, Gortazar C, Juste RA, Domínguez L, Elguezabal N, Garrido JM. Different lesion distribution in calves orally or intratracheally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis: implications for diagnosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:74. [PMID: 30053884 PMCID: PMC6064182 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) remains a major problem in some countries despite the existence of control programmes focused mainly on cattle. In this species, aerogenous transmission is accepted as the most frequent infection route, affecting mainly the respiratory system. Under the hypothesis that the oral route could be playing a more relevant role in transmission, diagnosis and disease persistence than previously thought, this study was performed to assess the course of TB infection in cattle and its effects on diagnosis depending on the route of entry of Mycobacterium bovis. Two groups of five calves each were either endotracheally (EC) or orally (OC) challenged. Necropsies were carried out 12 weeks after challenge except for three OC calves slaughtered 8 weeks later. All animals reacted to the tuberculin skin test and the entire EC group was positive to the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) 2 weeks after challenge and thereafter. The first positive IGRA results for OC calves (3/5) were recorded 4 weeks after challenge. Group comparison revealed significant differences in lesion and positive culture location and scoring. TB-compatible gross lesions and positive cultures were more frequently found in the thorax (p < 0.001) and lung (p < 0.05) of EC animals, whereas OC animals presented lesions (p = 0.23) and positive cultures (p < 0.05) mainly located in the abdomen. These results indicate that the infection route seems to be a determining factor for both the distribution and the time needed for the development of visible lesions. Our study suggests that confirmation of TB infection in some skin reactor animals can be problematic if current post-mortem examination and diagnostics are not improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Serrano
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mariví Geijo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceia3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,SERIDA, Agri-food Research and Development Regional Service, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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22
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Association between combinations of genetic polymorphisms and epidemiopathogenic forms of bovine paratuberculosis. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00535. [PMID: 29552658 PMCID: PMC5852290 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of major mycobacterial diseases affecting livestock is a challenging issue that requires different approaches. The use of genetic markers for improving resistance to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle has been explored as a promising population strategy We performed paratuberculosis epidemiopathogenic phenotypic and genotypic characterization involving 24 SNPs in six candidate genes (NOD2, CD209, SLC11A1, SP110, TLR2 and TLR4) on 502 slaughtered Friesian cows. In the current study, we investigate whether recently proposed paratuberculosis (PTB) epidemiopathogenic (EP) forms (apparently free-AF, latent-LAT and patent-PAT) could be associated with some combination of these 24 SNPs. Best EP form grouping was obtained using a combination of 5 SNPs in four genes (CD209: rs210748127; SLC11A1: rs110090506; SP110: rs136859213 and rs110480812; and TLR2: rs41830058). These groups were defined according to the level of infection progression risk to patent epidemiopathogenic forms and showed the following distributions: LOWIN (low) with 39 (8%) cases (94.9% AF/5.1% LAT/0% PAT); LATIN (low) with 17 (3%) cases (5.9% AF/94.1% LAT/0% PAT); AVERIN (average) with 413 (82%) cases (52.1% AF/38.5% LAT/9.4% PAT) and PATIN (patent) with 33 (7%) cases (36.4% AF/24.2% LAT/39.4% PAT). Age of slaughter was significantly higher for LATIN (88.3 months) compared to AVERIN (65.3 months; p = 0.0007) and PATIN (59.1 months; p = 0.0004), and for LOWIN (73.9 months) compared to PATIN (p = 0.0233), and nearly significant compared to AVERIN (p = 0.0572) These results suggest that some selected genetic polymorphisms have a potential use as markers of PTB EP forms and thus add a new tool for the control of this widespread infection.
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23
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Roupie V, Alonso-Velasco E, Van Der Heyden S, Holbert S, Duytschaever L, Berthon P, Van Dosselaer I, Van Campe W, Mostin L, Biet F, Roels S, Huygen K, Fretin D. Evaluation of mycobacteria-specific gamma interferon and antibody responses before and after a single intradermal skin test in cattle naturally exposed to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and experimentally infected with M. bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 196:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Serrano M, Elguezabal N, Sevilla IA, Geijo MV, Molina E, Juste RA, Garrido JM. Preliminary Results Indicate That Inactivated Vaccine against Paratuberculosis Could Modify the Course of Experimental Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Calves. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:175. [PMID: 29094040 PMCID: PMC5651274 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although paratuberculosis (PTB) vaccination has been recognized as an effective tool to control the disease, its use has been limited in countries undergoing bovine tuberculosis (bTB) eradication programs because of its interference with the diagnostic techniques. Due to this restraint, little is known about the effect of vaccinating against PTB on the progression of bTB infection. To assess this topic, an experimental infection was carried out including the following three groups of five calves each: non-vaccinated infected with Mycobacterium bovis (NVI), vaccinated against PTB infected with M. bovis (VI), and vaccinated against PTB non-infected (VNI). The level of infection attending to pathological and bacteriological parameters was evaluated at necropsy in collected tissue samples. Infection was confirmed in all challenged animals being the lung and thoracic regions most affected for all studied parameters. The VI group presented 15.62% less gross lesions in the thoracic region than the NVI, although no significant differences were found. Only one vaccinated animal presented gross lesions in the lung, compared to three non-vaccinated calves. NVI animals showed an average of 1.8 lung lobes with gross lesions whereas in the vaccinated group the average number of affected lobes was 0.2, representing an 89% reduction. Significant differences were not found, although a tendency was observed (p = 0.126). Pathological and culture scores showed the same tendency. Vaccination induced a 71.42 and 60% reduction in lesion and culture scores in the lung as well as a 23.75 and 26.66% decline, respectively, in the thoracic region. The VI group showed lower positivity in the rest of the areas for all measured criteria except for the head. In order to reinforce our results, further research on a larger sample size is needed, but the results from this study suggest that PTB vaccination could confer certain degree of protection against bTB infection, supporting the view that PTB vaccination could increase resistance to the main mycobacterioses that affect animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Serrano
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - María V Geijo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
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25
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The response of red deer to oral administration of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis and challenge with a field strain. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:195-202. [PMID: 28888638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deer species (family Cervidae) are often part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex maintenance host community, and tuberculosis (TB) control in deer, including vaccination, is consequently an area of ongoing research. However, most research into deer vaccination against TB is focused on using the live bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG). Oral inactivated vaccines represent an interesting alternative to either oral or parenteral BCG, since neither diagnostic cross-reactions nor vaccine strain survival are likely to occur. In order to describe the red deer response to heat-inactivated M. bovis (IV) as compared to BCG and to unvaccinated controls (n=5/group), we ran an experiment with five month-old vaccinated red deer, which were challenged with a virulent M. bovis strain 70days later and necropsied at 60days post-challenge. A reduction in the IV group infection burden was discovered. There were significant differences between the IV group and the control group (53% lesion reduction) as regards to the TB lesion scores, but not between other pairs. Complement component 3 plasma levels increased after challenge, and there were no differences between groups. The plasma cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-12) levels did not change after vaccination, but IL-1β, TNFα and IL-10 did so following the challenge. The IL-1β level increased in all the groups while TNFα levels had a distinct response pattern in the IV group and IL-10 had a distinct response pattern in control group. The results showed that oral vaccination with IV reduces the TB lesion score in red deer challenged with a M. bovis field strain without interfering with the in vivo diagnosis of infection in this species.
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