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Ramos-Silva P, Wall-Palmer D, Marlétaz F, Marin F, Peijnenburg KTCA. Evolution and biomineralization of pteropod shells. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107779. [PMID: 34474158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Shelled pteropods, known as sea butterflies, are a group of small gastropods that spend their entire lives swimming and drifting in the open ocean. They build thin shells of aragonite, a metastable polymorph of calcium carbonate. Pteropod shells have been shown to experience dissolution and reduced thickness with a decrease in pH and therefore represent valuable bioindicators to monitor the impacts of ocean acidification. Over the past decades, several studies have highlighted the striking diversity of shell microstructures in pteropods, with exceptional mechanical properties, but their evolution and future in acidified waters remains uncertain. Here, we revisit the body-of-work on pteropod biomineralization, focusing on shell microstructures and their evolution. The evolutionary history of pteropods was recently resolved, and thus it is timely to examine their shell microstructures in such context. We analyse new images of shells from fossils and recent species providing a comprehensive overview of their structural diversity. Pteropod shells are made of the crossed lamellar and prismatic microstructures common in molluscs, but also of curved nanofibers which are proposed to form a helical three-dimensional structure. Our analyses suggest that the curved fibres emerged before the split between coiled and uncoiled pteropods and that they form incomplete to multiple helical turns. The curved fibres are seen as an important trait in the adaptation to a planktonic lifestyle, giving maximum strength and flexibility to the pteropod thin and lightweight shells. Finally, we also elucidate on the candidate biomineralization genes underpinning the shell diversity in these important indicators of ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramos-Silva
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands.
| | - Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Marin
- University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences UMR CNRS 6282, France
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands; Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Choo LQ, Bal TMP, Goetze E, Peijnenburg KTCA. Oceanic dispersal barriers in a holoplanktonic gastropod. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:224-240. [PMID: 33150701 PMCID: PMC7894488 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pteropods, a group of holoplanktonic gastropods, are regarded as bioindicators of the effects of ocean acidification on open ocean ecosystems, because their thin aragonitic shells are susceptible to dissolution. While there have been recent efforts to address their capacity for physiological acclimation, it is also important to gain predictive understanding of their ability to adapt to future ocean conditions. However, little is known about the levels of genetic variation and large-scale population structuring of pteropods, key characteristics enabling local adaptation. We examined the spatial distribution of genetic diversity in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and nuclear 28S gene fragments, as well as shell shape variation, across a latitudinal transect in the Atlantic Ocean (35°N-36°S) for the pteropod Limacina bulimoides. We observed high levels of genetic variability (COI π = 0.034, 28S π = 0.0021) and strong spatial structuring (COI ΦST = 0.230, 28S ΦST = 0.255) across this transect. Based on the congruence of mitochondrial and nuclear differentiation, as well as differences in shell shape, we identified a primary dispersal barrier in the southern Atlantic subtropical gyre (15-18°S). This barrier is maintained despite the presence of expatriates, a gyral current system, and in the absence of any distinct oceanographic gradients in this region, suggesting that reproductive isolation between these populations must be strong. A secondary dispersal barrier supported only by 28S pairwise ΦST comparisons was identified in the equatorial upwelling region (between 15°N and 4°S), which is concordant with barriers observed in other zooplankton species. Both oceanic dispersal barriers were congruent with regions of low abundance reported for a similar basin-scale transect that was sampled 2 years later. Our finding supports the hypothesis that low abundance indicates areas of suboptimal habitat that result in barriers to gene flow in widely distributed zooplankton species. Such species may in fact consist of several populations or (sub)species that are adapted to local environmental conditions, limiting their potential for adaptive responses to ocean changes. Future analyses of genome-wide diversity in pteropods could provide further insight into the strength, formation and maintenance of oceanic dispersal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qin Choo
- Plankton Diversity and EvolutionNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thijs M. P. Bal
- Faculty of Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversityBodøNorway
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of OceanographyUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluUSA
| | - Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and EvolutionNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Peijnenburg KTCA, Janssen AW, Wall-Palmer D, Goetze E, Maas AE, Todd JA, Marlétaz F. The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25609-25617. [PMID: 32973093 PMCID: PMC7568333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920918117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropods are a group of planktonic gastropods that are widely regarded as biological indicators for assessing the impacts of ocean acidification. Their aragonitic shells are highly sensitive to acute changes in ocean chemistry. However, to gain insight into their potential to adapt to current climate change, we need to accurately reconstruct their evolutionary history and assess their responses to past changes in the Earth's carbon cycle. Here, we resolve the phylogeny and timing of pteropod evolution with a phylogenomic dataset (2,654 genes) incorporating new data for 21 pteropod species and revised fossil evidence. In agreement with traditional taxonomy, we recovered molecular support for a division between "sea butterflies" (Thecosomata; mucus-web feeders) and "sea angels" (Gymnosomata; active predators). Molecular dating demonstrated that these two lineages diverged in the early Cretaceous, and that all main pteropod clades, including shelled, partially-shelled, and unshelled groups, diverged in the mid- to late Cretaceous. Hence, these clades originated prior to and subsequently survived major global change events, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the closest analog to modern-day ocean acidification and warming. Our findings indicate that planktonic aragonitic calcifiers have shown resilience to perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle over evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie W Janssen
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Amy E Maas
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. Georges GE01, Bermuda
| | - Jonathan A Todd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son 904-0495, Japan
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Wall-Palmer D, Janssen AW, Goetze E, Choo LQ, Mekkes L, Peijnenburg KTCA. Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea). BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:124. [PMID: 32957910 PMCID: PMC7507655 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aragonite shelled, planktonic gastropod family Atlantidae (shelled heteropods) is likely to be one of the first groups to be impacted by imminent ocean changes, including ocean warming and ocean acidification. With a fossil record spanning at least 100 Ma, atlantids have experienced and survived global-scale ocean changes and extinction events in the past. However, the diversification patterns and tempo of evolution in this family are largely unknown. RESULTS Based on a concatenated maximum likelihood phylogeny of three genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA, 28S and 18S ribosomal rRNA) we show that the three extant genera of the family Atlantidae, Atlanta, Protatlanta and Oxygyrus, form monophyletic groups. The genus Atlanta is split into two groups, one exhibiting smaller, well ornamented shells, and the other having larger, less ornamented shells. The fossil record, in combination with a fossil-calibrated phylogeny, suggests that large scale atlantid extinction was accompanied by considerable and rapid diversification over the last 25 Ma, potentially driven by vicariance events. CONCLUSIONS Now confronted with a rapidly changing modern ocean, the ability of atlantids to survive past global change crises gives some optimism that they may be able to persist through the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Nauralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arie W Janssen
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Nauralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Le Qin Choo
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Nauralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Mekkes
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Nauralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Nauralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Choo LQ, Bal TMP, Choquet M, Smolina I, Ramos-Silva P, Marlétaz F, Kopp M, Hoarau G, Peijnenburg KTCA. Novel genomic resources for shelled pteropods: a draft genome and target capture probes for Limacina bulimoides, tested for cross-species relevance. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:11. [PMID: 31900119 PMCID: PMC6942316 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pteropods are planktonic gastropods that are considered as bio-indicators to monitor impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. In order to gain insight into their adaptive potential to future environmental changes, it is critical to use adequate molecular tools to delimit species and population boundaries and to assess their genetic connectivity. We developed a set of target capture probes to investigate genetic variation across their large-sized genome using a population genomics approach. Target capture is less limited by DNA amount and quality than other genome-reduced representation protocols, and has the potential for application on closely related species based on probes designed from one species. RESULTS We generated the first draft genome of a pteropod, Limacina bulimoides, resulting in a fragmented assembly of 2.9 Gbp. Using this assembly and a transcriptome as a reference, we designed a set of 2899 genome-wide target capture probes for L. bulimoides. The set of probes includes 2812 single copy nuclear targets, the 28S rDNA sequence, ten mitochondrial genes, 35 candidate biomineralisation genes, and 41 non-coding regions. The capture reaction performed with these probes was highly efficient with 97% of the targets recovered on the focal species. A total of 137,938 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were obtained from the captured sequences across a test panel of nine individuals. The probes set was also tested on four related species: L. trochiformis, L. lesueurii, L. helicina, and Heliconoides inflatus, showing an exponential decrease in capture efficiency with increased genetic distance from the focal species. Sixty-two targets were sufficiently conserved to be recovered consistently across all five species. CONCLUSION The target capture protocol used in this study was effective in capturing genome-wide variation in the focal species L. bulimoides, suitable for population genomic analyses, while providing insights into conserved genomic regions in related species. The present study provides new genomic resources for pteropods and supports the use of target capture-based protocols to efficiently characterise genomic variation in small non-model organisms with large genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qin Choo
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thijs M P Bal
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Marvin Choquet
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Irina Smolina
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Paula Ramos-Silva
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Martina Kopp
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Galice Hoarau
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wall-Palmer D, Hegmann M, Goetze E, Peijnenburg KT. Resolving species boundaries in the Atlanta brunnea species group (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea). Zookeys 2019; 899:59-84. [PMID: 31871402 PMCID: PMC6923281 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.899.38892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantid heteropods are a family of holoplanktonic marine gastropods that occur primarily in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Atlantids bear a delicate aragonitic shell (<14 mm) and live in the upper ocean, where ocean acidification and ocean warming have a pronounced effect. Therefore, atlantids are likely to be sensitive to these ocean changes. However, we lack sufficiently detailed information on atlantid taxonomy and biogeography, which is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the consequences of a changing ocean. To date, atlantid taxonomy has mainly relied on morphometrics and shell ornamentation, but recent molecular work has highlighted hidden diversity. This study uses an integrated approach in a global analysis of biogeography, variation in shell morphology and molecular phylogenies based on three genes (CO1, 28S and 18S) to resolve the species boundaries within the Atlanta brunnea group. Results identify a new species, Atlanta vanderspoeli, from the Equatorial and South Pacific Ocean, and suggest that individuals of A. brunnea living in the Atlantic Ocean are an incipient species. Our results provide an important advance in atlantid taxonomy and will enable identification of these species in future studies of living and fossil plankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mona Hegmann
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Straβe 3, 18059 Rostock, GermanyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USAUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHawaiiUnited States of America
| | - Katja T.C.A. Peijnenburg
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P. O. Box 942480 1090 GE Amsterdam, The NetherlandsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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Burridge AK, Van Der Hulst R, Goetze E, Peijnenburg KTCA. Assessing species boundaries in the open sea: an integrative taxonomic approach to the pteropod genus Diacavolinia. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To track changes in pelagic biodiversity in response to climate change, it is essential to accurately define species boundaries. Shelled pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods that have been proposed as bio-indicators because of their vulnerability to ocean acidification. A particularly suitable, yet challenging group for integrative taxonomy is the pteropod genus Diacavolinia, which has a circumglobal distribution and is the most species-rich pteropod genus, with 24 described species. We assessed species boundaries in this genus, with inferences based on geometric morphometric analyses of shell-shape variation, genetic (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 28S rDNA sequences) and geographic data. We found support for a total of 13 species worldwide, with observations of 706 museum and 263 freshly collected specimens across a global collection of material, including holo‐ and paratype specimens for 14 species. In the Atlantic Ocean, two species are well supported, in contrast to the eight currently described, and in the Indo‐Pacific we found a maximum of 11 species, partially merging 13 of the described species. Distributions of these revised species are congruent with well-known biogeographic provinces. Combining varied datasets in an integrative framework may be suitable for many diverse taxa and is an important first step to predicting species-specific responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K Burridge
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tajika A, Nützel A, Klug C. The old and the new plankton: ecological replacement of associations of mollusc plankton and giant filter feeders after the Cretaceous? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4219. [PMID: 29333344 PMCID: PMC5765809 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their great diversity and abundance, ammonites and belemnites represented key elements in Mesozoic food webs. Because of their extreme ontogenetic size increase by up to three orders of magnitude, their position in the food webs likely changed during ontogeny. Here, we reconstruct the number of eggs laid by large adult females of these cephalopods and discuss developmental shifts in their ecologic roles. Based on similarities in conch morphology, size, habitat and abundance, we suggest that similar niches occupied in the Cretaceous by juvenile ammonites and belemnites were vacated during the extinction and later partially filled by holoplanktonic gastropods. As primary consumers, these extinct cephalopod groups were important constituents of the plankton and a principal food source for planktivorous organisms. As victims or, respectively, profiteers of this case of ecological replacement, filter feeding chondrichthyans and cetaceans likely filled the niches formerly occupied by large pachycormid fishes during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Tajika
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Nützel
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, GeoBio-Center LMU, München, Germany
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Bouchet P, Rocroi JP, Hausdorf B, Kaim A, Kano Y, Nützel A, Parkhaev P, Schrödl M, Strong EE. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. MALACOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.4002/040.061.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bouchet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité ISYEB — UMR7205 — CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités, 55 Rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, France;
| | - Jean-Pierre Rocroi
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité ISYEB — UMR7205 — CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités, 55 Rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, France;
| | - Bernhard Hausdorf
- Zoological Museum, Center of Natural History, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrzej Kaim
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Yasunori Kano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Alexander Nützel
- Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and GeoBio-Center LMU, München, Germany
| | - Pavel Parkhaev
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Schrödl
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and GeoBio-Center LMU, München, Germany
| | - Ellen E. Strong
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., U.S.A
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Burridge AK, Hörnlein C, Janssen AW, Hughes M, Bush SL, Marlétaz F, Gasca R, Pierrot-Bults AC, Michel E, Todd JA, Young JR, Osborn KJ, Menken SBJ, Peijnenburg KTCA. Time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of pteropods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177325. [PMID: 28604805 PMCID: PMC5467808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropods are a widespread group of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs and are uniquely suitable for study of long-term evolutionary processes in the open ocean because they are the only living metazoan plankton with a good fossil record. Pteropods have been proposed as bioindicators to monitor the impacts of ocean acidification and in consequence have attracted considerable research interest, however, a robust evolutionary framework for the group is still lacking. Here we reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and examine the evolutionary history of pteropods based on combined analyses of Cytochrome Oxidase I, 28S, and 18S ribosomal rRNA sequences and a molecular clock calibrated using fossils and the estimated timing of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Euthecosomes with uncoiled shells were monophyletic with Creseis as the earliest diverging lineage, estimated at 41-38 million years ago (mya). The coiled euthecosomes (Limacina, Heliconoides, Thielea) were not monophyletic contrary to the accepted morphology-based taxonomy; however, due to their high rate heterogeneity no firm conclusions can be drawn. We found strong support for monophyly of most euthecosome genera, but Clio appeared as a polyphyletic group, and Diacavolinia grouped within Cavolinia, making the latter genus paraphyletic. The highest evolutionary rates were observed in Heliconoides inflatus and Limacina bulimoides for both 28S and 18S partitions. Using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny that sets the first occurrence of coiled euthecosomes at 79-66 mya, we estimate that uncoiled euthecosomes evolved 51-42 mya and that most extant uncoiled genera originated 40-15 mya. These findings are congruent with a molecular clock analysis using the Isthmus of Panama formation as an independent calibration. Although not all phylogenetic relationships could be resolved based on three molecular markers, this study provides a useful resource to study pteropod diversity and provides general insight into the processes that generate and maintain their diversity in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K. Burridge
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Hörnlein
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Hughes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L. Bush
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, United States of America
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Rebeca Gasca
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Mexico
| | - Annelies C. Pierrot-Bults
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellinor Michel
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Todd
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R. Young
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J. Osborn
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, United States of America
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Steph B. J. Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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