1
|
Asnakew S, Haile K, Kassa BG, Ayehu GW, Beyene GM, Feleke DG, Endalew DG, Legas G, Munie BM, Tedila A, Shiferaw K, Belete A, Chanie ES, Aytenew TM. Patterns of help-seeking behavior among people with mental illness in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1361092. [PMID: 38563032 PMCID: PMC10982478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1361092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the availability of evidence-based and effective treatments, significant numbers of people living with mental illness do not receive treatment or do not seek help from providers of formal modern treatment. Although numerous primary studies have been conducted on patterns of help-seeking behavior among individuals with mental illness with respect to modern therapy, the evidence has not been aggregated nationwide. Therefore, the aim of this review was to investigate pooled data on patterns of help-seeking behavior among individuals with mental illness in Ethiopia. Methods All available primary studies were searched via the Google Scholar, HINARI, and PubMed databases from June 22 to December 20, 2023; 912 articles were identified. Sixteen articles were included in the final review; data from them were extracted to an Excel spreadsheet and exported to Stata version 17 for analysis. The search terms used were: "Pattern of help-seeking behavior'' OR "Pattern of treatment-seeking behavior" OR "Health care-seeking behavior" OR "Help-seeking intention" OR "Help-seeking preferences" OR "Perceived need" OR "Pathways to psychiatric care", AND "Common mental disorders" OR "Mental illness" OR "Mental health problems" OR "Depression", AND "Predictors" OR "Determinate factors" OR "Associated factors", AND "Ethiopia". The quality of the studies included was critically appraised using the modified The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool, adapted for observational studies. During critical appraisal, disagreements between the two authors conducting the assessment were resolved by the involvement of a third author. Effect sizes were pooled using the random effects model, and the presence of publication bias was detected based on asymmetry of the funnel plot and a statistically significant result of Egger's test (p<0.05). Results The pooled rate of positive help-seeking behavior with respect to modern treatment among people living with mental illness was 42.21% (95% CI: 29.29, 55.12; I2 = 99.37%, P=0.00). Factors significantly associated with a positive pattern of help-seeking behavior were: having a secondary education or above (AOR=5.47, 95% CI: 2.33, 12.86); believing that mental illness requires treatment (AOR=2.76, 95% CI: 2.02, 3.78); having strong social support (AOR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.64, 2.44); having a family history of mental illness (AOR=2.68, 95% CI: 1.38, 3.97); having awareness of the availability of treatment (AOR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.56, 5.46); having previously engaged in positive help-seeking behavior (AOR=3.28, 95% CI: 1.63, 6.60); having comorbid disorders (AOR=4.25, 95% CI: 1.69, 10.66); not using alcohol (AOR=3.29, 95% CI: 1.73, 6.27); and the perceived severity of mental illness (AOR=2.54, 95% CI: 1.490, 4.33). Conclusions The majority of people with mental illness in Ethiopia exhibited a poor pattern of help-seeking behavior with respect to modern treatment. Therefore, mobilization of the community should be encouraged via regular public awareness campaigns regarding mental illness and the availability of evidence-based and effective modern treatment in Ethiopia. Moreover, the design of effective community-based mental health interventions is recommended in order to improve public attitudes and rates of help-seeking behavior in relation to mental health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Asnakew
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Haile
- Department of Psychiatry, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahirdar, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Getnet Kassa
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Wale Ayehu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Mihretie Beyene
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Dejen Getaneh Feleke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | | | - Getasew Legas
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Mengist Munie
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Assasahegn Tedila
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Shiferaw
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Sisay Chanie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tigabu Munye Aytenew
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Rivas ME, Cangas AJ, Martin A, Romo J, Pérez JC, Valdebenito S, Cariola L, Onetto J, Hernández B, Ceric F, Cea P, Corrigan P. Reducing Stigma Toward People with Serious Mental Illness Through a Virtual Reality Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Games Health J 2024; 13:57-64. [PMID: 37695822 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2023.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stigma toward people with serious mental illnesses (SMI), like schizophrenia, is a serious global public health challenge that limits the quality of life of those affected and poses a major barrier that keeps people from seeking professional help. There is an urgent need for novel, effective, and scalable interventions to decrease stigmatized perceptions of chronic psychotic disorders and to reduce the health burden imposed by them. Method: We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a new immersive virtual reality game (Inclúyete-VR) on the level of stigma toward people with SMI, measured by the Attribution questionnaire (AQ-27). Participants in the experimental group were exposed in an immersive way to hallucinations common in schizophrenia, then shown different psychosocial resources available for their recovery and social inclusion; those in the control group used VR software unrelated to mental health. VR sessions were delivered through Oculus headgear and lasted 25 minutes. Results: We randomly assigned 124 university students (55% female) to experimental or control conditions (n = 62 each). We used mixed ANOVA to compare outcomes before and after the intervention between the two groups. We found a significant intervention-by-time interaction (P < 0.001), with a reduction in the experimental group of overall stigma levels on the AQ-27 scale and its three subscales: dangerousness-fear, avoidance, and lack of solidarity (P < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: The Inclúyete-VR software proved effective in the short term in reducing stigma toward people with severe mental illness. The program's longer-term efficacy, scalability, and dissemination remain to be studied. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05393596.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adolfo J Cangas
- Department of Psychology, Health Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Martin
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Javiera Romo
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Carola Pérez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sara Valdebenito
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Cariola
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Josefina Onetto
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Francisco Ceric
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cea
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ng JTL, Barlas J. A bridge to recovery: an interpretative phenomenological analysis with peer support specialists in Singapore. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2023; 18:2164399. [PMID: 36658781 PMCID: PMC9869990 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2022.2164399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery-oriented mental health care approach is gaining acceptance in Asian countries, including Singapore. Following Western countries, Singapore started hiring peer support specialists (PSS) as part of mental healthcare services. The aim of this paper was to explore and understand how individual peer support specialists in Singapore perceive and make sense of their role given their unique perspective as both recipients and providers of mental healthcare treatment. Six PSS in Singapore were interviewed utilizing a semi-structured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four superordinate themes were generated illustrating how PSS viewed their role: embracing and embodying recovery, balancing on a bridge, impossible without support, and helping to end stigma. Findings also illustrated participants' awareness of the nature of the job and the role of PSS as still in the infancy stage. They embraced a recovery-oriented mindset despite experiencing stigma from professionals and/or their social support. The need to understand familial attitudes towards the PSS role is discussed. The limitations, contributions to the research, and several areas for future research are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ting Lynn Ng
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore,CONTACT Jing Ting Lynn Ng School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Joanna Barlas
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abas NQ, Jaff D, Seidi P. Attitudes towards people with mental health illness in the Kurdistan region of Iraq: a quantitative study. Med Confl Surviv 2023; 39:412-422. [PMID: 37722381 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2250665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
People with mental health illnesses are exposed to rejection by community members because of the negative attitudes from people towards them. This study assesses undergraduates' attitudes towards people with mental health illness in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and compares their attitudes with socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender and academic field of study. A quantitative descriptive study design has been used for this research. A multistage cluster sampling was used for data collection between May to June 2019 from a sample of 361 undergraduate students. A modified version of the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) questionnaire was used for data collection. Undergraduate students from various fields of study have had different attitudes towards people with mental illnesses. Medical students have better understanding and more positive attitudes than students of the other fields. Male students showed more negative attitudes compared to female students. Furthermore, younger students had more negative attitudes than older students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazdar Qudrat Abas
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, University of Garmian Kalar, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Dilshad Jaff
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pegah Seidi
- Research Center, University of Garmian Kalar, Kurdistan, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kolb K, Liu J, Jackman K. Stigma towards patients with mental illness: An online survey of United States nurses. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:323-336. [PMID: 36285570 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
People with mental illness experience significant health disparities, including morbidity and premature mortality. Evidence suggests that stigma is a contributing factor to these observed inequities. The tripartite conceptualization of stigma proposes that three problems underlie stigma: problems of knowledge (ignorance), attitudes (prejudice) and behaviour (discrimination). There is limited prior research concerning stigma towards mental illness among nurses in the United States (US). The aims of this study were to assess stigma among US nurses towards patients with mental illness, compare the stigma expressed by nurses working in medical/surgical settings with mental health settings, and identify factors associated with stigma. Participants were recruited online from national professional nursing organizations in the US. We collected demographic data and administered measures of mental health stigma and stigma-related mental health knowledge. Mental health nurses demonstrated comparatively lower levels of stigma and higher levels of knowledge than the medical/surgical nurses. Nursing speciality and personal contact with mental illness were the most significant predictors of stigma and knowledge. Knowledge was found to partially mediate the relationship between nursing speciality and stigma. We found support for the 'contact hypothesis', that is, having a personal experience of mental illness or a friend or family member who has a mental illness is associated with lower stigma towards mental illness. These findings support the development of contact-based and educational anti-stigma interventions for nurses in order to reduce stigma towards mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kolb
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kasey Jackman
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ocho ON, Moorley C, Richardson Sheppard C, Caesar-Greasley LA, Hardy S. Cultural Influences on Mental Health Provision in the Caribbean: How Do Contemporary Perceptions and Beliefs About Persons With Mental Illness Inform Workforce Transformation? J Transcult Nurs 2023; 34:14-23. [PMID: 36082626 DOI: 10.1177/10436596221121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental illness is a global phenomenon in society, including trained health professionals, often responding to people with mental illness based on perceptions and beliefs. The research examined "contemporary perceptions and beliefs about mental illness held by stakeholders" attending a mental health symposium in Trinidad. METHODS Data were collected using a 43-item questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS Version 22. Overall, 84 attendees working directly or experienced in mental health completed the survey. RESULTS Respondents believed mental illness should be treated within local community settings. Participants who were more comfortable sharing their mental health diagnosis with friends were more likely to share with others, including their employers. There was a relationship between perception of the superstitious causes of mental illness and its effects on healing. DISCUSSION Qualifications and experience in mental health do not reduce stigma associated with mental illness which has implications for addressing mental health literacy among health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Noel Ocho
- University of the West Indies (UWISoN), St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | | | | | - Sally Hardy
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li XH, Deng SY, Zhang TM, Wang YZ, Wei DN, Wong IYL, Chan CLW, Ran MS. Affiliate stigma of mental illness in family caregivers of persons with mental illness in Hong Kong. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1698-1707. [PMID: 34791960 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211057723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affiliate stigma of family caregivers may severely influence family caregiving, early treatment, and recovery of people with mental illness (PMI), and it may be impacted by the knowledge of mental illness and contact with PMI. However, little is known about the correlation between affiliate stigma of family caregivers of PMI and contact in Hong Kong. AIMS This study aimed to investigate affiliate stigma and its influencing factors among family caregivers of PMI in Hong Kong. METHODS A total of 106 family caregivers in Hong Kong participated in the study. The measurements included affiliate stigma, contacts (quantity, quality, and level), knowledge, prejudice, and discriminatory behaviors. Multiple regression analyses were employed. RESULTS The mean score of affiliate stigma scale (ASS) in family caregivers was 2.17 (SD = 0.65). In regression analyses, the results showed that contact quantity and contact level were significantly associated with higher affiliate stigma and its cognitive domain, while contact quality (e.g. positive contact) were significantly associated with lower affiliate stigma and its all domains among family caregivers. The positive relationship between prejudicial attitudes and affiliate stigma was also found. CONCLUSIONS Affiliate stigma is severe among family caregivers of PMI in Hong Kong. The results of this study indicate that contact, especially positive contact, contributes to reducing affiliate stigma among family caregivers of PMI. The results of this study are important for development of health policy on reducing stigma in family caregivers of PMI. The effectiveness of Enhancing Contact Model (ECM) should be examined in future anti-stigma interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hong Li
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu-Yu Deng
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yi-Zhou Wang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan-Nuo Wei
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Yin Ling Wong
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Ran
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jara-Ogeda R, Leyton D, Grandón P. Stigmatization of people diagnosed with a mental disorder in secondary mental health centers in Chile: An ethnographic study. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3307-3324. [PMID: 35290673 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand how stigmatization of people diagnosed with a mental disorder occurs in secondary mental healthcare staff in mental healthcare centers in Chile was the objective of the study. A descriptive qualitative and interpretative design with an ethnographic approach was used. Participants' observations, ethnographic, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals at three secondary mental health centers. Qualitative descriptive and interpretative content analysis was used. Stigmatization of users is shaping up in their trajectory in the health center. Identity changes from person to "patient," which generates dependence on the expert role of healthcare professionals. Stigma is expressed in the interactions between a health institution, a professional team, and a user, reproducing power and control relationships associated with the biomedical model and reinforcing a cycle of chronification in the user. Health teams are stressed by discrepancies between the current mental health policy and the user's biomedical understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Jara-Ogeda
- Magister in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Leyton
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Grandón
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fekih-Romdhane F, Saidi M, Chaabane MA, Cheour M. Knowledge, attitude and behaviours toward people with mental illness among Tunisian nursing students and nonhealth care students: A cross-sectional study. Collegian 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Lagunes-Cordoba E, Lagunes-Cordoba R, Fresan-Orellana A, Gonzalez-Olvera J, Jarrett M, Thornicroft G, Henderson C. Mexican Psychiatric Trainees' Attitudes Towards People with Mental Illness: A Qualitative Study. Community Ment Health J 2022; 58:982-991. [PMID: 34716830 PMCID: PMC9187538 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite their training, psychiatrists have been found to have negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, including the patients they treat. Similarly, studies focused on service users have identified psychiatrists as a source of stigma. Even though negative attitudes in psychiatrists have been identified in different countries and settings, in Mexico the attitudes of these professionals have never been assessed. Because of this, we invited psychiatric trainees from a hospital in Mexico to participate in individual interviews to describe their opinions regarding mental health-related stigma, to evaluate their attitudes towards people with mental illness and to identify factors that could be influencing their attitudes. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. A total of 29 trainees participated in the study. The results suggested that trainees recognised psychiatrists can have negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, such as poor empathy, judgement and labelling, and mainly towards patients considered difficult and with borderline personality disorder. Participants recognised these attitudes can influence their relationship with patients, and considered it is necessary to develop interventions to improve their own attitudes and reduce mental health stigma. From this study we concluded Mexican psychiatrists are not free from stigma towards people with mental illness. However, Mexican psychiatric trainees are interested in improving their attitudes and reactions towards their patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Lagunes-Cordoba
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Roberto Lagunes-Cordoba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Ana Fresan-Orellana
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Olvera
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz", Mexico City, Mexico.,Comisión Nacional Para la Prevención de Adicciones, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuela Jarrett
- School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham Thornicroft
- Centre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Claire Henderson
- Centre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ran MS, Peng MM, Yau YY, Zhang TM, Li XH, Wong IYL, Ng S, Thornicroft G, Chan CLW, Lu L. Knowledge, contact and stigma of mental illness: Comparing three stakeholder groups in Hong Kong. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:365-375. [PMID: 33622065 DOI: 10.1177/0020764021997479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unknown what the impacts of multiple dimensions of contact (e.g. level, quantity and quality) are on the stigma of mental illness. AIMS To explore the relationship between the multiple dimensions of contact and stigma of mental illness among family members (FM), mental health workers (MHW) and community residents (CR) in Hong Kong. METHODS The stigma, contact and knowledge were measured in FM, MHW and CR in Hong Kong. Multiple regression analyses were used. RESULTS MHW (n = 141) had higher knowledge, more contact and lower stigma of mental illness than CR (n = 95) or FM (n = 62). Knowledge and contact quality were significantly associated with lower stigma of mental illness in the three groups. However, contact level and contact quantity were not significantly associated with most stigma components. The contact level was positively associated with stigma of mental illness among FM and CR. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the differences in knowledge, contact and stigma of mental illness among different stakeholder groups. This study suggests that positive contact (e.g. equal, supportive, voluntary and pleasant contact) reduces stigma of mental illness, while negative contact (e.g. unfriendly, unsupportive, unpleasant contact) may increase stigma. The Enhancing Contact Model (ECM) should be tested in future anti-stigma interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Man Peng
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuen Yum Yau
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tian-Ming Zhang
- Department of Social Work, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Hong Li
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Irene Yin Ling Wong
- School of Social Policy & Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Siuman Ng
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Graham Thornicroft
- Centre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tesfaye Y, Agenagnew L, Anand S, Tucho GT, Birhanu Z, Ahmed G, Getnet M, Yitbarek K. Knowledge of the community regarding mental health problems: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:106. [PMID: 34261532 PMCID: PMC8278586 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the community regarding mental health problems has a remarkable impact on the attitude, the help-seeking path, and prevention of stigma and discrimination against patients with mental health problems. It is also the cornerstone for designing evidence-based community mental health interventions. However, the evidence is scarce in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge regarding mental health problems and associated factors among communities of Jimma Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Jimma zone from March 1 to 22, 2020. A structured, pretested, and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 420 study participants selected through a systematic sampling technique. The knowledge about mental health was measured by the adapted version of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule tool. Data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done, and p-value < 0.05 and 95% CI were used to determine the predictors of the outcome variable. RESULTS The overall knowledge score showed (188, 44.8%) of the respondents had inadequate knowledge. Moreover, (75, 17.9%) of the respondents reported psychiatric disorders are contagious, and (138, 32.9%) mentioned leaving alone is the treatment for mental illness. Talking or laughing alone and showing strange or unusual behaviors were described as symptoms of mental illness by the majority (407, 96.9%) and (403, 96.0%) of respondents, respectively. Brain dysfunction was attributed to the cause of mental illness by most (390, 92.9%) of the study participants. Similarly, the percentage of responses that attributed the causes of mental illness to possession by an evil spirit, God's punishment, and witchcraft were significantly high (368, 87.6%), (321, 76.4%) and (259, 67.1%), respectively. Furthermore, regression analysis showed that respondents who were able to read and write were 64% less likely to have adequate knowledge than those in secondary school and above educational status (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI (0.16-0.69)). CONCLUSION Knowledge of mental illness among the general public was relatively poor and higher levels of education were associated with good knowledge of mental health problems; this suggests the need for due emphasis on public education to improve the mental health literacy status of the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Po Box 378, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Liyew Agenagnew
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Po Box 378, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Susan Anand
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Terefe Tucho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Gutema Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Po Box 378, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Masrie Getnet
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Kiddus Yitbarek
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuek JHL, Chua HC, Poremski D. Barriers and facilitators of peer support work in a large psychiatric hospital: a thematic analysis. Gen Psychiatr 2021; 34:e100521. [PMID: 34222796 PMCID: PMC8212403 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer support workers are an important addition to the mental healthcare profession. However, much of the literature and knowledge of the peer support role is derived from western countries. This concept is relatively new in Asian countries. AIMS The study sought to improve the understanding of the barriers and facilitators of peer support work in a large psychiatric hospital in Singapore. METHODS This study used qualitative data from a larger mixed-methods study. Thematic analysis was conducted based on the five steps recommended by Braun and Clarke (2006): (1) familiarisation of data whereby transcripts were read and reread, (2) generating initial codes, (3) searching for themes by gathering relevant codes, (4) reviewing themes and (5) defining and naming themes. RESULTS Four subthemes under the broader notion of facilitators (supportive figures, defined role, opportunities for personal growth and identifying personalised coping strategies) and three subthemes under the concept of barriers (unclear role, hostility from non-peer-support-specialist staff and unsupportive working environments) were identified. CONCLUSION Our findings echoed those of previous studies conducted in western countries providing some evidences for the cross-cultural nature of these barriers and facilitators. However, the way their impact can be mitigated or enhanced is likely to be different owing to cultural barriers, such as the general consensus and acceptance of larger personal recovery ideologies. Further research is required in community settings to better understand the boundaries and limitations of our findings. This information will allow us to continue improving peer support worker integration in diverse mental healthcare settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Choon Chua
- Health Intelligence Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Daniel Poremski
- Health Intelligence Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
O'Connor LK, Yanos PT. Where are all the psychologists? A review of factors impacting the underrepresentation of psychology in work with serious mental illness. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 86:102026. [PMID: 33813162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, clinical psychologists have played a key role in the development of empirically-validated psychosocial interventions for those with serious mental illness (SMI). However, in contrast to these substantial contributions, clinical psychologists in the United States are grossly underrepresented in treatment provision with this population (Roe, Yanos, & Lysaker, 2006; Rollins & Bond, 2001). This review aims to highlight various factors contributing to the establishment and perpetuation of this underrepresentation. First, we highlight systemic factors (e.g., the emergence of managed care) through an examination of the evolving role of the clinical psychologist. Next, we review training-based factors (e.g., limitations to SMI specific training) through a review of training in clinical psychology. Through an examination of training factors, the role of mental health stigma amongst clinicians toward individuals with SMI is identified as a potential perpetuating factor of this underrepresentation. Factors associated with clinician stigma are then reviewed and the relationship between clinical training and clinician stigma is considered. Lastly, important future directions to further investigate and address this underrepresentation are suggested - namely, investigating factors (training and individual) that may impact clinical psychology doctoral students' attitudes toward those with SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K O'Connor
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, USA; CUNY Graduate Center, USA.
| | - Philip T Yanos
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, USA; CUNY Graduate Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez-Rivas ME, Cangas AJ, Fuentes-Olavarría D. Controlled Study of the Impact of a Virtual Program to Reduce Stigma Among University Students Toward People With Mental Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:632252. [PMID: 33633613 PMCID: PMC7900522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stigma toward mental disorders is one of today's most pressing global issues. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the barriers to social inclusion faced by individuals with mental disorders. Concurrently, stigma reduction interventions, especially those aimed at university students, have been more difficult to implement given social distancing and campus closures. As a result, alternative delivery for programs contributing to stigma reduction is required, such as online implementation. This paper reports the results of a controlled study focused on an online multi-component program on reducing stigma toward mental illness that included project-based learning, clinical simulations with standardized patients and E-Contact with real patients. A total of 40 undergraduate students from the Universidad del Desarrollo in Santiago, Chile, participated in the study. They were randomly divided between an intervention and control group. The intervention group participated in the online multi-component program, while the control group participated in an online educational program on cardiovascular health. We assessed the impact of the program by using the validated Spanish-language versions of the Attribution Questionnaire AQ-27 and the Questionnaire on Student Attitudes toward Schizophrenia with both groups, before and after the intervention. In addition, an ad hoc Likert scale ranging from 0 to 5 was used with the intervention group in order to assess the learning strategies implemented. Following the intervention, the participants belonging to the intervention group displayed significantly lower levels of stereotypes, perception of dangerousness, and global score toward people with schizophrenia (p < 0.001). In addition, participants presented lower levels of dangerousness-fear, avoidance, coercion, lack of solidarity, and global score (p < 0.001). The control group displayed no statistically significant differences in the level of stigma before and after the evaluation, for all of the items assessed. Finally, the overall assessment of each of the components of the program was highly positive. In conclusion, the study shows that online programs can contribute to reducing stigma toward mental disorders. The program assessed in this study had a positive impact on all the dimensions of stigma and all of the components of the program itself were positively evaluated by the participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adolfo J Cangas
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tesfaye Y, Agenagnew L, Terefe Tucho G, Anand S, Birhanu Z, Ahmed G, Getenet M, Yitbarek K. Attitude and help-seeking behavior of the community towards mental health problems. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242160. [PMID: 33180818 PMCID: PMC7660493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community attitude towards mental health problems and help-seeking behavior plays a major role in designing effective community based mental health interventions. This study aimed to assess the attitude, help-seeking behavior, and associated factors of the Jimma zone community towards mental health and mental health problems. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A respondent from each of the 423 systematically selected households was interviewed using a pretested, structured, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Accordingly, a community's attitude towards mental health problems was measured by the adapted version of the "Community Attitude towards Mentally Ill questionnaire (CAMI)" and help-seeking behavior was measured by a general help-seeking questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine the independent predictors of the outcome variable. RESULTS Among the total 420 study participants (197,46.9%) of them had an overall unfavorable attitude towards mental illness. The majority (153,36.4%) of the study participants agreed on avoidance of anyone who has mental health problems and (150,35.7%) participants described marrying a person with a mental health problem or recovered from the problem is foolishness. Moreover, regression analysis showed family monthly income (AOR = 0.24, 95%CI:0.06-0.91) and occupational status (AOR = 0.57, 95%CI:0.34-0.96) were found to be the predictors of community attitude towards mental health problems. The study finding also revealed a significant number of the respondents preferred non- medical treatment approaches. CONCLUSION Almost half of the respondents had an unfavorable attitude towards mental health problems and the traditional and religious help-seeking intention was high. This suggests the need for designing effective community based mental health interventions to improve the general public attitude and help-seeking behavior towards mental health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Liyew Agenagnew
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Terefe Tucho
- Department of Environmental health sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Susan Anand
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Gutema Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Masrie Getenet
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Kiddus Yitbarek
- Department of health policy and management, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yada H, Odachi R, Adachi K, Akiyama H, Yamane T. Attitudes related to social distance between commissioned welfare volunteers (minsei-iin) and people with mental illness. J Rural Med 2020; 15:204-211. [PMID: 33033543 PMCID: PMC7530587 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2020-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study explored the factors influencing commissioned welfare
volunteers’ (CWVs) attitudes toward mental illnesses and how their attitudes correlated
with their social distance from people with mental illness. Materials and Methods: Data from 223 CWVs were analyzed statistically.
Factor extractions for the Image for Mental Illness Scale (IMI) and Social Distance Scale
(SDS) were calculated. We examined the relations between factors in IMI and SDS. Results: CWVs’ attitudes were classified as Understanding (understanding of
the condition), Secure (feelings of safety in the presence of those with mental illness),
and Activity (reactions to the behaviors of people with mental illness). Social distance
from those with mental illness was classified as Public and Private Interactions. CWVs’
interactions with people with mental illness were significantly influenced by feeling
Secure in the presence of the latter. Low Public and Private Interactions were influenced
by older age. CWVs’ “experience in providing consultations for mental illness” led to the
avoidance of Private Interactions. Conclusion: CWVs should feel safe when involved in Public or Private
Interactions with individuals with mental illness. CWVs reported a preference for a higher
level of social distance from people with mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yada
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Odachi
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Adachi
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Haruka Akiyama
- Nursing Department, Japan Community Health Care Organization Kyushu Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshie Yamane
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Han Loong Kuek J, Raeburn T, Wand T. Using constructivist grounded theory to understand mental-health recovery in multi-ethnic environments. Nurse Res 2020; 28:26-31. [PMID: 32548986 DOI: 10.7748/nr.2020.e1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a growing body of research exploring the application of recovery-oriented models of mental healthcare in Asia, few studies have sought to illuminate people's experiences of mental-health recovery in culturally diverse countries such as Singapore. AIM To demonstrate why constructivist grounded theory (CGT) is a suitable technique for unravelling experiences of mental-health recovery. DISCUSSION Mental-health recovery is still an emerging concept in Singapore. CGT can guide research design and analysis, enabling more culturally specific understandings to emerge. The authors explain the main features of CGT, as well as the strengths and limitations of the methodology and possible issues researchers may encounter applying it. CONCLUSION Suitable frameworks to guide research into mental-health recovery are urgently needed and CGT provides a flexible but systematic approach for multi-ethnic environments. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE CGT has the potential to guide deep exploration of and theory-development concerning mental-health recovery in Singapore and other countries with similar social and cultural settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Han Loong Kuek
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toby Raeburn
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Wand
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perspectives of mental healthcare providers on pathways to improved employment for persons with mental disorders in two lower middle-income countries. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 32256689 PMCID: PMC7106860 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental disorders affect employment and the ability to work, and mental healthcare providers are important in the promotion of health and employment for affected individuals. The objective of this study is to explore the perspectives of mental healthcare providers on pathways to improved employment for persons with mental disorders in two lower middle-income countries. Methods Our study participants included mental healthcare providers (psychiatrists, occupational physicians, psychologists, and social care workers) from Kenya and Nigeria. Qualitative interviews and a focus group discussion were conducted with 15 professionals in Kenya and online questionnaires were completed by 80 professionals from Nigeria. Results The study participants suggested that work is important for the recovery and wellbeing of persons with mental disorders. A complex interplay of factors related to the health of persons with mental disorders and the socioeconomic system in their setting were identified as barriers to their work ability and employment. Participants proposed four pathways to improved employment: including information on reducing stigma, better healthcare, policy advocacy in employment, and government commitment to healthcare and social welfare. Public education to reduce stigma and better healthcare were the highest reported facilitators of employment. Conclusions Persons with mental disorders require multilevel support and care in obtaining and retaining employment. A better mental healthcare system is essential for the employment of persons with mental disorders.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lim HJ, Moxham L, Patterson C, Perlman D, Lopez V, Goh YS. Students' mental health clinical placements, clinical confidence and stigma surrounding mental illness: A correlational study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2020; 84:104219. [PMID: 31731222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Theory and clinical practicum in mental health are an important component for students in most nursing curriculum. Some studies have shown that knowledge and confidence in caring for people with mental illness improve after mental health clinical placements while others had contrasting results. Our study examined the relationship between clinical placement, confidence and stigma surrounding mental illness. We undertook a cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study in a sample of 144 undergraduate nursing students in Singapore who had completed their theoretical and clinical practicum in mental health using the Clinical Placement Survey Clinical Confidence Scale and Social Distance Scale. Descriptive, correlations and multiple regression were used to analyse the data. The results showed the mean scores for the social distance scale, clinical confidence scale and clinical placement survey were 19.92 out of 35, 49.29 out of 80 and 103.43 out of 154 respectively. Attitudes toward clinical placement experiences were significantly correlated with both stigmatising attitudes and clinical confidence of which, intentions of working in mental health settings were specifically significantly associated with stigmatising attitudes and attitudes toward clinical placement experiences, with emphasis on greater sense of preparedness, lesser perceived anxiety and greater preference for a future career in mental health nursing. This study highlighted the need to improve current mental health clinical placements to better build nursing students' confidence in caring for mentally ill patients. The interest toward specialising in mental health nursing is still lacking in nursing undergraduate students despite mental health clinical placements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing Lim
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lorna Moxham
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Wollongong University, Northfields Ave, Gwynneville, NSW 2500, Australia.
| | - Christopher Patterson
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Wollongong University, Northfields Ave, Gwynneville, NSW 2500, Australia.
| | - Dana Perlman
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Wollongong University, Northfields Ave, Gwynneville, NSW 2500, Australia.
| | - Violeta Lopez
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Medicine, China.
| | - Yong Shian Goh
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Association between attitudes of stigma toward mental illness and attitudes toward adoption of evidence-based practice within health care providers in Bahrain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225738. [PMID: 31790468 PMCID: PMC6886841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The health care system is one of the key areas where people with mental illnesses could experience stigma. Clinicians can hold stigma attitudes during their interactions with patients with mental illness. To improve the quality of mental health services and primary care, evidence-based practices should be disseminated and implemented. In this study, we evaluated the attitudes of health care providers in Bahrain toward people with mental illness and adoption of evidence-based practice using the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers (OMS-HC) and Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS). We conducted a cross-sectional study across 12 primary health care centers and a psychiatric hospital (the country's main mental health care facility). A self-report questionnaire was distributed among all health care providers. A total of 547 health care providers participated, with 274 from mental health services and 273 from primary care services. Results of the OMS-HC indicated differences between both main groups and subgroups. Regression model analysis reported significant outcomes. There was no statistical difference found between both groups in EBPAS scores. A weak but statistically significant negative association was reported between both scales. Participants showed varying stigma attitudes across different working environments, with less stigma shown in mental health services than in primary care services. Providers who were more open to adopting evidence-based practices showed less stigma toward people with mental illness. Comparing our findings with previous research showed that health care providers in Bahrain hold more stigma attitudes than other groups studied. We hope that this study serves as an initial step toward future campaigns against the stigma of mental illness in Bahrain and across the region.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yuan Q, Seow E, Abdin E, Chua BY, Ong HL, Samari E, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Direct and moderating effects of personality on stigma towards mental illness. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:358. [PMID: 30400846 PMCID: PMC6219152 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many studies have explored the concept and correlates of stigma towards individuals with mental illness, few have investigated the role of personality in this process. In the current study, we firstly examined the relationship between personality and stigma towards mental illness; and then explored the moderating effects of personality traits on the relationship between contact experience/s and stigma. METHODS Participants were recruited from public medical (N = 502) and nursing schools (N = 500) from April to September 2016 in Singapore for this cross-sectional survey, and they were randomly assigned to a vignette describing one of the following mental disorders: major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, alcohol abuse, schizophrenia, and dementia. Stigma was measured by the 'Personal and Perceived scales of the Depression Stigma Scale' and the 'Social Distance Scale'. These scales together had a 3-factor structure based on a previous national study in Singapore, namely 'weak-not-sick', 'dangerous/unpredictable' and 'social distance'. Personality was measured by the 20-item short form of the International Personality Item Pool-five factor model measure. RESULTS Regression suggested agreeableness and openness to experience were negatively associated with all three domains of stigma. 'Weak-not-sick' and extraversion were positively associated; and 'social distance' was positively associated with higher scores on conscientiousness and neuroticism. Both close- and non-close contact were associated with more positive attitudes towards mental illness among the participants. Openness to experience moderated the relationships of close contact experience with 'weak-not-sick' and 'dangerous/unpredictable', but in different directions. The association between close contact and 'social distance' were moderated by agreeableness. CONCLUSIONS Unlike non-close contact experience, close contact with people with mental illness worked differently on stigma for individuals with different personality traits. Future studies are needed to further explore the underlying mechanisms for such differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Esmond Seow
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edimansyah Abdin
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Yiang Chua
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Lin Ong
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ellaisha Samari
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|